IDENTIFICATION AND COLLATION OF EXISTING INFORMATION ON THE OF THE

January 2006

Helen Dallas, Colleen Seymour, Kate Snaddon and Justine Ewart-Smith

The Freshwater Consulting Group / Freshwater Research Unit University of

Prepared for: The FUND of WWF-

Project: ZA 5095

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION...... 1

1.1 Background...... 1 1.2 Approach...... 2

2. RESULTS ...... 2

2.1 Identification of current regional and national initiatives in research, conservation and management ...... 3 2.2 Collation of existing information on wetlands of the Western Cape ...... 6 2.2.1 Directory of information on wetlands of the Western Cape...... 6 2.2.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) data ...... 12 2.3 A generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data ...... 14

3. USING THE WESTERN CAPE WETLANDS DIRECTORY DATABASE AND GIS COVERS...... 14

3.1 The Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database ...... 14 3.1.1 Metadata – Information Source...... 15 3.1.2 Wetland Information ...... 17 3.1.3 Querying the data...... 20 3.2 Using the Geographic Information System GIS covers...... 22 3.2.1 Notes on how the GIS coverage relates to the database...... 22

4. ANALYSIS AND TRENDS IN DATA...... 22

4.1 Metadata – Information Source...... 22 4.2 Wetland characteristics and spatial distribution ...... 25 4.3 Available data...... 29 4.3 Catchment condition, land use and threats to wetlands...... 30

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WETLAND INVENTORY DATABASE ...... 39

5.1 Utility of the Directory Database...... 39 5.2 Constraints and limitations ...... 39 5.3 Observations related to data quality...... 40 5.4 Maintenance of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database...... 40 5.5 Development of the Western Cape Wetlands Inventory database ...... 40

6. REFERENCES...... 41

LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND APPENDICES

Table 1 Key regional (Western Cape) and national initiatives in wetland research, conservation and management ...... 3 Table 2 A description of each field in the “Metadata – Information Source” ...... 8 Table 3 A description of each field in the “General Wetland Information”...... 9 Table 4 A description of each field in the “Wetland Characterisation” ...... 10 Table 5 A description of each field in the “Available Information” ...... 11 Table 6 A description of each field in the “Catchment Condition and Land Use”...... 12 Table 7 A description of each field in the “Management and Social Issues”...... 12 Table 8 Summary information of GIS coverages provided as supplementary information for this project but not created by The Freshwater Consulting Group...... 13 Table 9 Menu Bar details of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database ...... 15 Table 10 Pre-define queries in the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database ...... 20

Figure 1 Directory structure of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database...... 7

Figure 2 “Metadata – Information Source” form ...... 16 Figure 3 “Wetland Information – General Wetland Information” form ...... 17 Figure 4 “Wetland Information – Wetland Characterisation” form ...... 18 Figure 5 “Wetland Information – Available Information” form...... 18 Figure 6 “Wetland Information – Catchment Condition and Land Use” form ...... 19 Figure 7 “Wetland Information – Management and Social Issues” form ...... 19 Figure 8 Querying the data...... 21 Figure 9 Viewing the query data, sorting and exporting to Microsoft Excel...... 21 Figure 10 Number of information sources (total = 449) in each Information Source category...... 23 Figure 11 Number of information sources (total = 362) per 10 year period, from 1930 to 2005. (Note Wetlands Datasheets and WC Wetlands Map Input have been excluded for this analysis)...... 24 Figure 12 Number of information sources (total = 362) per 10 year period, from 1930 to 2005, showing the number in each Information Source category. (Note Wetlands Datasheets and WC Wetlands Map Input have been excluded for this analysis)...... 24 Figure 13 The number of data sources per geographic region (total = 449)...... 25 Figure 14 The spatial distribution of wetlands in the Western Cape incorporated in the Directory Database ...... 26 Figure 15 The number of wetlands per type or classification (total = 703)...... 28 Figure 16 Number of wetlands in each size, depth, pH and salinity class (total = 703, note this is an approximation)...... 29 Figure 17 The number of wetlands with physico-chemical data. The different variables are provided. Physico-chemistry data were collected at approximately 56% of the 703 wetlands...... 30 Figure 18 The number of wetlands with biotic and habitat data. Biotic and habitat data were collected at approximately 74% and 12% of the 703 wetlands respectively...... 29 Figure 19 Spatial distribution of wetlands with physico-chemical data...... 30 Figure 20 Spatial distribution of wetlands with vegetation data...... 30 Figure 21 Spatial distribution of wetlands with mammal data ...... 31 Figure 22 Spatial distribution of wetlands with bird data ...... 31 Figure 23 Spatial distribution of wetlands with reptile data ...... 32 Figure 24 Spatial distribution of wetlands with amphibian data...... 32 Figure 25 Spatial distribution of wetlands with fish data...... 33 Figure 26 Spatial distribution of wetlands with aquatic invertebrate data...... 33 Figure 27 Spatial distribution of wetlands with plankton data...... 34 Figure 28 Spatial distribution of wetlands with algal data...... 34 Figure 29 Spatial distribution of wetlands with bacterial data...... 35 Figure 30 Spatial distribution of wetlands with data on endemic species ...... 35 Figure 31 Spatial distribution of wetlands with threatened species...... 36 Figure 32 Spatial distribution of wetlands with habitat assessment data ...... 36 Figure 33 Catchment land uses that potentially threaten to wetlands...... 38

Appendix 1 User groups consulted for the identification of national and regional initiatives and the production of the generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data...... 43 Appendix 2 A list of studies relevant for Western Cape Wetlands including studies incorporated into the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database...... 44 Appendix 3 Metadata for Geographical Information Systems (GIS) coverages...... 79 Appendix 4 Western Cape Wetland Inventory Datasheet...... 86 Appendix 5 Table of wetlands incorporated into the Directory Database, giving Data Source Identifier (DSI), type/classification, size, depth, pH and salinity classes...... 91

The Project Team

This project was the combined effort of Helen Dallas, Colleen Seymour, Kate Snaddon and Justine Ewart-Smith. All members contributed to the conceptualisation and planning of the project and represented the project at Steering Committee meetings. More specifically:

• Helen managed the technical component of the project, co-developed the final version of the datasheet, developed and edited the directory database, presented the project to the Western Cape Wetlands Forum meetings and wrote the final report; • Colleen co-developed the final version of the datasheet, sourced and captured data in the directory database, liaised with wetland practitioners, sourced GIS coverages, generated the GIS point coverage and contributed to the final report. • Kate managed the financial and client liaison aspects, provided input into the field datasheet and reviewed the final report; • Justine formulated the initial straw-dog datasheet, provided spatial data and technical guidance with the GIS component and reviewed the final report;

Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Table Mountain Fund of WWF-SA. We gratefully acknowledge their support during this project. The seeds of this project were germinated within the Western Cape Wetlands Forum - thanks to forum members for their insight, support and enthusiasm, and for information contributed to the directory. Thanks to Geordie Ractliffe (FCG) who initiated discussions with Mandy Barnett (CAPE) and Julia Wood (TMF) for funding for the project. This project was undertaken within the Freshwater Research Unit, . Lastly, thanks to members of the steering committee who guided the project.

Steering Committee

Julia Wood – Table Mountain Fund Heather Malan – Freshwater Research Unit, UCT Candice Haskins – – Scientific Services George Davis – South African National Botanical Institute Japie Buckle – Working for Wetlands Mandy Noffke – Working for Wetlands Gail Cleaver - CapeNature John Dini – Working for Water Nancy Job – BotSoc Conservation Unit Naomi Fourie – Department of Water Affairs Dennis Laidler – Department of Environment Affairs and Development Planning Cilla Bromley – GEESE Glencairn Liz and Dave Wheeler – Friends of the Liesbeek Roger Toms – Heritage Trust 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Wetlands are intrinsically valuable ecosystems that provide many important services to the environment and society. Amongst other functions, they play a critical role in flood attenuation, groundwater recharge and amelioration of water quality and often also have societal and economic value. The contribution of South African wetlands to biodiversity has been internationally recognized through their designation as Ramsar sites (Ramsar, Iran, 1971). Wetlands in the Western Cape and indeed elsewhere in South Africa have in the past been neglected, and knowledge of their distribution, structure or function is scarce. The importance of wetlands in South Africa has been recognized in terms of the protection these systems are now afforded under the National Water Act (1998). The Act guarantees both the quantity and quality of water that is required to ensure a given level of ecosystem functioning. Despite this protection, wetlands continue to be threatened by a variety of human activities. These threats have been recognized and programmes initiated to map and classify wetlands at a national scale, to provide information on the ecological condition of wetlands, to monitor wetland health, to rehabilitate and restore wetlands, to assess biodiversity in wetland systems and to conserve wetlands (Table 1). Previous studies in the Western Cape addressing wetland related issues have provided a substantial amount of information to support wetland conservation, management and rehabilitation. However, much of this information is dispersed and relatively inaccessible. This impedes and limits the incorporation of this information into effective management and conservation plans for wetlands in the province. The present initiative attempts to address this need by identifying and collating all initiatives and available information dealing with the location, character, available information, condition and management of wetlands in the Western Cape. It should be noted that the directory generated in this project does not include actual data collected within each study (e.g. lists of aquatic invertebrates or plant species, chemistry values, etc.). It does, however, have potential to form the foundation of a future wetlands inventory, envisaged for a later phase.

The objectives of the current project were, therefore, as follows:

• to identify current regional and national initiatives in wetland research, conservation and management; • to collate existing information on wetlands of the Western Cape; • to develop a generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data, and • to make recommendations for the development of a wetland database.

1 1.2 Approach

The definition of a wetland, as defined by the Ramsar Convention, is as follows:

“i.e. “areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tides does not exceed six meters” (Peck 1999)”.

The wetlands included thus fall into three broad groups (Ewart-Smith et al., 2005) as follows:

• Marine systems - Located along coastlines or overlaying the continental shelf, completely open to the (includes exposed coast and embayments). • Estuarine systems - Semi-enclosed by land with open, partly obstructed or sporadic access to the ocean (includes permanently open and temporarily closed systems). • Inland systems - No existing connection to the ocean and is characterized by the complete absence of marine exchange and/or tidal influence (includes riverine and non-riverine systems). The current project focuses on a subset of these wetlands, namely and inland systems. Within the inland systems less attention has been given to , which are well covered by other programmes and initiatives (see Table 1). The objectives of the project were achieved through literature searches and consultation with local and regional experts, managers, non-governmental Organisations and interested parties. The directory, which takes the form of a database, was designed with guidance from the user groups1, to ensure that it was comprehensive and user-friendly. The approach adopted was to make the directory “all encompassing” and to include studies, reports and wetland datasheets even if the only information was anecdotal (e.g. a wetland in the vicinity of X, probably a temporary pan). Similarly, all wetlands identified from the Western Cape Wetlands Forum meetings that were marked onto the maps provided at the Forum meetings, have been captured in the directory. Further details pertaining to objectives one to three are provided in section 2.

2. RESULTS

This project has resulted in several outputs, including a table of regional and national initiatives, a list of relevant publications, a directory database of information on wetlands of the Western Cape, a GIS point-coverage of information on these wetlands, and a generic datasheet for collection of wetland data. Details of each of these outputs are provided in sections 2.1 to 2.3.

1 User Groups consulted included: local authorities, government departments (both Western Cape and National), civil society groups, environmental impact assessment practitioners, South African National Parks Board, CapeNature, researchers, freshwater specialists. 2 2.1 Identification of current regional and national initiatives in wetland research, conservation and management

Consultation with user groups (Appendix 1) facilitated the identification of regional and national initiatives. The key regional and national initiatives are given in Table 1. A list of studies has been compiled after searching local databases, consulting with our core reference group (the Western Cape Wetlands Forum), as well as consultation with private consulting groups, conservation organizations, civil society groups and NGOs. The list was compiled within a reference management database (EndNote). An Adobe Acrobat (pdf) version of this list, sorted by Data Source Identifier, has been provided (Appendix 2). In addition to the references included in the directory, references that were difficult to obtain or which we were unable to incorporate into the directory due to time constraints, have been included in the list (noted as “Not in directory”). A few general references have also been included.

Table 1. Key regional (Western Cape) and national initiatives in wetland research, conservation and management

Region Name Description The NLC 2000 project provides a 1:50 000 scale digital map of the dominant land cover and land use throughout South Africa based on multi-season satellite (Landsat) imagery from 2000/2001. The land cover for each (approximately) 1-2 ha unit of land has been categorised into one of 49 land cover classes (see Thompson et al. 2001 for National Land details). National Cover (NLC) “Wetlands” is one of the standard land cover classes used in NLC 2000, which 2000 identifies the large, easily discernable wetland features across the country on the basis of broad spectral characteristics. An additional project is currently underway to develop an “advanced wetland layer” for the NLC 2000, which will augment the standard wetland coverage of NLC 2000 through additional mapping and modelling techniques. Website: http://www.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002 WfW and Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) have formed a partnership to address wetland rehabilitation. In 2001/2 R30 million was allocated towards wetlands projects throughout the country. The projects included national priority wetlands (including existing and proposed Ramsar Wetlands of International Working for Importance). Rehabilitation work is carried out by workers employed in the wetlands National Wetlands projects, and includes gabion construction, removal of invasive alien plants in the (WfW) immediate area, surveying of flood irrigation furrows, construction and placing of grass bale gabions and leveling of drainage furrows. Websites: http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/Wetlands/ ; http://www.nbi.ac.za/research/wetlandprog.htm This project is funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and WfW. The research programme aims to recognise the value provided by intact and functioning wetlands, and to develop an integrated set of protocols and tools that Working for promote effective wetland rehabilitation through research. This research will improve Wetlands – our understanding of biophysical, socio-economic and institutional causes of National Research degradation, in order to reduce or remove such causes and restore wetland functioning Project sustainably. The products of the research project include information on: ƒ How to prioritise wetlands for rehabilitation; ƒ Wetland RATES (Rapid Assessment Technique of Ecosystem Services) (previously

3 Region Name Description Wet Assess) – functional assessment technique for SA wetlands; ƒ Why wetlands degrade; ƒ Appropriate methodologies for rehabilitation; ƒ Monitoring effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions; and ƒ Institutional synergies Website: http://www.ccwr.ac.za/wetlands/rehab.htm Contact person: Fred Ellery ([email protected])

National This project is funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and aims: Wetland ƒ to evaluate a) the efficacy of the advanced wetland layer of the NLC 2000 for Inventory: identifying existing wetlands, and b) the type of information about a given wetland Development that is generated from this layer; National of a Wetland ƒ to develop a wetland classification system at a national level, based on the Classification information that can be obtained from the NLC 2000 advanced wetland layer; and System for ƒ to identify research and development priorities, and draft Terms of Reference for South Africa the testing, refinement and application of the proposed classification system. Contact person: Justine Ewart-Smith ([email protected]) This initiative aimed to enhance co-operation and collaboration between various players in the freshwater conservation arena, and to provide guidance and clear direction for WWF-SA's role in freshwater conservation. It culminated in a workshop in May 2005. Recommendations for a proposed structure for the National Freshwater WWF Biodiversity Collaboration (NFBC) were formulated. It was recommended that the Freshwater knowledge management objective of the NFBC should be to improve knowledge and Biodiversity National understanding of freshwater biodiversity for the wise management of freshwater Conservation resources through facilitating research, access, integration, curation, synthesis and Initiative effective dissemination of information. (WWF-FBCI) The proceedings of the workshop and the WWF-FBCI team meeting are presented on the WWF-FBCI Final Report CD. Website: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity; http://www.saiab.ru.ac.za/one.htm The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) is a biodiversity planning process co-ordinated by the national Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, National to give effect to the Biodiversity Act. Biodiversity Website: http://www.deat.gov.za National Strategy and Action Plan The National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment Executive Summary and Technical (NBSAP) Reports (including Terrestrial, , and Marine components) are available on the following website: ftp://ftp.nbi.ac.za Contact person: Mandy Driver at [email protected]. This programme was initiated in 1994 and has to date largely focused on River Health (known as the River Health Programme - RHP). The RHP primarily makes use of biological indicators (e.g. fish communities, riparian vegetation, aquatic invertebrate National fauna) to assess the condition or health of river systems. The rationale for using Aquatic biological monitoring is that the integrity of biota inhabiting river ecosystems provides a Ecosystem direct, holistic and integrated measure of the integrity or health of the river as a whole. National Biomonitoring The goal of the RHP is to serve as a source of information regarding the ecological Programme state of river ecosystems in South Africa, in order to support the rational management (NAEBP) of these natural resources. The objectives of the RHP are to: ƒ Measure, assess and report on the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems; ƒ Detect and report on spatial and temporal trends in the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems;

4 Region Name Description ƒ Identify and report on emerging problems regarding aquatic ecosystems; ƒ Ensure that all reports provide scientifically and managerially relevant information for national aquatic ecosystem management. Website: http://www.csir.co.za/rhp Contact Person(s): Bonani Madikizela ([email protected]), Liesl Hill ([email protected]), Dr Helen Dallas ([email protected]) The River Conservation Planning Initiative is a partnership project with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) and CSIR Environmentek. It aims to answer the fundamental questions: River ƒ How many rivers should reflect a high level of protection such that South Africa's Conservation National collective network of rivers can be considered healthy? Planning ƒ Which rivers should be protected in order to claim that a representative mosaic of Initiative rivers (and riverine biodiversity) is protected or conserved? Website: http://www.csir.co.za/rivercons/ Contact person: Dr Dirk Roux ([email protected]) The Mondi Wetlands Project (MWP) is a joint project of South Africa’s two largest NGO conservation organisations, the Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa Mondi (WESSA) and WWF - South Africa, together with two corporate sponsors, the Mazda National Wetlands Wildlife Fund and the Mondi Forestry company. The MWP’s mission is to catalyse the Project wise use and rehabilitation of wetlands in South Africa. Contact details: Dave Lindley: [email protected] The Coordinated Waterbird Counts (CWAC) was launched in 1992. The objective of CWAC is to monitor South Africa's waterbird populations and the conditions of the CWAC - wetlands which are important for waterbirds. This is being done by means of a Coordinated programme of regular mid-summer and mid-winter censuses at a large number of National Waterbirds South African wetlands and estuaries, at regular six-monthly intervals. CWAC currently Counts monitors over 540 wetlands around the country. Website: http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/p_cwac.htm Contact person: Marius Wheeler ([email protected]) This is a four-year research programme due to start in April 2006. It is largely funded by Water Research Commission (WRC) and supported by input from DWAF and DEAT. The project will be based at the Freshwater Research Unit, UCT (core project team members: Prof. Jenny Day, Dr Liz Day and Dr Heather Malan), however some of the work will also be carried out at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (Prof. Fred Ellery, Dr National Donovan Kotze). The research programme encompasses several research thrusts but Wetland is primarily aimed at developing tools to assess the ecological condition of wetlands as Research well as the socio-economic importance. The main aims of the Wetland Health and Programme: Integrity Research Programme are to: National Phase 2: ƒ Develop tools for assessing wetland ecological condition that will address the major Wetland needs of the users in South Africa, including DWAF, DEAT and conservation Health And bodies. Integrity ƒ Develop tools for assessing wetland socio-economic importance that will begin to satisfy the needs of users in South Africa. ƒ Develop a protocol to assess the loss of wetland function through degradation. ƒ Implement a communication programme. Contact person(s): Dr Heather Malan ([email protected]) ; Dr Liz Day (lizday@.co.za) Western Working for This project is a WfW poverty alleviation project based in the region. Cape Wetlands – The project restores wetlands (e.g. Rondevlei, Zeekoeivlei, Zandvlei) by clearing alien

5 Region Name Description Cape vegetation and revegetating with appropriate indigenous plants propogated in a nursery Peninsula established for this purpose. Wetland Contact person: Mandy Noffke ([email protected]) Restoration Project The Agulhas Biodiversity Initiative (ABI), a joint partnership between South Africa National Parks, Flora and Fauna International and UNDP GEF, is an integral Wetland component of the Cape Action for People and the Environment (CAPE) Programme, rehabilitation which is designed to address the main threats to the globally significant Agulhas Plains on the Agulhas Western lowland fynbos biodiversity. It also aims to improve the livelihoods of local communities Plain – Cape living on the Agulhas Plains through a multiplicity of inter-linked conservation, Agulhas development and socio-economic activities. Biodiversity The wetland component will focus on research and monitoring, aiming to produce Initiative (ABI) recommendations in terms of land-use and wetland conservation. Contact person: Gail Cleaver ([email protected])

2.2 Collation of existing information on wetlands of the Western Cape

Existing information has been sourced and collated into a directory (section 2.2.1). All data in the directory have been used to generate a point-coverage to be used in association with other GIS maps sourced (section 2.2.2).

2.2.1 Directory of information on wetlands of the Western Cape

Information on existing initiatives, research and publications, including grey literature (e.g. consultancy reports) on wetlands of the Western Cape has been collated. This was achieved through literature searches and consultation with local and regional experts, managers, NGOs and interested parties. The data have been collated into a directory in the form of a Microsoft Access database, developed for storage and interrogation of this information. It should be noted that due to time constraints and financial limitations of the project, and also because of the difficulty in obtaining some of the reports, several references have not yet been captured in the directory and the collection is by no means comprehensive. It does however present a significant collation of information on wetlands of the Western Cape and should provide a valuable resource for wetland practitioners in the Western Cape. Thus far 449 data sources have been included in the directory, representing 1851 wetland sites. Note that at this stage each wetland site is linked to an information source (see Figure 1) and so some wetlands are reported more than once, with different studies containing different associated data, etc. It is envisaged that further development of this directory into a Wetland Inventory Database would necessitate consolidation of wetland sites such that each wetland becomes a unique entity to which associated studies are linked. The number of wetlands incorporated into the directory is approximately 703, although the exact number was difficult to determine due to inconsistency and uncertainty with wetland names. Note that although estuaries are comprised of several wetland areas such as floodplain, pans, sedge marshes, etc., for data analysis purposes, they are each recorded as a single “wetland”, e.g. Berg River estuary. Please refer to section 2.2.3 for more detailed analysis of the data in the directory.

6 Figure 1. Directory structure of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database

General wetland information

Wetland characterisation

Metadata – Wetland(s) Associated data Information Source

Catchment condition and land use

Management and social issues

Figure 1 provides a summary diagram of the structure of the directory. Tables 2 to 7 provide a description of each of the data fields in the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database. They are arranged according to the screens onto which data are captured and related to the structure in Figure 1. The actual data capture screens in the Directory database are provided in Figures 2 to 7. The directory includes metadata about the information source as well as data fields incorporated in the generic field datasheet (section 2.3). Data incorporated in the directory include information gleaned from published literature (e.g. books, popular articles), scientific articles, academic theses, institutional reports, consultancy reports, unpublished reports, reports (other), monitoring data, database records, Wetlands Datasheet information, Western Cape Wetland Forum Map Input, and other (letters and notes).

7 Table 2 A description of each field in the “Metadata – Information Source” Data field Description Data Source Identifier (DSI) A unique number related to each Data Source Metadata Date Date on which metadata were captured Title The title of the paper, report, study, etc. Author(s) or Creator(s) The author(s) of the paper, report, study, etc. Reference or Source The source of the data, i.e. journal, report, wetlands datasheet, etc. The custodian or owner of the paper, report, study, etc. (may be an individual, Custodian/Owner library, consulting company, etc.) Organisation The organisation that has the paper, report, study, etc. Contact person The contact person for the paper, report, study, etc. Postal address The postal address of the person who has the paper, report, study, etc. Tel Telephone of the contact person Email Email of the contact person Fax Fax of the contact person ISBN Number International Standard Book Number The type of information: includes published literature (e.g. books, popular articles), scientific articles, academic theses, institutional reports, consultancy Information Type reports, unpublished report, reports, monitoring data, database records, Wetlands Datasheets information, Western Cape Wetland Forum Map Input, and other (letters and notes). Hard copy, hard copy MS word document, Excel spreadsheet, electronic Format of the data datasheet, electronic MS Word document, electronic pdf file, CD, handwritten notes, etc. When the data were Date (year) or time period when data were collected collected When the data were last Date (year) when data were last updated updated How close the given positions are to the real positions on the ground, usually a Positional accuracy function of the accuracy of the GPS (e.g. to within 5 or 50m?) or the quality of map being used. Accuracy for measures like size (e.g. 10 ha, or 10.5 ha, or between 10 and 20 Attribute accuracy ha), or identification (e.g. is it a perennial vlei or a seasonal pan that has been ground-truthed or has it just been spotted from a helicopter once/unknown)? Relates to the completeness of the data-set (e.g. size records are given for all Completeness wetlands or only 90% or 10% of them). Access constraints Any constraints on access to the paper, report, study, etc. or data. The aims of the study. If these were not provided in the paper, report, study, etc., Aims of the study they were generated from the report itself. Abstract Abstract extracted from paper, report, study, etc. or generated from study Search words Search words generated for future querying of the directory and/or database Is the study completed Yes/No If ongoing, how often are The frequency with which data are collected for ongoing studies data collected? Associated wetland(s) All wetlands reported in the study

8 Table 3 A description of each field in the “General Wetland Information” Data field Description Data Source Metadata Source (DSI, Author, Date, Title) Wetland Code A unique code generated for each wetland (currently not populated) Authors reference Code Code used by author in study Associated River (if any) River or rivers associated with the wetland Longitude and latitude co-ordinates converted to GIS (x and y) co- Geo-reference (GIS S, GIS E) ordinates Converted longitude and latitude co-ordinates corrected within ArcView Corrected Geo-Ref (S) and (E) to more accurately reflect the wetland. Note that this can only be validated accurately by ground-truthing each of the wetlands. GPS Setting Cape Datum Clarke 1980 or WGS 84 Datum Data Source: geo-reference given in paper, report, study, etc.; or Map: Geo-reference Source geo-reference generated by project team using GIS Map Reference (1: 50 000) Details of map where wetland is located Indicates if the author / creator used a GPS or map to generate latitude Lat-long source data and longitudes Map date Date of map used to locate wetland Closest town or mapped Closest town or mapped geographical feature to the wetland (to facilitate geographical feature of orientation and validation) Classification or type of wetland (either given in the paper, report, study, Type/classification etc. or generated from studies on the same wetland) Conservation Status Protected, partially protected or unprotected Detail of Conservation Status Details of the protection afforded the wetland Location Location of wetland (e.g. farm, reserve, national park, etc.) Landowner/Manager’s Name Name of Landowner/Manager Landowner/Manager’s Contact details of Landowner/Manager Description of the wetland A general description of the wetland Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF)’s 19 water *Water Management Area management areas. *Ecoregion Level I One of 31 as identified in Kleynhans et al. (2004). *Ecoregion Level II One of 135 as identified in Kleynhans et al. (In prep). *Secondary Catchment DWAF secondary drainage region. *Quaternary Catchment DWAF quaternary drainage region. Based on Low and Rebelo's (1996) potential natural vegetation of South *Vegetation Type Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. *Geological Type Based on Vegter's (1995) simplified lithostratigraphic units. *Rainfall Region Season in which the majority of rain falls. *Rainfall Class An estimate of rainfall in mm (Enpat 1997) * These fields have been populated using ArcView and are thus dependent on the accuracy of the lat-longs. They are useful spatial data for analysis and categorisation of the wetlands.

