DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pathway Ahead for Hoiho Te Ara Whakamua

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pathway Ahead for Hoiho Te Ara Whakamua The Pathway ahead for hoiho Te ara whakamua Impacts on hoiho: Literature review and recommendations Report written by Dr Trudi Webster Conservation Science Advisor | Kaitohutohu Pūtaiao-whāomoomo Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust | Te Tautiaki Hoiho February 2018 This work was funded by grants to the Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust from Otago Regional Council and Otago Museum IMPACTS ON HOIHO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONTENTS | HE RĀRAKI UPOKO EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | HE WHAKARĀPOPOTOTAKA .......................................................................... 4 TERRESTRIAL IMPACTS | KĀ PĀKA UTA ............................................................................................... 4 MARINE IMPACTS | KĀ PĀKA KI TAI ...................................................................................................... 5 RECOMMENDATIONS | KĀ WHAKATAUKA ........................................................................................... 6 Gaps in knowledge ................................................................................................................................. 6 Research implications .......................................................................................................................... 7 Conservation management implications .......................................................................................... 8 USE OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT | KĀ MAHIKA KI TAI .................................................................. 10 USE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT | KĀ MAHIKA KI UTA ..................................................... 11 MARINE IMPACTS | KĀ PĀKA KI TAI ........................................................................................................ 13 FISHERIES .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Bycatch ................................................................................................................................................... 13 Ecosystem effects ................................................................................................................................. 15 Habitat disturbance ............................................................................................................................ 18 Aquaculture .......................................................................................................................................... 19 Management of fisheries .................................................................................................................... 20 FISHERIES RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 23 CLIMATE AND WEATHER RELATED IMPACTS ................................................................................... 25 Direct effects of weather and climate .............................................................................................. 26 Indirect effects of weather and climate ........................................................................................... 27 Management of climate ...................................................................................................................... 30 CLIMATE RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................... 30 POLLUTION ............................................................................................................................................... 31 Oil pollution .......................................................................................................................................... 31 Marine debris ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Sedimentation ...................................................................................................................................... 33 Increased nutrients and eutrophication ......................................................................................... 33 Heavy metals ........................................................................................................................................ 34 Persistent organic pollutants ............................................................................................................ 35 Marine biotoxins .................................................................................................................................. 35 Invasive species ................................................................................................................................... 37 Sound ...................................................................................................................................................... 37 Page 1 Management of pollution ................................................................................................................... 37 POLLUTION RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 38 MARINE PREDATION ............................................................................................................................... 39 Pinnipeds ............................................................................................................................................... 39 Sharks and cetaceans .......................................................................................................................... 40 Barracouta ............................................................................................................................................ 40 Management of marine predation .................................................................................................... 41 MARINE PREDATION RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................... 41 TERRESTRIAL IMPACTS | KĀ PĀKA UTA ................................................................................................. 42 TERRESTRIAL PREDATION .................................................................................................................... 42 Mustelids ............................................................................................................................................... 43 Cats ......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Dogs ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 Pigs ......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Rats and mice........................................................................................................................................ 43 Other species ........................................................................................................................................ 44 Management of terrestrial predation .............................................................................................. 44 TERRESTRIAL PREDATION RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................... 45 HABITAT DEGRADATION ....................................................................................................................... 45 Land use changes ................................................................................................................................. 45 Fire .......................................................................................................................................................... 46 Harvest ................................................................................................................................................... 47 Management of habitat degradation ............................................................................................... 47 HABITAT DEGRADATION RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................ 47 HUMAN DISTURBANCE ........................................................................................................................... 48 Tourism ................................................................................................................................................. 48 Research ................................................................................................................................................ 49 Recreation ............................................................................................................................................. 50 Management of human disturbance ................................................................................................ 50 HUMAN DISTURBANCE RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 51 DISEASES AND PARASITES ..................................................................................................................... 51 Viral infections ....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Treatment of Lion´S Mane Jellyfish Stings- Hot Water Immersion Versus Topical Corticosteroids
    THE SAHLGRENSKA ACADEMY Treatment of Lion´s Mane jellyfish stings- hot water immersion versus topical corticosteroids Degree Project in Medicine Anna Nordesjö Programme in Medicine Gothenburg, Sweden 2016 Supervisor: Kai Knudsen Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine 1 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Background ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Jellyfish ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Anatomy .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Nematocysts .................................................................................................................................... 4 Jellyfish in Scandinavian waters ......................................................................................................... 5 Lion’s Mane jellyfish, Cyanea capillata .......................................................................................... 5 Moon jelly, Aurelia aurita ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2011/12 Annual Report
    2011/12 Annual Report ISSN 1174 4573 Contact Details Gisborne District Council 15 Fitzherbert Street Gisborne 4010 PO Box 747 Gisborne 4040 PHONE 062011/12 867 2049 Annual Report • FAX 06 867 8076 • EMAIL [email protected] • www.gdc.govt.nz Table of contents Page No. About this report...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .1-2 Performing for our Communities..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....4 Our District Highlights.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....5-17 Financial Overview.. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...18-20 Audit Report.... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 21-22 Our District - the First to see the Light..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....24-27 Our Organisation ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. 28 Our Council - Governance and Structure ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .....
