JANUARY 1970

VOL. 39, NO. 1

THE COVER-The Statue of Freedom. The Statue of Free· dom was sculptured in Italy by Thomas Crawford, an American, and installed atop the U.S. Capitol Dome on December 2, 1863. It is 19 feet 6 inches tall and weighs 14,985 pounds. See Director Hoover's message on freedom beginning on page 1.

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN CONTENTS

Message From Director J. Edgar Hoover 1

"Freedom From Fear" 3

Explosive Words and Phrases 7 Modern Administration Building Facilitates Police e Operations, by Joseph I. Giarrusso, Superintendent of Police, New Orleans, La. 12

Don't Sacrifice Quality for Quantity, by John A. McAllister, Assistant Professor, Northwestern Con• necticut Community College, Winsted, Conn. 17

Investigators' Aids . 23

Can You Identify This Bank Robber? 24

Publish.d by ,h. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Washing'on, D.C. 20535 MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR

IT WAS PATRICK HENRY who said, "Bad men In the face of these perplexing conditions, . cannot make good citizens. It is impossible," many citizens are practically moral cowards . he added, "that a nation of infidels or idolaters Afraid of being labeled puritanical or "square," should be a nation of free men .... A vitiated they tolerate and condone acts and habits which state of morals, a corrupted public conSCIence, they know are morally wrong but which they do is incompatible with freedom." not have the courage to denounce and oppose. This is unfortunate, because they fail themselves, I suggest there is a peltinent message for their children, and their country. present­day Americans in Patrick Henry's warn- ing. As we move into a new decade, I feel we are Where morality and decency are concerned, being pressured by some behavioral excesses Americans must not let rationalization and which are incompatible with our continued free­ doubletalk confuse them. There is nothing en- M m. Certainly, a free society is not free from lightening, enduring, or progressive about de- W fficulties, but it must be relatively free from generacy. No great nations or stable societies weaknesses such as moral decadence and disre- have ever been built on false morality. Ifwe value spect for law if it is to survive. our country and our system of self­government under the rule of law, then we must not stand by Moral decadence and disrespect for law thrive and let our moral standards be compromised. when self­discipline is weak. In a society of free men, there must be an abundance of personal Respect for law is also a moral obligation. integrity and discipline. We need only to look Much of our trouble today is caused by a grow- back at the 1960's to see what has been happen- ing number of persons who feel no obligation to ing to our moral standards. respect the law and no legal responsibility to obey it. Belonging to divers groups and movements, For the past several years our citizens have these persons are clairvoyant and prolific on been barraged with unbridled vulgarity, ob- matters of liberty, freedom, and individual scenity, blasphemy, perversion, and public des- rights, but impatient and taciturn on the issues of ecration of our cherished ideals and symbols. responsibilities and established democratic proc- Although strong protests have been made from esses. Their emotions override their judgment portions of our concerned citizenry, for the most and reasoning. Edmund Burke put it this way- part these degrading and debasing activities are "The freedom of some is the freedom of the increasing. Immorality is becoming more of the herd of swine that ran violently down a steep rule than the exception. place into the sea and were drowned. The only

• MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR

liberty that is valuable, is a liberty connected Let us make no mistake about it. Human with order; that not only exists with order and dignity, individual values, civil rights, and free• virtue, but which cannot exist at all without dom for all citizens cannot exist without order them." and self-discipline. We need discipline to lift us above the baseness of indulgence, discipline to To my mind, a big question for every Ameri• stand for right over wrong, discipline to uphold can as we enter the 1970's is whether he wants and preserve our ideals and principles of to support and defend our free society or let it democracy, and discipline to respect and obey the be overrun and destroyed by visionary agitators, law. whether he wants to promote the cause of justice and order or give in to crime and chaos, and Let those whose actions are incompatible with whether he wants to hold the line on decency and the freedoms of our society know that their rights morality or let depravity and degeneracy cor• and privileges end where the rights and privi• rupt our populace. leges of others begin. e ~

JA UARY 1, 1970 ..

•

• e: A High Priority-

~~FreedoIll

FrOIll Fear" Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Richard G. Capen, Jr.

"A s we face up to the challenges This urgent plea was highlighted in said, "It is this Administration's hope ahead, let us balance our problems an address by the Honorable Richard that we can re·establish domestic against our assets. There are legiti- G. Capen, Jr., Deputy Assistant Sec· peace by restoring freedom from fear mate grievances in our country and retary of Defense, to the graduates of in America. After all, freedom from they must be corrected. But let us the 84th Session of the FBI National fear is just as necessary as freedom of never forget that while the American Academy on November 5, 1969, in speech, freedom of religion, freedom way of life is far from perfect, it Washington, D.C. of the press, and the right of peaceful remains the best the world has In commenting on law enforcement assembly." • r known." and the fight against crime, Mr. Capen Naming some of the problems fac·

Shown at the conclusion of the graduation ceremonies of the 84th Session of the FBI National Academy, from left to right, are: Hon. Richard G. Kleindienst, Deputy Allorney General, U.S. Department of Justice; Hon. Richard G. Capen, Jr., Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense; Director Hoover; Lt. Col. Stephen F. Lagomarsino, Deputy Chief, New Mexico State Police, Santa Fe, N. Mex., President of the graduating class; and Dr. George R. Davis, National City Christian Church, Washington, D.C. ing our ation today, Mr. Capen and I believe, as I know all of you stated, "Sure, there are those who believe, that this shadow will cO~:i l suggest in America that the whole to reach out inspiring others for system of our country should be torn years to come." down because part of this system has Mr. Capen pointed out that in a failed. By this reasoning, I presume very direct sense, "the Defense De• they are suggesting that all hospitals partment and our Nation's lawen• should be destroyed because they have forcement agencies share a similar re• not abolished disease. But, before sponsibility-the maintenance and some of these critics seek to scuttle preservation of our national security. the entire American ship of state, I If we in Defense fail to do our job• would suggest that they should first just as if you fail to do your job-in learn to build a better raft. They say the final analysis, there will be very that they want to be understood, but few freedoms for Americans to I wonder how often they have tried to enjoy." understand others. They demand their The graduates represented the 50 rights, but I wonder how often they Lt. Col. Stephen F. lagomarsino. States, the Philippines, the Canal respect the rights of others." Zone, Australia, Canada, Thailand, plishments in life can be determined the Hong Kong Police Force, in addi• tion to the Metropolitan Police De• Lack of Concern by the shadow he casts. "Mr. Hoover's shadow," he con· partment, Washington, D.C., the Mr. Capen told the assembly of offi· tinued, "his leadership and influence White House Police, the United States cers and dignitaries that for too long within his profession are unmatched. Park Police, and the United States Americans were not sufficiently con· His dedication to his country and his Army, Air Force, and the Marine cerned about the rising trend of crime determined belief in the American Corps. in this country. "Mr. Hoover and the way of life have been sources of in• FBI were right at the forefront in spiration for thousands and thou• Diplomas Presented reminding the American public of sands of Americans .... Mr. Hoover these trends and the serious nature of is a self·made man in the finest sense The Honorable Richard G. KI_ crime in America," he stated. of the word. But he is more than that. dienst, Deputy Attorney General of Concerning Director Hoover, Mr. He is a talented and effective public the United States, and Mr. Hoover Capen stated that he has always felt servant whose shadow of accomplish• presented the diplomas to the grad• that the measure of a man's accom· ment spans more than a half a century uates, and Dr. George R. Davis of the " National City Christian Church, Washington, D.C., delivered the invo• cation and benediction. Lt. Col. Stephen F. Lagomarsino of the New Mexico State Police, presi•

dent of the graduating class, spoke \j on behalf of his fellow officers, ex• pressing their appreciation for the opportunity of attending the Acad• emy and receiving the valuable train• ing. Music for the occasion was pro- 1 vided by the U.S. Marine Corps Band. -4 Prior to the graduation Mr. New• som 1. Gibson, Jr., Chief of Police, ~ Arcata, Calif., was presented the John Edgar Hoover Medal for Excellence in the Study of Law Enforcement for Among distinguished guests at the graduation exercises was Congressman William D. Ford achieving the highest scholastic stand- to (right) of Michigan, who is shown here with Mr. Hoover, and Insp. Ronald N. Holko, Westland, ing in the session. Sgt. William M. Mich., Police Department, a member of the class. •