9 Table 4 A description of each field in the “Wetland Characterisation” Data field Description Size in hectares (<1 ha, 1-10 ha, 10-20 ha, 20-100 ha or >100 ha; 1 ha Approximate Size (ha) is equivalent to 1 1/3 rugby fields) Maximum Depth (m) Maximum depth (0-0.5 m, 0.5 – 2 m, 0r > 2m) Altitude Height above sea level Adapted from Kotse et al. (2004). Types include: floodplain, valley bottom with channel, valley bottom without channel, hillslope seepage Hydro-geomorphic Types feeding a river, hillslope seepage not feeding a river, depression (including pans). Descriptions and illustrations of each type are included in Appendix 3. Estuary Yes/No Details of the estuary: permanently open, temporarily closed, artificially If an estuary: controlled Wetland context Either a single discrete wetland or part of a mosaic of wetlands Other aquatic ecosystems associated with the wetland, e.g. river(s), Associated system(s) estuaries, etc. Associated system(s) details Details of the associated system(s) If associated with a river, record the position in the catchment: upper, Position in catchment middle or lower The permanence and inundation details are captured: permanent inundated, permanent saturated, seasonal inundated, seasonal Water permanence / Inundation / saturated, ephemeral inundated, ephemeral saturated. (Note Inundated saturation = surface water is present at some stages; saturated = surface soils are waterlogged). A wetland may have one or more water sources including: groundwater, Water source surface water (precipitation), surface water (riverine), seas, artificial source or other A wetland may have one or more water outlets including: river or , Water outlet no visible outlet or evaporation only, seepage into groundwater, sea, artificially constrained (e.g. weir or culvert). pH General pH range: Acid (< 6), neutral (6 – 8) or alkaline (> 8) pH value Actual pH value(s) if given in the paper, report, study, etc. General salinity class: Fresh (< 0 ‰), Brak (0 to <3 ‰), Saline (3 to <20 Salinity ‰) or Hypersaline (> 20 ‰) Comments Comments pertaining to pH or salinity Dominant vegetation type(s), including grasses, sedges, restios, reeds, Dominant vegetation type(s) shrubs, palmiet or other. Vegetation details Details of species if known Width of natural vegetation buffer Width of the natural vegetation buffer around or adjacent to the wetland (m) (< 10m , 10 – 30m, 30 – 100m or > 100m) Dominant substrate type(s), including bedrock, boulders, cobbles, gravel, Dominant substrate type(s) sand, mud, clay, peat, detritus or other. Specific comments related to substrate or general comments related to Comments the study data

10 Table 5 A description of each field in the “Available Information” Data field Description Water depth measured? Yes/No Water depth (m) Depth in metres Frequency: once off, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, seasonally, six- Frequency of data collection monthly, annually Frequency details Details (actual date, months, years etc). Habitat Assessment done? Yes/No Details of method used: e.g. Present Ecological Status (PES), Ecological Assessment details Importance & Sensitivity (EIS) Special comments All additional comments pertaining to the data collected This enables different sites in a wetland to be recorded. It has not yet Specific sites for each wetland been populated in this version. Water chemistry data provided in Were water chemistry data reported in the study / report? (Note: some study / report? reports are reviews of other studies) Temperature Temperature Turbidity Turbidity pH pH Conductivity Electrical Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids Total Dissolved Solids Nutrients (Nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia, etc.) Suspended Solids Suspended Solids Particulate Organic Matter Particulate Organic Matter Pesticides Pesticides Metals Metals Faecal coliforms Faecal coliforms (E.coli) Chemistry: Comments General comments related to chemistry data Biotic data provided in study / Were biotic data reported in the study / report? (Note: some reports are report? reviews of other studies) Vegetation Vegetation Mammals Mammals Birds Birds Reptiles Reptiles Amphibians Amphibians Fish Fish Aquatic Invertebrates Aquatic Invertebrates Plankton Plankton Algae Algae Bacteria Bacteria Endemics Was the number of endemic taxa recorded? Threatened species Was the number of threatened taxa recorded? Biota: Comments General comments related to biotic data

11 Table 6 A description of each field in the “Catchment Condition and Land Use” Data field Description The extent of each land use / activity in the wetland or in the immediate vicinity and/or in the catchment is rated according to a scale of 1 to 4, Land use / activity where 1 = limited (< 25%), 2 = moderate (25-50%), 3 = extensive (50 – 90%), 4 = almost entire (>90%). Vicinity or within wetland Within the wetland or in the immediate vicinity Within catchment Within the catchment Threat to wetland? Yes/No. Indicate if the land use / activity pose a threat to the wetland.

Table 7 A description of each field in the “Management and Social Issues” Data field Description Is the wetland managed? Yes/No If so, by whom? Details of the individual or organisation that manages the wetland What impact does the wetland and its management regime have on Impact may be: Negative impact, no impact or positive impact surrounding communities? What impact do surrounding Impact may be: Negative impact, no impact or positive impact communities have on the wetland? If affected, what are the contact Details of the affected community details of the community? Are research needs discussed in the Yes/No report / study? Research recommendations and / or Recommendations for research or recording of the potential for the potential for the wetland to be used wetlands to be used by the community (e.g. for tourism, gathering of by the community natural resources). If yes, indicate which activities would be possible.

2.2.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) data

All data in the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database were used to generate a point- coverage to be used in association with other Geographical Information System (GIS) maps. Where available, latitudes and longitudes (lat-longs) provided within data sources were used to geo-reference wetlands included in the study. Often lat-longs were not specified, however, and descriptions of study sites relative to major towns or landmarks along with existing GIS coverages (detailed in Table 8) were used to derive point references for these wetlands. These are indicated in the directory as follows: if lat-longs given were derived from the original data source, they are denoted as “data source”; if they were derived using landmarks and supplementary GIS coverages, they are denoted as “map”. Owing to varying accuracy and settings of GPS instruments and data sources, points often did not align with each other or with underlying maps used as guidelines (Table 8). These points were therefore nudged so that they aligned with each other, and generated new lat- longs for these points. These corrected Geo-reference points have been incorporated as separated fields into the Directory Database. The original data remain within the database, but the point GIS coverage (Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp) contains 12 corrected lat-longs, together with Yes/No fields for available data collected. Further details of Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp are provided in the relevant metadata file (Appendix 3). Metadata are also provided for coverages listed in Table 8, where these were available.

Table 8. Summary information of GIS coverages provided as supplementary information for this project but not created by The Freshwater Consulting Group.

Theme name Shape file Creator Point/ polygon Scale

Wcape.shp – modified Western Cape from a coverage called Unknown (2002) Polygon Unknown boundary saprovinces ENPAT freshwater Wcriv.shp (DEAT 2000) Polygon & line 1: 250,000 ENPAT Dams Dams50.shp (DEAT 2000) Polygon 1: 250,000 Western Cape sensitive (Shaw and de Villiers Sensitive_wetlands.shp Polygon 1: 50,000 wetlands 2001) CAPE freshwater (van Nieuwenhuizen and Wetlmapnov99.shp Polygon 1: 250,000 component Day 2000) South African wetlands (South African National Wetlands_dd.shp Point 1: 250,000 Biodiversity Institute 2005) Botanical society Special_habitats_dd.shp (Von Hase et al. 2003) Polygon 1: 50,000 Special Habitats Map Department of Water Water Management wc_wma.shp Affairs and Forestry Polygon 1: 2,000,000 Areas (DWAF)’s DWAF 2005 Kleynhans et Ecoregion Level I wc_ecoregion level 1.shp Polygon 1: 2,000,000 al. (2004). DWAF 2005 Kleynhans et Ecoregion Level II wc_ecoregion level 2.shp Polygon 1: 2,000,000 al. (In prep). Secondary drainage wc_seccatch.shp DWAF Polygon 1: 250,000 region Quaternary drainage wc_quarcatch.shp DWAF Polygon 1: 250,000 region Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and wc_vegetationType.shp Low and Rebelo (1996) Polygon 1: 1,000,000 Swaziland Geology map of South Africa with simplified Water Research lithostratigraphy for wc_geology.shp Commission, Vegter Polygon 1: 2,500,000 geohydrological use (1995)

ENPAT Rainfall Class wc_rainfall.shp DEAT (1997) 1: 1,000,000

13 Although point coverages are not as informative as polygon coverages for some purposes, the production of polygon coverages was beyond the scope and budget of this project. Point coverages often do convey valuable information. For example, point coverages may be used to indicate the geographical extent of research on wetlands or indicate the extent to which the different taxonomic groups have been studied (e.g. Figures 20 to 32). In addition, numerous polygon coverages have already been created, which the points generated by this project can be attached to, such that final ground-truthing will have a good foundation from which to proceed.

2.3 A generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data

A generic field datasheet, the Western Cape Wetlands Inventory datasheet (Appendix 4) has been developed to guide future wetland data collection. This was done in consultation with User Groups (Appendix 1) who provided input into the components included and structure of the datasheet. The response to our request for input has generally been very supportive and enthusiastic, reflecting the great need for this directory and future inventory. Standardization of the way in which wetland data are collected is essential for their long-term management and conservation. The datasheet is structured to allow users to capture Summary Information only (if information is scarce or time limited), or more comprehensive information pertaining to location, characterisation, associated data and information source. Data fields are linked to the data fields in the directory (see section 2.2.1). It is likely that this datasheet will evolve as more wetland practitioners use it and knowledge on wetland systems increases.

3. USING THE WESTERN CAPE WETLANDS DIRECTORY DATABASE AND GIS COVERS

3.1 The Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database

Version 1 of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database is in Microsoft Access 2003. To run this database a user will need to have Microsoft Office Access software on their computer. The database aims to allow users to view studies that have been undertaken on wetlands in the Western Cape. Data may be extracted via pre-defined queries and exported to Microsoft Excel. When opening the database (Western Cape Wetlands Directory_Ver1.mdb), the “Metadata – Information Source” form is displayed (Figure 2). A Menu Bar (on the top of the screen) has been designed for the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database. The three options available and their associated “drop-down” lists are given in Table 9. Users click on the Menu Bar Descriptor and then select the relevant Drop-down Descriptor. Users familiar with Microsoft Access can use the “Control F11” button to unhide the Access Menu Bar that allows for additional functionality. To unhide the Database, experienced users can use “Window/Unhide”. This will allow users to define additional queries for querying the data.

14 Table 9. Menu Bar details of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database

Menu Bar Descriptor Drop-down list Descriptor Metadata – Information Source Data Capture Wetland Information Nine pre-defined queries have been generated. These relate to each of the key Queries components of the directory database. (See section 3.1.3, Table 10) Analyse it with Microsoft Office Excel (Allows queries to be exported to MS Excel for analysis)

Tools Compact and repair (Important for retaining the integrity of the database) Backup the Database (Creating a backup) Exit the database

Note that currently data are viewed via the “Metadata – Information Source” form and “Wetland Information” forms are locked and may not be edited. At present data capture may only be undertaken centrally and not by individual users. It is hoped that the envisaged phase 2, which aims to extend this Directory Database into an Inventory Database, will receive funding such that additional data capture functionality may be developed to allow users to capture their own data on the database. The generic datasheets developed as part of this project (section 2.3, Appendix 4), standardizes the data collection process, thereby streamlining population of the Directory Database.

3.1.1 Metadata – Information Source

This provides information about the data source, which may be a scientific paper, consultancy report, Wetlands Datasheet, etc. The Data Source Identifier is a unique number and is linked to the “EndNote” reference list attached in Appendix 2. The user can scroll through the studies using the “Record” bar at the bottom of the screen (Figure 2). The user also can select a specific Data Source by entering the number in the “Record” space.

15 Figure 2. “Metadata – Information Source” form

Drop-down list Menu Bar

Record Bar

16 3.1.2 Wetland Information

To view the “Wetland Information” form the user must click on “Data Capture” and highlight “Wetland Information” (Figure 3). The user may either scroll through each of the wetlands using the “Record” bar at the bottom of the screen, or may go to a specific wetland using the “Go to Wetland” drop-down list on the top right of the screen. The wetlands are arranged alphabetically and may be selected by entering the appropriate letter of the alphabet. The Data Source Identifier is also given for each wetland, allowing selection of a specific wetland and study. There are five sub-forms (Figures 3 to 7) in the “Wetland Information” form, accessed by clicking the mouse on the appropriate sub-form tab. The five sub-forms are:

• General Wetland Information • Wetland Characterisation • Available Information • Catchment Condition and Land Use • Management and Social Issues

Figure 3. “Wetland Information – General Wetland Information” form

Sub-forms Go to Wetland – for selecting specific wetlands per study

Drop-down list

17 Figure 4. “Wetland Information –Wetland Characterisation” form

Figure 5. “Wetland Information – Available Information” form

18 Figure 6. “Wetland Information – Catchment Condition and Land Use” form

Figure 7. “Wetland Information – Management and Social Issues” form

19 3.1.3 Querying the data

Eight relatively simple queries have been designed for users to extract data (Table 10). At present these queries return all the data within the database. To initiate a query, click on the Menu Bar – Queries and select a query from the drop-down list (Figure 8). Columns in queries can be sorted using the “Sort key” in the Query Menu Bar at the top of the screen (Figure 9). The user is then able to export the data to Microsoft Excel for further data manipulation and analysis (Figure 9). Table 10. Pre-defined queries in the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database

Query Name Details of data extracted Qry – Information Data Source Identifier (DSI), Title, Year, Author/Creator, Reference/Source, Geographic Source Region, Aims of Study, Abstract and Information Source. Qry – Wetland Wetland Name, DSI, Author/Creator, Contact Organisation, Email, Telephone, Associated Summary River, Geo-reference (S) and (E), Closest Town or mapped geographical feature, Information Geographic Region, Conservation Status, Approximate Size and Wetland Description. Wetland Name, DSI, Geo-reference (S) and (E), GPS setting, GPS Source, Lat-long Qry – General source data, Map reference, Map date, Altitude, Location (e.g. farm or reserve), Wetland Landowners/managers Name and contact details, Water Management Area, Rainfall Information Region, Secondary Catchment, Quaternary Catchment, Ecoregion Level I, Ecoregion Level II, Vegetation Type and Geological Type. Wetland Name, DSI, Approximate size, Maximum depth, Hydro-geomorphic Type, Qry – Wetland Estuary (Yes/No), Estuarine details, Wetland context, Associated systems, Associated Characterisation: system details, Position in catchment, Water permanence, Water Source(s) and Water Hydro- outlet(s). (Note if more than one Water Source or Water outlet was recorded per wetland geomorphology per DSI, then more than one record is returned). Qry – Wetland Wetland Name, DSI, pH, pH value, Salinity, Comments on pH and salinity, Dominant Characterisation: Vegetation Type(s), Vegetation details, Width of natural vegetation buffer, Dominant Water Chemistry Substrate Type(s), Substrate comment. (Note if more than one vegetation or substrate Vegetation, type was recorded per wetland per DSI, then more than one record is returned). Substrate Wetland Name, DSI, Frequency, Frequency details, Water depth measured (Yes/No), Water depth, Chemistry data provided in report (Yes/No), Temperature, Turbidity, pH, Qry – Physico- Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Nutrients, Suspended Solids, chemistry Data Particulate Organic Matter, Pesticides, Metals, Faecal coliforms and Chemistry: comments. Wetland Name, DSI, Biotic data provided in report (Yes/No), Vegetation, Mammals, Birds, Qry – Biotic and Reptiles, Amphibians, Aquatic Invertebrates, Plankton, Algae, Bacteria, Threatened taxa, habitat data Endemic taxa, Biota: comments, Habitat Assessment done (Yes/No), Assessment details and Special comments. Wetland Name, DSI, Land Use / Activity, Extent Within vicinity of wetland, Extent Within Qry – Catchment catchment, Threat to wetland (Yes/No) and Description of land use and catchment Condition and Land issues. (Note if more than one land use / activity was recorded per wetland per DSI, then Use more than one record is returned). Wetland Name, DSI, Is the wetland managed? (Yes/No), If so, by whom, Is there a management plan?, Management recommendations, Impact of wetland on surrounding Qry – Management communities, impact of communities on wetland, Contact details of the community (if and social issues affected), research needs (Yes/No), research/management recommendations and/or potential use of wetland by community.

20 Figure 8. Querying the data Select a query from the drop-down list

Figure 9. Viewing the query data, sorting and exporting to Microsoft Excel

Highlight column and click to sort data Export data to MS Excel

21 3.2 Using the Geographic Information System (GIS) covers

To utilise these GIS coverages users will need access to GIS software, namely ArcView or ArcInfo.

3.2.1 Notes on how the GIS point coverage relates to the database

The point coverage Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp has an attribute file associated with it. If the user makes “identify” active and then points to the point/wetland of interest, all studies associated with that point or wetland will be listed in a table on the screen. This attribute table contains, inter alia, the wetland name (Wetland_na), unique wetland identity number (Wetlandid) and number of the Data Source Identifier (or reference) (DSI) within the database containing that wetland. The combination of the Data Source Identifier and Wetland Name allow the user to match the GIS point with the specific data in the Directory Database. Within the Directory Database, make the Wetland Information: Form active, and in the upper right hand corner (Go to wetland), select the wetland and Data Source Identifier of interest. For example, Belslvei 22 would contain information on Belsvlei available within Data Source Identifier (reference) number 22. The attribute table of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp also contains information pertaining to the data collected or assessed, e.g. water chemistry, biotic and habitat data (Yes or No). Details of which biotic data were collected are also provided.

4. ANALYSIS AND TRENDS IN DATA

Whilst the directory only represents a portion of all the work that has been completed on Western Cape wetlands, analyses of its contents are useful, because the data are still representative of wetland studies completed within the Western Cape. There are two reasons for this assertion. Firstly, while the references used in the database were slightly biased towards those that were more easily accessible, these references, particularly those published in peer-reviewed publications, often distilled work from other studies, thus inclusion of additional studies would only have marginally increased the information content of the database. Secondly, user-group consultation (specifically through the datasheets) enabled capture of information on lesser-known wetlands, and also afforded the project exposure to the current group of experts in the field of wetland ecology. This would most likely have ensured that most wetlands about which anything is known would at least have been identified and included in the directory. We can therefore be fairly confident that the image emerging from analyses of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database is a good representation of the state of knowledge regarding Western Cape wetlands at present.

4.1 Metadata – Information Source

The majority of the 449 information sources (i.e. reports, papers, datasheets, etc.) incorporated into the Directory were scientific articles (142), followed by institutional and consultancy reports (57 and 52 respectively, Figure 10).

22 Figure 10 Number of information sources (total = 449) in each Information Source category

160 142 140

120

100

80

Number 57 60 52 50 39 37 40 32

17 20 13 8 11 0 Published Scientific Thesis Institutional Consultancy Report Unpublished (Letters Other Databases Monitoring Datasheets literature WC Wetland Wetlands article Map Input report report data report etc)

The majority were published after 1980 (Figure 11), with a large number of institutional reports and scientific articles published between 1980 and 1989 (Figure 12). This probably reflects the substantial government resources for estuarine and research institutes made available during the 1980s. There is a decreasing trend in the number of scientific articles from 1990 through to 2005 and an increasing trend in the number of consultancy reports. This reflects changes in funding sources and the way wetlands are studies. As an illustration of how funding has changed, by the mid 1980s, the CSIR produced 13% of all measured research in South Africa, but in 1987, pressure as a result of a new funding formula from government, saw a change towards research with a greater market orientation (Kaplan 1996). By 1996, less than half of the CSIR’s funding was from the government, giving it one of the highest contract income to government ratios of any similar institution internationally (Kaplan 1996). The increase in consulting studies generally translates to a decrease in scientific publications due to time constraints and other factors affecting consultants. It was noted during this project that consultancy reports are often difficult to access or access is restricted via the consultant-client agreement. Thus, an increase in consultancy work may mean that information will become increasingly difficult to access. This is not to criticize consultancy work, which makes a vital contribution to the conservation of South Africa’s biodiversity in general, and more specifically our water resources, particularly in the enlightened conservation legislation SA has adopted post-1994. What is perhaps required is a source of funding aimed at periodically summarizing these findings and/or data. The number of theses (39 in total) has remained relatively constant from the 1970s through to the 2000s. A significant contribution was made in the form of Wetland Datasheets (50) and input on maps from the wetlands forums (37). This highlights the importance of consulting user groups and engaging with everyone who is interested in wetlands and their conservation and management.

23 Figure 11 Number of information sources (total = 362) per 10 year period, from 1930 to 2005. (Note Wetlands Datasheets and WC Wetlands Map Input have been excluded for this analysis).

140 122 120

100 90 80 80

Number 60

38 40

20 10 8 9 3 2

0 1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2005 Unknown

Figure 12 Number of information sources (total = 362) per 10 year period, from 1930 to 2005, showing the number in each Information Source category. (Note Wetlands Datasheets and WC Wetlands Map Input have been excluded for this analysis).

140 Monitoring data

120 Databases Other (Letters etc) Unpublished report 100 Report Consultancy report Institutional report 80 Thesis Scientific article 60 Published literature Number

40

20

0 1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2005 Unknown

The allocation of data sources to a geographical region was sometimes problematic with several studies extending beyond one or more broad regions. For the purposes of this report, six broad regions have been delineated: the Cape Town area, the Overberg, the Western Cape, the West Coast, the Southern Cape and the Wilderness Lakes region. Additional categories, which combined one or more regions, include the Western and

24 Southern Cape, South Africa and International. The location of some wetlands remains uncertain and these have been grouped into “Unknown”. Examination of the geographical spread of wetland data sources in the Western Cape revealed that the majority were within the Cape Town region. This extends to Stellenbosch and Melkbos areas and includes the entire Cape Peninsula. This phenomenon of a concentration of studies around a major centre is common in spatial analysis and often reflects development pressure. Next represented was the Overberg region (83), including the Hermanus, Bot River, Agulhas Plain and Breede River areas. The Western Cape (55), including the Berg and Olifants River catchments, were well represented. Forty-four wetlands were within the West Coast region (including Langebaan and Velorenvlei), 34 in the Southern Cape (including , , etc.), with 28 on the Wilderness Lakes area.

Figure 13 The number of data sources per geographic region (total = 449).

180 158 160

140

120

100 83

Number 80

60 55 44 34 40 28 29

20 12 5 1 0 Cape Town Overberg Western Cape Southern Cape West Coast Southern Cape Wilderness South Africa International Unknown Western and Lakes area

4.2 Wetland characteristics and spatial distribution

The spatial distribution of wetlands entered in the directory is given in Figure 14. Each wetland was typed or classified, either from the original data source or by validating with other data sources for the same wetland. This was a challenging task given the large variety of classification systems used in South Africa (Ewart-Smith et al. 2005). In addition, the majority of wetlands were not typed or classified. Wetland typing therefore serves only as a very general guideline. Based on this, the majority of wetlands in the directory (Figure 15) are Impoundments (including farm dams), followed by riparian wetlands and pans. The bias towards impoundments may be explained by the fact that impoundments are relatively easy to identify from maps, are common in the Western Cape and important for birds. A further 60 wetlands could not be typed, and 53 were classified as general wetland (unspecified and mixed). From the point of conserving and managing wetlands in the Western Cape, it is essential that classification receives high priority. A current study of (Ewart-Smith et al.

25 2005) promises to provide a method for classifying wetlands and should be incorporated into this directory as soon as possible.

Figure 15 The number of wetlands per type or classification (total = 703).

160 141 140

120

100 85 80 71 67

Number 60 60 53 38 40 32 30 17 17 21 19 20 12 16 6 6 6 2 3 1 0 Wetlands (general unspecifiedand mixed) Vleis wetlands Riparian wetlands Seepage Spring wetlands Marshlands Floodplain riparian wetlands/pans/vleis Pools (Temporaryand Permanent) perennial) and (Non-perennial Pans pans Salt Black-water lakes and seeps Coastal lakesand vleis Estuaries (Closed) (Permanently open) Estuaries (TemporarilyEstuaries open/closed) Estuaries (Unspecifiedor modified) wetlands) (including bodies water Artificial (Dam) Impoundments Dam) (Farm Impoundments (Lagoons) Embayments Unspecified

26 Figure 14 The spatial distribution of wetlands in the Western Cape incorporated in the Directory Database

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30°

Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data

31° 31°

S# S# S# S# S# S# S#

S# 32° 32° S# S# S#S# S# S#S#S#S### S# SSS S## S# S# S# S# S#S # S#S#S# S S# S# SS S# # S# S## S # S# S#S S# S# S# # # S# S#S# S# S S# S#S#S#S#S# S S#S#S S#S#S####S# S# S# S# SS#S#SS#SS# S##S# S#S#S# S# S# S#S#S## S# S# S# S 33° S# 33° # S# S# Langebaan # S#S## SS# SS## S#S# #S# S# S# S#S# # S# S#S#S# S# S# S#S#S S#S# S#S# S## S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S S# S# # S# S#S# S# S# S# S S#S# S# S#S# S# S# S# S# S#S# # S# S# S S# S#S# S# S# S#S# S# S# #S# S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S# S# S# SS## S# S#S# S# S# #S# # S#S#S# # S#S#S# S ## S### S#S#S# S#S # S S# S# # S#S#S#S#S#SS S#S#S# S# S#S# S S# S S# # S# S#S#S# S# S# S# S# S# S S#S## S#S#S# S#S#S S# S# S# S# S#S#S#S S S# S# S#S# S# S# # S# S#S#S#S#S#S#S##S#S# #S# S S#S#S# S#S#S# # # S#S#S# # # S# S# S#S# S# S#S#S# SS#S#SS#S# S## S#S#S#S 34° S#S#S#S#S##SS##S#S# S##S# S#S S#S# S S# S S# # S#S# S S S# S#S#S# S# 34° S#S#SS#S#S# SS# S#S S#S# S# S S#S# S# Cape Town S#S#S#S#S# S## ## S# ## S#S#S#S#S# S#S#SS##S#S#S#S#S #S##S# S#S S#S S#S#S#S# S#S#S#SS#SS#S#S# S# Knysna S#S#S# S# # S#S#S# S#S# S#S# S# S# S# SS# Mossel Bay S# S#S#S#S# S#S#S#S#S#S# #S#S# S# S# S# S#S# S#S#S S#S#S#S# # # S#S## S# S S#S#S# S#S# S# Hermanus S# N S### S# S# S#S# SS S##S#S#S# S#S#S#S# S# S#S#S#S#S#S# S#S#S# S#S#S#S# S# S#S#S#S# S#S#S#S#SS# S# Struisbaai 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 27 21° 22° 23° 24° The number of wetlands in each size and depth class was calculated, in addition to the number in each pH and salinity class (Figure 16). These were determined from the original data source. The majority of information sources did not provide information on these wetland characteristics, with 355, 513, 399 and 466 unspecified for size, depth, pH and salinity respectively. For those for which data were available, 101 and 96 wetlands were in size classes >100 ha and 1-10 ha respectively. Eighty and 70 were within depth classes 0 – 0.5m and >2m respectively, 133 and 124 were alkaline (pH > 8) or neutral (pH: 6 – 8) respectively, and the majority were classed as brak (n=113). The dearth of information on even basic parameters such as size and pH reflects how poorly known wetlands are or how non-standardised studies on wetlands of the Western Cape are. It is hoped that the use of standardized datasheets produced during this project will remedy these omissions in the future, by guiding researchers and consultants on the important components to include when assessing a wetland.

Figure 16 Number of wetlands in each size, depth, pH and salinity class (total = 703, note this is an approximation)

600 400 513 355 500 300 400

300 200 Number Number 200 96 101 100 100 80 70 54 58 40 39

0 0 <1ha 1 -10 ha 20ha -10 100ha -20 >100ha Unspecified 0 - 0.5m 0.5 - 2m >2m Unspecified

500 399 466 400 400 300 300 Number Number 200 200 124 133 113 100 47 100 71

25 28

A N

Unspecified

A S

0 0 Fresh Brak Hypersaline Unspecified

l

c e

a

k

id

u

l

a

i

t

n

l

(

r

i

e

a

n

<

l

e

6

(

)

6

(

>

-

8

8

) )

28 4.3 Available data

Based on the data incorporated into the directory, the number of wetlands for which physico- chemical, biotic and/or habitat data are available were tabulated and are presented in Figures 17 to 32. Physico-chemical data are available for approximately 56% of the wetlands, whilst biotic and habitat data are available for 74% and 12% of the wetlands respectively. Of the eleven physico-chemical variables examined, pH and conductivity are the most commonly measured (347 and 324 respectively), followed by nutrients, turbidity and temperature (Figure 17). Of the ten biotic components examined, birds and vegetation were the most commonly assessed (319 and 300 respectively), followed by algae (141), aquatic invertebrates (135) and amphibians (120). The other biotic components, including mammals were assessed at fewer than 70 wetlands (Figure 18). Habitat assessments have been undertaken at only 12% of the wetlands in the directory (84 in total). The high number of bird and vegetation studies reflects the prolific output of certain institutions (e.g. the Avian Demographic Unit) and the interest in the vegetation diversity in the Cape Floristic Kingdom. Wetlands are traditionally considered particularly important for birds. The spatial distribution of wetlands for which physico-chemical data (Figure 19), biotic data (Figures 20 to 31) and habitat assessment data (Figure 32) are available is given.

Figure 17 The number of wetlands with physico-chemical data. The different variables are provided. Physico-chemistry data were collected at approximately 56% of the 703 wetlands.

400 347 350 324

300

250 206 200

Number 144 150 117 100 65 62 67 35 50 16 15 0 Temperature Turbidity pH Conductivity Total DissolvedSolids Dissolved 0xygen Nutrients Suspended solids Particulate organic matter Pesticides coliforms Faecal

29 Figure 18 The number of wetlands with biotic and habitat data. Biotic and habitat data were collected at approximately 74% and 12% of the 703 wetlands respectively.

