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Loss of Urban Forest Canopy and the Related Effects on Soundscape and Human Directed Attention

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LOSS OF URBAN FOREST CANOPY AND THE RELATED EFFECTS ON SOUNDSCAPE AND HUMAN DIRECTED ATTENTION ROBERT JAMES PAUL LAVERNE Bachelor of Science in Biological Science University of Michigan – Dearborn April 1978 Bachelor of Science in Forestry Michigan Technological University February 1980 Master of Science in Natural Resources - Remote Sensing University of Michigan May 1985 submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN URBAN STUDIES AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS at the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 2016 ©COPYRIGHT BY ROBERT JAMES PAUL LAVERNE 2016 We hereby approve this dissertation for ROBERT JAMES PAUL LAVERNE Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Studies and Public Affairs degree for the Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs and the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY College of Graduate Studies __________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation Chairperson, Wendy A. Kellogg, Ph.D. Department of Urban Studies Date__________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation Committee Member, Sanda Kaufman, Ph.D. Department of Urban Studies Date__________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation Committee Member, Helen Liggett, Ph.D. Department of Urban Studies Date__________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation Committee Member, Nicholas Zingale, Ph.D. Department of Urban Studies Date__________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation Committee Member, William C. Sullivan, Ph.D. Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois Date________________________ Date of Defense: November 21, 2016 DEDICATION Ad majorem Dei gloriam To the greater glory of God ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks to my employer, the Davey Tree Expert Company for supporting my education and encouraging me to pursue this research. I am grateful for the assistance of Mr. Dru Sabatello, Village Forester and Ms. Ashley Karr, Arborist from the Village of Arlington Heights, Illinois. Their maps and information regarding the Emerald Ash Borer management program was essential. Dr. Dean Hawthorne of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology provided knowledge and guidance on the use of the Raven sound analysis program, for which I am thankful. Dr. Sara Incera Burkert of the Cleveland State University Psychology Department generously provided her time, knowledge and guidance in the use of the MouseTracker program. I am thankful and most fortunate to have encountered Sara at precisely the time I needed help. Since enrolling at Cleveland State University I have been extremely fortunate to have experienced the knowledge, insight, encouragement and support of the faculty, staff and fellow students. I am most grateful to my dissertation committee including: Sanda Kaufman – Cleveland State University Wendy Kellogg (Chair) - Cleveland State University Helen Liggett - Cleveland State University William Sullivan – University of Illinois Nicholas Zingale - Cleveland State University I am especially thankful for the guidance and friendship of Dr. Wendy Kellogg. Life has purpose. We come to life and cross paths with other people, seemingly by chance but likely by good fortune. These companions in life’s journey help us to form our experiences, insights, understanding, and beliefs. With these essential elements comes wisdom, and from wisdom comes a pathway to faith. I have been blessed with travelling convergent paths with others willing to help me find my way and show me how to assist others. These are a few of the many that have helped build the foundation for my life and eventually for this dissertation: Ruth Ann and Albert James Laverne, for sharing with me their wonder of nature. The teachers throughout my education, who encouraged and inspired me to learn, especially those who shared their passion for discovery and enlightenment. My friends in school – those who suffered with me through years of underachieving and those who celebrated with me as learning grew to be splendid and essential. My family, who continually define for me the meaning of pride. My wife, Donna Jean, who makes life delightful and rich. And also the many people who have enhanced my faith in God, the Creator of this miraculous world. To all, my sincere and deep thanks. LOSS OF URBAN FOREST CANOPY AND THE RELATED EFFECTS ON SOUNDSCAPE AND HUMAN DIRECTED ATTENTION ROBERT JAMES PAUL LAVERNE ABSTRACT The specific questions addressed in this research are: Will the loss of trees in residential neighborhoods result in a change to the local soundscape? The investigation of this question leads to a related inquiry: Do the sounds of the environment in which a person is present affect their directed attention? An invasive insect pest, the Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis), is killing millions of ash trees (genus Fraxinus) throughout North America. As the loss of tree canopy occurs, urban ecosystems change (including higher summer temperatures, more stormwater runoff, and poorer air quality) causing associated changes to human physical and mental health. Previous studies suggest that conditions in urban environments can result in chronic stress in humans and fatigue to directed attention, which is the ability to focus on tasks and to pay attention. Access to nature in cities can help refresh directed attention. The sights and sounds associated with parks, open spaces, and trees can serve as beneficial counterbalances to the irritating conditions associated with cities. This research examines changes to the quantity and quality of sounds in Arlington Heights, Illinois. A series of before-and-after sound recordings were gathered as trees died and were removed between 2013 and 2015. Comparison of recordings using the Raven sound analysis program revealed significant differences in some, but not all measures of sound vii attributes as tree canopy decreased. In general, more human-produced mechanical sounds (anthrophony) and fewer sounds associated with weather (geophony) were detected. Changes in sounds associated with animals (biophony) varied seasonally. Monitoring changes in the proportions of anthrophony, biophony and geophony can provide insight into changes in biodiversity, environmental health, and quality of life for humans. Before-tree-removal and after-tree-removal sound recordings served as the independent variable for randomly-assigned human volunteers as they performed the Stroop Test and the Necker Cube Pattern Control test to measure directed attention. The sound treatments were not found to have significant effects on the directed attention test scores. Future research is needed to investigate the characteristics of urban soundscapes that are detrimental or potentially conducive to human cognitive functioning. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... xix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. xxiv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION Title .............................................................................................................................. 1 Threats to Urban Ecosystems and the Associated Effect on Human Well-being ........................................................................................................................... 1 Urban Forests, Emerald Ash Borer, and Changing Communities ............................... 2 Soundscapes ................................................................................................................. 6 Noise ....................................................................................................................... 7 Directed Attention ....................................................................................................... 10 Trees, Sounds, and People .......................................................................................... 11 Research Questions ..................................................................................................... 12 Components of this Dissertation Document ............................................................... 13 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 15 ix Directed Attention ....................................................................................................... 16 The Benefits of Urban Forests and Access to Nature to Human Health ..................... 20 Introduction. ........................................................................................................... 20 Urban forests and human physical health. ............................................................. 22 Exercise and muscle-powered transportation .................................................... 23 Human physical health recovery through mental well-being. ........................... 24 The view from home and work ......................................................................... 27 Well-being and noise. .......................................................................................
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