4 Law Enforcement Bull.e j Zinzer, Police Department, Des with those who started out as the sons of our job-just as if you fail to do your job-• Aines, Iowa, won The American coal miners and later became famous doc• in the final analysis, there will be very few ~ ion FBI National Academy Fire• tors_ Our Nation's heritage abounds with freedoms for Americans to enjoy or few those who worked their way through college of them to often abuse. arms Proficiency Award. by sweeping out bank lobbies and today In dealing with threats to our Nation's The academy graduates Jom the serve as bank presidents. internal and external security, I think it ranks of an elite alumni of 5,535 of This morning I would like to briefly dis· is very important to recognize that these whom 28 percent still active in law cuss two subjects. One is what we are challenges to our security are not just police enforcement occupy top executive doing in the Department of Defense that problems or military problems. They are we feel impacts upon domestic problems problems which must be resolved by all positions in their agencies. that are very much part of your responsi· Americans. Following is the address given by bility. And second of all, I would like to Like your profession, the military includes Mr. Capen: step back for a moment from the problems thousands and thousands of young men and that we share in the Defense Department women who have dedicated their lives to Thank you. and that you share as law enforcement offi• the service of their country. They need and Mr_ Hoover, Mr. Kleindienst, ladies and cers and look to the future and look briefly they deserve the support of every American. gentlemen: I am very proud to be on this to some of the positive things that I believe program this morning, and particularly to I am very proud to be a part of the Gov• are happening in America today. have received such a fine introduction from ernment today and to come baok to Wash• In a very direct sense, the Defense De• Mr. Hoover, whom I have known and whom ington as a businessman. There are many partment and our Nation's law enforcement I have admired for many years. I am also professional and business people and people agencies share a similar responsibility-the pleased to be here with Mr. Kleindienst from the academic community as well as maintenance and preservation of our nation• from the labor community who have come who is from Arizona. Having lived in La al security. If we in Defense fail to do to Washington to serve their country, and Jolla, Calif., for the past 9 years, we see a lot of Arizonians in the summertime who come over to enjoy our weather and enjoy our water which they claim we stole from them. And also, Mr. Hoover is a friend of San Diego and has been greatly admired by many people in the Copley organization that I had the pleasure of working for for many years . have often felt that the measure of • 's accomplishments in life can be deter• mined by the shadow he casts over those who work with him and for him. Mr. Hoover's shadow, his leadership and influ• ence within his profession are unmatched. His dedication to his country and his deter• mined belief in the American way of life have been sources of inspiration for thou• sands and thousands of Americans. They .have been a source of inspiration to me personally. Mr. Hoover is a self·made man in the finest sense of the word. But he is more than that. He is a talented and effective public servant whose shadow of accom· plishment spans more than a half a century, and I believe, as I know all of you believe, that this shadow will continue to reach out inspiring others for many years to come. The story of the self-made man in America is not just a dream of the past. It is also an opportunity for the future. It is an opportunity that all young people today, that half of our population that is under age 25, can aspire to; those opportunities for ~ accomplishment, for proving one's self, and for doing the best a person can with his • own talent are very much alive today. When you look back over the history of After the graduation exercises, Congressman David N. Henderson (right) from North Carolina and Maj . Carthan.,1 M. Gilstrap, Goldsboro, N.C., Police Department, a member of the class, are Itcountry, you will find that it is rich shown with Mr. Hoover. January 1970 5 crusade against crime as one of its principal goals. It is this Administration's hope .- we can re­establish domestic peace b,. storing freedom from fear in America. After all, freedom from fear is just as necessary as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and the right of peace- ful assembly. Your efforts and your law enforoement responsibilities, just as our Defense efforts, are closely scrutinized. We receive a con- siderable amount of attention for everything that we do. We welcome that close scrutiny because, after all, the strength of our Na- tion depends directly upon the understand- ing and support of an enlightened public, and upon the ability of our program as well as your programs to withstand that kind of public scrutiny. Our principal responsibility in the De- partment of Defense is to restore peace and to maintain peace. However, we recognize the Nation's domestic needs as well. And for that reason, we are moving aggressively Prior to the graduation Director Hoover presented The American Legion FBI National Academy to establish essential priorities in the De- Firearms Proficiency Award to Sgt. William M. Zinzer, Des Moines, Iowa, Police Department. fense Department because we believe that by so doing we are contributing to the urban needs of America. To this end, de- we are proud to do so. Within the Depart- been given to the community relations pro· fense spending has been cut. We have ment of Defense we are particularly proud grams and similar responsibilities by our reduced Defense authorizations by more because we work right alongside these law enforcement agencies. I know that than $7 billion, and defense expenditures thousands and thousands of men and within San Diego there has been a particu- in the current year by over 4 billion. In women in uniform who have devoted their larly fine job done in this regard, and I am this way, Federal resources are release

In 1839, Edward Bulwer Lytton but they certainly know something of determine which meaning the speaker wrote a drama entitled "Richelieu." the power of the spoken word. They, intends to convey when he uses it. One of its characters spoke what must along with the victim of a severe ton- Normally, when one wishes to deter- be regarded as one of the classic gue­lashing or one who witnesses a mine the meaning of an unfamiliar lines of English literature if frequent demagogue turn a peaceful, orderly word, he will go to a dictionary_ The repetition is a reliable indicator. The crowd into a hostile, frenzied mob, dictionary is a catalogue of the ways seven simple words, "The pen is might even liken the tongue to the words have been used. It does not, mightier than the sword," have been atom. Both, in their own way, have however, include all of the possible uttered so often that one might con- enormous potential power which can ways they can be used. sider the expression a cliche.1 Never- be released as creative, constructive Experts in linguistics generally dis- theless, few would challenge the idea energy or unleased as a diabolic, de- tinguish between two types of mean- the words convey. structive force. The tongue of man has ing, denotation and connotation. "The As Edward Sapir noted, "Written often been used for man's welfare; un- denotation of a word is what the word Mguage is transferred speech"; 2 and fortunately, it has also been used actually points to." "The connota- WCefore, as the writer Stuart Chase maliciously to cause him harm. tion," or hinted meaning, "... is reluctantly admitted, writing is only a The tongue is used to form words what the word suggests or implies." 5 secondary agent of communication.3 which consist of a sound or series of The noted scholar and university If the power of the pen, an instru- sounds to convey ideas. These words president, S. I. Hayakawa, uses more ment of a secondary agent of com- are part of a language and are not in- descriptive terms, extensional and in- munication, can reasonably be likened dependent of one another because in tentional meanings. "The extensional to that of the sword, to what can one and of themselves they do not mean meaning of an utterance is that which sensibly compare the impact of the much but have meaning in relation to it points t,; in the extensional (physi- tongue, an instrument of the primary other words.4 cal) world. The intentional meaning agent? In essence, the context in which a of a word or expression, on the other A person who hears the pleasing word is used determines its meaning. hand, is that which is suggested (con- ring of words of praise about his A simple word such as "red" can be noted) inside one's head." efforts and a dejected individual who used to identify a color or a political He also subdivides intentional listens to consoling words of sym- ideology. Only the context in which a meanings or connotations into the in- pathy may not be able to describe it, word is used will allow the listener to formative and the affective. The in­