350 319 300 300

250

200 167

Number 150 135 141 120 100 84 68 51 42 49 50 31 41 Assessment 0 Vegetation Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish invertebrates Plankton Algae Bacteria Endemics Threatened species Habitat Aquatic

4.3 Catchment condition, land use and threats to wetlands

Using data extracted from the Directory Database, an analysis was undertaken to identify the 24 major catchment land uses identified as threats to wetlands (Figure 33). It should be noted that threats were often not provided in many of the data sources. This analysis should, however, provide a general indication of the relative threat of each land use. The major threat identified was invasion of terrestrial alien vegetation, followed by physical modification, agriculture (crops), urban development and water abstraction. If the general “” category was combined with the more specific “” and “sewage disposal”, all of which impact the quality of the water, then deterioration in water quality also poses a serious threat to wetlands in the Western Cape.

30 Figure 19 Spatial distribution of wetlands with physico-chemical data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30°

Physico-Chemical Data

31° 31°

S# S# S# S#

S# 32° 32° S# S# S# S#S#S#S#S# # SS# S# S#S#S# S# S#S# S# # S# S S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S#S# S# S#S# S# S#S# S# S#S#S#S#S#S# # S## SS#S# S S### # # SS S S 33° 33° S# # S#S# # S# S Langebaan S# S S# S S S#S# S#S## S## SS S# S#S#S# # S# S#S#S# S# S S#S# S#S# S# # S# S# # S S# S# S#S# S S# S# S# S# S# # S# S # # # S S S #S S# S#S# S#S#S# S# SS# S#S# S# S#S##S S# S# S# S S# S# S# S##S# S#S# S# S# S# S# # S# S#S# # #S# S# S S# SS# S S# S# #S#S### S# S#S# #S# S# # SSSSS#S#S#S# S#S# S##S#S#S#S#S#S# S#S#S# S# S S# S S# S# 34° 34° SS#S#S#SS# S#S# S# S# S# Cape Town S#S#S# S# S##SS# S#S# S#S#S#S# #S##S# S# S# S#S#S# S#S#S#SS#SS#S#S# Knysna S#S# S#S S#S#S# S# S# S#S# Mossel Bay S S#S#S#S#S# S#S#S# S#S# S# S# #S# S##S# S##S# S# S S S S# S#S# S#S# Hermanus S# N S# S# S# #S#S#S# S#S#S# SS#S#S#S# S#S#S# S#S##S# S# S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#SS#S# S# Struisbaai 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24°

Figure 20 Spatial distribution of wetlands with vegetation data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30°

Biotic Data - Vegetation

31° 31°

S# S# S# S#

32° 32° S# S#S# S# S#S#S#S#S# # S S#S#

S# S# # S# S# S# S#S# S# S#S# S#S#S#S#S# # SS#S# S# S# 33° 33° S# Langebaan S#S# S# S# S# S#S# S# S# # S# S#S

S#S#S# S#S# S#S# S#S#S# S#S# S S# S# S#S#S#S#S#S### #S# S S#S# S#S# # S# S# SSS#S# #S# S 34° S#S#S##SS#S##S# S## S S S# S#S# S# 34° #S##S#S SS# S# Cape Town S#S##S#S S# S#S# S#SSS#S S#S# S##SS# #S#S#S#S# S# SS# S#S#SSSS#S# S# Knysna S##S# # S# S# Mossel Bay SS#S# S## S# #S##S S# # # S# S#S#S# SS#S S# S# S# S S# S# S#S# S# Hermanus S# N S#S# S#S## S#S# S# S#S# #S# S#S#S# S# S S#S#S#SS Struisbaai 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers

35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24°

31 Figure 21 Spatial distribution of wetlands with mammal data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30° Biotic Data: Mammals

31° 31°

S# Klawer

32° 32°

S# S#S# S# S#

33° 33° Langebaan S#S#

S# S#

Bloubergstrand S#S#S# S#S# #S#S## S#S# S SS# S#S# #S# #SS#S# # S# S# S# S# S## #S S S# Cape Town SS# 34° 34° # Knysna S# S S# # S# S # S# S# HermanusS# S# S# S Mossel Bay #S# # S S S# N Struisbaai

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24°

Figure 22 Spatial distribution of wetlands with bird data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30°

Biotic Data - Birds

31° 31°

S#

S# S#

S# 32° 32° S# S# S# S#S#S#S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S#S# S#S# S# S# S# S#S#S#S#S# S#S#S### S# SS#S#SS#S# S#S#S# S# S#S#S#S# 33° 33° S# S# S#S# S#S# S# Langebaan S#S# S## S# S#S S#S#S# S#S#S# ## # S# S# S# S# SS# S#S# SS# S S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S#S# S# S# S#S#S#S# # # S#S# S# S#S# SS#S#S#S# S# ##S# S# S# SS#SS# S# S# S#S#S#S#S#S# S#S#S# S#S# S# S# S# S#S# #S#S S# #S#SS S# S# S# SS#S# S# S# S# #S##S#### S# S#S# S# # S# S# S#SSSSS#S#S#S#S#S# S#S# S#S# S# #SS## S# # S S# S S#S# #S#S 34° 34° S#S#S#S#S# S#S#S S# S#S#S# S# S S Cape Town S#S#S#S S# S# S# S#S#S#S# #S# S# S#S# S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S# # Knysna S# S#S S S#S#S# S## S#S#S#S# S# S# S# Mossel Bay SS#S#S#S#S#S#S#S# S# S# S# S S## S## S#S# S# SS S S#S# S# Hermanus S# N # S# S# S#S S#S#S# S#S# S# S#S#S#S#S# S# S# S#S#S#S# S#S# S# S# Struisbaai 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 32 Figure 23 Spatial distribution of wetlands with reptile data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30° Biotic Data: Reptiles

31° 31°

S# Klawer

32° 32°

S# S#S# S# S#

S#

33° 33° Langebaan S#S# S#

S# S#

Bloubergstrand S#S#S# S#S# #S# #S# S#SSS#S# ## # S S#S#S# S# SS # S# S#S S#S# S# S# S# S Cape Town S#S# 34° Knysna 34° S#S# S# S#S# S# S#S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# S# Hermanus S# Mossel Bay S#S# S# S# S# N Struisbaai

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° Figure 24 Spatial distribution of wetlands with amphibian data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30° Biotic Data: Amphibians

31° 31°

S#

# S# S S# Klawer

32° 32°

S#S#S# # SS#

S# S# S# S#S# S# S#S#S#S# S# # 33° Langebaan S 33°

S# S# S#

Bloubergstrand S#S#S# S#S# S# S#S#S#S### S#S# SSS# S#S# S#S#S# S# S# S# S# S# S#S# S# Cape Town S#S#S#S# 34° S# # 34° S#S#S# S Knysna S#S#S# S## S# #S# S# S# S#S#S# S # S# S# HermanusS# S# S S# Mossel Bay S#S# S#S# S#S#S# S# S##S# S# N S#S# S#S#S#S#SS# Struisbaai

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 33 Figure 25 Spatial distribution of wetlands with fish data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30°

Biotic Data - Fish

31° 31°

S# S# S# S#

32° 32° S# S#S#S#S# S# S#S#

S# S# ## S# S# S# S#S S S#S#S#S#S# S# 33° 33° S# Langebaan S#S# S# S# S# # S# S## S S S# # S S# S# # S S# S## S# S S#S#S# S# S# S# S#S# S# S# S# # S# S#S#S#S#S#S# # 34° S # SS#S#S#S# S#S#S#S 34° S# #S##S# S S# S# #S#S# S# S#S#S#S# S#S# S#S# S S#S# Cape Town S#S#S#S#S# S#S# S#S# S# S# S# Knysna S##S# # # SS# S#S#S# #S#S#S# SS# Mossel Bay S#S#S#SS#S# # # S# S# S# S#S# SS# S S# S# N Hermanus S# # S# S#SS# S# S#S#S# S# S# S##S# S# S#S# S#S#S#S#SS# 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers Struisbaai 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° Figure 26 Spatial distribution of wetlands with aquatic invertebrate data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30°

Biotic Data - Aquatic Invertebrates

31° 31°

S# S# # S S#

32° S# 32° S#S# S# S#S#S#S# S# # SS#

S# S# ## S# S# S# S##S#S S # S#S S#S#S#S#S# S#S#S# S# S# 33° 33° S# Langebaan S#S#

S# S# S#S# S# S#

S#S#S# S#S# S# # S#S#S#S#S# # 34° S# S# SS#S#S#S# S# S#S 34° #S#S#S# S# #S#S# S# S#S#S#S# S# S# S# S Cape Town S#S#S#S# S# S# S# Knysna SS##S# # # S#S# S#S# #S#S#S# SS# Mossel Bay S#S#S#SS#S# # # S# S# S# S#S# S # S Hermanus S N S#S#S# S#S# S# # #S# #S# S#S S#S#S#S#SS#S# SS 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers Struisbaai 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 34 Figure 27 Spatial distribution of wetlands with plankton data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30°

Biotic Data - Plankton

31° 31°

S#

32° 32°

S#S# S#

S#

S# S#S# S# # SS#S# 33° 33° Langebaan S#S#

S#

S#S#S# S# S#S# 34° S# # SS#S# S## S# 34° S#S#S#S# S S# S S## #S S#S#S# S# S# # S S Cape Town S#S#S# S S# Knysna S# S#S# ###S# Mossel Bay SSS#S# # S# S# S#S# # S Hermanus S N

S# S# 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers Struisbaai 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° Figure 28 Spatial distribution of wetlands with algal data 30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30°

Biotic Data - Algae

31° 31°

S#

32° 32°

S#S#S# S#

S# S# S# # S#S#S

33° 33° Langebaan S#S#

S# S# S#

S#S# S# S# S# S#S#S#S#S## #S# 34° S S# S S# S 34° S#S#S#S# S# S# S#SS S# Cape Town S#S#S#S# S# # S#S#S#S# # S#S S#S#S S#S#S#S#S#S#S#S# Knysna S# S#S# S#S# S# S# Mossel Bay S# S## S#S#S# S# S#SS# S# S# S#S# S# N Hermanus S# S#S#S# S# S# S#S# S#S#S#S# 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers Struisbaai 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24°

35 Figure 29 Spatial distribution of wetlands with bacterial data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30°

Biotic Data: Bacteria

31° 31°

Klawer

32° 32°

S#

33° Langebaan S# 33°

S#

Bloubergstrand S#S#S# S#S# S# S# S#S#S#S#S# S#S#S#S# S# S# S# # S#S#S S#S# # S# S# S# S Cape Town S# S# 34° Knysna 34° S# HermanusS# S# Mossel Bay N Struisbaai

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24°

Figure 30 Spatial distribution of wetlands with data on endemic species

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30° Biotic Data - Endemic Taxa

31° 31°

S#

32° 32°

S# S#

S#

33° 33° Langebaan S#

S#

S#

S#S# # S# S#SS#S#S#S# 34° 34° S# S# S#S#S#S# S# Cape Town S# S# Knysna S# Mossel Bay S#S# Hermanus N

S# S# 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers Struisbaai 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24°

36 Figure 31 Spatial distribution of wetlands with threatened species

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30° Biotic Data - Threatened Taxa

31° 31°

S#

32° 32°

S# S#S# S#

S# S#

33° 33° Langebaan S#

S#

S#

S#S# S# S# S# S# S# 34° 34° S# S#S#S#S# S# Cape Town S#S# S# Knysna S# S# S# S# Mossel Bay S# S#S# # # S# S # S Hermanus S N

S# # # S# S# S S# 20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers Struisbaai 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24°

Figure 32 Spatial distribution of wetlands with habitat assessment data

30° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 30° Habitat Assessment Data

31° 31°

32° 32° S# S#S# S#

33° 33°

S# S# S# S# S# S#S# S#S# S# S#S# S# S#S# S# S# # # # # S S#SS#S# S S#S# S S# 34° S# S#S# #S# 34° S#S#S#S# S

S# S# S# N S#S# S#

20 0 20 40 60 80 Kilometers 35° 35°

17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24°

37

Figure 33 Catchment land uses that potentially threaten to wetlands

140

120

100

80 Number 60

40

20

0 Agriculture -crops Agriculture -irrigation Agriculture -livestock Alien invasivefauna Alien invasivevegetation (aquatic) Alien invasiveveget Construction/infilling ErosionSedimentation and Eutrophication Forestry (afforestation anddeforestation) Harvesting of flora and fauna Industrial development Informal settlement Mining Physical modification Pollution Removal of riparian vegetation Road network Rural development disposal Sewage Solid disposal waste Transfer ofgenetic material Urban development Water abstraction ation (terrestrial) (bulldozing, weirs)

38

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WETLAND INVENTORY DATABASE

This project has resulted in the development of a directory of information on existing initiatives, research and publications pertaining to wetlands of the Western Cape. During the course of the project it became clear that the amount of information available was extensive and that this first phase of project could not incorporate all work we identified for potential inclusion, due to the time frame and budgetary constraints of this project. It is also likely that the list of potential references is incomplete (Appendix 2). This illustrates the first finding to emerge from this study – the directory has provided an important initial step to identifying work that has been done on wetlands in the Western Cape, and also demonstrates that this body of work is sizeable.

5.1 Utility of the Directory Database

• The directory will serve as a useful resource for wetland practitioners. • It should minimize duplication and allow practitioners to identify research gaps, both spatially and in terms of actual data.

• It will assist in the management and conservation of wetlands. • The directory will facilitate the development of a programme prioritising areas for research, management and funding.

• The spatial information in the GIS point coverage will be of value to conservation planning.

5.2 Constraints and limitations

The directory was designed to cater to a wide variety of needs, from civil society groups to highly technical practitioners. As yet, this has not been too problematic, but the exceptionally wide user-group base indicates that the end product from this first phase may not be exactly what each user envisaged, e.g. it may be too detailed for some users. The project team was unable, during the course of this project, to attend the Southern Cape Forum meeting(s). Whilst we were represented at these meetings, we may have failed to capture information from the Southern Cape group. Of the 448 studies captured in the directory, many were related to birds, and/or for estuarine systems. The former is due to the fact that ornithological studies were commonly available in the public domain, whilst other studies such as those on vegetation and invertebrates, for example, were often reported in consultancy reports which were not as readily available. Literature pertaining to estuaries was also readily available, combined with significant public funding allocated to estuarine research in the 1980s. The data reported in studies or papers were extremely variable with some studies providing very basic information on the wetland and associated data, whilst others included detailed value-laden information.

39

5.3 Observations related to data quality

During the course of this project it became evident that the quality of data provided in reports, etc., were often lacking and or unclear. In particular:

• Inconsistencies in naming a wetland; • No geo-reference provided, or inaccurate or incorrect geographic information; • Extremely variable classification or typing of a wetland - this should be alleviated to some extent when the new classification system is implemented (see previous comments); • Extremely variable estimates of wetland size and depth; and • Highly variable pH and salinity classes given for the same wetland - this is likely to be a seasonal artifact.

5.4 Maintenance of the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database

The directory structure and content will require maintenance and updating, to ensure that the data remain current and useful. According to Malan and Day (2005) as many as 69 data sets have been created for wetlands in South Africa, yet they are not currently used. The main reasons for this probably lie in their availability and how current they are. It is vital that a method to ensure that the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database and future Inventory, be maintained so that they remain current and useful. Issues to consider are:

• the need for the database to be widely available • for the database to continually evolve to meet users’ needs • to be maintained, and • to be updated to ensure it is current.

5.5 Development of the Western Cape Wetlands Inventory database

The directory developed in this project is a useful platform for future development of a wetlands inventory. In the present directory the structure is such that the core unit is the data source, i.e. study, paper, report, etc. Linked to each source are several wetlands, and in some instances several sites on each wetland. Future development of a wetlands inventory should be designed such that each wetland becomes a unique entity, to which studies are linked. Each wetlands may then have several sites, and be assessed at different time periods. Development of such a database would require the skills of a database designer.

• Prior to the development of a Western Cape Inventory Database, the following should be considered and evaluated:

• The status of the national inventory should be determined. • The Wetlands Water Quality Database (Malan and Day 2005) and any other inventories developed in the interim should be further evaluated - the aim would be to evaluate the potential for these inventories, or components of these inventories, to be utilised in the development of a new inventory.

40

• The current study of Ewart-Smith et al. (2005), which aims to develop a new national classification system for wetlands in South Africa should be consulted to ensure that the latest knowledge is incorporated into the database design. • Further, it is recommended that the national data storage and management database developed for the River Health Programme, the “Rivers Database” (Ewart-Smith and Dallas 2003) be examined. This database allows for the capture of data by individual users and transfer of data to a centralised server, thereby facilitating sharing of information. It might be viable to develop a similar database, or modify the Rivers Database, for the storage of wetland information such that it services the entire country, including the Western Cape. This “Wetlands Database” would provide an excellent platform for regional and national storage and management of wetland data.

6. REFERENCES

Cowan, G.I. and W. van Riet 1998. A directory of South African Wetlands. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. DEAT. 2000. Environmental Potential Atlas (ENPAT): Western Cape Rivers. 1:250 000 scale. Pretoria, Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Republic of South Africa. Ewart-Smith J., D. Ollis, J.A. Day and H. Malan 2005. National Wetland Inventory: development of a Wetland Classification System for South Africa. Workshop starter document. Prepared for: The Water Research Commission (WRC) and South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). Ewart-Smith J. and H.F. Dallas. 2003. Rivers Database Version 2.2: A User Manual. National Aquatic Ecosystem Biomonitoring Programme Report Series No. 11. Revised Edition. Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. Kaplan D.E. 1996. Reversing the brain drain: the care for utilising South Africa’s unique intellectual diaspora. Science and Technology Research Centre, University of Cape Town. Kleynhans C.J., C. Thirion and J. Moolman. 2004. A Level I River Ecoregion classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Report No. N/0000/00/REQ0104. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa (DRAFT). Kleynhans C.J., C. Thirion and J. Moolman. In prep. A Level II River Ecoregion classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. Kotze, D.C.; Marneweck, G.C.; Batchelor, A.L., Lindley, D.; Collins, N. 2004. Wetland- Assess. A Rapid assessment procedure for describing wetland benefits Report prepared for Mondi Wetland Project, Johannesburg, South Africa. Low A.B. and A.G. Rebelo. 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.

41

Peck D. 1999. Classification system for wetland type. In: Strategic framework for the list of wetlands of international importance: Key documents of the Ramsar Conventions. 7th Meeting of the conference of the contracting parties to the convention on wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), San Jose, Costa Rica, 10-18 May 1999. http://ramsoar.org/key_ris_types.htm. Shaw K. A., and R. de Villiers. 2001. Sensitive Wetlands GIS coverage. 1:50 000 scale. CapeNature, Jonkershoek, Western Cape. Thompson M.W., H.M. Van den Berg, T.S. Newby and D. Hoare 2001. Guideline Procedures for National Land-cover Mapping and Change Monitoring. Report No. ENV/P/C 2001-006. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and Agricultural Research Council (ARC). van Nieuwenhuizen, G. D. P., and J. A. Day. 2000. Cape Action Plan for the Environment: The Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems in the Cape Floral Kingdom. Freshwater Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town., Cape Town. Vegter J.R. 1995. Geology map of South Africa with simplified lithostratigraphy for geohydrological use. (Simplified lithostratigraphy digitised by A Havenga, Council for Geosciences, 1994). Water Research Commission TT 74/95. Von Hase A., M. Rouget, N. Helme and K. Maze. 2003. Special habitats data layer. 1:50 000. A fine-scale conservation plan for Cape Lowlands Renosterveld. Conservation Unit, Botanical Society of South Africa. Report CCU 02/03.

42 Appendix 1. User groups consulted for the identification of national and regional initiatives and the production of the generic field datasheet for the collection of wetlands data

Interest Group Representative

Wetlands Forum and South African National George Davies Botanical Institute (SANBI)

Working for Wetlands Japie Buckle, Mandy Noffke

Department of Environmental Affairs and Dennis Laidler (Forwarded to others in his Development Planning (DEADP) department)

CapeNature Dean Impson

EIA practitioners Dr Bill Harding, Dr Christine Colvin, Dr Liz Day

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Naomi Fourie (DWAF)

City of Cape Town Candice Haskins

SANParks/Landcare Tertius Carinus

Municipal planners Dr Barrie Low

Botanical Society Nancy Job

Conservation planners Mathieu Rouget

Researchers Prof Jenny Day, Dr Heather Malan

Glencairn Education and Environment support Enthusiasts (GEESE), Wildlife and Environment Awareness groups/Campaigns Society of South Africa (WESSA), Friends of Zandvlei Table Mountain Fund (TMF) – WWF-SA Julia Wood Working for Wetlands (Steering Committee) John Dini

43 Appendix 2. A list of studies relevant for Western Cape Wetlands including studies incorporated into the Western Cape Wetlands Directory database

1 "Froneman, A. 1997. The role of farm dams in conserving waterbird and wetland diversity in the western Cape, South Africa. M.Sc. University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 2 "Hall, D. 1993. The ecology and control of Typha capensis in the wetlands of the , South Africa. PhD. University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 3 "Jones, M. G. W. 2002. Developing a classification system for Western Cape wetlands. MSc. thesis. University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 4 "Davies, H. 1997. An assessment of the suitability of a series of Western Cape farm dams as waterbird habitats. M.Sc. (Conservation Biology). University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 5 "Harding, W. 1991. Ecology of urban-impacted coastal vleis on the Cape Flats near Cape Town, with special reference to phytoplankton periodicity. MSc. University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 6 "Morant, P., and J. Grindley. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report no. 14: Sand (CSW4). Research Report 413, CSIR, Stellenbosch." 7 "De Villiers, M. Unknown. Determination of total standing stock and filtration rates of the estuarine polychaete, Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel), in the Marina Da Gama, Zandvlei, in the Western Cape. University of Cape Town." 8 "Silberbauer, M., and J. King. 1991. Geographical trends in the water chemistry of wetlands in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17:82-88." 9 "Kalejta-Summers, B., M. M, and L. Underhill. 2001. Long-term trends, seasonal abundance and energy consumption of waterbirds at Strandfontein, Western Cape, South Africa, 1953-1993. The Ostrich 72:80-95." 10 "Ashkenazi, S. 2001. Long-term trends in the breeding populations of waterbirds (1951-1985) at a plant. Ostrich 72:10-19." 11 "Cowan, G., and G. Marneweck. 1996. South African National Report to the Ramsar Convention. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism., Pretoria." 12 "Whitfield, A. 2000. Available scientific information on individual South African estuarine systems. WRC No. 577/3/00, JLB Smith Institute of Ichythyology, Grahamstown." 13 "Noble, R., and J. Hemens. 1978. Inland water ecosystems in South Africa - a review of research needs. 34, CSIR." 14 "Davies, B. 1984. The zoobenthos of the Touw River floodplain. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 10:62-73." 15 "Davies, B. 1982. Studies on the zoobenthos of some southern Cape coastal lakes. Spatial and temporal changes in the benthos of Swartvlei, South Africa, in relation to changes in the submerged littoral macrophyte community. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 8:33-45." 16 "Coetzee, D. 1981. distribution in relation to environmental conditions in the Swartvlei system, southern Cape. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 7:5-12." 17 "Howard-Williams, C. 1980. Aquatic macrophyte communities of the Wilderness Lakes: community structure and associated environmental conditions. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 6:85-92." 18 "Coetzee, D. 1980. Zooplankton and environmental conditions in Groenvlei, southern Cape, during 1976. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 6:5-11." 19 "Maree, R., A. Whitfield, and N. Quinn. 2003. Prioritisaton of South African estuaries based on their potential importance to estuarine-associated fish species. WRC Report No. TT 203/03, JLB Smith Institute of Ichythyology, Pietermaritzburg, Centre for Environment and Development, Water Research Commission, Grahamstown."

44 20 "Coetzee, J. C., J. B. Adams, and G. C. Bates. 1997. A botanical importance rating system of selected estuaries. Water SA 23:81-93." 21 "Turpie, J. 1995. Prioritizing South African estuaries for conservation: a practical example using waterbirds. Biol. Cons. 74:175-185." 22 "Damstra, K. S. J. 1980. The Ecology of Onrus Lagoon. Habitat Working Group, UCT, Cape Town." 23 "ADU, c. M. W. various - earliest 2000. CWAC Waterbird counts. Avian demography Unit, Department of Statistics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 24 "CSIR. 1983. The SANCOR Estuaries Programme. Report No 67., Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria." 25 "Murison, G. unpubl yet. Aspects of the ecology of the waterbirds at the lower Berg River wetlands, South Africa - requirements for effective conservation management. Unpubl report., Percy Fitzpatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 26 "Rogers, J. 1985. Geomorphology, offshore bathymetry and quaternary lithostratigraphy around the Bot River estaury. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:211-237." 27 "Van Heerden, I. 1985. Barrier/ estuarine processes, Bot River estuary - an interpretation of aerial photographs. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:239-251." 28 "Willis, J. 1985. Bathymetry, environmental parameters and sediments of the Bot River estuary. Trans. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:253-283." 29 "van Foreest, D. 1985. A numerical model for the wind-driven circulation in the Bot River estuary. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:285-289." 30 "Bally, R. 1985. Historical records of the Bot River estuarine system. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:291-303." 31 "Fromme, G. 1985. The hydrology of the Bot River estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:305-315." 32 "Bally, R., and C. McQuaid. 1985. The physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of the Bot river estuary, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:317- 331." 33 "Bally, R., C. McQuaid, and S. Pierce. 1985. Primary production of the Bot River estuary, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:333-345." 34 "Roberts, C., G. Branch, and F. Robb. 1985b. The effect of salinity and temperature variations on the bacterial populations in the Bot River estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:347-352." 35 "Roberts, C., G. Branch, and F. Robb. 1985a. The annual cycle of free-floating bacteria in the Bot River estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:353-362." 36 "Coetzee, D. 1985. Zooplankton and some environmental conditions in the Bot River Estuary. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:363-377." 37 "De Decker, H., and R. Bally. 1985. The benthic macrofauna of the Bot River Estuary, South Africa, with a note on its meiofauna. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:379-396." 38 "Heyl, C., and M. Currie. 1985. Variations in the use of the Bot River Estuary by water-birds. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 45:397-417." 39 "Capenature. 1991,1992. Chief Directorate nature and environmental conservation, CPA Waterfowl census." 40 "Semmelink, M. 1990. An introduction to the study of phospohorus dynamics in Rondevlei. University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 41 "Van Niewenhuizen, G., and e. al. 1999. Cape Action Plan for the Environment: The conservation of freshwater ecosystems in the Cape Floral Kingdom. Cape Action for People and the Environment."

45 42 "Stewart, B., and R. Bally. 1985. The ecological role of the red-knobbed coot Fulica cristata Gmelin at the Bot River Estuary, South Africa: a preliminary investigation. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 45:419-426." 43 "Kareko, J. K. 2004. The interaction between vegetation and near-surface water in a wetland system, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch." 44 "Gardiner, A. 1988. A study of the water chemistry and plankton in the black water lakelets of the SW Cape. University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 45 "Barnes, K. N. 1988. The Important Bird Areas of southern Africa. Avian Demography Unit/BirdLife South Africa." 46 "De Decker, H. P., and B. A. Bennett. 1985. A comparison of the physiological condition of the southern mullet Liza richardsoni (Smith), in a closed estuary and the sea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 45:427-436." 47 "Bennet, B. A. 1985. A mass mortality of fish associated with low salinity conditions in the Bot River Estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 45:437-447." 48 "Bennet, B., K. Hamman, G. Branch, and S. Thorne. 1985. Changes in the fish fauna of the Bot River estuary in relation to opening and closure of the estuary mouth. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:449-464." 49 "Branch, G., R. Bally, H. Bennet, and G. Fromme. 1985. Synopsis of the impact of artificially opening the mouth of the Bot River estuary: implications for management. Transactions of the Royal Society of Southern Africa 45:465-483." 50 "Coetzee, D. J. 1982. Stomach content analyses of Gilchristella aestuarius and Hepsetia breviceps from the Swartvlei system and Groenvlei, southern Cape. S.Afr.J.Zool. 17(2):59-66." 51 "Branch, G., and J. Day. 1984. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part XIII. The Palmiet River estuary in the south-western Cape. . South African Journal of Zoology 19:63-77." 52 "Howard-Williams, C. 1977. The distribution of nutrients in Swartvlei, a southern Cape coastal lake. Water SA 3:213-217." 53 "Slinger, J. H., and S. Taljaard. 1994. Preliminary investigation of seasonality in the Great Berg Estuary. Water SA 20:279-288." 54 "Taljaard, S., G. A. Eagle, and H.-K. Hennig. 1986. The Palmiet Estuary: a model for water circulation using salinity and temperature measurements over a tidal cycle. Water SA 12:119- 126." 55 "Harrison, J. A., and D. M. Harebottle. 2001. Gull and ibis breeding colonies at a constructed wetland, Western Cape. Bird Numbers 10:40-41." 56 "Harrison, J. A., M. McIver, and D. Weyers. 2001. Breeding at constructed heronries at Blouvlei, Western Cape. Bird Numbers 10:38-39." 57 "Harrison, K. 2004. The lower Berg River wetlands as a roost site for coastal birds. Bird Numbers 13:18." 58 "Barnes, E., B. R. Davies, and J. A. Harrison. 1998. Ecological problems at Wildevoelvlei, . Bird Numbers 7:12-14." 59 WESSA. 2002. WESSA: Western Cape helps with important wetland restoration project. Pages 32-33 in African Wildlife. 60 "Gubb, A., and M. Preen. 2002. The Noordhoek Wetlands Rehabilitation Project: teaming ecological restoration with social justice. African Wildlife 56:46-47." 61 "Orban, F. 2005. Voelvlei DataSheet Information from Mr Fred Orban of Conservancy. in." 62 "ADU, T. B. C. 2000. Waterbird responses to management decisions at Botriviervlei, Western Cape. Bird Numbers 9:39-45."

