Suffering in Silence

The 10 most under-reported humanitarian crises of 2020 Endnotes 27 Ruhr University Bochum, World Risk Report 2019, Focus: Water Supply: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resourc- es/WorldRiskReport-2019_Online_english.pdf 28 UN Central Emergency Response Fund Allocation, Guatema- 1 Meltwater analysis, January – September 2020: From Burun- la, Drought, 18. March 2020: https://cerf.un.org/what-we-do/alloca- di to Zambia, 12,719 online articles were published about the humanitari- tion/2020/summary/20-UF-GTM-40784 an crises in those countries on this report’s top 10 list. In contrast, Kanye 29 CONRED, Consolidado Incidentes fenómeno tropical Iota-Eta, West’s candidature for US presidency was mentioned in 39,900 online 25. November 2020: https://conred.gob.gt/emergencia/ articles. The Eurovision Song Contest was mentioned in 50,300 online 30 The World Bank, The World Bank in , Overview: media articles. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guatemala/overview 2 Meltwater analysis January – September 2020: The ten 31 The World Bank, The World Bank in Guatemala, Overview: humanitarian crises listed in this report were mentioned in all together https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guatemala/overview 12,719 online articles. In comparison, the launch of the PlayStation 5 32 UN Central Emergency Response Fund Allocation, Guatema- counts more than 334,000 online media hits. la, Drought, 18. March 2020: https://cerf.un.org/what-we-do/alloca- 3 UN OCHA, Global Humanitarian Overview 2021: https://gho. tion/2020/summary/20-UF-GTM-40784 unocha.org/ 33 UN Central Emergency Response Fund Allocation, Guatema- 4 Reliefweb, UN OCHA, Global Humanitarian Overview 2021, la, Drought, 18. March 2020: https://cerf.un.org/what-we-do/alloca- Inter-agency coordinated appeals, Results from 2021 (page 13): h t t ps :// tion/2020/summary/20-UF-GTM-40784 reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GHO-2021- 34 UN OCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview, , Abridged-EN.pdf Guatemala and , May 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/ 5 UN OCHA Services, Financial Tracking Service, Appeals and reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200701_HNO_CENTROAMERICA%20 Response Plans 2020, 1. Dezember 2020: https://fts.unocha.org/ap- ADDENDUM%20ING.pdf peals/overview/2020 35 UN OCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview, El Salvador, 6 Reliefweb, UN OCHA, Global Humanitarian Overview 2021, Guatemala and Honduras, May 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/ Inter-agency coordinated appeals, Results from 2021 (page 8): h t t ps ://re - reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200701_HNO_CENTROAMERICA%20 liefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GHO-2021-Abridged- ADDENDUM%20ING.pdf EN.pdf 36 Reuters, Guatemalan President Warns of ‘Hoards’ of Migrants 7 UN, Press Release, ‘We Are Only as Strong as the Weakest’, Unless Rich Nations Help, 17. November 2020: h t t ps ://uk .reuters.com/ Secretary-General Stresses, at Launch of Economic Report on COVID-19 article/uk-guatemala-migration-idUKKBN27X008 Pandemic, 31. March 2020: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/ 37 UN OCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview, El Salvador, sgsm20029.doc.htm Guatemala and Honduras, May 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/ 8 UNHCR, Regional Overview of the Burundian Refugee reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200701_HNO_CENTROAMERICA%20 Population, 31. October 2020: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/data- ADDENDUM%20ING.pdf viz/57?sv=13&geo=0 38 UNHCR, Central America & , Bi-Weekly Operational 9 UNHCR, Burundi Regional Refugee Response Plan, January Update, 1. – 15. October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/ 2019 – December 2020, Updated for 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/ files/resources/Central%20America%20Bi%20Weekly%20Update%20 