The FBI, upon request from local law enforcement agencies, provides training and seminars in numerous subject areas. Police­community relations is one such area, and this article is an example of the type of material presented. r auary 1970 7 369­382 0­­­69­­2 formative connotations of a word, he sentially the delicate task of control• Speech is largely a matter of habit. notes, are " . . . its socially agreed ling, directing, and regulating human If one is careless and insensitive,. upon 'impersonal' meanings. . . ." behavior. The President's Commis• can develop a dangerous pattern. As an illustration he states the in• sion succinctly summarized the sensi• the law enforcement officer, slovenly formative connotation of "pig" is tivity of the police role with the speech is not only unfortunate, it is "... domesticated mammalian quad• statement: also offensive and can lead to serious ruped of the kind generally raised by difficulty. If he uses derogatory terms "It is hard to overstate the farmers to be made into pork, bacon, or degrading labels in addressing or intimacy of the contact between ham, lard. . . ." He furlher explains: referring to others, his effectiveness the police and the community. will be hampered seriously. He should "The affective connotations of a Policemen deal with people when always avoid explosive words and word ... are the aura of per• they are both most threatening phrases, many of which are the result sonal feeling it arouses, as, for and most vulnerable, when they of stereotyping. For the sake of dis• example, 'pig': 'Ugh! Dirty, evil• are angry, when they are fright• cussion, the explosive words and smelling creatures wallowing III ened, when they are desperate, phrases will be divided into the fol• filthy sties,' and so on." G when they are drunk, when they lowing categories: Epithets, Testi• are violent, or when they are Hayaka wa indicates that there is monials, Barrier Builders, Disrespect• ashamed. Every police action can not necessarily any agreement about ful Modes of Address, and Thought• affect in some way someone's such feelings inasmuch as some peo• less Jests. First, a word about dignity or self-respect, or sense ple like and others dislike pigs. How• stereotyping. ever, the existence of feelings such as of privacy, or constitutional rights." 8 this permits a speaker to u e a word solely for its affective connotation. If Stereotyping one is aroused, he may expre s him• Meaning-Conscious self with the affective connotations The conception of stereotypes in appropriate to hi feelings and ignore In performing such sensitive func• social psychology is credited to a any informative connotations the tions, an officer's primary instrument writer who, almost 50 years ago, words he uses may have. Hence, one is speech; and. consequently, he described them as "pictures in • angrily describes a human being as a should be truly word-conscious or, heads." 10 Another author, Gordon . rat, skunk, or bear, or affectionately more precisely, meaning-conscious. Allport, who made a comprehensive, addresses one as honey, sweety, or An expert craftsman keeps his tools penetrating study of the origin and ugar. Thus, when some element of keen because he is aware that the nature of prejudice, stated that, society call a law enforcement officer slightest flaw might mar hi finished "Whether favorable or unfavonible, a a "pig, ' they most certainly are using product.D The surgeon in i ts that his stereotype is an exaggerated belief as• the affective connotation of the word. instruments be maintained in perfect sociated with a category. Its function condition lest, for example, hi scalpel is to justify (rationalize) our conduct Task Is Complex cause him to fail in a delicate in relation to that category." 11 An• operation. other scholar defines stereotype as "1. The Ta k Force on the Police of the 0, too, the police officer must Folk belief about any group. 2. Emo• President' Commission on Law En• carefully maintain hi in trument• tionalized image which one group has forcement and Administration of peech. He hould trive to be as pre• of another, simplified and often Justice appropriately noted "... ci e with the word a the urgeon is caricatured, and changed only little the complexity of the police task i with the cal pel since his operation by direct experience." 1~ as great a that of any other profe • can also be serious and delicate. A stereotype need not be completely ion. The performance of thi ta k Words can help to ease a cri is or untrue. If one thinks of the Irish, for require more than physical prowe cause it to get out of hand. The pro• example, as more prone to alcoholism ~ and common sense."; Much of the fe sional law enforcement officer than the Mormon , he is making a law enforcement officer's work re• should be aware of and understand judgment in terms of probability. If • quire that he become "... in• the ensitivitie of people he erves. he ays that all Iri hmen are \'oh'ed in the most intimate, per onal He should also be particularly con• alcoholic he i exaggerating and way with the li\'es and problem of cerned about the impact of his building a negative stereotype. Almost ~ citizens of all kinds" since his is es• language on them. every minority group has been stereo- ~

8 Law Enforcement BUll. typed by those who are not members among the more apparent illustrations profession, he may be better equipped of the group. of what might be called the bigot's to understand the feelings of other . ocial scientists have carefully servitude syndrome. Though many minority group members when they "Pu'died the stereotypes of various members of these minority groups hear such remarks about themselves. minorities. Notable among them are have honestly and honorably sought Bruno Bettelheim and Morris J ano• and achieved upward mobility in Epithets witz who interviewed 150 veterans for American society through these their views of Jewish people. Gen• modes of employment, they are not All too often people use degrading erally, the results of their survey the only ones who have earned a liv• substitutes for the names of national, showed that gentile veterans felt that ing in these ways, and members of religious, and racial groups. Refer• Jews were clannish, money-hungry, these groups are certainly not limited ring to the Irish as donkeys, paddies, industrially powerful, underhanded in by talent to these callings. Moreover, or micks; to Italians as dagos, guin• business, and tightfisted.13 Similarly, because one's occupation consists of eas, or wops; to Spanish-speaking Kimball Young, a Negro sociologist, providing a service, he should not be Americans as spics or wetbacks; to Protestants as left-footers; to Catho• lics as papists or mackerel snappers; to Jews as kikes or sheenies; to Ne• groes as coons, darkies, niggers, or "Whether favorable or unfavorable, a stereotype is un spades; to Caucasians as anglos, hill• exaggerated belief associated with a category. Its fum·tion billies, honkies, oakies, red necks, or is to justify (rationalize) our conduct in relation to that category." ridgerunners; and to Mongoloids as chinks or gooks will result in anything but winning friends. It is noteworthy that the nickname for a police vehicle was derived from surveyed students for their beliefs expected to be servile. Police officers, one of these epithets. Two students of about the Negro and generally found who are part of local, State, or Federal word and phrase origins, William and that they felt Negroes were mentally government, are truly public servants; Mary Morris, wrote the following _ rior, morally primitive, emotion• but no one could reasonably expect about the phrase, "paddy wagon": unstable, overassertive, lazy and them to live in servitude. boisterous, religiously fanatic, oc• The police officer must be aware of "This nickname for the police cupationally unstable, gaudy dressers the danger of stereotypes and attempt patrol wagon, used to tote law• given to crimes of violence with to unfreeze any frozen images he breakers off to jail, is a carry• knives and razors.14 If one took the might have. He, as well as any other over from the days when the results of surveys of others' views of citizen, can be guilty of selecting cer• Irish were low men on the so• Germans, Irish, Italians, Polish, etc., tain traits and applying them to every cial totem pole and hence fair he would see how all minorities are member of a group. game when a roundup of mis• stereotyped. Stereotyping is not always a nega• creants was needed to create tive. It can result in positive char• favorable publicity for the law enforcers. Paddy, of course, Subtler Form acteristics being associated with all members of a given group, such as was a common nickname for Stereotypes take another more "our kind" or "people from a 'good' Irishmen." 15 subtle, but no less insidious, form neighborhood." This, too, can be a Unfortunately, the American lan• when one spontaneously associates the pitfall for the policeman who might guage is so replete with demeaning members of a nationality, race, or re• tend to overlook a logical suspect who or derogatory terms that a speaker can ligion with a specific occupation or falls into such a category. easily use one without intending any vocation, particularly when the func• A law enforcement officer is malice. Therefore, one must always tions thereof are relatively menial. The naturally unhappy when he is nega• think before he makes an utterance. Puerto Rican bus boy, Greek counter• tively stereotyped as a "big, dumb man, Negro maid or shoeshine boy, flatfoot," a "freeloading cop" or a Testimonials Irish bartender, Italian barber or shoe• "graft.taking bull." If he reflects on maker, the Jewish tailor or huckster, his own feelings when he hears such Theresa M. Melchionne, in her and the Chinese laundryman are demeaning labels for members of his book, "Words Make a Difference,"