46 63 "Harebottle, D. M., Harrison, J.A. 2001. Changes in distribution and abundance of waterbirds in South Africa. Bird Numbers 10:47-51." 64 "Maciver, M. 2003. Golf greens and blue-green algae: bird deaths at Melkbos Pan. Bird Numbers 12:15-17." 65 "Coetzee, D. J. 1981. Analysis of the gut contents of the needle-fish, Hyporhamphus knysnaensis, from Rondevlei, southern Cape. S.Afr.J.Zool. 16:14-20." 66 "van Driel, D. 2004. A bird kill at Melkbos Pan. Bird Numbers 13:6-12." 67 "Quick, A. J. R., and W. R. Harding. 1994. Management of a shallow estuarine lake for recreation and as a fish nursery: Zandvlei, Cape Town, South Africa. Water SA 20:289-297." 68 "Baxter, A. J., and B. R. Davies. 1994. Palaeoecological insights for the conservation of aquatic ecosystems in dryland environments: a case study of the Verlorenvlei system, South Africa. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4:255-271." 69 "Guillet, A., and T. M. Crowe. 1987. Monthly and seasonal changes in the aquatic avifauna at Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary (Cape Province of South Africa). Avocetta 11:1-16." 70 "Hockey, P. A. R., and C. T. Hockey. 1980. Notes on Caspian Tern Sterna caspia breeding near the Berg River, southwestern Cape. Cormorant 8:7-10." 71 "Summers, R. W., J. Cooper, and J. S. Pringle. 1977. Distribution and numbers of coastal (Charadrii) in the southwestern Cape, South Africa, summer 1975-1976. Ostrich 48:85- 97." 72 "Underhill, L. G. 1987. Waders (Charadrii) and other waterbirds at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa, 1975-1986. Ostrich 58:145-155." 73 "Talbot, F. H. 1955. Notes on the biology of the white stumpnose Rhabdosargus globiceps (Cuvier), and on the fish fauna of the Klein River Estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 34:387-407." 74 "Millard, N. A. H., and K. M. F. Scott. 1954. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part VI. Lagoon and the Diep River, Cape. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 34:279-324." 75 "Wallace, J. H., H. M. Kok, L. E. Beckley, B. A. Bennet, S. J. M. Blaber, and A. K. Whitfield. 1984. South African estuaries and their importance to fishes. South African Journal of Science 80:203-207." 76 "Kalejta, B., and P. A. R. Hockey. 1994. Distribution of shorebirds at the Berg River estuary, South Africa, in relation to foraging mode, food supply and environmental features. IBIS 136:233-239." 77 "Kalejta, B. 1992. Distribution, biomass and production of Ceratonereis erythraeensis and Ceratonereis keiskama at the Berg River estuary South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 27:121-129." 78 "Kalejta, B. 1992. Time budgets and predatory impact of waders at the Berg River Estuary. Ardea 80:327-342." 79 "Largier, J. L. 1986. Structure and mixing in the Palmiet Estuary, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 4:139-152." 80 "Koop, K., R. Bally, and C. D. McQuaid. 1983. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part XVII. The Bot River, a closed estuary in the south-western Cape. S.Afr.J.Zool. 18:1-10." 81 "Scott, K. M. F., A. D. Harrison, and W. Macnale. 1952. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part II. The Klein River Estuary, Hermanus, Cape. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 33:283-331." 82 "Day, J. H., N. A. H. Millard, and A. D. Harrison. 1952. The ecology of South African estuaries: Part III. Knysna: a clear open estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 33:367- 413." 83 "Harrison, A. D. 1962. Hydrobiological studies on alkaline and acid still waters in the Western Cape Province. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 36:213-243."

47 84 "Christie, N. D., and A. Moldan. 1977. Distribution of benthic macrofauna in Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:273-284." 85 "Flemming, B. W. 1977. Distribution of recent sediments in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:317-340." 86 "Grindley, J. R. 1977. The zooplankton of Langebaan Lagoon and Saldanha Bay. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:341-370." 87 "Grobler, D. C., and E. Davies. 1979. Sediments as a source of phosphate: A study of 38 impoundments. Water SA 7:54-60." 88 "Henry, J. L., S. A. Mostert, and N. D. Christie. 1977. Phytoplankton production in Langebaan Lagoon and Saldanha Bay. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 42:383-398." 89 "Puttick, G. M. 1977. Spatial and temporal variations in inter-tidal animal distribution at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:403- 440." 90 "Shannon, L. V., and G. H. Stander. 1977. Physical and chemical characteristics of water in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:441-459." 91 "Simons, R. H. 1977. The algal flora of Saldanha Bay. Trans. Roy. Soc.S. afr. 42:461-482." 92 "Summers, R. W. 1977. Distribution, abundance and energy relationships of waders (Aves: Charadrii) at Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:483- 495." 93 "Willis, J. P., H. H. G. Fortuin, and J. A. Eagle. 1977. A preliminary report on the geochemistry of recent sediments in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 42:497-509." 94 "Albrecht, G. 2004. An evaluation of water chemistry and its effects on the ichthyofauna of three estuaries entering . University of Cape Town." 95 "Bird, M. S. 2004. A study of the macroinvertebrate and zooplankton fauna of a number of seasonally alkaline wetlands on the Cape Flats, Western Cape, South Africa. University of Cape Town." 96 "Christie, N. D. 1981. Primary production in Langebaan Lagoon. Pages 101-115 in J. Day, editor. 1975-1976. AA Balkema, Cape Town." 97 "Grindley, J. R. 1981. Estuarine plankton. Pages 117-146 in J. H. Day, editor. Estuarine ecology, with particular reference to southern Africa. School of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town." 98 Anon. 1992. South Africa designates five new wetlands. Pages 1 in South African WETLANDS. 99 "Marneweck, G. C., and G. I. Cowan. 1995. Ramsar site update. Pages 8-10 in South African WETLANDS." 100 "Marneweck, G. C. 1996. Urban wetlands - a conservation challenge. Pages 10-11 in South African WETLANDS." 101 "Harding, W. R. 1998. Saving a wetland and a marine mussel resource. Pages 3-4 in South African WETLANDS." 102 "Adriaans, R. 1998. Effective management necessary to enhance wetlands. Pages 11-13 in South African WETLANDS." 103 "Spinks, A., and M. Luger. 1999. Management of the Rietvlei/Diep River system. Pages 8-10 in South African WETLANDS." 104 "Hanekom, N., and P. Nel. 2000. Alien mussel invades the Langebaan Ramsar site. Pages 7,11 in South African WETLANDS." 105 "Luger, M., and J. Rainsford. 2001. Khayelitsha Wetlands: from liability to asset in a fortnight. Pages 17-18 in South African WETLANDS."

48 106 "Bornman, T. G., and J. B. Adams. 2001. Freshwater requirements of supratidal and floodplain saltmarsh vegetation: Case study - Olifants River Estuary. Pages 19, 21 in South African WETLANDS." 107 "Butcher, S. E. 1984. Environmental factors and the water regime of de Hoop Vlei. Research Report No 45, School of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town." 108 "Scott, H. A. 1986. De Hoop Nature Reserve. Cape Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation." 109 "Millar, D. 1996. Benthic and planktonic invertebrates in De Hoop Vlei - a coastal lake. University of Cape Town." 110 "Orren, M. J., G. A. Eagle, A. H. Fricke, P. J. Greenwood, H. F.-K. O. Hennig, and P. D. Bartlett. 1981. Preliminary pollution surveys around the south-western Cape coast. Part 4: Salt River mouth, . South African Journal of Science 77:183-188." 111 "Fox, J. 2000. The land of the lost marsh. Pages 71-79 in Getaway." 112 "Jacot Guillarmod, A. 1982. Checklist of the aquatic and floodplain vegetation of the Wilderness Lakes, southern Cape. Bontebok 2:41-51." 113 "Harding, W. R. 1997. Phytoplankton production in a shallow, well-mixed, hypertrophic South African lake. Hydrobiologia 344:87-102." 114 "Howard-Williams, C., and B. R. Davies. 1979. The rates of dry matter and nutrient loss from decomposing Potamogeton pectinatus in a brackish south-temperate coastal lake. Fresh Water Biology 9:13-21." 115 "Bally, R., and G. M. Branch. 1986. The Bot River Estuary - should we interfere? Pages 230-239 in African Wildlife." 116 "Byren, B. A., and B. R. Davies. 1986. The influence of invertebrates on the breakdown of Potamogeton pectinatus L. in a coastal marina (Zandvlei, South Africa). Hydrobiologia 137:141- 151." 117 "Davies, B. R., and B. A. Stewart. 1984. A note on salinity and oxygen stratification in the Marina Da Gama, Zandvlei. Journal of the Limnological Society of southern Africa 10:76-78." 118 "Stewart, B. A., and B. R. Davies. 1986. Effects of macrophyte harvesting on invertebrates associated with Potamogeton pectinatus in the Marina da Gama, Zandvlei, Western Cape. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 46:35-49." 119 "Coetzee, D. J. 1986. Zooplankton and some environmental conditions in De Hoop Vlei, a southern Cape coastal lake. Bontebok 5:10-16." 120 "Bally, R. 1987. Conservation problems and management options in estuaries: the Bot River Estuary, South Africa, as a case-history for management of closed estuaries. Environmental Conservation 14:45-51." 121 "Coetzee, D. J. 1983. Zooplankton and environmental conditions in a Southern Cape coastal system. J.Limnol.Soc.sth.Afr. 9:1-11." 122 "Cowan, G. I. e. 1995. Appendix 1. Wetlands of International Importance listed by South Africa. Pages 12-20 in G. I. e. Cowan, editor. Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." 123 "Rogers, K. H. 1995. Riparian wetlands. Pages 41-52 in G. I. Cowan, editor. Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." 124 "Howard-Williams, C., and M. R. M. Liptrot. 1980. Submerged macrophyte communities in a brackish South African estuarine-lake system. Aquatic Botany 9:101-116." 125 "Allanson, B. R. Unknown. Environmental factors in the limnology of coastal lakes in South Africa. S.122 Marine/Freshwater, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." 126 "Coetzee, D. J., and N. G. Palmer. 1982. Algemene fisiese en chemiese toestande in Eilandvlei, Langvlei en Rondevlei gedurende 1978. Bontebok 2:9-12."

49 127 "Harding, W. R. 1994. Water quality trends and the influence of salinity in a highly regulated estuary near Cape Town, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 90:240-246." 128 "Thornton, J. A., H. Beekman, G. Boddington, R. I. Dick, W. R. Harding, M. Lief, I. R. Morrison, and A. J. R. Quick. 1995. Chapter 8. The ecology and management of Zandvlei (Cape Province, South Africa), an enriched shallow African estuary. Pages 109-128 in Unknown." 129 "Martin, A. R. H. 1960. The ecology of Groenvlei, a South African fen. Part II. The secondary communities. Journal of Ecology 48:307-329." 130 "Toens, P. D. a. a., Consulting Geologists and Hydrogeologists. 1994. De Hoop Nature Reserve: A geohydrological investigation of the De Hoop Nature Reserve. Progress Report No. 1., Cape Town." 131 "McQuaid, J. Unknown. Primary productivity of De Hoop Vlei, South Africa. Assignment Zoology Department, University of Cape Town." 132 "Scott, H. A., and K. C. D. Hamman. 1988. Recent fish records from De Hoop Vlei, a southern Cape coastal lake. Bontebok 6:30-33." 133 "O'Riain, M. J. 2005. Information on Hout Bay Wetland - from wetland inventory datasheet. in." 134 "Coetzer, A. H. 1987. Succession in zooplankton and hydrophytes of a seasonal water on the west coast of South Africa. Hydrobiologia." 135 "Coetzer, A. H. 1986. Letter to Tony Gardiner, Ref Number JNO 16/9/16/4. in." 136 "de Leeuw, R. J. W. 1975. Paarde Vlei. Report number SQ1.1171/A. AE&CI Limited - Factory." 137 Anon. 1935. Notes and Queries. The Cape Naturallist 1(2) 50-52. 138 "Malan, H. L., Randall, R.M., Russel, I.A. 1992. An investigation into the recreational carrying capacity of the Wilderness National Parks lakes. SANParks." 139 "Cameron, A. 2001. The development of the century. Earthyear 2:5-9." 140 "Underhill, L. G., J. A. G. Cooper, and M. Waltner. 1980. The status of waders (Charadrii) and other birds in the coastal region of the Southern and eastern Cape, Summer 1978/9. Western Cape Study Group, Cape Town." 141 "Middlemiss, E. 1975. The Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary 1952-1974. Cape Divisional Council, Cape Town." 142 "Day, J. H. 1981. The estuarine fauna. Pages 147-178 in J. H. Day, editor. Estuarine ecology, with particular reference to southern Africa. AA Balkema, Cape Town." 143 "Day, J. H. 1981. Estuarine flora. Pages 77-99 in J. H. Day, editor. Estuarine ecology, with particular reference to southern Africa. AA Balkema, Cape Town." 144 "Mepham, J. S. 1987. The Wilderness Lakes. Pages 563-578 in M. J. Burgis and J. J. Symoens, editors. Directory of African Wetlands and Shallow Waterbodies. Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation., Paris." 145 "Mepham, J. S. 1987. Wetlands of the South West Cape. Pages 578-593 in M. J. Burgis and J. J. Symoens, editors. Directory of African Wetlands and Shallow Waterbodies. Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation., Paris." 146 "Dye, A. H., and J. P. Furstenburg. 1977. Estuarine meiofauna. Pages 179-186 in J. H. Day, editor. Estuarine ecology, with particular reference to southern Africa. AA Balkema, Cape Town." 147 "Day, J. H., S. J. M. Blaber, and J. H. Wallace. 1981. Estuarine Fishes. Pages 197-221 in J. H. Day, editor. Estuarine ecology, with particular reference to southern Africa. AA Balkema, Cape Town." 148 "Siegfried, W. R. 1981. The estuarine avifauna of southern Africa. Pages 223-250 in J. H. Day, editor. Estuarine ecology, with particular reference to southern Africa. AA Balkema, Cape Town."

50 149 "Marais, S. 2005. Jakkalsfontein Private Nature Reserve Wetlands." 150 "Lawson, G. 2005. Langevlei Wetlands - Datasheet. in." 151 "Lawson, G. 2005. Westlake Wetlands - Datasheet. in." 152 "Huisamen, J. 2005. Keurbooms River & estuary - Datasheet return. in." 153 "Huisamen, J. 2005. Groenvlei Wetland - Datasheet return. in." 154 "Huisamen, J. 2005. Goukamma Estuary datasheet. in." 155 "Sharples, J. 2005. Geelbeksvlei - Datasheet. in." 156 "Scoble, G. 2000. Flowing with the rhythm of Knysna. Pages 115-123 in Getaway." 157 "Daly, R. 2000. Children of the Bay. Pages 104-110 in Getaway." 158 "Lanz, C. 2000. A playground called Postberg. Pages 81-92 in Getaway." 159 "Hart, R. C. 1995. South African coastal lakes. Pages 103-130 in G. I. Cowan, editor. Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." 160 "Shelton, P. 1975. The Ecology of Sandvlei. University of Cape Town." 161 "Muir, D. 1974. The Ecology of Sandvlei. Honours. University of Cape Town." 162 "Bourgeouise, M. 1948. A study of two estuaries of the Cape Peninsula. University of Cape Town." 163 "Banks, D. J. 1980. Use of habitats by waterbirds within a fluctuating environment. . University of Cape Town." 164 "Gaylard, R. 2005. Onrus Lagoon - Wetland Datasheet. in." 165 "Gibbs, D. 2005. Rondevlei - Datasheet. in." 166 "Ravenscroft, M. 2005. Kleynkloof Private Nature Reserve dams & riparian wetlands - datasheet. in." 167 "Harding, W. R. 1993. Faecal coliform densities and water quality criteria in three coastal recreation lakes in SW Cape, South Africa. Water SA 19:235-246." 168 "Rich, F. 1932. Contributions to our knowledge of the freshwater algae of Africa. 10: Phytoplankton from South African pans and vleis. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 30:111-188." 169 "Velasquez, C. R., B. Kaletja, and P. A. R. Hockey. 1991. Seasonal abundance, habitat selection and energy consumption of waterbirds at the Berg River Estuary, South Africa. Ostrich 62:109-123." 170 "Uys, C. J., and J. G. R. Macleod. 1967. The birds of the Hoop vlei region, Bredasdorp, and the effect of the 1957 inundation over a 10-year period (1957-1966) on the distribution of species, bird numbers and breeding. The Ostrich 38:233-254." 171 "Day, J. A. 1967. The biology of Knysna estuary, South Africa. Pages 397-407 in G. H. Lauff, editor. Estuaries. Am. Ass.Adv.Sci., Washington " 172 "Burgers, C. J. 1984. RAMSAR Description: Verlorenvlei. Scientific Services, CapeNature." 173 "de Graaf, G., and R. Randall. 1984. RAMSAR Description: Langebaan. SANParks." 174 "Burgers, C. J. 1984. RAMSAR Desciption: De Hoop Vlei. Scientific Services, CapeNature." 175 "Randall, R. M. 1984. RAMSAR Description: Wilderness Lakes." 176 "Regional Director, W. C. F. R. 194. RAMSAR Description: De Mond Nature Reserve. Regional Director, Western Cape Forest Region." 177 "Baard, E. H. W., W. R. Branch, A. C. Channing, A. L. de Villiers, A. Le Roux, and P. l. F. N. Mouton. 1999. A review of the amphibians and reptiles of the as indicators

51 of centres of biodiversity, sensitive habitats and sites of special interest. Cape Action for People and the Environment." 178 "Barham, W. T. 1968. Report on survey of Zoetendalsvlei Lake, Bredasdorp district, 6/5/1968 - 10/5/1968." 179 "Bickerton, I. B. 1984. Estuaries of the Cape. PART II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No. 25: Heuningnes (CSW19). National Research Institute for Oceanography." 180 "Blanchard, R. 2004. Alien plant invasion on the Agulhas plain: A detailed description of invasion patterns. University of Cape Town." 181 "Conservation, C. N. 1992. Proceedings of a workshop on the management of De Mond Nature Reserve and lower reaches of the Heuningnes River." 182 "Jalving, R., and G. Cleaver. 2003. Management plan: De Mond Nature Reserve. CapeNature." 183 "Cole, N. S., A. T. Lombard, R. M. Cowling, D. E. Euston-Brown, D. M. Richardson, and C. E. Heijnis. 2000. Framework for a conservation plan for the Agulhas Plain, Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town." 184 "Dalton, M. J., V. Hudson, and K. A. Shaw. 2003. Synchronised, flightless moult of blue cranes (Antrhopoides paradiseus) on the Agulhas Plain, Overberg, Western Cape Province. Indwa 1." 185 "de Villiers, A. L. 2004. Microbatrachella capensis (Boulenger, 1910). in L. R. Minter, M. Burger, J. A. Harrison, H. H. Braack, P. J. Bishop, and D. Kloepfer, editors. Atlas and Red Data Book of the frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. ." 186 "Helme, N. 2004. Proposed upgrading of the Gansbaai-Bredasdorp Road. Appendix C: Specialist report: Vegetation and Wetland systems. CCA Environmental." 187 "Louw, R. J. 1968. Survey of fish population. Soetendalsvlei, Voelvlei, District of Bredasdorp." 188 "Lubke, R. A., and U. M. Hertling. 2001. The role of European marram grass in dune stabilization and succession near Cape Agulhas, South Africa. Journal of Coastal Conservation 7:171-182." 189 "Magnall, M. 2001. The demography of the Egyptian goose, its impacts on cereal crop agriculture on the Agulhas Plain, Western Cape, South Africa, and measures to mitigate damage to crops by geese. University of Cape Town." 190 "Niemand, B. J. P. 2004. Environmental Management in the Nuwejaars wetland Ecosystem. University of Stellenbosch." 191 "Findlay, K. 1996. Fax from Dr. Ken Findlay to Dr. Dennis Toens, 19th January 1996. Pages Proposed multidisciplinary investigations covering the wetlands and vleis between Elim and De Mond in the District of Bredasdorp, Western Cape in." 192 "Toens, P. D. 2001. The eastern Overberg catchment management draft status report - First draft. Pages Memorandum to the Eastern Overberg Catchment Steering Committee in E. O. C. S. Committee, editor." 193 "Visser, D. 2001. Effects of invasive alien vegetation on the groundwaters of the L'Agulhas Plains. T&P Report 2001246, Toens & Partners." 194 "Cleaver, G., and L. R. Brown. 2005. Wetland restoration: Nuwejaars, Heuningnes, Kars and Ratel wetland and river systems: information status quo report and recommendations. Report to the Department of Agriculture: Western Cape, CapeNature/Dapartment of Agriculture: Western Cape." 195 "Martin, A. R. H. 1960. The ecology of Groenvlei, a South African fen. Part I. The primary communities. Journal of Ecology 48:55-71." 196 "Day, J. H. 1959. The biology of Langebaan Lagoon: a study of the effect of shelter from wave action. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 35:475-547." 197 "Scott, K. F. 1954. Notes on the birds of the Diep River and Rietvlei. Ostrich 25:25-31."

52 198 "Pringle, J. S., and J. A. G. Cooper. 1975. The Palearctic wader population of Langebaan Lagoon. Ostrich 46:213-218." 199 "Liversidge, R., G. J. Broekhuysen, and A. R. Thesen. 1958. The birds of Langebaan Lagoon. Ostrich 29:95-106." 200 "Blaker, D., and J. M. Winterbottom. 1968. Bird counts at Strandfontein Sewage works and Rietvlei, Cape Town. Ostrich 39:94-104." 201 "Velasquez, C. R., and P. A. R. Hockey. 1992. The importance of supratidal habitat for waders at a south temperate estuary. Ardea 80:243-253." 202 "Cooper, J., R. W. Summers, and J. S. Pringle. 1976. Conservation of coastal habitat of waders in the south-western Cape, South Africa. Biol. Cons. 10:239-247." 203 "Puttick, G. M. 1978. The diet of the at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa. Ostrich 49:158-167." 204 "Harding, W. R. 1992. A contribution to the knowledge of South African coastal vleis: the limnology and phytoplankton periodicity of Princessvlei, Cape Peninsula. Water SA 18:121-130." 205 "Fourie, H. O. 1976. Metals in marine organisms from Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon prior to industrialisation. South African Journal of Science 72:110-113." 206 "Mehl, J. A. P. 1973. Ecology, osmoregulation and reproductive biology of the white steenbras, Lithognathus lithognathus. Zool. Afr. 8:157-230." 207 "Taylor, P. B. 1997. South African palustrine wetlands: the results of a survey in summer 1995/96. Avian Demography Unit Research Report No. 24, ADU, University of Cape Town." 208 "Heinecken, T. J. E. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No.8: Rooiels (CSW 10). CSIR Research Report No 407., CSIR." 209 "Morant, P. D., and I. B. Bickerton. 1983. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No.19: Groot (Wes) (CMS 23) and Sout (CMS 22). CSIR Research Report No 418., CSIR." 210 "Bickerton, I. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape. PART II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report 15. Zeekoe (CSW 5). CSIR Report No. 414, CSIR, Stellenbosch." 211 "Heinecken, T. J. E., and K. S. J. Damstra. 1983. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No.24: Onrus (CSW 14). CSIR Research Report No 423., CSIR." 212 "Whitfield, A. K., B. R. Allanson, and T. J. E. Heinecken. 1983. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No.22: Swartvlei (CMS 11). CSIR Research Report No 421., CSIR." 213 "Sinclair, S. A., S. B. Lane, and J. R. Grindley. 1986. Estuaries of the Cape, Part II: Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No 13: Verlorenvlei. Report No 431, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Stellenbosch." 214 "Duckitt, J., Darling Wildflower Society. 2005. Waylands. Wetlands Inventory datasheet. in." 215 "Coetzer, A. 1981. Some limnological observations of a temporary west coast pan in southern Africa: Rocher Pan. Hydrobiologia 78:161-167." 216 "Seaman, M. T., P. J. Ashton, and W. D. Williams. 1991. Inland salt waters of South Africa. Hydrobiologica 210:75-91." 217 "Silberbauer, M. J. 1982. Phosphorus dynamics in the monimolimnion of Swartvlei. Journal of the Limnological Society of southern Africa 8:54-60." 218 "Coetzee, D. J., and R. C. Pool. 1986. Fluctuations in some physico-chemical conditions in Kleinriviersvlei, a south-western Cape coastal lagoon. Bontebok 5:24-30." 219 "Ratte, T. W. 1982. 'n Opname van die visbevolkings van die Breederiviermond. Bontebok 2:13- 18."

53 220 "Weisser, P. J., and C. Howard-Williams. 1979. The vegetation of the Wilderness Lakes and the macrophyte encroachment problem. Bontebok 2:19-40." 221 "Hockey, P. A. R. 1992? Final Report: ZA 194 Berg River Project. Unpublished Report: , Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town." 222 "Cooper, J. 1983. The breeding distribution and conservation of the Damara tern in southern Africa. 2nd Progress Report. Unpublished Report, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town." 223 "Burger, A. E., J. Cooper, and R. W. Furness. 1980. Conservation of the Damara tern Sterna balaenarum at the de Mond Nature Reserve. Unpublished Report, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town." 224 "Ryan, P. G., L. G. Underhill, J. Cooper, and M. Waltner. 1988. Waders (Charadrii) and other waterbirds on the coast, adjacent wetlands and off shore islands of the south-western Cape Province, South Africa. Bontebok 6:1-19." 225 "Hughes, J. 2002. Keysers River widening and rehabilitation: Military Rd to confluence with Westlake River - Scoping report and conceptual plans. Prepared for the South Penninsula Administration." 226 "Haskins, C. 2005. Rietvlei Pans - Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 227 "Haskins, C. 2005. Noordhoek/Papkuilsvlei. Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 228 "Haskins, C. 2005. Silwerstroom Spring. Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 229 "Haskins, C. 2005. Schusterbrandvlei. Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 230 "Haskins, C. 2005. Steenbras. Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 231 "Loubser, C. H. 2005. Rooirivier. Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 232 "Roets, W. 2005. Soetendalsvlei. Wetland Inventory Datasheet. Pages Source: Gail Cleaver (028 3163338), contact for more information in." 233 "Roets, W. 2005. Geelbeksvlei. Wetland Inventory Datasheet. Info source: State of Rivers Report: and Kleinbrak Rivers. Pages Info source: State of Rivers Report: Hartenbos and Kleinbrak Rivers. in." 234 "Gildenhuys, S. 2005. Bot River Estuary. Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 235 "Bromley, C. 2005. Glencairn Vlei. Wetland Inventory Datasheet." 236 "Trisos, C. 2005. SHAWCO Wetland. Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 237 "Orban, F. 2005. Groot Voelvlei. Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 238 "Willmot, R. 2005. Uilkraalsmond. Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 239 "Williams, A. J., and R. M. Randall. 1995. Pelecaniform birds in South African wetlands. Pages 147-161 in G. I. Cowan, editor. Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Enviornmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." 240 "Quick, A. J. R., and A. R. Johansson. 1992. User assessment survey of a shallow freshwater lake, , Cape Town, with particular emphasis on water quality. Water SA 18:247-254." 241 "Combrink, S. 1994. The zooplankton of Zeekoevlei and Princess Vlei (Western Cape) - a preliminary assessment. Water SA 20:299-306." 242 "Harding, W. R. 1992. Zeekoevlei - water chemistry and phytoplankton periodicity. Water SA 18:237-246." 243 "Forbes, A. T. 1978. Maintenance of non-breeding populations of the estuarine prawn Callinassa kraussi (Crustacea, Anomura, Thalassinidae). Zool. Afr. 13:33-40." 244 "Barham, W. T. 1979. Spawning of Arenicola loveni Kinberg in the Heuningnes rIver estuary, Bredasdorp. South African Journal of Science 75:262-264."