reliefweb.int/files/resources/74616.pdf 1%20-%2015%20October%202020.pdf 10 UNDP, Human Development Report 2019, Inequalities in 39 CARE + UN Women, and the Caribbean Rapid Human Development in the 21st Century, Burundi: http://hdr.undp.org/ Gender Analysis for COVID-19: https://www.care-international.org/ sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/BDI.pdf files/files/enlac_rga_report_english_final_junio2_1comprimido.pdf 11 UNDP, Human Development Report 2019, Inequalities in 40 UN OCHA, Central African Republic: Situation Report, 30. Human Development in the 21st Century, Burundi: h t t p://hdr.undp.org/ October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/ sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/BDI.pdf central-african-republic-situation-report-30-october-2020 12 WFP Burundi, Country Brief, September 2020: h t t ps ://doc s . 41 UNDP, Human Development Report 2019: http://hdr.undp. wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000120671/download/ org/en/2019-report 13 UN OCHA, Burundi Humanitarian Snapshot, September 2020: 42 The World Bank, The World Bank in Central African Republic, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha-bdi- Overview: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/centralafricanre- snapshot_-_sep_2020_en.pdf public/overview 14 UN OCHA, Burundi Humanitarian Snapshot, September 2020: 43 Reliefweb, UN OCHA, Central African Republic: Situation https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ocha-bdi- Report, 30. October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/central-afri- snapshot_-_sep_2020_en.pdf. can-republic/central-african-republic-situation-report-30-octo- 15 UNHCR, Operations Portal, Refugees and Asylum Seekers ber-2020 from DRC, Last Updated 30. September 2020: https://data2.unhcr.org/ 44 Integrated Phase Classification, CAR: Acute en/situations/drc/location/6194 Food Insecurity Situation September 2020 - April 2021 and Projection for 16 WFP Burundi, Country Brief, September 2020: h t t ps ://doc s . May - August 2021: http://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/de- wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000120671/download/ tails-map/en/c/1152894/ 17 WFP Burundi, Country Brief, September 2020: h t t ps ://doc s . 45 UN News, COVID ‘Exacerbating Existing Vulnerabilities’ in wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000120671/download/ Central African Republic: Lacroix, 22. June 2020: https://news.un.org/ 18 WFP Burundi, Country Brief, September 2020: h t t ps ://doc s . en/story/2020/06/1066862 wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000120671/download/ 46 FAO, Central African Republic, Situation Report, August 2020: 19 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, Burundi: Acute http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/emergencies/docs/ Food Insecurity Situation May 2020 and Projection for June – August FAO%20CAR%20sit%20rep_August2020_final.pdf 2020: http://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/ 47 Reliefweb, UN OCHA, Central African Republic: Situation en/c/1152712/ Report, 30. October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/central-afri- 20 UN OCHA, Global Humanitarian Overview, Inter-Agency can-republic/central-african-republic-situation-report-30-octo- Coordinated Appeals: Overview for 2021: https://gho.unocha.org/ ber-2020 21 Reliefweb, IOM, Burundi Crisis Response Plan 2020, Context 48 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, CAR: Acute Analysis: https://reliefweb.int/report/burundi/burundi-crisis-re- Food Insecurity Situation September 2020 - April 2021 and Projection for sponse-plan-2020 May - August 2021: h t t p://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/de- 22 UN Women , Burundi: https://africa.unwomen.org/ tails-map/en/c/1152894/ en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/burundi 49 UN OCHA, Central African Republic: Situation Report, 30. 