& uary 1970 9 wrote, "Although testimonials are feelings of mutual identification be• The policeman can construct a bar• well-intentioned, all-encompassing tween themselves and their listeners rier between himself and the people praise for a group as a whole, they with regard to the purposes of their he is sworn to serve by misconstruA may be resented by members of speechesY Some -books go one step his role or by continually focusingY minority groups who realize it is a further and caution students against that which distinguishes him from tendency to generalize_" IG Each indi• building barriers which ". . . block them. Too often minorities are re• vidual in a group, therefore, is pre• potential communication when speak• ferred to as "they" in contradistinc• cisely that, an individual; and, as er or listener misconstrues his role tion to "we." Likewise, expressions such, he behaves in a unique fashion and those of others-whether con• such as "your kind," "you Puerto and is endowed with specific, un• sciously or unconsciously." 18 Ricans," "those people," etc., may shared talents. A recent, NAACP-sponsored tele• vision advertisement depicted a tal• ented Negro comedian performing in Everyone appreciates being addressed in a polite fashion a woefully inadequate fashion as a and resents being spoken to in an overly familiar or rude dancer, baseball player, basketball way. No matler what his station in life, every adult, in• player, and musician. The commercial cluding the young adult, is entitled to be addressed in terms which imply respect. attempts to get people to think of Ne• groes for their individual talent, abil• ity, and potential. It attempts to de· stroy a prevalent stereotype of the race and succeeds in demonstrating the The law enforcement officer should seem innocuous, but they can be dangers inherent in testimonials. be a serious student of oral com• highly offensive to members of mi· People tend to think of the members munication since it is one of his basic nority groups. "I and you" and "we of the minority group exclusively in tools. He should constantly bear in and they" should be replaced by "we terms of the existing stereotype upon mind that status fluctuates, that each and us." All of us have much in com• which the testimonials are based. individual operates in many social mon. We should attempt to tear down Testimonials such as "All Negroes groups and institutions and serves in barriers and build bonds by empha• 22 are good athletes," or "All Negroes a variety of changing roles of author• sizing these similarities. e are good entertainers," deny Negroes ity and responsibility. Speakers and their individual identities. Such state• listeners often anticipate each other's Disrespectful Modes of Address ments also reinforce the erroneous behavior and even have preconceived views of some members of other races notions about one another's personali• Courtesy is a barrier-breaker and that their talents are limited to these ties. These preconceived notions a bond-builder. The corollary of this areas. Similarly, comments such as "... depend upon the situation, the is also true. Discourtesy is a bond• "You're just as good as I am," or subject under discussion, and the re• breaker and a barrier-builder. If one "Some of my best friends are Jewish," lationships between communicators• remembers this, as well as the old but etc., are backhanded compliments and including varying status relation• valid adage, "A first impression is a clearly indicate that the speaker feels ships." 19 The roles the speakers and lasting one," and the golden rule, "Do he is or expected to be superior to the listeners play are, by and large, deter• unto others as you would have them listener. Those manning the thin blue mined by these factors. do unto you," he will have very little line should scrupulously avoid such In every communicative situation, trouble choosing the proper mode of utterances if they want support from one's behavior is determined in part direct address as he approaches an every segment of the society they by his conception of his role and the individual in the community he serve. perception he wants others to have serves. of that role. In essence, he behaves as Everyone appreciates being ad• Barrier-Builders he chooses to present himself. 20 A re• dressed in a polite fashion and resents cent bestseller, "Games People Play," being spoken to in an overly familiar Most public speaking textbooks demonstrated this by showing how or rude way. No matter what his sta· urge students of oral communication people have their conduct in com• tion in life, every adult, including the to find a common ground with their municative situations dictated by the young adult, is entitled to be addressed audiences. They are told to create relatively rigid roles they play.21 in terms which imply respect. Ladies, ~ 10 Law Enforcement Bullee ~ gentlemen, madam, miss, and sir are have tastefully presented the incon- hearer and wounds heal, an emotional .-mally the proper titles for one to gruities they recognized in the mode scar that will fade but never disap- • . Hey you, Mack, Jack, Sambo, etc., of living of their people. Hence, they pear will result. Truly the flame of are insulting appellations. Address- brought the gift of laughter to prejudice generates more heat than ing young adults as kid, boy, girl, etc., America. In relating their tales, an light and, therefore, should be should also be avoided because such Irishman may label himself a mick extinguished.

labels imply that the listener is im- with mock pride, or a Jew might re- FOOTNOTES

mature, inferior, and ineligible for late incidents about fellow Jews that I Bartlett, J ohn (cd.), BartleU's Familiar Quota• personal respect. Similarly, address- would be insulting if they came from tions. 13th Edition. Doslon: Little, Brown, and Co., 1955. 21 ing a stranger by his first name is ob- the lips of a non­Jew. 2 Sapir, Edward, An Introduction to the Study 0/ jectionable because he is at a decided Each of us has heard numerous Speech. New York: Haccourt, Brace and Co., 1921. !1 Chase, tuarl, POIVef 0/ Words. New York: Har- disadvantage inasmuch as he is un- tasteless Irish, Italian, Jewish, Negro, court, Brace and Co., 1951. aware of the speaker's given name. and Polish and other such "jokes" "Terwilliger, Robert F., Meaning and Mind: A Study in the Ps)'choiogy 0/ Language. New York: The Moreover, one should not address an- which provoke laughter from some Oxford Unh'ersity Press, 1968. other in such a familiar way even if but evoke tears from others, and, r.; Hodges, John C., and Whitten, Mary E., Har• brace College Handbook. 5th Edition . New York: he is not a stranger unless he expects consequently, are not worthy of the Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1962. or even wants him to respond in kind. label, "Humor." They tend to demean 6 Hayakawa. S. I., Language in Thought and Action. 2nd Edition. New York: Harcourt, Brace & If one violates this norm, he is almost a whole group of people unjustifiably. World, Inc .• 1964. certain to evoke a hostile response Law enforcement officers do not like .. The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of J ustice, Task Force Report: from the addressee. to hear "funny" tales demeaning The Police. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Referring to a woman with whom their calling related by outsiders Printing Office, 1967. S The President's Commission on Law Enforcement one is unacquainted or casually ac- though, unfortunately, they fre- and Administration or Justice, The Challenge of quently do. Hence, they should be Crime in a Free Society. Washington, D.C. : U.S. quainted as dear, sweetie, honey, doll, Government Printing Office, February 1967. etc., no matter what her station in life, particularly careful not to offend in o Leterman, Elmer G., Personal Power Through is also invariably a breach of a way they themselves are offended. Creative Selling. New York: Collier Books, 1965. 10 Lippman, Walter, Public Opinion. New York : etiquette. Certainly no one would like Harcourt, Brace & Co" 1922. to hear his wife, daughter, mother, or 11 Allport, Gordon W., The Nature 0/ Prejudice. Conclusion Garden Ci'y, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1958. er addressed in these familiar 12 Goode, William J " Vocabulary lor Sociology. ms by a stranger or casual ac- A wound that is repeatedly opened Flushing, N.Y, : Data Guide, Inc., 1959. e 13 Bettelheim, Bruno, and Janowitz, Morris, Dy• quaintance. Law enforcement officers takes a long time to heal, and there namics of Prejudice: A Psychological and Socia· do not like citizens to begin conversa- is a great danger that it will become logical Study of Veterans. New York : Harper & Co ., 1950. tions with them with phrases such as infected and result in irreparable U Young, Kimball, An Introductory Sociology , "Hey cop" or "Hey fuzz," so they damage. Even if it does .heal, it can New York: American Book Co., 1934. 15 Morris, William, and Morris. Mary, Dictionary of should guard against initiating dis- leave an ugly scar which in time may Word and Phrase Origins. Volume II. New York : course with others in equally un- fade but which will never disappear. Harper & Row, Publishers, 1967. 10 Melchionne, Theresa M., Words },fake a Dif• acceptable ways. 23 Thoughtless or malicious words by ference. New York: New York City P olice Depart- ment, 1967. 17 Dickens, Milton , S peech: Dynamic Communica• tion. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1963. 18 Oliver, Robert T., Zelko, Harold P., and Holtz· Truly the flame of prejudice generates more heat than man, Paul D., Communicative Speakin& and LiJten· ing. 4th Edition. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Wins· light and, therefore, should be extinguished. ' on. Inc .• 1968. 1. Ibid. ~ Goffman, Eric. The Presentation of Sell in Every• day Life. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1959. 21 Berne, Eric, Comes People Play: The PsychololY Professional humorists frequently a police officer directed toward some- of Human R elationships. New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1964. find material in their own experi- one who has repeatedly been wounded Z! Harris, Ruth Bates, "Trigger Words." Lecture No.3 in Human R elations Training for Recruit Classes ences; and, consequently, use the by the tongues of 0 thers may become of the Metropolitan Police Department, Washinlton, racial, religious, national, and ethnic incendiaries that 'set off a chain reac- D.C.; Melchionne. Theresa M., Words Make a Dil• groups to which they belong as the tion resulting in a gaping wound to ference. New York : New York City Police Depart- ment, 1967. source of their jokes. A significant society as a whole_ Even if explosive "" Ibid. number of eminently successful Irish, words and phrases result only in in- 24 Morris. William, and Morris, Mary, Dictionary 0/ Word and Phrase Origins. Volume II. New York: Italian, Jewish, and Negro comics juries to the psyche of the individual Harper & Row, Publish ers. 1967. enuary 1970 11 By JOSEPH I. GIARRUSSO Superintendent of Police, New Orleans, La .