54 245 "Clarke, B. C. 1989. Estuaries of the Cape Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Palmiet (CSW 12). Report No. 37. CSIR Report 436. CSIR Report 436., CSIR." 246 "Grindley, J. R. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape, Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems, Report No 16: Eerste (CSW 6).CSIR Research Report 415. CSIR Research Report 415, Stellenbosch." 247 "Heinecken, T. J. E. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Silvermine (CSW 3). Report No. 13. CSIR Report 412. CSIR Report 412., CSIR." 248 "Heinecken, T. J. E. 1985. Estuaries of the Cape Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Wildevoelvlei/Noordhoek. (CW 28). Report No. 27. CSIR Research Report 426. CSIR Research Report 426., CSIR." 249 "Grindley, J. R. 1985. Estuaries of the Cape Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems.Knysna. (CMS 13). Report No. 30. CSIR Research Report 429. CSIR Research Report 429., CSIR." 250 "Malherbe, C. 2005. Misverstand Dam - Wetland Inventory Sheet." 251 "Grewe, B. 2005. Protea Wetland - Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 252 "Wheeler, D. 2005. Valkenberg Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 253 "Wheeler, D. 2005. Palloti Wetland - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 254 "Wheeler, D. 2005. Raapenberg Wetland - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 255 "Grewe, B. 2005. Palloti - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 256 "Grewe, B. 2005. Raapenberg Wetlands - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 257 "Consultants, D. J. E. 1999. Environmental Baseline study of Soetwater/Witsands Area, Cape Peninsula. South Peninsula Municipality." 258 "Allanson, B. R., and C. Howard-Williams. 1984. A contribution to the physico-limnology of Swartvlei. Archive fur Hydrobiologie 99:133-159." 259 "Robarts, R. D. 1979. Heterotrophic utilization of acetate and glucose in Swartvlei, South Africa. Journal of the Limnological Society of southern Africa 5:84-88." 260 "Wiseman, K. A., and M. R. Sowman. 1992. An evaluation of the potential for restoring degraded estuaries in South Africa. Water SA 18:13-19." 261 "Hodgson, A. N., B. R. Allanson, F. Cretchley, and R. Cretchley. 2000. The exploitation of Upogebia africana (Crustacea: Thalassinidae) for bait in the Knysna Estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 55:197-204." 262 "Le Quesne, W. J. F. 2000. Nekton utilization of intertidal estuarine marshes in the Knysna estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 55:205-214." 263 "Middlemiss, E. 1955. Nest of at Rondevlei. Ostrich 26:137-138." 264 "Millard, N. 1950. On a collection of sessile barnacles from Knysna estuary, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 32:265-273." 265 "Boucher, C. 1988. Wetland vegetation of the fynbos biome. Ecosystem Programmes Occasional Report No. 26, FRD." 266 "Raitt, L. M., and A. B. Low. 1988. Creation and management of vleis on the Cape Flats. Ecosystem Programmes Occasional Report No. 26, FRD." 267 "DWAF. 2005. River Health Programme. DWAF, Pretoria." 268 "De Decker, H. P. 1989. Estuaries of the Cape, Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No 40: Klein (CSW 16). Report No 40: Klein (CSW 16).CSIR Research Report 439., Estuarine, Marine and Atmospheric Division, CSIR., Stellenbosch."

55 269 "Hutchinson, G. E., G. E. Pickford, and J. F. M. Schuurman. 1932. A contribution to the hydrobiology of pans and other inland waters of South Africa. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 14:1- 154." 270 "Weil, J. G. 1974. The ecology of Milnerton Lagoon. University of Cape Town." 271 "Robertson, H. N. 1980. An assessment of the utility of Verlorenvlei water. University of Cape Town." 272 "Davies, B. R. 1984. Management of inland waters of the Cape Peninsula, with particular reference to the systems under the control of Cape Town City Council. University of Cape Town, Cape Town." 273 "Allanson, B. R. 1981. The coastal lakes of southern Africa. Pages 331-344 in J. H. Day, editor. Estuarine ecology, with particular reference to southern Africa. AA Balkema, Cape Town." 274 "Branch, G. M., R. Wynberg, D. Glassom, S. Harris, and A. Pringle. 1993. Sand-sharks, flamingoes and bait-digging for prawns and analysis of their effects on estuarine organisms, and sediments. FRD." 275 "Largier, J. L., and J. H. Slinger. 1993. Field investigation of estuarine hydrodynamics (1. Palmiet 2. Kromme). FRD." 276 "Day, E. 2005. Erf 3664 Betty's Bay Freshwater ecosystems report: Assessment of impacts of proposed subdivision on freshwater ecosystems in general and on Groot Witvlei in particular. Report to Willem B©*hrmann Associates, Freshwater Consulting Group, Landscape Architects and Environmental Planners." 277 "Euston-Brown, D. E. 2005. Botanical Assessment of Vegetation on Erf 4663, Betty's Bay Report to Willem B©*hrman Associates, Willem B©*hrman Associates." 278 "Day, E., and K. Snaddon. 2005. Brooklands Dam feasibility study: Specialist input into environmental scoping (freshwater ecosystems) and input into the rapid determination of the ecological water quantity reserve for the Elsies River catchment (for feasibility purposes only). Second draft for comment. Report to City of Cape Town, The Freshwater Consulting Group, Jeffares and Green Consulting Engineers." 279 "Day, E. 2005. Assessment of proposed Uyntjieskraal Dam site, Viljoenshof: Impacts to freshwater ecosystems. Report to Doug Jeffery Environmental Consultants, Freshwater Consulting Group, Doug Jeffery Environmental Consultants." 280 "Day, E. 2000. Comments on the probable ecological significance of the ephemeral pans on a property east of Wingfield Air Base, Goodwood, being considered for further assessment as a potential site for a proposed gas refinery. Report to Doug Jeffrey Environmental Consulting, Freshwater Consulting Group, Doug Jeffrey Environmental Consulting." 281 "Day, E. 2000. Participatory Planning Process Hout Bay: Sensitivity assessment of rivers and wetlands within selected erven on the Karbonkelberg, Hout Bay. Report to Steffen, Robertson and Kirsten Consulting Engineers." 282 "Day, E., and G. Ractliffe. 2002. Widening and rehabilitation of the Keysers River, Military Road to Zandvlei: Assessments and recommendations regarding freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems in the study area. Report to AfriDev Consultants, Freshwater Consulting Group " 283 "Day, E. 2004. Letter to Mr Grasso, WINCAPE, re ecological input into design for Silveroaks (Erf 1367, ). Pages Freshwater Consulting Group correspondence in M. G. Grasso, editor." 284 "Day, E. 2003. Assessment of the likely impacts of the proposed Malmesbury Golf Estate on freshwater ecosystems. Report to EnviroAfrica, Freshwater Consulting Group " 285 "EnviroAfrica. 2001. Mocke River and wetland: Proposed restoration (at Punt's Estate, Cape Town, upstream of Little Princess Vlei): Scoping Report. Report to South Peninsula Administration." 286 "Day, E., Bird, M. & Day, J.H. 2005. Biodiversity and Ecological Significance of Moddervlei, a partially restored seasonal wetland on the Cape Flats, Western Cape. Table Mountain Fund - Project number ZA 5071, Freshwater Consulting Group."

56 287 "Day, E. 2004. Assessment of impacts to the Klein Hagelkraal River as a result of discharging treated effluent from the proposed Pearly Beach Waste Water Treatment Works. Report to SRK Consulting Engineers, Freshwater Consulting Group." 288 "Day, E. 2002. Ecological status and importance of freshwater systems in the Pelican Park area. Report to AfriDev Consultants, Freshwater Consulting Group." 289 "Day, E., and J. Ewart-Smith. 2005. Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed upgrade of the Wesfleur Wastewater Treatment Works: Specialist study: freshwater ecosystem. Report to CCA Environmental (Pty) Ltd, Freshwater Consulting Group." 290 "Day, E. 2004. Letter to Mr M. Job, Chittenden Nicks De Villiers, Re Silversteen Estate (Clayhall Properties) - Erven 10905, 11459 and 1460 , Results of preliminary site scanning for freshwater ecosystems. Pages Freshwater Consulting Group correspondence in M. M. Job, editor." 291 "Wheeler, D. 2005. Protea/Kirstenbosch Wetland - Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 292 "Wheeler, D. 2005. Protea/Kirstenbosch spring & ponds - Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 293 "Wheeler, D. 2005. Fernwood Estate springs & wetland - Wetlands Inventory DataSheet. in." 294 "Wheeler, D. 2005. Fernwood Erf 242 wetland - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 295 "Shaw, K. A. 1998. De Mond State Forest South Africa: Information sheet for the site designated to the List of Wetlands of International Importance in terms of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. in. South African Wetlands Conservation Programme, Cape Nature." 296 "Heydorn, H. J. 1989. Estuaries of the Cape: Part II: synopses of available information on individual systems. Repot No. 38 Gourits (CSW 25). CSIR Research Report No. 437, CSIR." 297 "Koop, K. 1983. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No.18: Bot/Kleinmond system (CSW 13). CSIR Research Report No 417., CSIR." 298 "Duvenage, I. R., and P. D. Morant. 1984. Estuaries of the Cape. PART II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No. 31: Keurbooms/Bitou system (CSW 19) Piesang (CMS18). CSIR Research Report 430, CSIR." 299 "Morant, P. D. 1983. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No. 20: Groot Brak (CMS 3). CSIR Research Report No 419, CSIR." 300 "Taylor, P. B., R. A. Navarro, M. Wren-Sargent, J. A. Harrison, and S. L. Kieswetter. 1999. Total CWAC Report Coordinated Waterbird Counts in South Africa, 1992-1997. Avian Demography Unit." 301 "Brown, P. 1972. Animal-sediment relations at Langebaan Lagoon. University of Cape Town." 302 "CSIR. 1994. Caltex Management Plan Report. Report EMAS- C93072(B), Prepared for Milnerton Municipality, CSIR " 303 "Currie, G. Unknown. Notes on birds - Hermanus and Knysna observations - Bergvlei. Pages Desribes birds seen at Berg vlei, Handwriiten notes in reprint section of Niven library archives in Unknown, editor." 304 "Currie, G., and V. authors. 1978. Paarden Eiland Vlei Report. Found in reprint collection of Niven library." 305 "Kalejta-Summers, B., D. G. Allan, and T. D. Longrigg. 2001. Long-term trends, seasonal abundance and energy consumption of waterbirds at Rietvlei, Western Cape, South Africa, 1950-1997. The Ostrich 72:63-79." 306 "Boshoff, A. F., N. G. Palmer, and S. E. Piper. 1991. Spatial and temporal abundance patterns of waterbirds in the southern Cape Province: Part 1: Diving and surface predators. Ostrich 62:156-177." 307 "Mearns, C. 1990. Founders' Day outing to Wildevoelvlei, near Kommetjie. Promerops 194:16- 17."

57 308 "Velasquez, C. R., B. Kaletja, and E. Turner. 1991. The Berg River Estuary: an important wetland for Caspian Terns Sterna caspia in South Africa. Marine Ornithology 18:65-68." 309 "Harding, W. R. Unknown. World Lakes Database: Zeekoevlei. in." 310 "Grindley, J. R., S. B. Lane, and H. N. Robertson. 1982. The environment and ecology of Verlorenvlei. Unpublished memorandum., Department of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town." 311 "Sinclair, S. 1982. Recent settlement at Verlorenvlei. Unpublished memorandum., Department of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town." 312 "Alexander, W. J. R. 1985. Hydrology of low latitude Southern Hemisphere land masses. Pages 75-84 in B. R. Davies and R. D. Walmsley, editors. Perspectives in southern Hemisphere Limnology. Dr W Junk, Dordrecht." 313 "Lewis, R. Unknown. Saldanha Bay-Langebaan. Caltex." 314 "Bickerton, I. B. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape. PART II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Hartenbos (CMS1). Report No. 11. CSIR Research Report No 410, CSIR." 315 "Carter, R. A., and S. Brownlie. 1990. Estuaries of the Cape. PART II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Kafferkuils (CSW24) and Duiwenhoks (CSW23). Report No. 34. CSIR Research Report No 433." 316 "Heinecken, T. J., I. Bickerton, and P. D. Morant. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No. 12. Buffels, (Wes) (CSW 1), Elsies (CSW 2), Sir Lowry's Pass (CSW 8), Steenbras (CSW 9) and Buffels (Oos) CSW 11. CSIR Research Report 411., CSIR, Cape Town." 317 "Carter, R. A. 1983. Estuaries of the Cape: Part II: Synopses of available information on individual systems. Breede (CSW22). Report No. 21. Report No. 21: Bree., National Research Institute for Oceanology, CSIR, Stellenbosch." 318 "Morant, P. D. 1984. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No. 26. Olifants. CSIR Research Report 425, CSIR Stellenbosch." 319 "Grindley, J. R., and S. Dudley. 1988. Estuaries of the Cape: Part II: Synopses of available information on individual systems. Rietvlei (CW24) and Diep (CW25). Report No. 28. CSIR Research Report No 427, CSIR." 320 "Retief, K., and P. Titmuss. 2005. Rietvlei Wetland Reserve - Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 321 "Retief, K., and P. Titmuss. 2005. Zoarvlei Wetland - Wetland Inventory Datasheet. in." 322 "Fromme, G. A. W. 1985. The dynamics of the Keurbooms-Bitou Estuary. CSIR Report T/Sea 8511, CSIR." 323 "Waldron, M. 1986. The importance of water levels in the management of the Klein River Estuary, Hermanus. University of Cape Town." 324 "Snaddon, K. E.-S., J. 2004. Arabella Golf Estate, Phase 2: Freshwater Ecological input to Environmental Impact Assessment. Draft for discussion. Freshwater Consulting Group (FCG) report." 325 "Gratton, P. 2005. Bontebok National Park - Southern floodplains and seasonal pans. Wetlands Inventory datasheet. in." 326 "Clark, B. M. 1999. Environmental impact assessment for the upgrade of Thesens footbridge, Zandvlei: Specialist study on fish. Report # 1029/1, Anchor Environmental Consulting " 327 "Hoekstra, T. 2005. Upper Goukou River Wetlands - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 328 "Grant, D. E. 2005. Robberg Vlei. Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 329 "Roets, W. 2005. Kervelsvlei. Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 330 "Clark, B. M. 1999. Scoping study and initial environmental assessment for the proposed extension of the Zandvliet and Macassar Wastewater Treatment Works and associated

58 infrastructure: impacts on aquatic fauna of the . Unpublished report, Anchor Environmental Consultants." 331 "Shand, N. 2003. Proposed removal and disposal of sludge from Wildevo©±lvlei. Report No. 3359/9558. Report No. 3359/9558, Final Scoping Report to City of Cape Town, South Penninsula Administration." 332 "Rowlands, B. W. 1983. The effects of recreational activities on aquatic avifauna. University of Cape Town." 333 "Barker, J. 1985. The effect of catchment land use on sediment input to Swartvlei. University of Cape Town." 334 "Jeffrery, D. 2000. Proposed Route - Botanical Assessment. Doug Jeffery Environmental Consultants (Pty) Ltd." 335 "Davey, D. 2005. Friends of Die Oog - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 336 "Schachtschneider, K., and K. Winter. 2000. Groundwater quality monitoring around Bass Lake, Betty's Bay, South Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 25:219-224." 337 "Hughes, P., G. B. Brundrit, D. H. Swart, and A. Bartels. 1993. The possible impacts of sea-level rise on the Diep river/Rietvlei system, Cape Town. South African Journal of Science 89:488- 493." 338 "Underhill, L. G. 1987. Changes in the age structure of Curlew Sandpipers at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa, in relation to lemming cycles in Siberia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 46:209-214." 339 "Whitfield, A. K. 1989. The benthic invertebrate community of a southern Cape estuary: structure and possible food sources. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 47:159- 179." 340 "Gibbs, D. 2003. Moddervlei: lost and found. Veld & Flora 89:156-157." 341 "Begg, G. W. 1976. Some notes on the Sandvlei fish fauna. Piscator 96:4-14." 342 "Dorse, C. 1997. Rondevlei news - Making way for fynbos. Promerops 229:10." 343 "Guillet, A., and T. M. Crowe. 1983. Temporal variation in breeding, foraging and bird sanctuary visitation by a southern African population of Great White Pelicans. Biological Conservation 26:15-31." 344 "Martens, K., B. R. Davies, A. J. Baxter, and M. E. Meadows. 1996. A contribution to the taxonomy and ecology of the Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Verlorenvlei (Western Cape, South Africa). South African Journal of Zoology 31:South African Journal of Zoology 31(31): 23-36." 345 "Heinecken, T. J. E., I. B. Bickerton, and A. E. F. Heydorn. 1983. A summary of studies of the pollution input by rivers and estaries entering False Bay. CSIR Report T/Sea 8301, Estuarine and Coastal Research Unit." 346 "Grindley, J. R. 1976. Report on ecology of Knysna estuary and the proposed Braamekraal marina. School of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town." 347 "Marshall, H. 1996. Assessing the conservation importance of wetlands using wader life history traits. University of Cape Town." 348 "McKenzie, C. 1987. Physical, chemical and biotic changes caused by a small impoundment on the upper-reaches of the Palmiet River, South Western Cape. University of Cape Town." 349 "McKenzie, C. 1987. A laboratory study on the tolerance of Xenopus gilli and Xenopus laevis embryos to the acid black waters of the south-western Cape, South Africa. BSc Honours thesis. UCT." 350 "Underhill, J. G. 2004. An assessment of the invertebrate assemblages in the Leeuriver wetlands, Western Cape, South Africa, and an estimation of the system's conservation value. University of Cape Town."

59 351 "Wilkinson, K. F. D. 1998. Noordhoek wetlands management study: interim environmental scoping report. Report to Cape Metropolitan Council." 352 "Grindley, J. R. 1957. The plankton of South African estuaries and bays, with particular reference to Copepoda. University of Cape Town." 353 "Greichus, Y. A., A. Greichus, B. D. Amman, D. J. Call, K. C. D. Hamman, and R. M. Pott. 1977. Insecticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and metals in African lake ecosystems. I. Hartebeespoort Dam, Transvaal and Voelvlei Dam, Cape Province, Republic of South Africa. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 6:371-383." 354 "Hoffman, M. T. 1984. Checklist of plant species at Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary, Cape Town. . Divisional Council of the Cape, Cape Town." 355 "Levett-Harding, T. 1990. Hout Bay plan for waterfowl reserve to save wetlands. Pages 9 in Cape Times, Cape Town." 356 Cape Times. 1972. Langebaan salt pan would be 'a disaster'. in Cape Times. 357 "Clark, B. M., B. A. Bennet, and S. J. Lamberth. 1994. A comparison of the ichythyofauna of two estuaries and their adjacent surf zones, with an assessment of the effects of beach-seining on the nursery function of estuaries for fish. South African Journal of Marine Science 14:121-131." 358 "Huizinga, P. 1992. Verlorenvlei: The effects of the manipulation of the lower causeway on the physical characteristics of the estuary and vlei. EMAS-C 92086, Prepared for the Department of Environmental Affairs, CSIR." 359 "Shand, N. 2000. Nooiensfontein Vlei management plan. Prepared for Directorate: Economic Development and Planning." 360 "Mafwila, S. K. 2003. Comparative age and growth of juvenile dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) in three South African estuaries, with notes on diet and temperature effects. University of Cape Town." 361 "Krug, M. 1999. Circulation through the mouth of Langebaan Lagoon and implications. University of Cape Town." 362 "Lanz, J. 1997. A geochemical investigation of the waters and sediments of De Hoop Vlei, Bredasdorp district, South Africa. University of Cape Town." 363 "Wilson, R. 1976. An activity budget of the White Pelican at Rondevlei. University of Cape Town." 364 "Taljaard, S. 1987. Nutrient circulation in the Palmiet River Estuary: a summer study. CSIR Research Report 633, CSIR." 365 "Reaper, M. B. S. 1995. A study of the relationship between environmental conditions and zonation at Langebaan Lagoon. University of Cape Town." 366 "Fowler, J., W. Harding, C. Brown, and R. Parsons. 2000. Proposed upgrade of the Waste Water Treatment Works. Prepared for: Crowther Campbell and Associates and Africon, Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 367 "Conrad, J. 2002. Sandveld RDM study: Starter document -Geohydrology. GEOSS report." 368 "Harding, W. R. 2002. Papenkuils wetland: Intermediate (ecological) reserve determination (low confidence). Report to DWAF, Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 369 Groundwater Consulting Services. 2001. Papenkuils Wetland: Hydraulic conductivity: Testing and hydrogeological conceptualisation. Report prepared for Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting. 370 "Department of Water Affairs And Forestry. 2005. Preliminary determination of the reserve and resource class in terms of section 14(1)(b) and 17 (1) (b) of the national water act, 1998 (act no. 36 of 1998). DWAF." 371 "DWAF. 2003. Preliminary determination of the reserve and resource class: Berg river - quaternary catchment g10a Berg River dam (Skuifraam dam): Cover memo. DWAF, Reference report 26/8/3/3/58/7, DWAF."

60 372 "Harding, W., Brown, C., Ewart-Smith, J., February, R. 2001. River and vlei assessment and monitoring in the CMA. Revisiting and refining the river importance and sensitivity maps. . Report to Catchment Management Division, CMC. , Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 373 "Paxton, B. 2002. Lake Michelle Scoping Fish Survey. Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 374 Unknown. 2001? Paardevlei fish survey report. Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting. 375 "Withers, M. J., C. Boucher, and W. R. Harding. 2002. A management orientated vegetation survey of Rietvlei, Western Cape province, South Africa. Department of Botany, University of Stellenbosch, Southern Waters Ecological Research & Consulting " 376 "Paxton, B. 2002. Assessment of the fish populations in Silvermine river and estuary Draft report. Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 377 "Turpie, J. Unknown. Effect of annual drawdowns on the birds of Rondevlei and Zeekoevlei. Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 378 "Clark, B. M. 2000. Zeekoevlei and Rondevlei restoration project: management of fish populations: Specialist report. prepared for Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consultancy, Anchor Environmental Consultants." 379 "Southern Waters, E. R. a. C. Unknown. Zeekoevlei and Rondevlei rehabilitation - overview of management options. Unpublished report., Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 380 "Southern Waters. Unknown. Wetland assessment of Nooiensfontein. Unpublished report, Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 381 "Southern Waters. Unknown. Zeekoevlei-Rondevlei Restoration Project: Historical Review. Unpublished report, Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 382 "Sieben, E. 2005. Wit River wetlands - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 383 "Sieben, E. 2005. Wesselsgat wetlands - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 384 "Sieben, E. 2005. Landdroskop wetlands - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 385 "Sieben, E. 2005. Kruisrivier wetlands - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 386 "Sieben, E. 2005. Goukou wetlands - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 387 "Sieben, E. 2005. Dwarsberg wetlands - Wetlands Inventory Datasheet. in." 388 "Day, E., and C. A. Brown. 1997. Impacts of the proposed Westbank Housing Development on the and its associated wetlands. Report prepared for Macroplan, Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." 389 "Wood, A. 1992. Preliminary assessment: beneficial use of purified wastewater in Glencairn Vlei Wetland System. Report 191269, Steffen, Robertson and Kirsten, Inc. ." 390 "Day, E., and C. Brown. 1997. Impacts of the proposed Rosendal farm development () on the Diep River and its associated wetlands. . Report for Faircape Property., Southern Waters." 391 "Brown, C., and J. M. King. 1995. Rondeberg Farm, West Coast, Western Cape Province: a preliminary assessment of the wetland ecosystems and the Dwars river. Recommendations for development options. Final report, commissioned by P.D. Toens and Associates, Southern Waters." 392 "Oberholzer, N. S. M. B. 1993. Constantia Valley Riverine Open Space Study - Phase 1 Westlake and Diep Rivers. Ninham Shand." 393 "Bennett, B. A. 1989. The diets of fish in three south-western Cape estuarine systems. South African Journal of Zoology 24:163-177."

61 394 "Whitfield, A. K. 1988. The role of tides in redistributing macrodetrital aggregates within the Swartvlei estuary. Estuaries 11:152-159." 395 "Southern Waters. 2000. Proposed permitting of the Bellville South Waste Disposal Study Area. EIA specialist studies: vegetation and wetland ecology. Final Report. prepared for Crowther Campbell and Associates, Southern Waters for Ecological Research and Consulting." 396 "Harding, W. R. 2003. Breede River Basin. Preliminary wetland mapping: Breede and Riviersonderend mainstems. Final report. Project 176, Southern Waters for Ecological Research and Consulting " 397 "McVeigh, S. J. 1979. A preliminary survey of the impoundments of the Western Cape, with regard to angling and the development of angling recreation facilities. Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation." 398 "Boland, J. 1974. The ecology of Noordhoek Beach. UNiversity of Cape Town." 399 CSIR. 1992. The freshwater requirements of the Palmiet Estuary: a first assessment. Prepared for Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. 400 Various. 1982. The Palmiet River Dam Scheme. in Veld and Flora. 401 "West, A. S., K. 2005. Proposed raising of Clanwilliam dam and associated realignment of affected roads. Report prepared for DWAF, Report No: [4007/400415], Ninham Shand " 402 "Dalvie, M. A., E. Cairncross, A. Solomon, and L. London. 2003. Contamination of rural surface and ground water by endosulfan in farming areas of the Western Cape, South Africa. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source 2." 403 "Buckle, J. 2005. Vankervels vlei - Input from western Cape Wetlands forum." 404 "Buckle, J. 2005. Soet Kraal. Input onto maps at Western Cape Wetlands forum." 405 "Buckle, J. 2005. Wetland - Input onto maps at Western Cape Wetlands forum." 406 "Buckle, J. 2005. Duiwenhoks Wetland system - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 407 "Buckle, J. 2005. Voelvlei - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 408 "Buckle, J. 2005. Zeekoeigat - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 409 "Buckle, J. 2005. Goukou River wetlands - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 410 "Buckle, J. 2005. Ruigtevlei - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 411 "Buckle, J. 2005. Dennebos - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 412 "Grewe, B. 2005. Soutpanne - Yzerfontein - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 413 "Chumisa, J. 2005. Noordhoek Wetland - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 414 "le Maitre, D. 2005. Duthie Reserve, University of Stellenbosch - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 415 "Turner, R. 2005. Uilenkraal River Lagoon - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 416 "Ollis, D. 2005. Witsands Beach Wetlands - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 417 "Dowling, P. 2005. Sun Valley Wetland: Dassenberg - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 418 "Dowling, P. 2005. Baden Powell Wetlands. Nr. - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 419 "le Maitre, D. 2005. Purgatory - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 420 "le Maitre, D. 2005. Oudebosch - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 421 "Davis, G. 2005. Edith Stephens - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 422 "Davis, G. 2005. Isoetes vlei - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input."