23 The Guardian, Jeff Abbott, Guatemala’s White Flags Indicate October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/ Pandemic’s Deadly Side-Effect: Hunger, 22. May 2020: central-african-republic-situation-report-30-october-2020 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/22/ 50 Reliefweb, UNOCHA, Central African Republic: Overview of guatemala-white-flags-hunger-coronavirus Incidents Affecting Humanitarian Workers (September 2020): h t t ps :// 24 UN OCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview, El Salvador, reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/central-african-re- Guatemala and Honduras, May 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/ public-overview-incidents-affecting-13 reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200701_HNO_CENTROAMERICA%20 51 UNHCR, News and Stories, Women Confront the Ravages of ADDENDUM%20ING.pdf War in Central Africa, 18. November 2019: https://www.unhcr.org/news/ 25 UN OCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview, El Salvador, stories/2019/11/5dd29da44/women-confront-ravages-war-cen- Guatemala and Honduras, May 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/ tral-africa.html reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200701_HNO_CENTROAMERICA%20 52 The Guardian, Oksana Grytsenko, The Stranded Babies of ADDENDUM%20ING.pdf Kyiv and the Women Who Give Birth for Money, 15. June 2020: h t t ps :// 26 UN OCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview, El Salvador, www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/15/the-stranded-babies-of- Guatemala and Honduras, May 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/ kyiv-and-the-women-who-give-birth-for-money reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200701_HNO_CENTROAMERICA%20 ADDENDUM%20ING.pdf

Suffering in Silence The 10 most under-reported humanitarian crises of 2020 CARE International 53 UN OCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview, Ukraine 2020, 79 UN OCHA, Southern and Eastern Africa (ROSEA), Malawi: January 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resourc- https://www.unocha.org/southern-and-eastern-africa-rosea/ es/Ukraine%20Humanitarian%20Needs%20Overview%202020%20 malawi %28Issued%20January%202020%29.pdf 80 UNFPA Malawi, What We Do, Young People: https://malawi. 54 ACAPS, Ukraine, Overview: https://www.acaps.org/coun- unfpa.org/en/topics/young-people-3 try/ukraine/crisis/conflict 81 The World Bank Group, Malawi Systematic Country 55 Sustainable Development Group, Stories, Diagnostic: Breaking the Cycle of Low Growth and Slow 10 Facts about the Humanitarian Crisis in Ukraine, 10. September 2020: Reduction, December 2018: http://documents1.worldbank.org/ https://unsdg.un.org/latest/stories/10-facts-about-humanitari- curated/en/723781545072859945/pdf/malawi-scd-final-boa an-crisis-ukraine rd-12-7-2018-12122018-636804216425880639.pdf 56 United Nations Sustainable Development Group, Stories, 82 UN OCHA, Emergency Appeal Malawi, May – October 2020: 10 Facts about the Humanitarian Crisis in Ukraine, 10. September 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Malawi_ https://unsdg.un.org/latest/stories/10-facts-about-humanitari- Flash_Appeal_2020_202005621.pdf an-crisis-ukraine 83 ACAPS, Malawi, Overview: https://www.acaps.org/coun- 57 UN OCHA, Humanitarian Needs Overview, Ukraine 2020, try/malawi/crisis/complex January 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resourc- 84 UNICEF Malawi, Scope of Food Crises as COVID-19 Poses es/Ukraine%20Humanitarian%20Needs%20Overview%202020%20 New Risks to Nutrition Needs of Children of Malawi, May 2020: https:// %28Issued%20January%202020%29.pdf www.unicef.org/malawi/media/2756/file/Scope%20of%20food%20 58 UN OCHA, Ukraine, Wildfires in Luhanska Oblast Leave More crises%20as%20COVID-19%20poses%20new%20risks%20to%20Nu- Than 500 Families Without Homes Ahead of Winter, 27. October 2020: trition%20needs%20of%20Children%20of%20Malawi.pdf https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/ukraine/card/4s4BpJV0EK/ 85 UNICEF Malawi, Scope of Food Crises as COVID-19 