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook Download 10 Little Penguins Kindle
    10 LITTLE PENGUINS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Make Believe Ideas Ltd | 26 pages | 30 Jun 2009 | Make Believe Ideas | 9781846109805 | English | United States 10 Little Penguins PDF Book South of Perth, Western Australia , visitors to Penguin Island are able to view penguin feeding within a penguin rehabilitation centre and may also encounter wild penguins ashore in their natural habitat. I thought this book was hilarious however it could be scarring for little children as they read about the little penguins being cooked or swallowed by a whale. Taronga Conservation Society Australia. Related Articles. Penguin Pedia. Get A Copy. Ecological Monographs. The Mercury. The waters west of Cape Otway were polluted with bunker oil. Sep 10, Kelly rated it it was amazing Shelves: child-participation , kidslit Illawarra Mercury. Several efforts have been made to improve breeding sites on Kangaroo Island, including augmenting habitat with artificial burrows and revegetation work. Overfishing is a potential but not proven threat to the little penguin. Retrieved 20 July The pop up pages each have a pull tab to hilariously illustrate the action in the picture. Friend Reviews. Retrieved 17 September It's a count down from 10 interactive pop up book about how penguins disappear one at a time in very grim ways Skip Navigation and go to main content Bestsellers Books. Get A Copy. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the split between Eudyptula and Spheniscus occurred around 25 million years ago, with the ancestors of the white-flippered and little penguins diverging about 2. Heat waves can result in mass mortality episodes at nesting sites, as the penguins have poor physiological adaptations towards losing heat.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty of Waitangi Duties Relevant to Adaptation to Coastal Hazards from Sea-Level Rise
    Treaty of Waitangi duties relevant to adaptation to coastal hazards from sea-level rise Research Report for the Deep South National Science Challenge By Catherine Iorns* June 2019 * BA, LLB(Hons), Wgtn, LLM Yale; Reader in Law, Victoria University of Wellington. Treaty of Waitangi duties relevant to adaptation to coastal hazards from Title sea-level rise Author C J Iorns Magallanes (Catherine Iorns) Author Contact Details Catherine Iorns Victoria University of Wellington [email protected] Acknowledgements This research was funded by the Deep South National Science Challenge through a research contract with Victoria University of Wellington. Several research assistants have been funded through this research contract to work on different aspects of this report. Some assistants have been identified in specific sections as providing drafts of that section, while others worked across more than one section and are not specifically identified. No extra importance is implied by specific identification; all assistants have been invaluable and this report would not have been the same nor completed on time without them. In alphabetical order they are: Matthew Dicken, Melissa Harward, Rhianna Morar, Nicolaas Platje, Danica Soich, and Jesse Watts. Thanks are also due to those who helpfully reviewed the report: Prof Jacinta Ruru (University of Otago), Prof Huhana Smith (Massey University), A.Prof Sandy Morrison (University of Waikato; Deep South NSC), Shaun Awatere (Manaaki Whenua: Landcare Research, Deep South NSC) and Vanessa James (Victoria University of Wellington). However, none of these organisations is responsible for the information in this paper. Every effort has been made to ensure the soundness and accuracy of the opinions and information expressed in this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of the East Texas Baptist University Campus with Birds Observed Off-Campus During BIOL3400 Field Course