The $3 million New Orleans police building contains a ll the feature 0_$

A fter ahnost a decade of planning, the first building to be utilized ex• clusively for the administration of all Modern Admi activities of the New Orleans Police Department was ready for occupancy on June 13, 1968. The move into our six-level structure was a "red-letter" day for the community and its law enforcement arm. Under the peaceful detention, and the 5·story 500-car of the first floor is black granite im• facade of this building lies the pulsat• parking garage and police vehicle ported from Norway. ing dynamic core of activity that service station. Inside, the building is brilliant with controls the 24.hour-a.day tactical The new edifice is five stories above color. Tints of lavender, light blue, and logistical operations of the the ground and faces a beautifully rose, dark blue, yellow, green, char• department. raised, landscaped park plaza. The treuse, and pumpkin, all color coordi• Erected and furnished at a cost of plaza has a reflecting pool and foun· nated with matching furniture, sur• 3 million, the 85,000 sq. ft. structure tains, trees, shrubs, and benches. round the visitor with eye-pleasing is the fourth and last building in the Lights on standards in keeping with scenes. The facing of the first floor "police complex," which covers one the design of the building flood the interior is precast concrete with a downtown block. The other buildings, area during the hours of darkness. black tumbled stone aggregate. completed in stages, are the municipal With the exception of the first floor, Outstanding features of the build• and traffic courts, the 10-story combi• the exterior is precast concrete with ing include the first completely staffed 11 nation central lockup and house of a quartz aggregate. The outside facing police crime laboratory in the New

12 Law Enforcement Bu lle_ As the need arises, many areas in the building can be easily expanded or redesigned by erection or rear• rangement of inexpensive prefabri• cated walls. Design of the building foundation and the basement level is such that a duplicate building can be erected alongside the present struc• ture without any further foundation work. This additional building would easily fit into the present police complex. A portion of the basement level con• tains a recreation lounge and a well• equipped police gymnasium. The gym boasts a complete set of weightlifting equipment, boxing equipment, a row· ing machine, an exercise bicycle, and a sauna. Department athletic competi• tion is encouraged by personnel. as• signed to the gym, and accurate rec• ords are kept on the performance of police officers participating m athletics.

Crime Lab and support units of the department and serves as the dominant pe comPlex. The crime laboratory is subdivided into three sections: criminalistics, latent fingerprint, and photographic. The criminalistic section is divided into a general chemistry lab, serology ation Building lab, a narcotics lab, a firearms lab, and a very large general evidence ex• amination room. In a special room Operations provided for spectrographic analysis, humidity and temperature are rigidly controlled. Personnel in this section Orleans area; a functionally designed separate function will not interfere conduct forensic examination and police records filing system; the con• with nor hinder the function of any analysis of physical evidence, such as solidation of the departmental Tele• other section in the building. As an ex• blood, paint, glass, fibers, hair, fire• type system, the intra-State Teletype ample, a separate entrance to the arms, etc. The latent fingerprint sec• system, and the National Crime In• juvenile division precludes handling tion is responsible for the search of formation Center terminal into one youthful offenders in the same area crime scenes for latent fingerprints, department; a highly efficient radio with adult offenders. and the photographic section handles dispatching center; and, for emer• Features to facilitate future expan• complete photographic services for all gency purposes, the rapid conversion sion were included in the present units of the department. of my conference room into an emer• structure. Very careful consideration During the first 12 months of op• gency operation center that serves as was given to both the communications eration, approximately 1,400 cases, a command headquarters. center and the crime laboratory. Each excluding firearms, were processed by The overall design of this admin• can easily be expanded to handle the criminalistic section. More than istration building is such that each twice the workload and equipment. 2,000 firearms were handled by the a uary 1970 13 time takes control of all four main radio channels. He then dispatch. any car in the vicinity of the em gency to the location while the com• plainant is still on the telephone. This procedure has cut our response time considerably. Administrative calls are routed through a two-position switchboard. The custom-built communications equipment is almost completely auto• matic and flexible, and the system contains connections for enough addi• tional equipment to handle a doubled workload.

Adjoining Lounge

To keep communications personnel in close proximity to the center while on their breaks but still on duty, a lounge and restroom adjoin the main The communications center platoon commander lIeft foreground) supervises all activities from center. Comfortable chairs, sofas, his control desk. tables, a refrigerator, and kitchen laboratory during this time. The latent ble for repairs or additions. Two-foot• facilities are provided. print section responded to nearly square portions of the floor are In the modern record room, by 4,000 job assignments, and several removable for access to subfloor using newly developed electrically op• hundred thousand photographs were installations. erated revolving trays, the press . processed by the photographic section Persons who dial the police emer• a button brings the 10-foot-high during this same period. gency number are automatically con• rest files within easy reach. The "cur• The field officers are becoming nected to a free complaint operator rent" arrest files hold records dating more acquainted with the potential by a telephone rotation machine. from 1948. Arrest records prior to capabilities of the crime laboratory When the operator's headset becomes 1948 are on microfilm. Duplicates of and are consequently increasing their "alive," he says, "New Orleans Police the microfilm are kept at a storage utilization of the services available. emergency operator, may I help center in Flora, Miss., for use in the The communications center occu• you?" The gravity of the situation event the originals are damaged or pies one-half of the second floor. The dictates the method of handling. destroyed. When police reports be• former radio communications center come 2 years old, they. too, are placed was in cramped, inadequate space. It Routine Complaints on microfilm in a further effort to was manned by an insufficient num• conserve space. Modern microfilm ber of personnel and was poorly In routine complaints the operator readers and printers make these rec• equipped to handle the increasing enters the necessary information on a ords readily available. workload. The new quarters necessi• data processing card. A rapid con• Situated inside a glass-walled office tated an increase in personnel and an veyor belt takes the card a short dis• within the record room is our Na• inservice training program to in• tance to the radio control officer. He tional Crime Information Center ter• doctrinate our men in the use of this assigns the call to one of the two radio minal. Commanded by a police all-new, custom-built electronic equip• dispatchers, who then dispatches a lieutenant, it centralizes all our Tele• ment. car to handle the complaint. type communications. In addition to The floor of the communications In an emergency the complaint op• the NCIC, there are also an internal center is installed 8 inches above the erator receiving the call pushes a departmental Teletype system, a ma• regular floor base to accommodate button alerting the control officer. He chine which puts us into contact with the wiring and make it easily accessi• monitors the call and at the same a tate police computer, and a ma-

14 Law Enforcement Bullee chine which puts us in contact with the Southeast Louisiana Law A forcement Association (SELLEA). ~LLEA keeps us in constant touch - with the 30 surrounding law enforce• ment agencies in Southern Louisiana. An additional machine hooked in with the municipal data processing machines at city hall makes local wanted checks, automobile registra• tions, criminal records, and other pertinent data instantly available. Field officers utilize this center through radio communications. A radio call from any officer working in the field receives a response in an extremely short period of time. The large conference room in my suite and adjacent to my office serves a dual purpose. It is the meeting place for weekly staff meetings. With a few adjustments, which take less than 5 minutes, it can be converted into the Spectrographic analysis of a paint sample may provide the missing clue in an unsolved case. Emergency Operation Command Cen• ter (EOCC). mediately establish logistical and ence during an emergency, commands This command center is staffed by tactical support for field operations. the entire resources of our depart• specially trained personnel who im• The EOCC, when brought into exist• ment. Its function is to provide per• sonnel and necessary equipment in A"btechnician uses a gas chromatograph to determine the chemical composition of a volatile any affected area of the city and to -- liquid recovered from an arson scene. provide command communication with all segments of the police depart• ment affected by the operation. Addi• tionally, a constant flow of intelligence information is directed to field commanders.