Poses 59 UN OCHA, Ukraine, Wildfires in Luhanska Oblast Leave More New Risks to Nutrition Needs of Children of Malawi, May 2020: h t t ps :// Than 500 Families Without Homes Ahead of Winter, 27. October 2020: www.unicef.org/malawi/media/2756/file/Scope%20of%20food%20 h t t ps ://repor t s .unocha.org/en/country/ukraine/card/4s4BpJV0EK/ crises%20as%20COVID-19%20poses%20new%20risks%20to%20Nu- 60 UNFPA, News, Ukraine Steadfast in Tackling Gender-Based trition%20needs%20of%20Children%20of%20Malawi.pdf Violence, Despite Pandemic-Related Increases, 13. November 2020: 86 WFP Malawi, Country Brief, September 2020: h t t ps ://re - https://www.unfpa.org/news/ukraine-steadfast-tackling-gen- liefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WFP%20Malawi%20 der-based-violence-despite-pandemic-related-increases Country%20Brief%20-%20Sep%202020.pdf 61 UNFPA, News, Ukraine Steadfast in Tackling Gender-Based 87 WFP Malawi, Country Brief, September 2020: h t t ps ://re - Violence, Despite Pandemic-Related Increases, 13. November 2020: liefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WFP%20Malawi%20 https://www.unfpa.org/news/ukraine-steadfast-tackling-gen- Country%20Brief%20-%20Sep%202020.pdf der-based-violence-despite-pandemic-related-increases 88 WFP Malawi, Country Brief, September 2020: h t t ps ://re - 62 UNFPA, News, Ukraine Steadfast in Tackling Gender-Based liefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WFP%20Malawi%20 Violence, Despite Pandemic-Related Increases, 13. November 2020: Country%20Brief%20-%20Sep%202020.pdf https://www.unfpa.org/news/ukraine-steadfast-tackling-gen- 89 WFP Malawi, Country Brief, September 2020: h t t ps ://re - der-based-violence-despite-pandemic-related-increases liefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WFP%20Malawi%20 63 The World Bank, The World Bank in Madagascar, Overview: Country%20Brief%20-%20Sep%202020.pdf https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar/overview 90 UNHCR Operational Portal, Refugee Situations, Malawi, 31. 64 UN OCHA, Southern and Eastern Africa (ROSEA), Madagascar: October 2020: h t t ps ://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/mwi https://www.unocha.org/southern-and-eastern-africa-rosea/mada- 91 UNICEF Malawi, COVID-19 Situation Report, 8. – 21. October gascar 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ 65 WFP Madagascar, Country Brief, August 2020: https://relief- UNICEF%20Malawi%20COVID-19%20Situation%20Report%20-%20 web.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WFP-0000119143.pdf 8-21%20October%202020.pdf 66 Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Plague: 92 ACAPS, , Overview: https://www.acaps.org/coun- https://africacdc.org/disease/plague/ try/pakistan/crisis/complex-crisis 67 Reliefweb, UNICEF, Madagascar Country Office: Humanitar- 93 Bloomberg, Ismail Dilawar, Pakistan to Buy 200,000 Tons ian Situation Report No. 3, Reporting Period: 01 January to 30 September Russian Wheat to Tame Inflation, 30. September 2020: https://www. 2020, 19. October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/ bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-30/pakistan-to-buy-200- madagascar-country-office-humanitarian-situation-report-no-3-re- 000-tons-wheat-from-russia-to-tame-inflation porting-period-01 94 The Guardian, Pakistan Floods: At Least 90 Killed in Monsoon 68 Reliefweb, UNICEF, Madagascar Country Office: Humanitar- Rains, 26. August 2020: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/ ian Situation Report No. 3, Reporting Period: 01 January to 30 September aug/26/pakistan-floods-at-least-90-killed-in-monsoon-rains 2020, 19. October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/ 95 UN OCHA, and the Pacific, Weekly Regional Humani- madagascar-country-office-humanitarian-situation-report-no-3-re- tarian Snapshot, 15. – 21. September 2020: https://reliefweb.int/sites/ porting-period-01 reliefweb.int/files/resources/ROAP_Snapshot_200922.pdf 69 Reliefweb, UN OCHA, Madagascar: Humanitarian Snapshot, 96 The World Bank Group, Silvia Redaelli, Pakistan @100: From June 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/madagascar-hu- Poverty to Equity, Policy Note, March 2019: http://documents1.world- manitarian-snapshot-june-2020 bank.org/curated/en/868741552632296526/pdf/135319-WP-P163618-1 70 Reliefweb, UN OCHA, Madagascar: Humanitarian Snapshot, 4-3-2019-20-44-35-PakPNFromPovertytoEquityFinal.pdf June 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/madagascar-hu- 97 UN OCHA Pakistan, Pakistan Humanitarian Response Plan manitarian-snapshot-june-2020 for COVID-19 Pandemic 2020: https://www.humanitarianresponse. 