    Birds of the East Texas Baptist University Campus with birds observed off-campus during BIOL3400 Field course Photo Credit: Talton Cooper Species Descriptions and Photos by students of BIOL3400 Edited by Troy A. Ladine Photo Credit: Kenneth Anding Links to Tables, Figures, and Species accounts for birds observed during May-term course or winter bird counts. Figure 1. Location of Environmental Studies Area Table. 1. Number of species and number of days observing birds during the field course from 2005 to 2016 and annual statistics. Table 2. Compilation of species observed during May 2005 - 2016 on campus and off-campus. Table 3. Number of days, by year, species have been observed on the campus of ETBU. Table 4. Number of days, by year, species have been observed during the off-campus trips. Table 5. Number of days, by year, species have been observed during a winter count of birds on the Environmental Studies Area of ETBU. Table 6. Species observed from 1 September to 1 October 2009 on the Environmental Studies Area of ETBU. Alphabetical Listing of Birds with authors of accounts and photographers . A Acadian Flycatcher B Anhinga B Belted Kingfisher Alder Flycatcher Bald Eagle Travis W. Sammons American Bittern Shane Kelehan Bewick's Wren Lynlea Hansen Rusty Collier Black Phoebe American Coot Leslie Fletcher Black-throated Blue Warbler Jordan Bartlett Jovana Nieto Jacob Stone American Crow Baltimore Oriole Black Vulture Zane Gruznina Pete Fitzsimmons Jeremy Alexander Darius Roberts George Plumlee Blair Brown Rachel Hastie Janae Wineland Brent Lewis American Goldfinch Barn Swallow Keely Schlabs Kathleen Santanello Katy Gifford Black-and-white Warbler Matthew Armendarez Jordan Brewer Sheridan A.
    [Show full text]
  • Scyphomedusae of the North Atlantic (2)
    FICHES D’IDENTIFICATION DU ZOOPLANCTON Edittes par J. H. F-RASER Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 101, Victoria Road Aberdeen AB9 8DB, Scotland FICHE NO. 158 SCYPHOMEDUSAE OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC (2) Families : Pelagiidae Cyaneidae Ulmaridae Rhizostomatidae by F. S. Russell Marine Biological Association The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth, Devon PL1 2 PB, England (This publication may be referred to in the following form: Russell, F. S. 1978. Scyphomedusae of the North Atlantic (2) Fich. Ident. Zooplancton 158: 4 pp.) https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.5144 Conseil International pour 1’Exploration de la Mer Charlottenlund Slot, DK-2920 Charlottenlund Danemark MA1 1978 2 1 2 3' 4 6 5 Figures 1-6: 1. Pelagia noctiluca; 2. Chtysaora hysoscella; 3. Cyanea capillata; 3'. circular muscle; 4. Cyanea lamarckii - circular muscle; 5. Aurelia aurita; 6. Rhizostoma octopus. 3 Order S E M AE 0 ST0 M E AE Gastrovascular sinus divided by radial septa into separate rhopalar and tentacular pouches; without ring-canal. Family Pelagiidae Rhopalar and tentacular pouches simple and unbranched. Genus Pelagia PCron & Lesueur Pelagiidae with eight marginal tentacles alternating with eight marginal sense organs. 1. Pelugiu nocfilucu (ForskB1). Exumbrella with medium-sized warts of various shapes; marginal tentacles with longitudinal muscle furrows embedded in mesogloea; up to 100 mm in diameter. Genus Chrysaora Ptron & Lesueur Pelagiidae with groups of three or more marginal tentacles alternating with eight marginal sense organs. 2. Chrysuoru hysoscellu (L.). Exumbrella typically with 16 V-shaped radial brown markings with varying degrees of pigmentation between them; with dark brown apical circle or spot; with brown marginal lappets; 24 marginal tentacles in groups of three alternating with eight marginal sense organs.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomad Jellyfish Rhopilema Nomadica Venom Induces Apoptotic Cell
    molecules Article Nomad Jellyfish Rhopilema nomadica Venom Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells Mohamed M. Tawfik 1,* , Nourhan Eissa 1 , Fayez Althobaiti 2, Eman Fayad 2,* and Ali H. Abu Almaaty 1 1 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt; [email protected] (N.E.); [email protected] (A.H.A.A.