62 423 "February, R. 2005. Cedarberg Pass and Cedarberg Wilderness - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 424 "Buckle, J. 2005. Fonteintjiesberg Wetland - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 425 "Buckle, J. 2005. Riviersonderend River Wetland - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 426 "Buckle, J. 2005. Agulhas coastal Plain Wetlands - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 427 "Buckle, J. 2005. Ratels River Wetland - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 428 "Titmuss, P. 2005. Blauuwberg Vlei - Blaauwberg Conservation Area - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 429 "Titmuss, P. 2005. Melkbos Pan. - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 430 "Titmuss, P. 2005. Blouvlei. Century City - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 431 "Buckle, J. 2005. Wemmershoek Vlei - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 432 "Buckle, J. 2005. Kluitjieskraal Wetland - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 433 "Eastman, J. 2005. Common - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 434 "WESSA, W. C. 2005. Parkwood Wetlands - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 435 "Laros, M. 2005. Driftsands Nature Reserve - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 436 "Laros, M. 2005. Kuilsriver wetlands - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 437 "Laros, M. 2005. Nooiensfontein - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 438 "Dowling, P. 2005. Riverlands Nature Reserve - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 439 "Buckle, J. 2005. Clanwilliam dam - Palmiet wetland below dam - Western Cape Wetlands Forum map input." 440 "Walmsley, W. P. D. P. L. 2004. Assessment of groundwater impacts associated with the proposed Kompanjiestuin vineyard development." 441 "Love, V. C. 2000. Impact of human disturbance of waterbirds at the Knysna Estuary, South Africa. University of Cape Town." 442 "Pepler, D. 2004. An avifaunal impact assessment for the proposed (R300) Cape Town Ring Road Toll Project. Chand / Ecosense." 443 Southern Waters. 2003. Stormwater Management Options for Brakkekloof and an assessment of the impacts associated with the selected detention pond. Freshwater ecological input. Southern Waters. 444 "Bell, E., J. F. Lockyear, J. M. McPherson, A. D. Marsden, and A. J. C. Vincent. 2003. First field studies of an Endangered South African seahorse, Hippocampus capensis. Environmental Biology of Fishes 67:35 - 46." 446 "Wilson, N. S. H. 1979. The Ecology of Zoarvlei. BSc Honours thesis. University of Cape Town." 447 "River Health Programme, D. 2004. Berg River System - State-of-Rivers Report. DWAF, Pretoria." 448 "Linder, H. P., and S. J. Milton. 1979. A preliminary analysis of seasonal fluctuations in the environment, productivity, mesofaunal abundance and avifaunal abundance in a small temperate lake, Rondevlei, in the Cape Province, South Africa. BSc Honours thesis. University of Cape Town." 449 "Goodman, M. 1997. An investigation of temporary pools at Nature Reserve, south western Cape, South Africa. BSc Honours. University of the Western Cape."

63 General “ Allan, D. G., M. T. Seaman, and B. Kaletja. 1995. The endorheic pans of South Africa. Pages 75-101 in G. I. Cowan, editor. The Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." General “ Breen, C. M., and G. W. Begg. 1989. Conservation status of southern African wetlands. in B. J. Huntley, editor. Biotic diversity in Southern Africa: Concepts and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Cape Town." General “ Channing, A., and D. E. Van Dijk. 1995. Amphibia. Pages 193-206 in G. I. Cowan, editor. Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Enviornmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." General “ Cowan, G. I. 1995. Wetland regions of South Africa. Pages 21-31 in G. I. Cowan, editor. Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." General “ Cowan, G. I. e. 1999. Biota of South African wetlands in relation to the Ramsar convention. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." General “ Day, J. H. 1950. The ecology of South African estuaries. Part 1. A review of estuarine conditions in general. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 33:53-91." General “ Dennis, N., and W. Tarboton. 1993. Waterbirds: Birds of southern Africa's wetlands. Struik Publishers, Cape Town." General “ Dini, J., G. I. Cowan, and P. Goodman. 1998. South African National Wetland Inventory: Proposed wetland classification system for South Africa. First draft. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism." General “ Grindley, J. R. 1979. The plankton of west coast estuaries. in Fourth South African National Oceanograpic Symposium. SANCOR, Cape Town." General “ Guillet, A., and T. M. Crowe. 1986. A preliminary investigation of patterns of distribution and species richness of southern African waterbirds. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 16:65-81." General “ Jacobsen, N. G. H. 1995. Wetlands and reptiles - a review. Pages 179-192 in G. I. Cowan, editor. Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." General “ Muller, M., and A. Erasmus. 1995. Wetland associated mammals. Pages 207-226 in G. I. Cowan, editor. Wetlands of South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria." General “ Reddering, J. S. V., and I. C. Rust. 1990. Historical changes and sedimentary characteristics of South African estuaries. South African Journal of Science 86:425-428." General “ Silberbauer, M. J., and J. M. King. 1991. The distribution of wetlands in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17:65-81." General “ Skelton, P. H., J. A. Cambray, A. L. Lombard, and G. Benn. 1995. Patterns of distribution and conservation of freshwater fishes in South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 30:71- 81." General “ Walmsley, R. 1988. A description of the Wetlands Research Programme. Report No 145, South African National Scientific Programmes " General “ Whitfield, A. K. 1993. Available scientific information on individual southern African estuarine systems. Project No. K5/577/0/1, Water Research Commission., Grahamstown." General “ Davies, B., and F. Gasse. 1988. Bibliography of African wetlands and Shallow Waterbodies. Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation., Paris." General “ Schutte, K. H., and J. F. Elsworth. 1954. The significance of large pH fluctuations observed in some South African vleis. Journal of Ecology 42:148-150." General “ Day, J. A. 1981. Estuarine Ecology, with particular reference to southern Africa. Balkema, Cape Town." General “ University of Cape Town. 1955. Keys to the common shore animals of Langebaan. Zoology Department, University of Cape Town."

64 Associated scientific publication within database. “ City of Cape Town. 1990. Zeekoevlei User Assessment Survey. Town Planning Branch. Associated scientific publication within database " Kalejta, B. 1991. Aspects of the ecology of migrant shorebirds (Aves: Charadrii) at the Berg River Estuary, South Africa. PhD. University of Cape Town, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Adams, J., and G. Bate. 1994. The Freshwater Requirements of Estuarine Plants Incorporating the Development of an Estuarine Decision Support System. University of Port Elizabeth for the Water Research Commission, Port Elizabeth." Not in directory “ Adams, J., and G. Bate. 1997. Saltmarshes - a threatened habitat. in South African Wetlands Newsletter." Not in directory “ Africa, G. 1997. Rondevlei weir and canal upgrading preliminary investigation. Project no. J9118H, Cape Metropolitan Council " Not in directory “ Africa, G. 1999. Upgrading of Macassar and Zandvliet Wastewater Treatment Works. Report prepared for Cape Metropolitan Council." Not in directory “ Allan, D. G., D. Young, L. G. Underhill, and A. J. Williams. 1996. Application for Ramsar status for Rietvlei Wetland Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Research Report 16, ADU." Not in directory “ Allanson, B. R., B. J. Hill, R. E. Boltt, and V. Schultz. 1966. An estuarine fauna in a freshwater lake in South Africa. Nature:532-533." Not in directory “ Allanson, B. 1978. Final report to the Cape Town City Corporation, City Engineer's Department, on the problems associated with the ecology of the vleis under their control. Cape Town City Corporation, City Engineer's Department." Not in directory “ Allanson, B. R., and A. K. Whitfield. 1983. The limnology of the Touw River floodplan. South African Journal of Natural Science Programmes 79:1-35." Not in directory “ Allanson, B., R. Hart, J. O'Keeffe, and R. Robarts. 1990. Inland waters of southern Africa: an Ecological Perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht." Not in directory “ Anderson, F. P. 1976. Knysna Lagoon model investigation Part I: Main Report; Part II: Appendix. Unpublished report, Coastal engineering and hydraulics division, National Research Institute for Oceanology, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Anon. 1976. Benedelope van die Breerivier en omgewing. Dept of Environment Affairs, Pretoria." Not in directory Anon. 1983. The Damara tern at De Hoop. Pages 33-34 in African Wildlife. Not in directory Anon. 1983. The Ramsar Convention and De Hoop Nature Reserve. Pages 35 in African Wildlife. Not in directory “ Anon. 1983. The ecology of De Hoop Nature Reserve and environs/Die ekologie van De Hoop-natuurreservaat en omgewing. Vol. I/II. . Unpubl. report., Cape Dept of Nature & Environmental Conservation, Environmental Impact Assessment Committee." Not in directory “ Anon. 1987. De Hoop Nature Reserve. Management plan. Unpubl. report., Cape Dept of Nature & Environmental Conservation." Not in directory “ Avery, G. 2002. Western Cape Region. African Wildlife: People Caring for the Earth 56:26." Not in directory “ Azorin, E. 1988. Distribution of plant communities in the wetlands of Zandvlei. Town Planning Branch, Cape Town City Council Planners Department, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Bartlett, P. D., and D. C. Grobler. 1982. Pollution monitoring surveys of the Eerste river estuary. CSIR Report T/SEA 8209., Marine Chemistry Division, National Research Institute of Oceanography., Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Beaumont, R. D., and U. Heydenrych. 1980. The effects of development on the Diep River Estuarine System near Cape Town. SA Water Bulletin April:10-16."

65 Not in directory “ Begg, G. W. 1974. Final report on the Marina da Gama. Report filed at the Town Planning Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Begg, G. W. 1975. Annual report for the year 1975. Report on the Marina Da Gama and Sandvlei to Cape Town City Engineer's Department. Mimeo." Not in directory “ Begg, G. W. 1976. A final report, September 1976. Report on the Marina Da Gama and Sandvlei to Cape Town City Engineers Department, Scientific Services Branch. Mimeo." Not in directory “ Benkenstein, H. 1981. Report on ecological conditions at Sandvlei during 1980. Report to Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, City Engineering Department." Not in directory “ Benkenstein, H. 1982. Report on water quality and settling characteristics of bottom substrate at Princessvlei. Report CB.2/V1 1982-12-06. Unpublished., Cape Town City Council Chemical Branch." Not in directory “ Benkenstein, H. 1982. Report on ecological conditions at Sandvlei during 1981. Report to Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, City Engineering Department." Not in directory “ Bennett, B. A. 1989. A comparison of the fish communities in nearby permanently open, seasonally open and normally closed estuaries in the South-Western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 8:43-55." Not in directory “ Bennett, B., and G. Branch. 1990. Relationships between production and consumption of prey species by resident fish in the Bot, a cool temperate South African estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31:139-155." Not in directory “ Berg, R. R. 1993. Hydrology of the Berg River Estuary. NSI Report No. 2095/5131, Western Cape Systems Analysis." Not in directory “ Berg, R. R., R. Thompson, P. R. Little, and A. H. G©œrgens. 1994. Evaluation of farm dam area-height-capacity relationships required for basin-scale hydrological catchment modelling. Water SA 20:265-272." Not in directory “ Beynon, I. 1971. Early days at Zeekoevlei. in South African Yachting." Not in directory “ Boix, C. 1992. A vegetation survey of the Wildevoelvlei flats and adjacent areas. Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Boshoff, A. F., and N. G. Palmer. 1988. Notes on the abundance, breeding and prey of fish eagles in the southern Cape Province. Unknown." Not in directory “ Boucher, C., for. 1998. Report on preliminary scoping of proposed Pelican Park Extension: Botany. Report to Erica van den Honert and Associates, for South Peninsula Administration." Not in directory “ Breen, C. M. 1988. Wetlands Classification. Occasional Report No 34, CSIR." Not in directory “ Breen, C. M., J. Heeg, and M. Seaman. 1993. South Africa. in D. Whigham, D. Dykyjova, and S. Hejny, editors. Wetlands of the World: Inventory, ecology and management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht." Not in directory “ Broekhuysen, G. J. 1955. The breeding and growth of Hymenosoma orbiculare. Annals of the South African Museum 56:313-343." Not in directory “ Brownlie, S. 1993. Rietvlei: baseline biophysical study. Unpublished report to the Environmental Evaluation Unit, University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Brummer, T. B. 1981. A development plan for the Zeekoevlei complex. . University of Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Burgers, C. 1978. A preliminary assessment of the conservation and recreational potential of Verlorenvlei. Unpublished Memorandum, Cape Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation." Not in directory “ Burgers, C. J. 1984. De Hoop Vlei. Department of Environmental Affairs report." Not in directory “ Burgers, C. J. 1990. Verlorenvlei. Department of Environmental Affairs report."

66 Not in directory “ Calder, I., and P. Dye. 2000. Hydrological impacts of invasive alien plants. Pages 160-179 in G. Preston, G. Brown, and W. E., editors. Best Management Practices: alien invasive species. Global Invasive Species Symposium, Kirstenbosch." Not in directory “ Campbell, B. J., Gubb, A A & Moll. E J. 1980. The vegetation of the Edith Stephens Cape Flats Flora Reserve. J. S.Afr.Bot. 8:435 - 444." Not in directory “ Chabwela, H. N. 1991. Wetlands - a conservation programme for southern Africa. A report document to SADCC and IUCN-ROSA, 2 vols." Not in directory “ Chunnett, E. P. 1965. problems in Knysna Lagoon. CSIR Report No. MEG.353." Not in directory “ Clark, B. M. 1999. Zandvlei fish monitoring report: May 2001. Unpublished report., Anchor Environmental Consultants." Not in directory “ Clark, B. M. 1999. Silvermine River Integrated Catchment Management Plan. Volume 2. Specialist Report: Replanning the northern area of : notes on the impact on the fish fauna of the Silvermine Estuary. Appendix 3. Project No. JA0094A., Prepared by Anchor Consultants for Southern Waters and Erica vd Honert Consulting for South Peninsula Municipality." Not in directory “ Cliff, S., and J. R. Grindley. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II. Synopses of available information on individual systems. Report No. 17: Lourens (CSW17). CSIR Research Report 416, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Coetzee, D. J. 1979. Stomach contents of fish in the WIlderness Lakes, with special reference to Hyporhampus knysnaensis (Smith). Research Report September 1979, Department of Nature and Enviornmental Conservation, ." Not in directory “ Coetzee, J., J. Adams, and B. Bate. 2000. The botanical importance rating of selected Cape estuaries. Water SA 23:81-93." Not in directory “ Compaan, P. C. 1992. Blesbokspruit (Revision 1). Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism report." Not in directory “ Conservation, C. N. Unpublished Bird and Waterfowl Counts, De Hoop Vlei. Cape Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ Contractor), C. C. E. 1982. New technique for Zeekoevlei. . October 1982, Civil Engineering Contractor." Not in directory “ Cooper, J. 1976. The ornithological importance of Verlorenvlei and its value as a nature reserve. Unpublished report." Not in directory “ Cooper, J. A. G., A. E. L. Ramm, and T. D. Harrison. 1994. The estuarine health index: a new approach to scientific information transfer. Ocean & Coastal Management 25:103- 141." Not in directory “ Council, C. T. C. 1988. Zandvlei User Assessment Survey. Report to the Town Planning Branch., Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Council, C. T. C. 1993. Annual Report of the City Engineer 1992/1993. Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Cowan, G. I. 1994. South Africa: National Report to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat. South African WETLANDS 5:6-10." Not in directory “ Cowan, G. I., and R. M. Randall. 1995. South African wetlands: our state of knowledge. in XXXVIth Meeting of the IWRB Executive Board Joint Meeting of the Governing Bodies of AWB/IWRB/WA and Conference on Wetlands and Development, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Saujana, Selangor, Malaysia, 8-13 October 1995." Not in directory “ Cowling, R. A. 1991. Preliminary report on the flora and vegetation of the Wildevoelvlei flats in the Noordhoek/Kommetjie Basin. FCC Report 91/2, Botanical Society of South Africa, Kirstenbosch."

67 Not in directory “ Crowther, J. 1987. Basic physical/geography/hydro data for ""estuaries"" of the South-Western Cape, South Africa (CSW 1-26). NRIO Data Report D8705, CSIR, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1978. Hydraulic study of Swartvlei estuary. Report C/SEA 7805/1, Coastal Engineering and Hydraulic Division, Natural Research Institute of Oceanology, Stellenbsoch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1980. Effect of proposed Hangklip Dam on Palmiet River mouth. CSIR Report C/SEA 8048, CSIR, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1988. Basic Physical Geography/Hydro Data for ""Estuaries"" of the Western Cape (CW 1-32). Data Report D8802, NRIO, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1988. Dynamics of the Palmiet River mouth. CSIR Report EMA/T 8802, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1990. estuary environmental study with reference to a management plan for the Wolwedans and Great Brak river mouth. CSIR Report EMA-C 9036, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1993. Salinity distribution and aspects of flooding in the Berg River Estuary obtained using Mike 11 Modelling System: Model Applications and preliminary results. CSIR Reporrt EMAS-C/SEA 93037., Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ CSIR. 1996. Environmental Impact assessment of the management options for Blouvlei. CSIR Report No. EMAS-C96017B. Final EIA report., CSIR." Not in directory “ Curtin, R., D. Aquadro, R. Hill, and S. Usher. 1975. Management proposals for Seekoevlei. Group Project. School of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Cyrus, D. P. 1991. Fish conservation in South African estuaries: pressures, problems and prospects. South African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17:19-27." Not in directory “ Davies, B. R. 1979. The secondary productivity of Musculus virgiliae at Swartvlei. Annual Reports 1978/1979 No. 11, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University." Not in directory “ Davies, B. 1983. Report on reed removal at Zeekoevlei and commentary on aerial photographs (1968 and 1980) showing the development of emergent and submerged vegetation in the vlei. Report 6 to the Vleis Management Group of the Cape Town City Council., Cape Town." Not in directory “ Davies, B. R., V. Stuart, and M. De Villiers. 1989. The filtration activity of a serpulid polychaete population (Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel)) and its effects on water quality in a coastal marina. Estuarine and Coastal shelf Science 29:613-620." Not in directory “ Day, J. A. 1964. The origin and distribution of estuarine animals in South Africa. Monograph. Biol. 14:159-173." Not in directory “ Day, J. A. 1987. Conservation and management of wetlands in the greater Cape Town area. Pages 192-197 in R. D. W. a. M. L. Botten, editor. Proceedings of a Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of Wetlands in South Africa. Foundation for Research Development, CSIR, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Day, E., and G. R. Ractliffe. 2002. Assessment of river and wetland engineering and rehabilitation activities within the City of Cape Town: Realisation of project goals and their ecological implications. Volume One. Assessment process and major outcomes. Report to Catchment Management, CMC Administration." Not in directory “ Day, E. 2004. Scoping Study on the proposed extension and upgrading of the Melkbosstrand Wastewater Treatment Works. Specialist freshwater ecology input. Draft Report produced for CCA Environmental." Not in directory “ Day, J. H. Unpublished. Keurboms and Bitou Rivers surveys 1973/1974. University of Cape Town, Zoology Department."

68 Not in directory “ De Kock, A. C., and A. F. Boshoff. 1987. PCBS and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues in birds and fish from the Wilderness Lakes system, South Arica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18:413-416." Not in directory “ de Moor, I. J., and M. N. Bruton. 1988. Atlas of alien and translocated indigenous aquatic animals in southern Africa. Report No. 137, CSIR, Pretoria." Not in directory “ De Villiers, C. J., S. R. Telford, and P. A. R. Hockey. 1991. Investigation of an alleged gnat and offensive guano odour problem in the vicinity of the oxidation ponds of the Cape Flats Wastewater Treatment Works. Report to the City Planners Department, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ de Witt, B., K. Shaw, D. du Preez, and G. Palmer. 1994. Berg River and associated wetlands. Cape Nature Conservation, Western Cape Province, Ramsar Report, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Denny, P. 1985. The Ecology and Management of African wetland vegetation. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht." Not in directory “ DEVIN, D. S. 1984. Hydrological/hydraulic study of Cape Estuaries, Heuningnes Estuary. . NRIO Data Report D8401. , NRIO " Not in directory “ Dick, R. 1982. Survey of levels of heavy metals in eight samples of mud collected from Zeekoevlei on 1982-04-16. Report CB.2/Z1.2. (1982-09-06), unpublished, Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Dick, R. 1982. Settling characteristics of the mud and chemical characteristics of the interstitial water at Princess Vlei. Internal Report No. CB.2/V1. Unpublished., Scientific Service Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Dick, R. 1983. Heavy metals in Zeekoevlei sediments compared with levels found in Knysna Estuary and the Wilderness Lakes. Report CB.2/Z1.2 (1983-02-14), unpublished., Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Dick, R. 1990. Zeekoevlei sediments: physical characteristics and interrelations with overlying water. Report to the Zeekoevlei Working Group of the Inland Waters Management Team, Cape Town City Council (unpublished)." Not in directory “ Dick, R. I. 1992. Potamogeton pectinatus in a southwestern Cape estuarine coastal lake (Zandvlei) and the impact of sustained harvesting and vlei mangement strategies. in 29th Annual Conference of the South African Society of Aquatic Science, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Dunbar, G. 1998. A report on the state of the water chemistry of the De Hoop Vlei since 1965, and the comparison of the water chemistry of two sites in this vlei with that of Die Dam for 1996. Unpublished Research Report, University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ DWAF. 1996. The water management strategy for the Wilderness, Swartvlei, and Groenvlei Lakes catchment. Training and educational document. DWAF Report no. WQK100/00/0196." Not in directory “ Eagle, G. A., and P. D. Bartlett. 1984. Preliminary chemical studies in four Cape estuaries. Report T/SEA 8307, CSIR, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Euston-Brown, D. 2003. Proposed wastewater treatment works. Pearly Beach. Botanical impact assessment. . Report to SRK consulting for Overstrand Municipality." Not in directory “ Fielding, P. 1979. The relative survival abilities of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus gilli in the low pH black water systems of the Cape Point Nature Reserve. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Flemming, B. W. 1977. Depositional processes in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Bull.jt geol.Surv./Univ.Cape Town mar.Geosc.Progm. 8:1-215." Not in directory “ Foundation, E. Unknown. Proposal to declare the entire Noordhoek wetland a protected natural environment." Not in directory “ Furness, H. 1979. Report on high phytoplankton populations in Zandvlei. Internal Report. Ref 2/P6, Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council."

69 Not in directory “ Furness, H. D. 1979. Ecological investigations carried out during 1978. (a). Distribution of Eichornia crassipes, Myriophyllum aquaticum and refuse. (b). Ecological survey of Zandvlei. Report to Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, City Engineering Department." Not in directory “ Furness, H. D. 1980. Report on ecological conditions at Zandvlei during 1979. Report to Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, City Engineering Department." Not in directory “ Gaigher, C. M. 1979. A survey of the status and distribution of bait organisms in Cape estuaries. Research Report: Estuaries 1-18., Cape Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation." Not in directory “ Gaigher, I., and S. Thorne. 1979. The relative densities and length compositions of fish in the Sandvlei estuarine lake, , Western Cape. Cape Provincial Administration Research." Not in directory “ Gale, B. A. 1992. The effect of regulation by two impoundments on an acid blackwater Cape mountain stream. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Genade, A. B. 1973. A general account of certain aspects of oyster culture in Knysna estuary. Pages 26-28 in South African National Oceanographic Symposium, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Gledhill, W. J., A. M. Fricke, P. J. Greenwood, and M. J. Orren. In prep. Preliminary chemical and biological studies in two South African west coast estuaries." Not in directory “ Goudie, A. S., and D. S. G. Thomas. 1985. Pans in southern Africa with particular reference to South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie N.F. 29:1-19." Not in directory “ Greig, J. C. 1983. The 1957 flood at De Hoop. Pages 11 in African Wildlife." Not in directory “ Greig, J. C. 1983. De Hoop and Armscor. Pages 2 in Afr. Wildl." Not in directory “ Greig, J. C. 1983. The Ramsar Convention and De Hoop Nature Reserve. Pages 35 in Afr. Wildl. ." Not in directory “ Grindley, J. R., and T. Woolridge. 1973. The plankton of the Wilderness lagoons. A report to the Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Grindley, J. R. 1978. Environmental effects of the discharge of sewage effluent into Knysna Estuary. Unpublished Report, School of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Grindley, J. R. 1980. Piesang estuary." Not in directory “ Grindley, J. R., and S. A. Grindley. 1987. The ecology and biological history of Verlorenvlei. British Archaeological Reports International Series 332:237-261." Not in directory “ Grobler, D. C., and M. J. Silberbauer. 1984. Impact of eutrophication control measures on South African impoundments. Water Research Commission, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Guillet, A., and T. M. Crowe. 1985. Patterns of distribution, species richness, endemism and group composition of waterbirds in Africa. African Journal of Ecology 23:89-120." Not in directory “ Habitat, C. o. W. o. I. I. e. a. W. 1990. Proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties. in. Ramsar Convention Bureau, Gland, Montreux, Switzerland." Not in directory “ Hamman, K., H. Heard, and S. Thorne. 1977. Fish population structures as determined by seine and gill nets. Freshwaters:6-23." Not in directory “ Hanekom, N. 1993. West Coast National Park (Langebaan)(Revision 1). Department of Environmental Affairs report." Not in directory “ Harding, W. 1990. Bathymetry and sediment volume of Zeekoevlei, Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Report CB.6/V2.2.2, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Harding, W. 1990. Seepage into Zeekoevlei from Cape Flats Tertiary Treatment Ponds. August 1990. Report CB.6/V2.2.2, Cape Town City Council."

70 Not in directory “ Harding, W. 1990. Composition of sediments in Zeekoevlei. Report CB.6/v2.2.2, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Harding, W. 1990. Interim report concerning primary production levels at Zeekoevlei, July 1989-June 1990. Report to the Zeekoevlei Working Group, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Harding, W. R. 1992. Long-term data series for a seasonally estuarine, shallow coastal lake:Zandvlei, south-western Cape, South Africa. In press." Not in directory “ Harding, W. R., and A. J. R. Quick. 1992. Management options for shallow, hypertrophic lakes, with particular reference to Zeekoevlei, Cape Town. South African Journal of Aquatic Science 18:3-19." Not in directory “ Harding, W. R., N. Rowe, J. C. Wessels, B. K.A., and G. A. Codd. 1995. Death of a dog attributed to the cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) hepatotoxin nodularin in South Africa. . Journal of the Southern African Veterinary Association 66:256-259." Not in directory “ Harding, W. 1998. Century City Ephemeral Pans. Description of aquatic fauna. September 1988 report to Monex by D.H. Environmental Consulting cc., D.H. Environmental Consulting cc." Not in directory “ Harding, W. R., and J. Fowler. 1999. Westlake Wetland restoration project. Project no. SPM E28/99. Diversion of flows from the Westlake River into the Southern Wetland. Final Scoping Report prepared for South Peninsula Municipality. May 1999." Not in directory “ Harding, W. R., and S. Wright. 1999. Initial findings regarding changes in phyto- and zooplankton composition and abundance following the temporary drawdown and refilling of a shallow, hypertrophic South African coastal lake. Journal of Lake and Resevoir Management 15:47-53." Not in directory “ Harding, W. R., C. Brown, J. Ewart-Smith, and R. February. 2001. River and vlei assessment and monitoring in the Cape Metropolitan Area. Prepared for Catchment Management Division, CMC., Southern Waters Ecological Research and Consulting." Not in directory “ Harrison, A. C. 1957. De Hoop Lake. Annual Report 14, Cape Department of Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ Harrison, T. D., J. A. G. Cooper, A. E. L. Ramm, and R. A. Singh. 1994. Health of South African estuaries, Orange River - Buffels (Oos). Report prepared for the Department of Environmental Affairs." Not in directory “ Harrison, T. D. 1998. A preliminary survey of coastal river systems of the South African West Coast, Orange River - Groot Berg, with particular reference to fish fauna. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 52:277-321." Not in directory “ Hart, R. C., and B. R. Allanson. 1976. The distribution and diel vertical migration of Pseudodiaptomus nessi (Mrazek) (Calanoida: Copepoda) in a subtropical lake in southern Africa. Fresh Water Biology 8:415-421." Not in directory “ Helme, N. 2001. A botanical assessment of Erf 582 Eersterivier. Nick Helme Botanical Surveys, Scarborough." Not in directory “ Henderson, S., and B. R. Davies. 1989. A follow-up investigation of an alleged mosquito/midge problem in the vicinity of Princess Vlei; Cape Town Municipal Control. Report to the City Planners Department, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Herholdt, G. 1975. An ecological survey of the fauna inhabiting a marsh pond at Langebaan Lagoon. Unpublished Report, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Heydorn, A. E. F., and K. L. Tinley. 1980. Estuaries of the Cape. Part I: Synopsis of the Cape coast. Natural features, dynamics and utilization. 380." Not in directory “ Heydorn, A. E. F., and J. R. Grindley. 1982. Estuaries of the Cape. Part II: Synopses of available information on individual systems.Report no 18.and 24. 417."