71 Reliefweb, UNICEF, Madagascar Country Office: Humanitar- info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/ ian Situation Report No. 3, Reporting Period: 01 January to 30 September globalhumanitresponseplancovid19-200510.v1.pdf 2020, 19. October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/ 98 UN OCHA Pakistan, Pakistan Humanitarian Response Plan madagascar-country-office-humanitarian-situation-report-no-3-re- for COVID-19 Pandemic 2020: https://www.humanitarianresponse. porting-period-01 info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/ 72 Reliefweb, UNICEF, Humanitarian Action for Children 2020 globalhumanitresponseplancovid19-200510.v1.pdf - Madagascar: https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/humanitari- 99 WFP Pakistan, Country Brief, September 2020: h t t ps ://re - an-action-children-2020-madagascar liefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WFP-0000119977.pdf 73 Reliefweb, UNICEF, Madagascar Country Office: Humanitar- 100 UNFPA, Pakistan Humanitarian Emergency: https://www. ian Situation Report No. 3, Reporting Period: 01 January to 30 September unfpa.org/data/emergencies/pakistan-humanitarian-emergency 2020, 19. October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/ 101 ACAPS, Pakistan, Overview: https://www.acaps.org/coun- madagascar-country-office-humanitarian-situation-report-no-3-re- try/pakistan/crisis/complex-crisis porting-period-01 102 UNFPA, Pakistan Humanitarian Emergency: https://www. 74 The World Bank, The World Bank in Madagascar, Overview: unfpa.org/data/emergencies/pakistan-humanitarian-emergency h t t ps ://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar/overview 103 UN News, Interviews, COVID Widening Gender Gap in Paki- 75 UN OCHA, Southern and Eastern Africa (ROSEA), Madagascar: stan, 16. October 2020: https://news.un.org/en/audio/2020/10/1075572 https://www.unocha.org/southern-and-eastern-africa-rosea/mada- 104 UNDP, Human Development Report 2019, Gender Inequality gascar Index, Table 5: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-5-gender-in- 76 The World Bank, The World Bank in Madagascar, Overview: equality-index-gii https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/madagascar/overview 105 UN Women, Asia and the Pacific, Pakistan, Ending Violence 77 Helpline Malawi, Suicide Cases Rise by 57% in Malawi-Police, against Women and Girls: https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/coun- 15. September 2020: https://www.helplinemw.com/suicide-cases- tries/pakistan/evaw-pakistan rise-by-57-in-malawi-police/ 106 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017 - 2018), 78 UN OCHA, Emergency Appeal Malawi, May – October 2020: Domestic Violence, page 306: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/ https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Malawi_ FR354/FR354.pdf Flash_Appeal_2020_202005621.pdf