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: tawfi[email protected] (M.M.T.); [email protected] (E.F.) Abstract: Jellyfish venom is a rich source of bioactive proteins and peptides with various biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumor effects. However, the anti-proliferative activity of the crude extract of Rhopilema nomadica jellyfish venom has not been examined yet. The present study aimed at the investigation of the in vitro effect of R. nomadica venom on liver cancer cells (HepG2), breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231), human normal fibroblast (HFB4), and human normal lung cells (WI-38) proliferation by using MTT assay. The apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cells was investigated using Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining-based flow cytometry analysis, western blot analysis, and DNA fragmentation assays. R. nomadica venom displayed significant Citation: Tawfik, M.M.; Eissa, N.; dose-dependent cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells after 48 h of treatment with IC50 value of 50 µg/mL Althobaiti, F.; Fayad, E.; Abu Almaaty, and higher toxicity (3:5-fold change) against MDA-MB231, HFB4, and WI-38 cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Jellyfish (Cyanea Lamarckii)
    MarLIN Marine Information Network Information on the species and habitats around the coasts and sea of the British Isles Blue jellyfish (Cyanea lamarckii) MarLIN – Marine Life Information Network Marine Evidence–based Sensitivity Assessment (MarESA) Review Marisa Sabatini 2008-04-29 A report from: The Marine Life Information Network, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Please note. This MarESA report is a dated version of the online review. Please refer to the website for the most up-to-date version [https://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/2025]. All terms and the MarESA methodology are outlined on the website (https://www.marlin.ac.uk) This review can be cited as: Sabatini, M. 2008. Cyanea lamarckii Blue jellyfish. In Tyler-Walters H. and Hiscock K. (eds) Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews, [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.17031/marlinsp.2025.1 The information (TEXT ONLY) provided by the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. Based on a work at www.marlin.ac.uk (page left blank) Date: 2008-04-29 Blue jellyfish (Cyanea lamarckii) - Marine Life Information Network See online review for distribution map Cyanea lamarckii. Distribution data supplied by the Ocean Photographer: Keith Hiscock Biogeographic Information System (OBIS).
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanea Capillata
    Cardiovascular Effect Is Independent of Hemolytic Toxicity of Tentacle-Only Extract from the Jellyfish Cyanea capillata Xiao Liang1., Wang Beilei1., Li Ying2., Wang Qianqian1, Liu Sihua1, Wang Yang3, Liu Guoyan1,LuJia1, Ye Xuting4*, Zhang Liming1* 1 Department of Chemical Defense Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 2 School of Nursing, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 3 Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 4 Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China Abstract Our previous studies have confirmed that the crude tentacle-only extract (cTOE) from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata (Cyaneidae) exhibits hemolytic and cardiovascular toxicities simultaneously. So, it is quite difficult to discern the underlying active component responsible for heart injury caused by cTOE. The inactivation of the hemolytic toxicity from cTOE accompanied with a removal of plenty of precipitates would facilitate the separation of cardiovascular component and the investigation of its cardiovascular injury mechanism. In our research, after the treatment of one-step alkaline denaturation followed by twice dialysis, the protein concentration of the treated tentacle-only extract (tTOE) was about 1/3 of cTOE, and SDS-PAGE showed smaller numbers and lower density of protein bands in tTOE. The hemolytic toxicity of tTOE was completely lost while its cardiovascular toxicity was well retained. The observations of cardiac function, histopathology and ultrastructural pathology all support tTOE with significant cardiovascular toxicity. Blood gas indexes and electrolytes changed far less by tTOE than those by cTOE, though still with significant difference from normal. In summary, the cardiovascular toxicity of cTOE can exist independently of the hemolytic toxicity and tTOE can be employed as a better venom sample for further purification and mechanism research on the jellyfish cardiovascular toxic proteins.