Constant Communication

The EOCC maintains constant com• munication with all supporting agen• cies and information-gathering units. It is equipped with "hot lines" to all 13 radio and television stations, the telelphone company, utilities com• pany, charity hospital, Levee Board Police, Federal Reserve Bank, radio taxicab dispatchers, NCIC, American District Telegraph (ADT) , the air• port, the communications center, the fire department, and our emergency rescue division quarters. Extra straight. line telephones and desks are provided in the EOCC for

15 representatives from the FBI and During emergency operations one trical outlet facilities are designed for Army Intelligence. Fifty.two pairs of of the police radio service channels is emergency power. During emergen• telephone lines have already been in• designated as the emergency channel cies the switch to this eqUiPment stalled and are held ready for im• and is utilized only for this purpose. automatic and does not require an mediate connection should they be Additionally, there is a VHF channel manual adjustment. needed. designated to link command person• The police administration building In the event of a civil disturbance, nel. The command channel is backed is the result of years of planning. our mobile field command post up by a UHF channel. Special Visits to other modern police facilities (FCP) is placed in operation in the scrambler adapters, giving us radio before anything was put on the draw• vicinity of the affected area. A stag• security from all but the most sophis• ing board and very close coordina• ing area for troop and vehicular de• ticated electronic detection gear, have tion with the architects and builders ployment is stationed adjacent to the been placed in command vehicles. helped to make it a completely mod· FCP. The FCP commander is in The police administration building ern and functional building. charge of the tactical situation and is is designed to operate during emer• We are proud and gratified that the directly linked with the EOCC gencies on self-sustaining electrical mayor, city council, and citizens of through radio communication as power. Special air conditioning units this community had the foresight to well as hastily set up telephone placed in strategic locations in the propose and approve the means to connections. building and special lighting and elec• construct this edifice.

In the general chemistry lab of the criminalistic sedion, evidence recovered from a crime scene is examined.

16 Law Enforcement Bull ~ IN POLICE RECRUITING•

Don't Sacrifice Quality

for Quantity

By JOHN A. McALLISTER Recruitment of qualified applicants the procedures he is to follow in do• Assistant Professor, is difficult, as most police departments ing so, is likely to be a serious liabil• Northwestern Connecticut have discovered. Downgrading en• ity to himself, his department, and his Community College, trance requirements may be consid• community. Many departments use Winsted, Conn. ered a way to resolve the problem. the training period of new officers to However, there are certain inherent pinpoint further those who have diffi• risks associated with the lowering of culty comprehending their duties and selection standards, and it is the pur• responsibilities. If the passing mark pose of this article to cite a few of of the written entrance examination them. has been lowered, then the problem is compounded. Written Examinations As a rule, those who have trouble making satisfactory academic prog• For example, when the passing ress during training are the ones who mark for the qualifying or competi• benefited from lower entrance stand• tive written examination is scaled ards. If new recruits who fail part of downward, the department will accept their training are dismissed, then the some candidates who will encounter reason for lowering the entrance ex• difficulty in successfully accomplish• amination passing grade is, to some ing the basic police academic training extent, nullified. On the other hand, requirements. The written examina• if those who fail training are retained, tion helps to test applicants on intel• then substandard officers are the ligence, judgment, and initiative• result. Under such circumstances, In seeking the twin goals of suffi· traits desirable and necessary in a though encumbered with some poorly cient police manpower and truer police officer. Officers who lack the qualified officers, a department may ethnic representation, police re• minimum levels for these three traits be in position to say that it has cruiters are often tempted or urged to cannot reasonably be expected to ab• reached its manpower obj ectives. lower selection standards. The fallacy sorb the knowledge that police train• Actually, a department that retains of this expedient maneuver is readily ing provides. failing trainees may be increasing its apparent to seasoned, responsible An officer who does not under• recruitment problems. A low passing enforcement officials. stand the laws he is to enforce, and grade on the entrance examination, e uary 1970 17 combined with the retention of those qualify will reflect in the overall effi· have been those social scientists who who cannot meet the academic train· ciency and performance of a de· oppose the practice of imposing ac· ing requirements, results in a down· partment. There is no substitute for cepted values of our society on . grading of the police career in the physical fitness. If nothing else, people. Granted a police candidate s eyes of young men who should be at· strength and agility are necessary background and experience must be tracted to it. They may well ask: for the officer's personal safety. Also, evaluated in terms of total life ex· "Why go into a profession which a department with healthy young periences, basic values must not be will accept those who have estab· officers should be reasonably free depreciated In determining his lished a reputation as failures in the from excessive absenteeism resulting fitness. community?" from sickness or injuries. Good men make good police And in many instances, lower The nature of police work, with its officers. The question is what makes standards will admit some individuals irregular and shifting hours and the a good man? who previously failed entrance ex· exposure to weather extremities, A candidate possessing a sense of aminations or requirements for lesser demands a good state of health. In values such as acceptance of reo positions in some other branch of addition, an officer's job on occasion sponsibility, respect for authority, local government. No matter how requires extreme physical exertion. recognition of the rights of others, large the city, any reduction of quali· Consequently, men with above·aver• and self.respect might reasonably be fications or standards for police reo age strength are better qualified to considered to be a good man. cruits would be general knowledge in handle any exigencies which may On the other hand, an applicant all communities in a short period of arise. with a history of drifting from job to time. The pride that a young man Any reduction of physical stand· job, with an unstable family life, and feels when he is accepted into the ards may have a direct influence on with a record of indebtedness posses· police service after passing stringent available manpower and thus offset ses traits of irresponsibility and to entrance examinations is, by itself, a any n u mer i c a I gains realized that extent may not be a likely police recruitment asset. through recruiting. candidate. Similarly, men who have Retention of substantial officers been fired from numerous jobs or who have military service records reo may also expose a department to Character Requirements future criticism because of poor per· flecting insubordination are not go.., formance by these officers. Such offi· Police administrators who avoid candidates for a police career-W cers are more prone to use poor the temptation to reduce written and occupation subject to a military. type discipline. judgment in taking police action• physical standards may not be able action which could be intolerant or to resist lowering character require· Applicants having a lack of respect insensitive and which could negate ments. for the rights and property of others are also a serious risk to departments efforts to further police·community Beyond the technical and specific accepting them. The risk increases relations. A similar effect may result bars to a candidate's appointment, when the pattern of negative or non· from the failure of officers lacking such as a conviction for a felony, conforming behavior runs from the initiative to take appropriate action. there lies a vast gray area covering· teen years into the twenties. A steady This weakness may be interpreted as behavior. Behavior which indicates a progression from juvenile delin· indifference, a common complaint disrespect for the law, for others, and quency, to youthful offender, to against police by some groups. for oneself may disqualify an appli. young adult violator indicates an The acceptance of officers who have cant, depending on the views of the antisocial attitude and a fixed be· less than the proven minimum stand· police administrator. In recent years, havioral pattern which have no place ards of intelligence, judgment, and the challenge to moral values and in law enforcement. initiative is a questionable practice principles has created a more liberal The public trust granted and is a serious liability to enforce· evaluation of character as it relates to officers ment agencies. to a candidate's behavior. This trend charged with enforcing the law and reflects itself in lower character keeping the peace is too valuable to Physical Examinations standards in some police agencies as be placed into the hands of indio well as in other institutions of our viduals who, based on their records, As with the written examination, society. have no respect for the rule of law. a modification of physical require· The prime movers in the attack on Self.respect, among other things, ments to permit more applicants to established character evaluations includes personal hygiene and health.

18 Law Enforcement Bullee Departments have good reason to be administrators and city authorities a police administrator out of serious ~ rehensive about candidates who are often prone to overlook some dis- recruiting problems. . ve records of venereal diseases. qualifying traits of applicants in Saddling a department with un- Such a record denotes a lack of order to quickly bolster the ranks of qualified officers cannot have any- proper concern for one's health. It their police departments. This, of thing but a deleterious effect on a could also be considered a reflection course, is a risky procedure which department's future effectiveness. In on an applicant's moral character, could cause more trouble than it addition, men who do not measure his judgment, and his self-restraint. solves. In most areas, police appoint- up to standards provided by tests, Police recruiters must not yield to ments are protected by civil service examinations, and investigations can- expediency just to rapidly augment status, and in the absence of any rna- not materially aid the cause of the ranks of their departments. They j or dereliction on the part of an unfit professional law enforcement. There- must resist pressure from those who officer, he could remain in the ranks fore, high standards must be main- believe that law and order is assured indefinitely. Good judgment and tained. Only those candidates who by numbers alone and from those careful appraisal of a department's qualify and who have the ability to who demand that unqualified candi- manpower shortage, together with fully discharge the duties and re- dates be accepted. long­range planning and study of sponsibilities of a law enforcement In the face of civil unrest, police manpower needs, should help to keep officer should be accepted.