Suffering in Silence The 10 most under-reported humanitarian crises of 2020 CARE International 107 UN OCHA, Central Sahel Revised Needs and Requirement 132 The Guardian, Victoria Falls Dries to a Trickle After Worst Overview, October 2020: https://www.unocha.org/sites/unocha/files/ Drought in a Century, 7 Dec. 2019: https://www.theguardian.com/ RNRO%20CentralSahel%20Oct%202020_EN%20Web.pdf world/2019/dec/07/victoria-falls-dries-to-a-trickle-after-worst- 108 The World Bank, The World Bank in Mali, Overview: h t t ps :// drought-in-a-century www.worldbank.org/en/country/mali/overview 133 The Guardian, John Gibbons, Zambians Brace for 109 UNDP, Human Development Report 2019: http://hdr.undp. Water Shortage despite Recent Rainfall, 12. March 2020: https://www. org/sites/default/files/hdr2019.pdf theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/12/zambians-water-short- 110 UN Security Council, Meetings Coverage, Weeks after Coup age-drought-lake-rainfall d’État in Mali, Strong Regional Leadership, New Transition Plan Show 134 The Guardian, John Gibbons, Zambians Brace for Promise for Country’s Future, Special Representative Tells Security Water Shortage despite Recent Rainfall, 12. March 2020: https://www. Council, 9. October 2020: https://www.un.org/press/en/2020/sc14320. theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/12/zambians-water-short- doc.htm age-drought-lake-rainfall 111 The World Bank, The World Bank in Mali, Overview: h t t ps :// 135 The Southern Times, Jeff Kapembwa, Zambia Bans Export www.worldbank.org/en/country/mali/overview of Maize, 4 September 2020: https://southerntimesafrica.com/site/ 112 UN OCHA, Central Sahel Crisis, Key Figures as of 8. October news/zambia-bans-export-of-maize

2020: https://www.unocha.org/sites/unocha/files/facts_fig- 136 World Bank Blogs, Barry Maher and Gracelin Baskaran, Photo credit: Schermbrucker Karin ures_20201008.pdf Southern Africa: Why Risk Financing is Critically Important During 113 UN OCHA, Central Sahel Revised Needs and Requirement COVID-19 Recovery, 1. September 2020: h t t ps ://blog s .worldbank.org/ Overview, October 2020: https://www.unocha.org/sites/unocha/files/ africacan/southern-africa-why-risk-financing-critically-import- RNRO%20CentralSahel%20Oct%202020_EN%20Web.pdf ant-during-covid-19-recovery 114 UNDP, Human Development Report 2019, Gender Inequality 137 Reliefweb, UN COVID-19 Emergency Appeal Zambia, May Index, Table 5: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-5-gender-in- - October 2020, (Revised July 2020): https://reliefweb.int/report/zam- equality-index-gii bia/united-nations-covid-19-emergency-appeal-zambia-may-octo- 115 UNICEF, Press Release, 2.3 Million Children in Need of ber-2020-revised-july-2020 Protection in the Central Sahel Region in 2020, a More Than 80 percent 138 UN OCHA, Media Centre, News & Updates, Zambia: Prolonged Increase in One Year, 21. May 2020: https://www.unicef.org/wca/press- Drought Increases Food Insecurity: https://www.unocha.org/story/ releases/23-million-children-need-protection-central-sahel-re- zambia-prolonged-drought-increases-food-insecurity gion-2020-more-80-cent-increase 139 Reliefweb, UN COVID-19 Emergency Appeal Zambia, May 116 The World Bank, The World Bank in , Over- - October 2020, (Revised July 2020): https://reliefweb.int/report/zam- view: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/png/overview bia/united-nations-covid-19-emergency-appeal-zambia-may-octo- 117 UN; Papua New Guinea Disaster Management Team, ber-2020-revised-july-2020 COVID-19 Multi-Sector Response Plan, 3. September 2020: h t t ps ://re - 140 Reliefweb, FAO, Zambia: African Migratory Locust, Flash liefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/200903%20DMT%20 Update, 26 October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/zambia/zam- COVID-19%20HRP%20FINAL.pdf bia-african-migratory-locust-flash-update-26-october-2020 118 UN; Papua New Guinea Disaster Management Team, 141 Reliefweb, FAO, Zambia: African Migratory Locust, Flash COVID-19 Multi-Sector Response Plan, 3. September 2020: h t t ps ://re - Update, 26. October 2020: https://reliefweb.int/report/zambia/zam- liefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/200903%20DMT%20 bia-african-migratory-locust-flash-update-26-october-2020 COVID-19%20HRP%20FINAL.pdf 142 The World Bank, The World Bank in Zambia, Overview: 119 Australian Government, Australian Centre for Internation- https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/zambia/overview al Agricultural Research, 6. 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