    [Show full text]
  • Volunteer Management
    Volunteer management Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project The global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues 14th Floor, City Tower, 40 Basinghall Street, London EC2V 5DE, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)20 7633 2388 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7633 2389 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.ipieca.org International Association of Oil & Gas Producers London office 14th Floor, City Tower, 40 Basinghall Street, London EC2V 5DE, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)20 3763 9700 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 3763 9701 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.iogp.org Brussels office Boulevard du Souverain 165, 4th Floor, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium Telephone: +32 (0)2 566 9150 Facsimile: +32 (0)2 566 9159 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.iogp.org © IPIECA-IOGP 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of IPIECA/IOGP. Volunteer management i IPIECA-IOGP Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project Contents Introduction 1 Guiding principles for using volunteers—command considerations 2 Guiding principles for using volunteers—operational considerations 2 Command considerations 3 Decide whether to use volunteers on the response 3 Volunteer roles/tasks 3 Volunteer supervision and management 6 Operational considerations 9 Checking in/out 9 Daily site briefing 9 Site supervision 9 Welfare and well-being 9 Case study 1: MV Cosco Busan—volunteer use in California oil spills 11 Case study 2: Response to the MV Rena spill 19 References and further reading 30 About this report In response to the Deepwater Horizon incident at the Macondo Prospect off the Gulf of Mexico In April 2010, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) formed the Global Industry Response Group (GIRG).
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Grounding of the MV Rena in New Zealand, 5 October, 2011
    DOI: ISSN : Analysis of the grounding of the MV Rena in New Zealand, 5 October, 2011. Ian G. McLean Dept of Forestry and Resource Management, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Mokoia Drive, Rotorua, New Zealand 3046; E-Mail: [email protected] Corresponding Author: Ian G. McLean [email protected] ABSTRACT The grounding of the general cargo vessel MV Rena near Tauranga Harbor in October 2011 was New Zealand’s worst environmental disaster. The ship hit an offshore reef, creating hazardous salvage conditions, and the consequent spill of 350 tonnes of fuel oil affected 50 km of coastline and many islands. Many containers fell overboard, creating hazards for other shipping, requiring additional salvage resources, and introducing toxins to the marine environment that are still washing up six years later. The community responded to the disaster by flocking to the beaches and cleaning up the oil by hand, giving well over 20,000 hours of volunteer time. Short- and long-term environmental consequences for wildlife and the inshore marine environment are reviewed, along with the effects on the local economy, the political context and the management response. There were significant economic effects during the summer immediately following the event, but the clean-up appears to have been remarkably successful. While the above-water superstructure of the ship was removed, much of the (broken-up) hull remains on or close to the reef today. The final (legal) decision on the removal of the wreck has enabled abandonment of the wreck. There appear to be few, if any, long-term wider environmental effects although elevated levels of some contaminants are still measurable close to the wreck in 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2015 ISSN 1179-2981
    May 2015 www.yellow-eyedpenguin.org.nz ISSN 1179-2981 Papanui waka found on Trust reserve Shar Briden, Technical Advisor Historic and over a 1.2 metre length and appeared well years ago (Dilys Johns). The fibre may be Cultural, Department of Conservation weathered. We three knew it was something dressed cabbage tree leaves. out of the ordinary. A person had been seen Last year a partial hull of a totara waka A group of dedicated archaeologists and driving over the waka with a four-wheel ATV was re-discovered on the foreshore volunteers have been monitoring the sparking urgency for recovery. bounding the south of the Okia Flat foreshore over the past eight years. The Reserve, Papanui Inlet, Otago Peninsula. It was a surprise to everyone to find the group set up in 2009 includes Dr Matthew partial waka measured 6.17 metres long Schmidt (Heritage NZ), Phil Latham (Otago The Reserve is managed by the Yellow-eyed once excavation exposed it. There was no University), Dr Jill Hamel, Hoani Langsbury Penguin Trust (YEPT) and Dunedin City stern section or prow present suggesting and Rachel Wesley (Te Runanga o Otakou), Council (DCC). Jim Fyfe (DOC) and Kuini the waka may have been constructed in Juliette Parsons (a volunteer who has (Carole) Scott and myself were among three separate pieces then lashed together tirelessly monitored the foreshore since a group monitoring the foreshore (4th to form the base of the hull. Radiocarbon 2007), a representative from YEPT and October 2014) when they came across dates obtained from plaited fibre (cordage DCC, Gordon Graham and Leith Thomson a length of exposed timber resembling a or rope) found both inside and outside the respectively., and myself.
    [Show full text]