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Musk Deer Moschus Cupreus Persist in the Eastern Forests of Afghanistan

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Musk Deer Moschus Cupreus Persist in the Eastern Forests of Afghanistan Musk deer Moschus cupreus persist in the eastern forests of Afghanistan S TEPHANE O STROWSKI,HAQIQ R AHMANI,JAN M OHAMMAD A LI R ITA A LI and P ETER Z AHLER Abstract Nuristan province, in north-east Afghanistan, Paludan concluded, ‘...the animals I have seen are holds a significant portion of the country’s remaining for- musk deer’. ests, but because of the inaccessible terrain and the recent Since this first documented record of musk deer in history of poor security little is known about the wildlife in- Afghanistan, presumably of the Kashmir musk deer habiting these forests. We conducted transect surveys in Moschus cupreus (Timmins & Duckworth, a), sub- central Nuristan and confirmed the presence of musk deer sequent scientific expeditions have failed to confirm its pres- Moschus cupreus . years after the last documented ob- ence, raising doubt about the species’ persistence in the servation of the species in Afghanistan. We found that, in country. Naumann & Nogge () were told of an ungulate summer, musk deer inhabit remote alpine scrub on scat- species that inhabited Kamu Valley in eastern Nuristan, tered rock outcrops and in upper fringes of closed conifer- which they identified as musk deer on the basis of responses ous forests at c. ,–, m. They invariably use steep of local hunters who were shown photographs of this species. slopes ($ °), which makes them difficult to approach. Local people also reported the presence of musk deer in We built a data-driven geographical model, which predicted Nisheigram and Maktosho, in central Nuristan, to Petocz & that suitable habitat for musk deer in Afghanistan extends Larsson (), yet these authors neither observed the deer over c. , km in the contiguous provinces of Nuristan nor found signs of its presence. A biodiversity survey of cen- (.%), Kunar (.%) and Laghman (.%). Although tral Nuristan during – using walked transects, cam- relatively vast, the area of habitat potentially available to era traps and DNA identification of scats could not confirm musk deer in Afghanistan appears to be highly fragmented. the presence of musk deer (Stevens et al., ) even though Despite indications of unsustainable hunting, this Endangered the surveyed area was anticipated as a main stronghold of species persists in Afghanistan and targeted conservation musk deer in Afghanistan (Habibi, ). However, musk programmes are required to protect it and its forest habitat. deer are difficult to study because they are timid, solitary an- imals and remain hidden in dense, shrubby forest under- Keywords Afghanistan, distribution range, Moschus growth during most of the day (Nowak, ). For this cupreus, musk deer, Nuristan, suitable habitat reason and because of the lack of security to investigate its preferred habitat in Afghanistan, the extent of musk deer dis- tribution in Afghanistan has remained unknown. Introduction The Kashmir musk deer is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, based on a suspected % population n May , in Afghanistan’s Parun Valley in the decline across its range (Timmins & Duckworth, a), Oremote eastern province of Kafiristan (now and it is believed to be rare in Afghanistan and threatened Nuristan), Knut Paludan (a member of the Third Danish by over-exploitation (Habibi, ). Deforestation may pose Expedition to Central Asia, –) observed ‘...an a significant threat to the habitat of this forest-dwelling spe- animal about the size of a roe deer, greyish like a roe in cies, and results of a remote-sensing investigation (UNEP, winter, but the hindquarters were not snow white; head ) suggested that Nuristan and the contiguous provinces small, narrow; antler or horn not seen’ (Hassinger, ). of Kunar and Nangarhar lost % of their forests during The deer was identified as a musk deer Moschus sp. after a –. Given the precarious situation of the musk local elder was questioned and shown pictures of mammals deer in Afghanistan it is important to reconfirm its presence from India. After seeing another deer similar to the first, there and estimate the extent of suitable habitat remaining. Here we report on environmental requirements and pre- ferred habitat of the species as observed in central STEPHANE OSTROWSKI (Corresponding author) and PETER ZAHLER Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, 10460 NY, USA Nuristan and, considering habitat observations carried out E-mail [email protected] in Pakistan and India on the Kashmir musk deer and on HAQIQ RAHMANI School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK the closely related Himalayan musk deer Moschus leucoga- JAN MOHAMMAD ALI and RITA ALI Waygal, Nuristan, Afghanistan