71 Not in directory “ Heyl, C. W. 1983. Voellewe van die De Hoopse omgewing en die moontlike impak van ontwikkeling deur Krygkor. Cape Dept. of Nature and Environmental Conservation, EIA Committee." Not in directory “ Heyl, C. W. 1991. Status of ducks and their management for gamebird hunting in the Cape Province. . unpubl. Internal Rep Chief Directorate Nature and Environmental Conservation." Not in directory “ Heyl, C. W., M. D. Anderson, D. I. Loubser, and H. A. Scott. 1993. Duck population monitoring in the Cape Province - results for 1991 and 1992. Internal Rep. 12, Cape Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ HKS (Hill, K. a. S. C. E. 1980. Report on proposed dredging and reclamation: Zeekoevlei. Report NC/PJH/TD/EDM/7155." Not in directory “ HKS (Hill, K., Scott and partners, Consulting Engineers). 1971. The Bay Marina Engineering Report. Proposed improvements to Sandvlei. Muizenberg Marine Estates Limited." Not in directory “ HKS (Hill, K. a. S., Engineers). 1980. Princess Vlei - proposed dredging and reclamation. NC/TD/PH/EDM/7170." Not in directory “ Hockey, P. A. R., and C. R. Velasquez. 1992. The Berg River estuary: a major western Cape wetland. Birding in southern Africa 44:106-114." Not in directory “ Hockey, P. A. R. 1993. Potential impacts of water abstraction on the birds of the lower Berg River wetlands. Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Hodgson, A. N., B. R. Allanson, and R. Cretchley. 2000. An estimation of the standing stock and population structure of Upogebia africana (Crustacea: Thalassinidae) in the Knysna Estuary. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 55:187-196." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, W., C. Howard-Williams, and T. G. Longman. 1975. Preliminary ecological survey of the lower Swartvlei estuary, with special reference to the area spanned by a road bridge. Special Report 75/3, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C. 1976. An ecological investigation of surface waters in the Cape Peninsula. Report to the National Programme for Environmental Sciences and The Water Research Commission, Rhodes University." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C. 1977. The role of aquatic plants in maintaining trophic conditions in Swartvlei - Wilderness. Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University., Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C. 1978. The growth and production of aquatic macrophytes in a south temperate saline lake. Verh.Internet.Verein.Limnol. 20:in press." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C., and B. R. Allanson. 1978. The limnology of Swartvlei with special reference to production and nutrient dynamics in the littoral zone. Part II of Swartvlei Project Report. Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C., and B. R. Allanson. 1979. The ecology of Swartvlei: research for planning and future management. Water Research Commission, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Howard-Williams, C., and B. R. Allanson. 1981. An inegrated study on littoral and pelagic primary production in a southern African coastal lake. Arch. Hydrobiol. 92:507-534." Not in directory “ Hughes, D. A., and A. H. M. Gorgens. 1981. Hydrological investigations in the southern Cape coastal lakes region. Report 1/81, Department of Geography, Hydrology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Hughes, R. H., and J. S. Hughes. 1992. A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN, Gland." Not in directory “ Hugo, P. J. 1974. Salt in the Republic of South Africa. Geological survey of South Africa Memoirs 65:105." Not in directory “ Huizinga, P. 1985. MAthematical model study of the Knysna Estuary. The effect of river flow on salinity. CSIR Report T/SEA 8506 CSIR."

72 Not in directory “ Huizinga, A. P., J. H. Slinger, and J. Boroto. 1993. The hydrodynamics of the Berg River Estuary - a preliminary evaluation with respect to mouth entrainment and future impoundments. In: Report on the Berg River Estuary Worksession, Volume 1: Main Report. NSI Report No. 2095/5131, Western Cape Systems Analysis., Cape Town. Appendix 43E.2." Not in directory “ Huizinga, P., S. Taljaard, and L. van Niekerk. 2001. The effects of water abstraction on the estuaries of the Eerste and Lourens Rivers rivers. CSIR Report No. ENV-S-C 2001-007." Not in directory “ Inc, H. K. S. 1991. Milnerton Structure Plan - 1:50 year flood levels for the Diep river & Rietvlei. Project No. 15260, Report to Milnerton Municipality." Not in directory “ Inc., N. S. 1993. Report on the Berg River Estuary Worksession. Volume 1: Main Report. NSI Report No. 2095/5131, Western Cape Systems Analysis, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Isaac, W. E. 1956. The ecology of Gracilaria confervoides (L) Grev. in South Africa with special reference to its ecology in the Saldanha-Langebaan lagoon. Pages 173-185 in Proceedings 2nd Institution of Seaweed Symposium." Not in directory “ Jacot Guillarmod, A. 1979. Report to the Lakes Area Development Board, George, on invasive weed species in the area of the Wilderness lakes. Special Report 79/3, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Jacot Guillarmod, A. 1979. Vegetation of the Touw River floodplain and surrounding lakes. In: Annual Reports 1978/1979, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Kalejta, B. 1992. Diets of shorebirds at the Berg River Estuary, South Africa: Spatial and temporal variation. Ostrich 64:123-133." Not in directory “ Kalejta, B., and D. G. Allan. 1993. Rietvlei management plan - avifauna specialist study. ADU, University of Cape Town, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Kaletja, B., and P. A. R. Hockey. 1991. Distribution, abundance and productivity of benthic invertebrates at the Berg River Estuary, South Africa. Est. coast. Shelf.Sci 33:175-191." Not in directory “ King, P. B. 1973. Report on the Zeekoevlei Survey 1-10-1924 to 30-9-1973. Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council, Cape Town." Not in directory “ King, J. M., R. P. A. Bally, and M. J. Silberbauer. 1989. Kleinriviersvlei: report of an investigation into the likely effects of discharging purified sewage effluent into the Kleinriviersvlei (Hermanus Lagoon). Upublished report to Hermanus Municipality, Zoology department, University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Kok, H. M., and A. K. Whitfield. 1986. The influence of open and closed mouth phases on the marine fish fauna of the Swartvlei estuary. South African Journal of Zoology 21:309-315." Not in directory “ Korringa, P. 1956. Oesterteelt in Suid afrika.Hidrographiese, biologiese, en oesterologiese waarnemings in die Knysnastrandmeer, met aantekeninge oor toestande in ander Suid-Afrikaanse waters. Invest. Report 20, South African Department of Industries.(Sect. Fish.)." Not in directory “ Langley, C. H. 1975. Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary. Publication of the Divisional Council of the Cape." Not in directory “ Largier, J., and J. Singer. 1991. Circulation in highly stratified southern African estuaries. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17:103-115." Not in directory “ Linder, H. P. 1979. Preliminary report on the vegetation of Paarden Eiland vlei. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Liptrot, M. R. M. 1977. The ecology of Swartvlei. 1. The effect of mouth closure on submerged vegetation and physicochemical characteristics of the water column during 1976. Special Report 77/3, Institute for Freshwater Studies, Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Liptrot, M. R. M. 1978. Community metabolism and phosphorus dynamics in a seasonally closed South African estuary. Rhodes University, Grahamstown."

73 Not in directory “ Low, A. B. 1998. Plantlife of the Khayelitsha wetlands. Coastec, Rondebosch." Not in directory “ Low, A. B., and D. Raimondo. 1999. Botanical assessment of the Westlake Wetland. Coastec Report to Southern Waters., Southern Waters." Not in directory “ Low, A. B., and U. Pond. 2002. Wetlands of the Cape Metropolitan Area: floristic analysis. Poster paper presented at the Catchment Management Symposium. in. University of the Western Cape, Bellville." Not in directory “ Mangnall, M. 1999. The roles of farm dams in conserving waterbirds in the Western Cape. Pages 11-13 in South African Wetlands Newsletter." Not in directory “ Martin, A. R. H. 1956. The ecology and history of Groenvlei. South African Journal of Science 52:187-192." Not in directory “ Martin, A. R. H. 1959. The stratigraphy and history of Groenvlei, a South African coastal fen. Australian Journal of Botany. 7:142-167." Not in directory “ McDowell, C. R. 1993. Vegetation assessment of the Berg River Estuary and floodplain with evaluation of likley impacts arising from proposed upstream water impoundments. Water Affairs Report, Ninham Shand, Cape Town." Not in directory “ McDowell, C. R. 1993. Vegetation assessment aimed towards management of the Rietvlei and lower Diep River systems. Unpub. Report, Institute for Plant Conservation, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch." Not in directory “ McDowell, C. R., and J. Ball. 1996. Century City development: specialist study on vegetation. Monex." Not in directory “ McShane, G. 1989. A preliminary investigation into an alleged *€*mosquito*€* problem at Princess Vlei; Cape Town Municipal Control. . Report to the Town Planners Department, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Middlemiss, E., and H. Langley. 1975. The birds of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve. Cape Divisional Council, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Midgley, D. C., W. V. Pitman, and P. J. Middleton. 1994. Surface water resources of South Africa 1990. Report 198/94, Water Research Commission." Not in directory “ Morant, P. D. 1991. The estuaries of False Bay. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 47:629-640." Not in directory “ Muir, D. G. 1972. The Noordhoek salt pan: an ecological survey. Unpublished UCT project." Not in directory “ Newman, N. N. 1999. Comparative fish survey of Zandvlei and Zeekoevlei estuaries, with emphasis on management options. Unpublished Report, ." Not in directory “ NRIO. 1980. Effect of proposed Hangklip Dam on Palmiet River mouth. C/SEA 8048, National Research Institute for Oceanology, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ O'Callaghan, M. 1990. The ecology of the False Bay estuarine environments, Cape, South Africa: Changes during the last fifty years. Bothalia 20:113-121." Not in directory “ O'Callaghan, M. 1993. Salt marshes of the Cape (South Africa): Vegetation dynamics and interactions. University of Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ O'Callaghan, M. 1994. The marsh vegetation of Kleinmond lagoon. Bothalia 24:235-240." Not in directory “ Oliff, W. D. e. 1976. South African National Marine Pollution Program. First and second annual Reports, National Institute for Water Research, Durban." Not in directory “ Parkington, J. 1982. Report on archaelogical research in the Verlore vlei 1976- 1979. Unpublished memorandum., Department of Environmental Studies, University of Cape Town."

74 Not in directory “ Petitjean, M. O. G. 1987. Eerste River catchment management report. Freshwater Research Unit, UCT." Not in directory “ Puttick, G. M. 1980. Energy budgets of Curlew Sandpipers at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa. Estuarine Coastal Marine Science 11:207-215." Not in directory “ Quick, A., and B. Bennett. 1989. Preliminary investigation into the role of Zandvlei as an estuarine fish nursery. Ref 7771H/GB/RQ/dh/3. Unpublished., Internal report to Town Planning Branch, Cape Town City Council." Not in directory “ Quin, N. W., A. K. Whitfield, J. W. Hearne, and C. M. Breen. 1998. An index for the management of South African estuaries for juvenile fish recruitment from the marine environment. Fisheries management and Ecology 6:421-436." Not in directory “ Ramm, A. E. 1990. Application of the commuity degradaton index to South African Estuaries. Water Research 24:383-389." Not in directory “ Randall, R. M., and J. D. Van Wyk. 1990. Wilderness Lakes. Department of Environmental Affairs report." Not in directory “ Ratte, T. W. 1976. Age and growth of Mugil richardsoni (Smith) in the Berg River Estuary. Research Report 1976, Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Cape of Good Hope." Not in directory “ Ratte, T. W. 1978. 'n ondersoek na die invloed van stelnettery op vis in die Botrivierstrandmeer. Research Report 1978, Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Cape of Good Hope." Not in directory “ Reddering, J. S. V. 1981. The sedimentology of the Keurbooms estuary. University of Port Elizabeth." Not in directory “ Reddering, J. S. V. 1983. An inlet sequence produced by migration of a small microtidal inlet against longshore drift: the Keurbooms Inlet, South Africa. Sedimentology 30:201-218." Not in directory “ Reddering, J. S. V., and K. Esterhuysen. 1983. Management proposals to counter undesirable sediment accumulation in the Keurbooms Estuary. Transactions of the geological Society of South Africa 86:87-91." Not in directory “ Reddering, J. S. V., and K. Esterhuysen. 1984. Sedimentation in the Knysna estuary. R.O.S.I.E. Report No. 9, Department Geology, University of Port Elizabeth." Not in directory “ Robarts, R. 1973. A contribution to the limnology of Swartvlei: the effect of physico-chemical factors upon primary and secondary production in the pelagic zone. Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Robarts, R. D. 1976. Primary productivity of the upper reaches of a South African estuary (Swartvlei). Jornal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 24:93-102." Not in directory “ Robarts, R. D., and B. R. Allanson. 1977. Meromixis in the upper lake reaches of a South African estuary (Swartvlei). Arch. Hydrobiol. 80:531-540." Not in directory “ Roberts, C., F. T. Robb, and G. Branch. 1981. Microbial ecology of the Bot River Estuary. South African Journal of Science 16:151." Not in directory “ Robertson, H. G. 1981. Annual summer and winter fluctuations of Palaearctic and resident waders (Charadrii) at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa. 1975-1979. Pages 335-345 in J. A. G. Cooper, editor. Proceedings of the symposium on birds of the sea and shore.1979. African Seabird Group, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Robinson, G. A. 1985. Management of the Wilderness Coastal lakes system. in Coastal Zone '85: 4th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Baltimore, Maryland." Not in directory “ Rossouw, N., and P. Lochner. 2000. Final scoping report: Options for boundary management on the northern edge of the Rietvlei Wetland Reserve. C.S.I.R. Report ENV-S C 2000-033 C, C.S.I.R., Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Rudnick, J. 1986. Report on ecological conditions at Zeekoevlei during 1984. Report filed at Scientific Services Branch, Cape Town City Council."

75 Not in directory “ Russell, L. 1981. Karst surface landforms of the De Hoop Nature Reserve. . University of Fort Hare." Not in directory “ Russell, L. 1988. Karst surface landforms of the Cape coastal limestones. . University of Fort Hare." Not in directory “ Scott, A. 1995. De Hoop Nature Reserve. Cape Nature Conservation, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Scott, H. A. 1995. De Hoop Nature Reserve. . Pages Unknown in W. Petersen and M. Tripp, editors. Birds of the southwestern Cape and where to watch them. Mondi Southern Birds 20. Southern African Ornithological Society and the Cape Bird Club, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Scott, H. A. 1995. De Hoop Nature Reserve. Jewel of the Western Cape. . Cape Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ Scott, H. A., and C. J. Burgers. 1996. A preliminary inventory of sensitive habitats in the De Hoop Nature Reserve. . Unpubl. report, Cape Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ Shand, N. 2000. Zandvlei Environmental Study: Draft Report. Report No: 3077/8957." Not in directory “ Sharon, J. 1997. The morphological changes of the Langebaan sand spit. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Shaw, P. A. 1988. Lakes and pans. in B. P. Moon and G. F. Dardis, editors. The Geomorphology of southern Africa. Southern Books, Johannesburg." Not in directory “ Siegfried, W. R. 1963. Observations on the reproduction and feeding of the Cape Kurper Sandelia capensis (C. and V.) in De Hoop Lake, Bredasdorp. Investigational Report 3, Cape Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation." Not in directory “ Silberbauer, M. J. 1981. A study of phosphorus dynamics in the main basin of Swartvlei. Part II of M.Sc. Report. Rhodes University, Grahamstown." Not in directory “ Sinclair, S. A. 1980. The rural settlement of Verlorenvlei in historical perspective. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Slinger, J. H. 1990. The potential for freshwater extraction from the Olifants Estuary. CSIR Research Report 690., Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Sloman, R. J. L. 1983. The sediment distribution of the Klein River Estuary. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Smith, H. A. W. 1959. Voels van die de Hoopvlei. Annual Report 16, Cape Department of Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ Snook, D. J., M. Semmelink, and L. C.H. 1988. Some aspects of the long-term data series from Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary. in Long term data series relating to southern Africa's renewable natural resources., Pretoria." Not in directory “ Southern Waters 1999. Westlake Wetland restoration project. Project no. SPM E28/99. Final Scoping Report prepared for South Peninsula Municipality." Not in directory “ Southern Waters 1999. Guidelines for the management and conservation of sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) in Zandvlei. Prepared for South Peninsula Municipality." Not in directory “ Southern Waters. 2000. Zandvlei Restoration Study: ecological assessment of management scenarios. Prepared for Ninham Shand Consulting Engineers." Not in directory “ Southern Waters. 2000. Zeekoevlei/Rondevlei Rehabilitation Study - Action Plan." Not in directory “ Stephens, E. 1929. Freshwater aquatic vegetation of the south-western districts. Speciality Press, Wynberg, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Stern, J. E. 1983. Human ecology of the Botriviervlei system. Unpublished report, Geography Department, University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Strydom, N. A., and A. K. Whitfield. 2000. The effects of a single freshwater release into the Kromme Estuary. 4: larval fish response. Water SA 26:319-328."

76 Not in directory “ Summers, R. W., J. S. Pringle, and J. Coooper. 1976. The status of coastal waders in the southwestern Cape., Cape Town." Not in directory “ Taljaard, S., and J. H. Slinger. 1992. Assessment of hydrodynamic and water quality aspects of the Berg River Estuary 1989/90. CSIR Report EMAS-D92006, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Tajaard, S., S. de Villiers, A. H. Fricke, and W. S. Kloppers. 1992. Water quality status of the Rietvlei/Milnerton lagoon system (Diep River estuary) - 1988/89. CSIR Data Report EMAS-D 92007, CSIR, Stellenbosch." Not in directory “ Taylor, D. 1983. The effects of a major macrophyte reduction upon primary production in the littoral of Swartvlei. Arch. Hydrobiol. 96:345-353." Not in directory “ Taylor, A. R. D., G. W. Howard, and G. W. Begg. 1995. Developing wetland inventories in southern Africa: a review. Vegetatio 118:57-79." Not in directory “ Thornton, J. A., P. H. McMillan, and P. Romanovsky. 1989. Perceptions of water pollution in South Africa: case studies from two water bodies (Hartbeespoort Dam and Zandvlei). South African Journal of Psychology 19:199-204." Not in directory “ Tourism, D. o. W. A. a. 1994. Unpublished hydrological data, De Hoop Vlei. DWAF." Not in directory “ Tschortner, U. S. 1969. The influences of artificial physical changes on the ecology of Rondevlei, Cape Province. Investigative Report No.13, Provincial Administration, Cape of Good Hope." Not in directory “ Turpie, J. 1999. Comment on the effect of the proposed diversion of water flow into the Westlake wetlands on avifauna. Southern Waters." Not in directory “ Underhill, L. G., and J. Cooper. 1982. Counts of waterbirds at coastal wetlands in southern Africa, 1978-1981. Western Cape Wader Study Group and the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of Ornithology, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Uys, C. J., G. J. Broekhuysen, M. J., and J. G. R. Macleod. 1963. Observations on breeding of the Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus in the Bredasdorp district, South Africa. . The Ostrich 34:129-154." Not in directory “ Uys, C. J., and J. G. R. Macleod. 1969. Further records for the de Hoopvlei region, Bredasdorp. The Ostrich 40:136." Not in directory “ Uys, C. J. 1983. Portrait of a fynbos habitat extraordinary - De Hoop vlei. Pages 5- 9 in African Wildlife." Not in directory “ van der Merwe, C. V. 1976. 'n Algemene beskrywing van die De Hoop- Natuurreservaat. Unpublished Research Report, Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration." Not in directory “ van Heyden, M. 1990. Potential residence sites of anthropogenic chromium in Princess Vlei, South Western Cape Province. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ van Rensburg, K. J. 1966. Growth of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) in De Hoop Vlei and Seekoei Vlei. Investigational Report 9., Cape Department of Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ van Wyk, J. 1970. An introduction to the ecology of Seekoevlei, Cape Peninsula. Report to the Department of Nature Conservation, Division of Inland Fisheries, Cape Town." Not in directory “ van Wyk, A. C. 1983. Effects of dredging on the Berg River Estuary." Not in directory “ Waldron, B. N. 1968. The importance of water levels in the management of the Klein River Estuary, Hermanus. University of Cape Town." Not in directory “ Walmsley, R. D., and M. L. Botton. 1987. Proceedings of Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of Wetlands in South Africa, 15-16 October 1987. Occasional Report Series 28: 15-22, FRD, CSIR Conference Centre, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Walmsley, R. D., and E. A. Boomker. 1988. Inventory and classification of wetlands in South Africa. No. 34."

77 Not in directory “ Wanless, R. M. 1992. Wetland floral community. A study of the structure and determinants in Betty's Bay Vlei. University of Cape Town, Botany Department, Cape Town." Not in directory “ Watling, R. J., and H. R. Watling. 1974. Environmental studies in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon.I: Trace metal concentrations in selected molluscs and algae. FIS Special Report 70, unpublished." Not in directory “ Watling, R. J., and H. R. Watling. 1975. Trace metal studies in Knysna Estuary. Environment RSA 2:5-7." Not in directory “ Watling, R. 1977. Trace metal distribution in the Wilderness Lakes. Special Report No. FIS 147., CSIR, National Physical Research Laboratory., Pretoria." Not in directory “ Watling, R. J., and H. R. Watling. 1980. Metal surveys in SouthAfrican estuaries. IV. Keurbooms and Bitou Rivers (Plettenberg Lagoon), Groot River (Nature's Valley) and Storms River. Special Report FIS 206, CSIR, National Physical Research Laboratory, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Watling, R. J., and H. R. Watling. 1980. Metal surveys in SouthAfrican estuaries. III. Hartenbos, Little Brak and Great Brak Rivers. Special Report FIS 205, CSIR, National Physical Research Laboratory, Pretoria." Not in directory “ Weisser, P. J., A. K. Whitfield, and C. M. Hall. 1992. The recovery and dynamics of submerged aquatic macrophyte vegetation in the Wilderness lakes, southern Cape. Bothalia 22:283-288." Not in directory “ Whitfield, A. K. 1984. The effects of prolonged aquatic macrophyte senescence on the biology of the dominant fish species in a southern African coastal lake. Est. coast. Shelf.Sci 18:315-329." Not in directory “ Whitfield, A. K. 1988. The Swartvlei estuary fish community and the influence of food availability on resource utilization. Estuaries 11:160-170." Not in directory “ Whitfield, A. K. 1992. A characterization of southern African estuarine systems. South African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 18:89-103." Not in directory “ Whitfield, A. K. 1997. Fish conservation in South African estuaries. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 7:1-11." Not in directory “ Winterbottom, J. M. 1957. The birds of De Hoop. Annual Report 14, Cape Department of Nature Conservation." Not in directory “ Wright, S. 1998. Report on a fish survey of Zeekoevlei. Unpublished report, Department of Scientific Services, Cape Metropolitan Council." Not in directory “ Wynberg, R. P., and G. M. Branch. 1991. An assessment of bait-collecting for Callianassa kraussi Stebbing in Langebaan Lagoon, Western Cape, and of associated avian predation. South African Journal of Marine Science 11:141-152." Not in directory “ Wynberg, R. P., and G. M. Branch. 1994. Disturbance associated with bait collecting for sand prawns (Callianassa kraussi) and mud prawns (Upogebia africana): long term effects on the biota of intertidal sandflats. Journal of Marine Research 52:523-558." Not in directory “ Zaloumis, E. A., and P. L. S. Milstein. 1975. The conservation of wetland habitats for waterfowl in southern Africa. in Supplement to Afr.Wildl. 29." Not in directory “ Zietsman, J., and R. Preston. 1973. Report on Sandvlei water quality. Unpublished."

78 Appendix 3. Metadata for GIS coverages

Western Cape Wetlands Inventory GIS coverage

GIS METADATA : DETAILED REPORT File Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp Description: Point coverage of wetlands included in Western Cape Wetlands Directory database.

Copyright Holder: TMF-WWFSA Data Copyright? NO Data Origin: Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database, compiled by Freshwater Consulting Group Capture Source: Freshwater Consulting Group File date: 2005-12-16 To be distributed? YES

LEGEND PROPERTIES Theme Type: Point PROJECTION DATUM Projection Name: Geographic - WGS84 Name: WGS84 Projection Type: SemiMajorAxis: 0 Central Meridian: 0 SemiMinorAxis: 0 Upper Parallel: 0 InverseFlattening: 0 Lower Parallel: 0

DETAILED NOTES This layer was created using point data generated from the various reports and studies included in the Western Cape Wetland Directory database (Dallas and Seymour 2006). Wetlands were broadly defined using the definition used by the RAMSAR convention: i.e. “areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tides does not exceed six meters” (Peck 1999)” This includes all aquatic ecosystems such that wetlands included fall into three broad groups of marine, estuarine and inland systems (see Dallas and Seymour 2005 for more details). Where studies specified latitudes and longitudes (lat-longs), these were used to generate point locations of the wetlands to which they referred. For studies that did not state lat-longs, but which described proximity to landmarks or towns, this information, together with existing GIS coverages (i.e., Sensitive Wetlands coverage (Shaw and de Villiers 2001) and the CAPE freshwater component (van Nieuwenhuizen and Day 2000) was used to generate point localities. These are indicated in the directory: if lat-longs given are derived from the original data source, they are denoted as “data source”. If they were derived using landmarks and supplementary GIS coverages, they are denoted as “map”. Owing to varying accuracy and settings of GPS instruments and data sources, points often did not align with each other or with the Sensitive Wetlands layer (Shaw and de Villiers 2001) or CAPE freshwater component (van Nieuwenhuizen and Day 2000). These point were therefore nudged so that they would align, and generated new lat-longs for these points. The original data remain within the database, but the point GIS coverage (Western Cape Wetlands Directory Data.shp) contains modified lat-longs. Exceptions are noted under “Important notes and file status report”.

IMPORTANT NOTES AND FILE STATUS REPORT: Please note that the following points could not be traced to a specific wetland: Arabella – Here, we give one point, but the report refers to a number of sites. These should be traceable if one has a copy of the report and accompanying maps.

79 Wetlands – Again, here, we give one point, but the varying reports did not give specific lat-longs, so we have allocated one point and hope that use of the reports will enable users to find the relevant wetlands. Bokramspruit Riparian wetlands – point along river allocated, unlikely to be exact location. (Relevant DSI: 278) Driftsands Nature Reserve – Allocated point within reserve – no detail on map precisely where wetland is sited. (Relevant DSI: 435) Keyser’s river wetlands – No lat-longs specified, and again, reports (Data Source Identifier (DSI) Numbers: 2, 225 and 282) refer to more than one wetland no lat longs specified, so one point given along the river, report and site visit may enable identification. Relevant authors may be able to provide site. Kuils River wetlands – three wetlands, also one point allocated, authors may be able to provide a map. (Relevant DSI: 2, 388 and 436) Malmesbury Golf Estate – again, one point generated. Map included in report will enable more accurate identification of exact localities of specific wetlands, but we give one point on the golf course to represent all wetlands reported (Relevant DSI: 284). Pelican Park – A number of wetlands, including dune slack, disused water retention ponds, etc. Only one point is given in WC Wetlands Inventory GIS coverage. Again, site visit may elucidate. (Relevant DSI: 288). Silvermine Riparian wetlands – point allocated on River course. Unlikely to be accurate, but consultation of original report may enable siting. (Relevant DSI: 8) Theewaterskloof/Kleinplaas – Point for Theewaterskloof dam allocated to this point. Uintjieskuil – One point used to represent a number of sites. (Relevant DSI: 279) UWC artificial wetland – Allocated UWC lat-longs. Do not know actual site of wetland on campus.

REFERENCES

Dallas, H., C. L. Seymour, K. Snaddon and J. Ewart-Smith . 2006. Identification and collation of existing information on the wetlands of the Western Cape. Table Mountain Fund of WWF-SA, Report compiled by Freshwater Consulting Group, Cape Town. Shaw, K. A., and R. de Villiers. 2001. Sensitive Wetlands GIS coverage. 1:50 000 scale. CapeNature, Jonkershoek, Western Cape. van Nieuwenhuizen, G. D. P., and J. A. Day. 2000. Cape Action Plan for the Environment: The Conservation of Freshwater Ecosystems in the Cape Floral Kingdom. Freshwater Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town., Cape Town.

80 METADATA: TECHNICAL INFORMATION CAPE LOWLAND RENOSTERVELD PROJECT

GIS Layer 5 – Special habitats

Silcrete and quartz patch locations were derived from the Cape Lowlands Renosterveld vegetation map (see attached metadata). Only those with remaining natural vegetation were included. Wetlands were derived from the WCNCB ‘sensitive wetlands’ GIS layer and the Freshwater GIS component of C.A.P.E. Note that the wetland layer is not complete – many wetlands that are present on the ground are not represented in this layer as they are currently not mapped anywhere.