FLOATING LOOT new lighting system was installed in LIGHTNING STRIKES a midwest city, the report showed, TWICE A sheriff's office in a midwestern criminal assaults were found to drop State received numerous complaints 70 percent and robbery 60 percent. Approximately 1 year ago, an alert of thefts from boats docked on a major Crime also dropped 70 percent in a west coast highway patrolman ob- river. During the investigation, depu. 12·block area of a large southern city served an older­model vehicle with iii: discovered that the thieves, tow· when a new lighting system was excessive smoke coming from the ex- • plastic garbage cans, were swim. installed. haust pipe. The car had an out­of- ming to the boats and placing the loot The lighting of alleys in one in- State license. The officer made a check into the cans. The containers were stance resulted in a 30.4 percent de- of the license number, and it was then lowered gently into the water. crease of crimes committed in them. determined that the car had been reo After they floated a safe distance In a survey of some 1,300 police offi- ported stolen. The driver was arrested away from the dock area, the thieves, cials, 85 percent of them reported a and later made an FBI fugitive when in t~eir own boat,. ~icked up the drop in crime rate when lighting was he jumped bail and failed to appear floatmg can~ co~tamm , thf jltolen improved, and 42 percent reported a in U.S. District Court on a charge of ope ty,. W lo - ~ - t1drop of as much as 50 percent. transporting the stolen automobile ~ : , ~p e..J interstate. Efforts to locate the sub- ~ f ''I ject were unsuccessful. ROBBER ON ICE Recently," the same highway patrol- BETTER LIGHTING man noticed another older­model car REPUCES CRIME Recently police in a midwest State pass by with a large amount of smoke received a report of a robbery in coming from the exhaust. The driver Better lighting is one of the most progress at a grocery store in a rural was heavily bearded and wearing effective and most economical means area. Upon investigation, officers glasses. A check was made on the of reducing crime in the city, accord- found a female clerk tied and gagged. out­of­State license, and the reply ing to a report from the National After sealing off the surrounding area reported this automobile, too, had League of Cities. and tracking with dogs, the police been stolen. After pulling the car to A southern town with a population failed to locate the elusive bandit. In the side of the road, the officer did a of 9,000 found that better lighting a last effort one of the men opened double take. The man with the beard was equal to the addition of four the door of the store's meat refrig- and glasses was the same subject he officers to the police department in erator and found the blue­bodied had arrested in nearly the same spot ~rime ~t~:len a suspect inside. on the same highway a ~ ~~ ~: lJ.. j D­ ',3­ blJ ?,-~b-I..q ) 19 ' nuary 1970 f>~ . 3 ·· ~. ) It~~.11 /.Iff that I believe are positive trends and that have of parllclpating in community pro- FREEDOM FROM FEAR should offer encouragement today to all grams that are so essential to the effec'A (Continued from page 6) Americans. ness of our law­abiding citizens. T ~ With the cooperation of other Govern- Sure, there are those who have come to young people recognize that negative think- ment agencies, we are also seeking better believe that it is proper to disobey any law ing leads to negative results, and that idle ways to build and staff civilian hospitals, with which they di agree. Sure, there are criticism, in the final analysis, leads to no drawing upon Defense experiences in this those who suggest in America that the results. I think that never before have there regard. Each year we have some 30 to 35 whole system of our country should be torn been more opportunities for more Ameri- thousand young men and women leaving down because part of this system has failed. cans to create more opportunities for them.' the services who have training in medical By this reasoning, I presume they are sug- selves­ provided they are willing to work care and other experiences in this field. We gesting that all hospitals should be de- for those opportunities. recognize that these skills in the medical stroyed because they have not abolished So, as we face up to the challenges ahead, profession are desperately needed in our disease. But, before some of these critics let us balance our problems against our civilian oommunities. And, for that reason, seek to scuttle the entire Amerioan ship of assets. There are legitimate grievances in we are trying to see if there are not better state, I would suggest that they should first our country and they must be corrected. ways that we can match up the supply of learn to build a better raft. They say that But let us never forget that while the men and women returning from the services they want to be understood, but I wonder American way of life is far from perfect, it with the need that exists in many of your how often they have tried to understand still remains the best the world has ever communities in the country. others? They demand their rights, but I known. Also in Vietnam, many lives have been wonder how often they respect the rights Today, America is the strongest and saved by the speedy use of helicopters for of others? Fortunately, I believe that this richest nation on earth. With only 6 per· the evacuation of wounded servicemen. We thinking represents the minority of opinion cent of the world's population, we produce now are joining other Federal agencies in in America. more than a third of all the world's goods studying means of making the helicopter a In my college days there was what some and services. Through our determination, flying ambulance that could be used for have referred to as the silent generation. through our hard work and ability, we have civilian purposes along our freeways for Today, there is an involved generation_ They been able to spend billions and billions of bringing injured people to the hospital seek active participation in problem­solving. dollars to lower poverty at home and to when they live in remote communities. They seek answers. And this is a healthy assist those who are less fortunate abroad. Well, I would like to look a little bi t to thing for our country, but let us keep it llliteracy is at a record low in America the future rather than reflect orr the prob- in perspective. And let us remember that and affiuence at a record high. Barriers to lems whioh you confront and the problems the vast majority of our young people today jobs and education are crumbling every which we confront in the Defense Depart- are constructive. They are proud of the day. We enjoy the highest wages and the ment. I would like to look for a moment at educational opportunities that they have. shortest work week. Minority groups ~ some of the trends that occur in America They are proud of the privileges that they moving up the opportunity ladder at spe.

Following the graduation ceremonies, Congressman (left) and Mrs. James M. Hanley (righll of New York State are shown with Chief Criminal Deputy Robert J. Alexander (second from lefll, Onondago County Sheriff's Department, Syracuse, N.Y., a member of the class; and Mr. HOOe 20 Law Enforcement Bulletin we solve them, and as a result we achieve new degrees of excellence every day. It has added up to one of the greatest success stories in the world, and I say there is absolutely nothing wrong with success. For many years, no one could run the mile in less than 4 minutes. Hundreds of athletes tried but all failed, and I have often lIsed this analogy in describing what has happened to Americans in the course of our history. Hundreds and hundreds of athletes tried and they failed. They failed time after time after time. One day, there was a young man by the name of Roger Bannister, who is a surgeon today and who also had failed many times to break through that 4­minute barrier, who broke the 4­minute mile barrier. But what was inter- esting to me was right after Roger Ban- nister broke the 4­minute mile, there were many other athletes who came along within a matter of months, after numerous failures, and accomplished the same feat. Why did it happen? I believe it hap- pened for several reasons. First, these indi- viduals set a goal for themselves. They worked hard to achieve this goal. They had Shown above is Director Hoover presenting Mr. Newsom J. Gibson, Jr., Chief of Police, Arcata, the determination to achieve that goal. Calif., with the "John Edgar Hoover Medal for Excellence in the Study of Law Enforcement." They knew that goal was possible and, even though they failed along the way, they stuck undreamed of just a few years ago. ceeded, and yet almost all of those individ- with it. They did not let their failures dis- Through our generosity and our hard uals undoubtedly had some failures along courage them, and they broke through the work, we have been able to bring more help the way. barrier. Today, running the mile in 4 anankind than any other civilization in Some of them passed on believing that minutes is commonplace. . ory. Within just one generation, we have their whole lives had been failures. That There are new goals in running the mile, conquered scores of diseases, we have cre· great memorial to Abraham Lincoln is there just as there are new goals in American ated thousands of conveniences-from the not because he was born in a log cabin life today. I believe that the 4­minute mile automobile to the computer-and we have in poverty, but because he got out of it, symbolizes all that America stands for. We also developed a technology that has landed because he had the determination to suc- set goals for ourselves, we recognize prob- man on the moon. ceed, to build a better life for himself, and lems we have, we overcome these problems, Through our determination to excel, to make a contribution to his country. we are immediately dissatisfied with our- Americans have proven that things can be Another great asset of our country is the selves and we set new goals, new challenges, done, that, sure, you could dream about fact that we are our own toughest critic. new opportunities, and those opportunities achieving a goal, but, if you are willing to When we have a problem, we talk about it. are just as much alive for our young work hard enough, the chances are that you lt is on the front pages of all our news- generation today as they ever were. could actually achieve that goal, provided papers across the country; it is on our tele- You graduates leave today better pre- again, that you are willing to work for it. vision news shows. The whole world knows pared to seek those new records in your Along the way in our lives as Americans, about our shortcomings. And our adver- own lives. By your own performance in the there have been failures. We recognize that. saries are free to take those shortcomings past, by the very fact that you were selected But one of the keys to success in America in any way they want, trying to give the for this program, and by the very fact that today is the fact that, traditionally, Ameri· impression that all America is, today, are you have completed it, you have proven to cans have looked upon failures as stepping- people who commit crimes, who take dope, yourselves, to your families, and to your and who are otherwise disruptive in stones and not stumbling blocks. They have professional associates that you have suc- American society. not given up just because along the way in ceeded. But I suggest to you that your suc- I would suggest to those critics that they their own careers they may have lost out. cess is over because in America success is do not know what really happens because r My wife and children and I have had many over the moment it has been achieved_ when we have problems, and when we talk occasions since we moved back here to drive about problems, we solve them. We face up There are new goals to reach, new oppor- around this beautiful city to look at the to them, and we solve them, and as a result tunities to latch onto, and new records to monuments that are here, monuments to we have built this great American way of achieve. I am confident that you will achieve great Americans. Those monuments are not life today. So, I think that as we look to those records just as have all Americans in there because those individuals failed. They the future, we should recognize that not the past, and I wish you luck in your are there because those individuals suc- only do we face up to our problems, but endeavors for future success. Thank you.