ster in Nepal (Timmins & Duckworth, b), propose a Received April . Revision requested June . geographical model of suitable habitat for musk deer in Accepted July . First published online October . Afghanistan. Oryx, 2016, 50(2), 323–328 © 2014 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605314000611 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.34.90, on 26 Sep 2021 at 15:06:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000611 324 S. Ostrowski et al. Methods northern India, and using the WWF WildFinder database (WWF, ), which lists the ecoregions (Olson et al., To evaluate the possible occurrence and range occupancy of ) and species found within them. We linked our survey musk deer in central Nuristan we carried out a wildlife map- results and relevant habitat descriptions from the literature – ping exercise during April May based on community to Afghanistan’s land cover types, mapped by the Food interviews across an area known to have potentially appro- and Agriculture Organization (FAO, ) during – priate habitat (Stevens et al., ). To help identify locations by photointerpretation of available Landsat Thematic for field surveys, local residents of villages were asked to Mapper satellite data at -m resolution. The elevation pinpoint on a map areas where musk deer occur at present and slope data gathered from the field were used to refine and where they occurred years ago. In case participants did the species’ range coverage. Elevation and slope data were not know how to read maps, field teams translated sites and extracted from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital regions mentioned to the appropriate areas on the map. elevation models at -m spatial resolution across Using the information collected from this community Afghanistan (CGIAR-CSI, ). Information on human mapping and from interviews with five self-identified hun- settlements was sourced from digitized settlement maps ters in the village of Waygal, a team conducted a survey in made during – (AIMS, ). the Kashtoun mountain chain to the north-west of Waygal. We determined that all suitable habitat for musk deer in – During June the team surveyed a remote area of Afghanistan lies within three ecoregions: Northwestern c. km , on foot, focusing on early morning and late evening Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, Hindu Kush to increase opportunities to encounter musk deer. Eight Alpine meadows, and East Afghan montane conifer forests. transects were surveyed over a total of c. hours, with sur- Within these ecoregions we selected three types of land veyors recording any evidence of the presence of the species cover as inclusive of all potential habitats for musk deer: (e.g. sightings, faeces, latrines, bedding sites, tracks), and lo- closed forest, open forest (possibly only used in winter cation, elevation and habitat type (closed coniferous forest, when high alpine pastures and subalpine forest become un- mixed coniferous/deciduous forest, rock outcrop with mea- suitable because of heavy snowfall), and high-elevation rock dows, or rangeland). The cliffs in the area made it inaccess- outcrops with alpine meadows. We included elevations of ible to livestock but markhor Capra falconeri may have been ,–, m and slopes > °, and excluded areas within present, and therefore only musk deer sightings, character- km of human settlements as unfavourable to musk deer. istic latrines, and bedding sites with recognizable hairs were Habitat suitability modelling was carried out at a × included as evidence of presence. Hair fibres were examined m ground resolution using the ModelBuilder tool in using microscopy and compared with reference hairs of ArcGIS v. (ESRI, Redlands, USA). ModelBuilder is Kashmir musk deer, markhor and livestock, and published used to develop new geoprocessing workflows and custo- photographic keys (Anwar et al., ). Guard hairs of the mize existing models, using a step-by-step (on-screen) outer coat of musk deer present a characteristic isodiametric approach (Malczewski, ). cuticular scale pattern, a wineglass-shaped root, and a mid- shaft diameter more than double that of any other ungulate hair in the region. As a result of the deteriorating security Results conditions in the east of Afghanistan since early the re- sults of this survey could not be retrieved from the research For the mapping exercise c. adult males were interviewed team until late , and hair samples were analysed in . in each village, with interviews in total. Only limited in- We constructed a geographical model of suitable habitat formation could be inferred from these interviews, given the for musk deer in Afghanistan based on a method described small sample size (, % of the population) and the ques- by Kanderian et al. (), using habitat macrofeatures de- tionable reliability of
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