e uary 1970 21 SAME ACT­12 YEARS TRUTH IN LENDING ACT LATER

In 1957 a man in a small midwest The Consumer Credit Protection banks insured by town bought a low­priced used car Act (also known as the Truth in Lend- Federal Deposit In· and 1 gallon of gasoline and then surance Corpora- ing Act), a Federal law which recently drove to a nearby community and tion. robbed a bank. He was caught in the became effective, has a broad ap- Regional office of Federal Credit car with the stolen money within a plicability to banks and other firms Unions the Bureau of engaged in the extension of credit. Federal Credit few miles of the bank. When brought The section of this law concerning Unions serving to trial in Federal court, the man was the area in which "truth in lending" requires the dis- sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. the Federal Cred- After 11 years, he was released on closure of the details of customer it Union is lo- parole with time off for good be- credit transactions and regulates con- cated. sumer credit advertising to prevent Creditors subject to Director, Bureau havior. consumers from being misled. Civil Aeronautics of Enforcement, In August 1969 the same bank was Board. Civil Aeronautics The administrative enforcement of robbed by a lone gunman, and the Board, 1825 Con- car used by the robber was found the Truth in Lending Act is the re- necticut Avenue, burning a few miles from the rob- sponsibility of the Federal regulatory N.W., Washing- bery site. Investigation revealed that agencies supervising the specific types ton, D.C. 20428. Creditors subject to Office of Proceed- the automobile had been purchased of credit involved. Interstate Com­ ings, Interstate earlier in the week by the parolee, the The Federal regulatory agencies merce Commission. Commerce Com- same man who had robbed the bank mission, Wash- having administrative jurisdiction in 1957. He also was identified by the over various types of businesses af- ington' D.C. 20523. bank em~l~~ees as the current robber. fected by the Truth in Lending Act Creditors subject to Nearest Packers ;JJI )~ ~ 9- /J - &' 9 are: Packers and Stock- and Stockyards Agency Issuing Credit Regulatory Agency yards Act. Administration National banks ______Comptroller of area supervisor, the Currency, U. Department of AUTO CRASH TESTS e S. Treasury De- Agriculture. partment, Wash- Retail department Truth in Lending, Crash tests recently conducted by ington, D.C. stores, consumer Federal Trade an independent safety organization finance companies, Commission, 20220. show that an average estimated dam- State chartered banks Federal Reserve and all other credi· Washington, D.C. which are members Bank serving the tors. 20580. age of $200.28 per car resulted to four of the Federal Re­ area in which the Complaints relating to violations standard size, medium­priced automo- serve System. State member of the Truth in Lending Act should biles of different makes which crashed bank is located. be referred directly to the responsible head­on into a barrier while traveling State chartered banks Federal Deposit In- Federal regulatory agencies for a de- at 5 m.p.h. which are not mem- surance Corpora- bers of the Federal tion supervising termination as to whether a possible The same tests, but on the rear ends Reserve System but examiner for the criminal violation exists. The agen- of four such cars, resulted in an aver- deposits of which district in which cies will refer possible criminal vio- age estimated damage of $214.11. are insured by the the nonmember lations to the U.S. attorney for his Other tests of four such vehicles Federal Deposit In· insured bank is surance Corpora- located. consideration. traveling at 10 m.p.h. and crashed tion. If a criminal violation involves a head­on into a barrier resulted in an Savings institutions The Federal Home banking institution, including a sav- average estimated damage of $652.46. insured by the Fed- Loan Bank's sup- ings and loan association or a Fed- The tests were made, according to eral Savings and ervising agent in Loan Insurance the Federal eral credit union, the U.S. attorney officials of the group, to demonstrate Corporation and Home Loan Bank will request the FBI to conduct an in- the high repair costs of very low- members of the district in which vestigation, as it has investigative speed crashes involving the "delicate, Federal Home Loan the institution is damage­prone front and rear ends of Bank System ex- located. jurisdiction over violations of this cept for savings law by banking institutions. standard cars." ..p ~ ~ .i>J...-- -..4.).. .J.,A..~ 22 ~ l~ ~/IO - ~'f INVESTIGATORS' AIDS

PREPAREDNESS OVERKILL

A car thief recently told FBI Agents the street. Armed with this informa• on the stolen vehicle, he then had a car how he stole one automobile, which tion, the crook then called the State's bearing both the vehicle identification he transported interstate, and pro• automobile title department, and, for and license numbers shown on the ceeded to have it officially recorded a fee of 25 cents, made application copy of the title application, which as an identical vehicle of the same under the name of the true license he carried in his pocket. make and model. holder for a new title, claiming that To further camouflage the altered This was his scheme: He spotted the original had been lost. He kept a license plate, the criminal placed it in on a used car lot a car which he copy of the application to use for a frame and covered the front with a planned to steal and then located an identification and to support his plastic sheet sprayed with hair spray identical automobile parked on a resi• claim to ownership of the stolen ve• to give it a dirty appearance. He hid dential street. He jotted down the li• hicle if needed. He then stole two the glued seam on the license with cense number of the vehicle on the license plates containing numerals po• hobby paint which matched the color street and also stole its vehicle identi• sitioned so that when they were sawed of the original paint. fication number (VIN) plate before into halves and the left half of one However, the thief's trouble and returning to the car lot and stealing glued to the right half of the other, preparation were to no avail. He was the first car. Then he called the State's the altered license was identical with arrested by police on a local charge, motor vehicle department and obtain• the license of the car on the street, and his theft of the automobile came ed the identity of the person having from which he had taken the VIN to light during subsequent investiga• license number of the vehicle on plate. By placing the stolen VIN plate tion.

A TRUCKLOAD OF stopped the truck and, with some addi• became suspicious and examined the EVIDENCE tional investigation, learned that the pencil. Taking it apart, he found a entire load of used cars had been Ilh-inch razor-sharp knife blade Recently, a California Highway stolen. where the eraser should have been. Patrol officer stopped at a traffic light The officer's curiosity and the im• behind an automobile transport car• mediate availability of stolen vehicle rier loaded with used cars, all of information from the NCIC helped to which bore license plates. break up a ring of car thieves. Curious as to this method of ship• GUARD AGAINST ping used cars, the officer made an CAR THIEF inquiry of the FBI National Crime Information Center (NCIC) concern• In confessing the armed robbery ing the license plate of one of the PENCIL WEAPON of a bank in a midwestern city, a automobiles. Within seconds he subject implicated his partner. He learned that the car had been reported While being booked in a southern then stated that a third man had been stolen. Securing another license num- city jail, an arrested man insisted that lying on the rear floorboard of the ber from the load, the officer made a he be allowed to keep his mechanical stolen getaway car to prevent some second check with NCIC. Back came pencil for he wanted to write a letter thief from taking the vehicle while the report that this vehicle also had to his mother. So insistent was the they were in the bank committing the i~ :'red~tP n. The patrolman prisoner, that the arresting detective robbery. cL~ M /0-10- b 9 t, ~ Ie.. ..J~ W 10-13-/09 ~ " uary 1970 9-1 -1:.1 ~! rJ

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Mr. James T. McGuire, Superintendent, Illinois State Highway Police, Spri ..,gfleld, III ., recently visited FBI Headquarters, and was photographed e with Director J. ~ dgar Hoover. e

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