METADATA FOR GIS LAYER 5: SPECIAL HABITATS

FILE DETAILS File name: special_habitats_dd Data Origin: Botanical Society of SA (Cape Lowlands Renosterveld Project & preparation of present infosheet); Freshwater Research Unit, UCT; Chief Directorate of Surveys & Mapping; WCNCB. Capture Source: Botanical Society of SA, Chief Directorate of Surveys & Mapping, Freshwater Research Unit, WCNCB Copyright Holder: Botanical Society of SA, Chief Directorate of Surveys & Mapping Scale Digitized at: 1:50 000 Data 2003 (this layer) based on 1999 date: (C.A.P.E.), 2002 (Renosterveld Project) & 1:50 000 mapsheets (various dates) LEGEND PROPERTIES Legend Title: special_habitats.avl Feature Polygons (shapefile) Type: PROJECTIONS & DATUMS Projection Name: Geographic (decimal degrees), i.e. Datum WGS84 unprojected name: DATA DETAIL NOTES Description: Silcrete patches, quartz patches, and wetlands in the Cape Lowlands Renosterveld Project’s central domain. Note that NO special features occurring in the buffer area (see planning domain infosheet) are included. Purpose: Obtaining a comprehensive GIS layer of wetlands for conservation planning and land use management purposes based on existing spatial data layers. Methodology: As part of the Cape Lowlands Renosterveld Project, selected habitats were identified as special habitats and mapped as follows: 1. Locations of silcrete and quartz patches (characterised by specific vegetation types) were derived from the vegetation map generated as part of the project Only the portions of remaining intact vegetation (ie not transformed by agriculture or development, as per the ‘remnants of natural vegetation’ GIS layer) were included as special habitats. 2. The locations of wetlands are based on data from two sources: 1. the WCNCB ‘sensitive wetlands’ GIS layer and 2. a GIS layer of wetlands compiled by the C.A.P.E. Freshwater component (1999), based on digitised 1:50 000 topographic mapsheets (Surveys & Mapping). No metadata was available for this layer. Dams were removed from these layers, and the ‘type’ of wetland called ‘’ was also removed. Once the data layers had been combined and cleaned, the result was checked against the 1:50 000 topographic mapsheets to verify that no major wetland features had been excluded.

81 NOTE: The wetland layer is not complete – many wetlands that are present on the ground are not included as these are not mapped anywhere. More detailed data do exist for some parts of the Western Cape, but they are very sparse and discontinuous. Available 1. Section 13 in Von Hase, A. et al. 2003. A fine-scale conservation documents: plan for Cape Lowlands Renosterveld. Conservation Unit, Report 2/03. Botanical Society of SA, Cape Town. Available on www.botanicalsociety.org.za/ccu - see downloads. 2. WCNCB ‘Sensitive wetlands’ metadata 3. Van Nieuwehuizen, D. et al. 1999. C.A.P.E. Freshwater Reports.

ATTRIBUTE FIELDS FIELD DESCRIPTION Shape Polygon Habitat1 Main type of habitat – wetland, silcrete patch, quartz patch or estuary. Habitat2 Subtype of habitat (e.g. ‘non-perennial pan’ refers to a wetland that holds water only at certain times of the year) Name Name of wetland if available Riversys River system that the wetland forms part of Source Source of the spatial data – either C.A.P.E. Freshwater Component, 1999, Cape Lowlands Renosterveld Conservation Plan (Renosterveld Project 2003) or WCNCB wetlands layer. Area_ha Area of feature in ha

82 Water Management Areas Scale 1: 2,000,000 Date 2004 Description Water Management Areas of South Africa Owner Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Owner address Institute for Water Quality Studies Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Private Bag X313 PRETORIA 0001

Ecoregions Scale 1: 2,000,000 Date 2005-01 Projection info Geographic. Spheroid Clarke1880. Datum Cap Description Ecoregions (Level I) for South Africa derived from terrain and vegetation, with some consideration of altitude, rainfall, runoff variability, air temperature, geology, soil. Owner: Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Owner: address Institute for Water Quality Studies Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Private Bag X313 PRETORIA 0001 Owner_contact Neels Kleynhans Owner_country South Africa Owner_phone (012) 808 0374 Owner_fax (012) 808 0338 Owner_email [email protected] Owner_website http://www-dwaf.pwv.gov.za/iwqs/gis_data/ecoregions/get-ecoregions.htm Disclaimer No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of this data -- this is a draft coverage and will change as the owner incorporates more data sets. Note that lines (transition zones) between regions are about 5km wide.

Description: Level I ecoregions for South Africa: 31. This is a classification of South African into ecoregions according to the ecoregion approach (Omernik 1987, 1995; Omernik and Bailey 1997). The aim of this document is to provide a first step that can be used to type the river ecosystems of South Africa according to broad similarities. This will provide a Level I ecoregion typing that can be used as the basis for more detailed typing, i.e. Level II or more. Ecosystems and their components display regional patterns that are reflected in spatially variable combinations of causal factors such as climate, mineral availability (soils and geology), vegetation and physiography. These factors interact, but the importance of each factor in determining the character of ecosystems place to place. Omernik's (1987) approach is based on patterns of terrestrial characteristics and on the premise that relatively homogenous areas exist and that these areas can be defined by simultaneously analysing a combination of causal and integrative factors. In this approach, ecoregions are regions of relatively homogeneity in ecological systems or in relationships between organisms and their environments. Multiple characteristics are used at each level of a typing hierarchy. Ecological regions are regions within which there is relative similarity in the mosaic of ecosystems and ecosystem components (biotic and abiotic, aquatic and terrestrial). Maps of single characteristics only illustrate regionalities in that characteristic. The delineation of ecological regions requires

83 evaluating maps of all geographic phenomena believed to cause or reflect spatial differences in ecosystems. Where combinations of these phenomena coincide spatially, the ecosystems are likely to be similar. The process requires qualitative examination to account for the differences in generality, accuracy, and particular classifications of each map. The regions are essentially sketched (Omernik 1995).

Omernik, J.M. 1987. Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77:118-125. Omernik, J.M. 1995. Ecoregions: A spatial framework for environmental management. In: W.S. Davis & T.P. Simon (Eds.), Biological assessment and criteria. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, London, Tokyo. Omernik, J.M. & R.G. Bailey. 1997. Distinguishing between watersheds and ecoregions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 33: 935-949.

Further information and descriptions of individual ecoregions can be obtained from DWAF internal report: Kleynhans, CJ, Thirion, C and Moolman, J (2005). A Level I River Ecoregion classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Report No. N/0000/00/REQ0104. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa. Kleynhans C.J., C. Thirion and J. Moolman. In prep. A Level II River Ecoregion classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria, South Africa.

Catchments of South Africa – Secondary and Quaternary

Scale 1: 250,000 Date 1990 Description Catchments of South Africa – secondary, quartenary Owner Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Owner address Institute for Water Quality Studies Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Private Bag X313 PRETORIA 0001

Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

Low, A.B. & Rebelo,A.G. (edit.) 1996, Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria: DEAT. This publication is available online at http://www.ngo.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/Data/vegrsa/vegstart.htm

Abstract: The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, on request by the National Botanical Institute and the South African Association of Botanists, sponsored the compilation of a new vegetation map for South Africa. The work started in 1991 and culminated in the publication of a full colour map and a companion booklet in 1995. The booklet has now been updated and is available through the bookstores of the National Botanical Institute Contact person: Tony Rebelo National Botanical Institute Tel: 27 +21 799 8690 Fax: 27 +21 797 6903 Email: [email protected]

84 Geology map of South Africa

Scale: 2,500,000 Date: 1995 Description: Geology map of South Africa with simplified lithostratigraphy for geohydrological use Owner: Water Research Commission & Department of Water Affairs & Forestry Owner: address The Water Research Commission, PO Box 824 PRETORIA 0001 Owner_contact: The Executive Officer Owner_country: South Africa Owner_phone: (021) 330 0340 Owner_fax: (021) 331 2565 Disclaimer This coverage represents groundwater on a regional scale, is not site-specific and cannot be used for borehole siting or deducing any other site-specific condition Copyright_message Portions of this work include intellectual property of the Council for Geoscience, the Water Research Commission & the Department of Water Affairs & Forestry. Copyright_warning Copyright data - not in the public domain Copies of digital data may not be given to third parties History: 1994 Simplified lithostratigraphy digitised by A Havenga, Council for Geosciences 1995 Water Research Commission TT 74/95 report and 2 maps by JR Vegter: "An explanation of a set of national groundwater maps" and "Groundwater resources of the Republic of South Africa" sheets 1 & 2.

85 WESTERN CAPE WETLANDS INVENTORY: DATASHEET (Version 1: January 2006)

This datasheet has been developed for the Western Cape Wetlands Inventory. It forms part of the TMF-funded project (ZA5095) undertaken by The Freshwater Consulting Group (University of Cape Town) for the identification and collation of existing information on the wetlands of the Western Cape. The datasheet is linked to the Western Cape Wetlands Directory Database. For further information please refer to the review document (Dallas et al. 2006). Note: The datasheet has been designed to capture as much information as possible. If these data are not available, please leave the blocks blank.

SUMMARY INFORMATION Contact person(s) Date Organisation

If report, Title:

Telephone Email

Wetland Name Associated river (if any) Degrees-minutes-seconds or Decimal degrees or Degrees & decimal minutes GPS setting S ° ’ . ” S . ° S ° . ’ Cape datum Clarke 1880

E 0 ° ’ . ” E 0 . ° E0 ° . ’ WGS-84 datum HBH94

Closest town or mapped geographical feature Geographic region Conservation status Protected Unprotected Partially-protected Unknown Approximate size (hectares) (see note 1) <1 ha 1-10 ha 10-20 ha 20-100 ha > 100 ha Type/Classification Description (Anecdotal information that characterizes the site) Note 1. Approximate sizes are difficult to gauge, but as a guideline, 1 ha is equivalent to about 1 1/3 rugby fields.

1. GENERAL WETLAND INFORMATION

Lat-long source data (see note 2) GPS GIS Map: Other: Map Reference (1: 50 000) Altitude Location (e.g. farm / reserve name)

Landowner / Manager’s name and

contact details

Note 2: Please provide information about the map you have used if you have obtained your lat-longs from a map: What is the map source (e.g. Surveyor General’s office 1: 50 000 map, AA road map, etc). Also, please give the date of production of the map, if you have this information.

86 2. WETLAND CHARACTERISATION*

Approx. maximum depth 0 – 0.5 m 0.5 – 2 m > 2m Hydro- Hillslope Hillslope Depression Valley bottom Valley bottom geomorphic Floodplain seepage seepage not (including with channel without channel type feeding a river feeding a river pans) If an estuary: Permanently open Temporarily closed Artificially controlled Wetland context Single, discrete wetland Part of a mosaic of wetlands Associated systems Other wetlands River Estuary Lagoon Position in catchment (if associated with a river) Upper Middle Lower Water permanence Perennial Seasonal Ephemeral Inundated or saturated? (see Note 3) I S I S I S Water source (mark > one if there is a Surface water Surface water Groundwater Sea Artificial Other combination of water sources) (precipitation) (riverine) No visible outlet/ Seepage into Artificially constrained Water outlet River or stream Sea Evaporation only groundwater (e.g. weir or culvert) Note 3. Inundated = surface water is present at some stages, saturated – surface soils are waterlogged * See attached information sheet, adapted from Kotze et al. (2004)

Water chemistry characteristics Acid Neutral Alkaline Fresh Brak Saline Hypersaline pH Salinity (< 6) (6 – 8) (>8) (<0‰) (0 to <3 ‰) (3 to <20 ‰) (>20 ‰)

Dominant vegetation type(s) Grasses Sedges Restios Reeds Shrubs Palmiet Other: Approx. width of vegetation buffer (see Note 4) <10m 10 - 30m 30 -100m > 100 m Bedrock Boulders Cobbles Gravel Sand Mud Clay Silt Dominant substrate type(s) Peat Detritus Other: Comments: Note 4. Vegetated area between the terrestrial and aquatic environments

3. AVAILABLE DATA

Frequency of Once- Six- Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Seasonally Annually Other data collection off monthly Frequency details Depth (m)

Habitat assessment Assessment (e.g. Present Ecological Status (PES) or Ecological Yes No details Importance & Sensitivity (EIS) assessment)

Water chemistry data (tick or highlight variables measured) Total Dissolved Dissolved Suspended Temperature Turbidity pH Conductivity Nutrients Solids oxygen Solids Particulate Faecal Pesticides Metals Other: Organic Matter Coliforms

Biotic data (tick or highlight which group(s) have been assessed) Vegetation Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish Aquatic invertebrates Plankton Algae Bacteria Other (please specify): Was the number of threatened or endemic taxa recorded? Threatened Yes No Endemics Yes No

87 4. CATCHMENT CONDITION AND LAND USE

Rate the extent of each land use / activity in the wetland or in the immediate vicinity of the wetland and/or in the catchment. Use the scale of 1 to 4, where 1 = limited (< 25%), 2 = moderate (25-50%), 3 = extensive (50 – 90%), 4 = almost entire (>90%). Indicate if the land use / activity pose a threat to the wetland. Wetland / Immediate Threat to wetland? Land use / activity Catchment vicinity (Yes or No) Afforestation Deforestation Agriculture – crops (possible threat from runoff) Agriculture – livestock Agriculture – irrigation (abstraction) Informal settlement Rural development Urban development Industrial development Pollution (general) Mining Sewage disposal Solid waste disposal (includes dumping and litter) Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) Sedimentation Recreational Nature Conservation Wilderness area Harvesting of flora or fauna Physical modifications (bulldozing, weirs, gabions, etc.) Water abstraction (impoundment upstream) Construction / Infilling Erosion Road network Off-road vehicles Removal of riparian vegetation Alien invasive vegetation (terrestrial) Alien invasive vegetation (aquatic) Alien invasive fauna Transfer of genetic material into catchment or wetland Other (please specify):

Description of land use and catchment issues

88 5. MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL ISSUES

Is the wetland managed,

and if so, by whom?

Is there a management If based on a report/ study, are management Yes No Yes No plan for the wetland? recommendations given? What were the key management recommendations What impact does the wetland and its management Negative impact No impact Positive impact regime have on surrounding human communities? What impact do surrounding communities have on Negative impact No impact Positive impact the wetland?

If affected, what are the contact details of this

community?

Does the wetland have potential to be used by the community for, e.g. tourism, gathering of natural

resources? (If yes, please state what activities would be possible)

Are research needs given, and if so what are the

key recommendations

6. INFORMATION SOURCE

Information Published literature Scientific article Thesis Institutional report Consultancy report Report type Unpublished report Monitoring data Database Anecdotal Other: Custodian Author(s) Brief description of information source

Aims of the study

In what year was the study performed? Is the study complete, or If ongoing, how often are ongoing? the data updated? Format of data (e.g. Excel worksheet, hard

copy report, MS word document or pdf file) Type of data Qualitative Quantitative Comment: Access constraints

89 Wetland hydro-geomorphic types typically supporting inland wetlands in South Africa (modified from Kotze et al. 2004). Wetland-Assess: a procedure for rapidly describing wetland benefits – Draft circulated for comment.

Hydro- geomorphic Diagram Description types

Valley bottom areas with a well defined stream channel, gently sloped and characterized by floodplain features such as oxbow depressions and natural levees and the alluvial (by water) transport and deposition Floodplain of sediment, usually leading to a net accumulation of sediment. Water inputs from main channel (when channel banks overspill) and from adjacent slopes.

Valley bottom areas with a well defined stream channel but lacking characteristic floodplain features. May be gently sloped and Valley bottom characterized by the net accumulation of alluvial deposits or may have with a channel steeper slopes and be characterized by the net loss of sediment. Water inputs from main channel (when channel banks overspill) and from adjacent slopes.

Valley bottom areas with no clearly defined stream channel, usually Valley bottom gently sloped and characterized by alluvial sediment deposition, without a generally leading to a net accumulation of sediment. Water inputs channel mainly from channel entering the wetland and also from adjacent slopes.

Slopes on hillsides, which are characterized by the colluvial Hillslope (transported by gravity) movement of materials. Water inputs are seepage feeding mainly from subsurface flow and outflow is usually via a well defined a watercourse stream channel connecting the area directly to a watercourse.

Slopes on hillsides, which are characterized by the colluvial Hillslope (transported by gravity) movement of materials. Water inputs mainly seepage not from subsurface flow and outflow either very limited or through diffuse feeding a subsurface and/or surface flow but with no direct surface water watercourse connection to a watercourse.

A basin shaped area with a closed elevation contour that allows for the Depression accumulation of surface water (i.e. it is inward draining). It may also (includes Pans) receive sub-surface water. An outlet is usually absent.

90 Appendix 5 Wetland Name DSI Wetland Type/Classification Information Source Size Depth pH Salinity Aasvoelvlei Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Agulhas plain Wetlands 180 Wetlands and pans Thesis Agulhas Plain Wetlands 183 Wetlands and pans Consultancy report Agulhas Plain Wetlands 186 Wetlands and pans Consultancy report Agulhas Plain Wetlands 192 Wetlands and pans Other Agulhas Plain Wetlands 193 Wetlands and pans Consultancy report Agulhas Plain Wetlands 426 Wetlands and pans WCWF Map Input Agulhas Plain Wetlands - "Site A" 184 Pan (Shallow) Scientific article 1 -10 ha Agulhas Plain Wetlands - "Site B" 184 Pan (Shallow) Scientific article 20 - 100ha Agulhas Plain Wetlands - "Site C" 184 Wetland (Permanent) Scientific article >100ha Agulhas Plain Wetlands - "Site D" 184 Pan (Shallow, saline) Scientific article 1 -10 ha Agulhas Soutpan 8 Pan Scientific article >100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Hypersaline Alexandra Dam 168, 269 Impoundment (Dam) Scientific article Amandel 1 372 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report Amandel 2 372 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report Antoniesvlei Dam 447 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Applethwaite Dam 245 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Arabella Site 11a (HU 11) 324 Seep Consultancy report Arabella Site 12a (HU 12) 324 Seep Consultancy report Arabella Site 12d (HU 12) 324 Wetland Consultancy report Arabella Site 12e (HU 12) 324 Wetland (Pennisetum-dominated, culvert-fed) Consultancy report Arabella Site 12f (HU 12) 324 Wetland (Seasonal) Consultancy report Arabella Site 1b (HU 1) 324 Seepage wetlands Consultancy report Arabella Site 25 (HU 25) 324 Seepage wetland -Berzelia-dominated Consultancy report Arabella Site 27 (HU 27) 324 Seep Consultancy report Arabella Site 29 324 Ponds (Seasonal) Consultancy report Arabella Site 30a (HU 12) 324 Riparian wetlands Consultancy report Arabella Site 30b (HU 12) 324 Seep Consultancy report Arabella Site 31 324 Wetland Consultancy report Arabella Site 32 (HU 14) 324 Wetland Consultancy report Arabella Site 34 324 Seepage wetland Consultancy report Arabella Site 35 (HU 3) 324 Seepage wetlands Consultancy report Arabella Site 4 (HU 4) 324 Riparian wetlands Consultancy report Arabella Site 5 (HU 5) 324 Wetlands Consultancy report Arabella Site 9 (HU 9) 324 Wetland -Berzelia-dominated Consultancy report Arch Dam - Ceres 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 10 - 20ha >2m Arieskraal Dam 245 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Artificial water body originally on UWC campus 266 Artificial water body Institutional report Alkaline (>8) Athlone Waste Water Treatment Works 23 Artificial water body Database Baden Powell Wetlands 418 Wetlands WCWF Map Input Beaufort West Bird Sanctuary 23, 300 Artificial water body Institutional report Beervlei 13 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Bellair Dam 13, 23 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Bellville South Waste Disposal artificial wetlands 395 Artificial water body Consultancy report 91 Appendix 5 Belsvlei 8, 22 Vlei (Seepage wetland) Scientific article Acid (<6) Brak 12, 13, 19, 21, 23, 25, 45, 53, 57, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 97, 123, Berg River Estuary (Including floodplain and associated 143, 146, 147, 148, 169, 201, 202, 207, 221, 239, 300, 308, Estuary (Permanently open)/floodplain/pans Report >100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline wetland systems) 352, 447 Berg vlei 303 Vlei Other Bergvalleirivier 207 Riparian wetlands Institutional report 1 -10 ha Bethel Reservoir - Paarl 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 10 - 20ha >2m Betty's Bay vlei 3, 185 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Betty's Bay Wetlands 276 Wetland Consultancy report Bietou River Estuary 23, 140, 207, 300, 322 Estuary (Joins Keurbooms estuary)/floodplain Institutional report 10 - 20ha Blaauwberg Vlei 428 Vlei WCWF Map Input Black River Wetlands System 2, 71 Riparian wetland Scientific article 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Blinde Estuary 8, 12, 19 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Brak Blinde Gorge 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Blinkvlei 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Bloemendal Pan 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Hypersaline Blomfontein 8 Scientific article Acid (<6) Brak Blouvlei - Century City 55, 56, 63, 139, 267, 372, 430 Artificial wetland Scientific article 10 - 20ha Acid (<6) Saline Bokke Kraal 3, 8 Floodplain vlei Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Bokramspruit Estuary 12, 19 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Bokramspruit riparian wetlands (including source seepage 278 Riparian wetlands Consultancy report wetlands) Bontebok NP - southern floodplains and seasonal pans 325 Floodplain wetland Wetlands Datasheets >100ha Bordjies Dam 449 Impoundment (Dam) Thesis Acid (<6) 12, 13, 19, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, Bot River Estuary 38, 42,45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 62, 71, 75, 80, 115, 120, 145, 159, Estuary (Closed) Report >100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline 207, 234, 297, 300, 323, 393 Bovendste Wagendrift 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak River - airfield 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brakkekloof wetland 443 Wetland (Permanent) with seasonal marshland Consultancy report Brakvlei Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Brandfontein 3, 222 Pan (Temporary) Unpublished report 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Brandvlei Dam 13, 87, 368, 396, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Acid (<6) 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71, 97, 142, 143, 147, 148, 157, 219, Breede River Estuary Estuary (Permanently open) Report >100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline 317, 352, 360 Breede River Estuary riparian wetlands 123 Riparian/floodplain wetlands Report >100ha Brommersvlei Wetland 392 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report Buffeljags Dam 13, 87, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Acid (<6) Buffels (Oos) Estuary 12, 19, 20, 316, 345 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report 1 -10 ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Buffels (Wes) Estuary 316, 345 Marshy wetlands/Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Institutional report 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m Acid (<6) Buffels River Dam 345, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 10 - 20ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Bulshoek Dam 13, 23 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Burgers Inlet 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Burgerspan 8, 39 Pan (Non perennial) Scientific article 10 - 20ha Neutral (6 - 8) Hypersaline Appendix 5 Byways Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Dam 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 1 -10 ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Cape Corps 2, 8 Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Cape Flats Sewage Treatment Works 9, 10 Artificial wetland Scientific article 20 - 100ha 0.5 - 2m Cape Peninsula Restio Wetland 3 Marsh - Restio Thesis Cape Point temporary pool A 449 Pool - Temporary Thesis Acid (<6) Cape Point temporary pool C 449 Pool - Temporary Thesis Acid (<6) Cape Point temporary pool M 449 Pool - Temporary Thesis Acid (<6) Cape Point Wetlands 177 Wetlands Institutional report Cedarberg Wetlands 423 WCWF Map Input Cederberg Wetlands 3 Sponge Thesis Acid (<6) Clanwilliam Dam 13, 23, 87, 239, 397, 401 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Acid (<6) Clanwilliam Dam - palmiet wetland below dam 439 Wetlands around Impoundment (Dam) WCWF Map Input Cornervlei 95 Wetland (Seasonal) Thesis >100ha Alkaline (>8) Cowvlei 95 Wetland (Seasonal) Thesis >100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Damara Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Daytona Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Neutral (6 - 8) Saline De Bos Dam - Hermanus 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 1 -10 ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) De Bron 372 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report De Diepte Gatt 8 Vlei Scientific article Acid (<6) Brak

11, 13, 23, 39, 45, 71, 83, 17, 108, 109, 119, 122, 130, 131, De Hoop Vlei Coastal lake Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 132, 145, 159, 170, 174, 192, 194, 202, 207, 265, 300, 362

11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 39, 45, 71, 122, 148, 176, 179, 181, De Mond / Heuningnes River Estuary 182, 188, 191, 192, 194, 206, 207, 222, 223, 244, 295, 300, Estuary (Artificially kept open) Report >100ha 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 323 Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak De Villiers Dam 168, 267, 269 Impoundment (Dam) Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) De Vlakte 8 Scientific article Acid (<6) Brak De Vreede 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Dennebos 411 WCWF Map Input Dick Dent Bird Sanctuary 23, 300 Artificial water body Database Die Dam, northeast of De Hoop Vlei 131 Vlei (small) Institutional report 1 -10 ha 0.5 - 2m Die Oog 335 Seepage wetland and spring-fed pond Wetlands Datasheets <1ha Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Die Pan (Vispan) 8 Pan Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Hypersaline Die Plaat 39 Estuary Monitoring data >100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Hypersaline 2, 13, 23, 71, 74, 143, 147, 197, 207, 270, 302, 319, 337, 352, Diep River Estuary (Milnerton Lagoon) Estuary (Temporarily open/closed)/lagoon Thesis >100ha 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 375 Diep River riparian wetlands 2, 390 Riparian wetlands Thesis 0 - 0.5m Donkerkloof Tributary 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Doornfontein 1 3 Floodplain Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Doornfontein 2 3 Pan (Semi-permanent) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Doornfontein 3 3 Salt pan Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Appendix 5 Driefontein Farm Dam 23 Impoundment (Farm dam) Database Driehoekvlei 3, 8 Vlei Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Driftsands Nature Reserve 435 WCWF Map Input Droevlei 23, 300 Vlei/ Impoundment (Dam) Database Droevlei A 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Droevlei B 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Du Toits 396 Floodplain wetland Consultancy report >100ha Duiwenhoks Dam - Heidelberg 13, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Report 20 - 100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Duiwenhoks River Estuary 12, 13, 20, 23, 71, 148, 315 Estuary (Permanently open) Report 20 - 100ha >2m Duiwenhoks wetland system 406 Riparian wetlands WCWF Map Input Duthie Reserve, Stellenbosch 414 WCWF Map Input Dwars River Mouth lagoon 391 Lagoon/ Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Consultancy report Dwarsberg wetlands 387 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m Fresh Echo Valley pool 168 Pool Scientific article Edith Stephens Wetland Park 23, 267, 421, 422 Wetlands Institutional report

Eerste River Estuary (Kuils River Estuary) 12, 19, 20, 23, 71, 94, 148, 246, 267, 330, 345, 357, 260, 267 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report >100ha Saline

Egbertsvlei 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Eikenhof Dam 23, 245, 300 Impoundment (Dam) Database

Eilandvlei 3, 11, 17, 23, 112, 121, 126, 138, 140, 144, 159, 207, 220, 306 Coastal lake Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Saline

Elandskloof Dam - Villiersdorp 13, 396, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Report 20 - 100ha >2m Elandskloof wetlands 396 Riparian wetland Consultancy report >100ha Elgin area - E01 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E02 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E03 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E04 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E05 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E06 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E07 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E08 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E09 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E10 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E11 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E11b farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis Elgin area - E12 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E13 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E14 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E15 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E16 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E17 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E18 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E19 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E20 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Appendix 5 Elgin area - E21 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E22 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E23 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E24 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E25 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E26 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Elgin area - E27 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elgin area - E28 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Elias Gat (Vioolskloof) 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Elim Dams 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Elsenberg Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Elsies River Estuary 20, 316, 345 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Scientific article 1 -10 ha Elsies Tributary lower reach wetlands 278 Riparian wetlands Consultancy report Elsies Tributary middle reach wetlands 278 Riparian wetlands Consultancy report Elsies Tributary upper reach wetlands 278 Black-water seeps Consultancy report Ernest Robertson dam 299 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Acid (<6) Esperanto Dam A 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Esperanto Dam B 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Fairfield Dams 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Fresh Farm 182 (Peter's Bog) 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Februariesvlei 391 Coastal vlei Consultancy report >100ha 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Fernwood Erf 242 Wetland 294 Wetland (Seasonal) Wetlands Datasheets <1ha 0 - 0.5m Fernwood Estate springs & wetland 293 Spring wetlands, ponds Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m

Fish Hoek/Noordhoek Corridor, Hout Bay and Cape Flats 177 Institutional report

Floriskraal Dam 13, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Fonteinjiesberg Wetland 424 Mountain seepage WCWF Map Input Gamkapoort Dam 13, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Gansbaai 8 Vlei Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Brak Geelbeksvlei 155, 233 Riparian wetland (Permanent) Wetlands Datasheets 10 - 20ha Gemsbok Dam 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database George Sewage Works 23 Artificial water body Database Gillidam 44, 449 Impoundment (Dam) Thesis <1ha 0.5 - 2m Acid (<6) Glencairn Vlei 2, 235, 278, 389 Riparian wetlands (Seasonal, freshwater) Thesis 20 - 100ha 0.5 - 2m Acid (<6) Fresh Goodwood ephemeral pans 280 Pan - Ephemeral Consultancy report Alkaline (>8) Saline Goukamma River Estuary 12, 13, 19, 23, 140, 148, 154 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report 20 - 100ha >2m Saline Goukou (Kafferkuils) River Estuary 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71, 148, 315 Estuary (Permanently open) Report 20 - 100ha >2m Goukou (Kafferkuils) River Estuary - riparian wetlands 123 Floodplain wetland Report Goukou (Kafferkuils) River wetlands 386 Riparian wetlands - peat Wetlands Datasheets >100ha 0 - 0.5m Fresh Goukou (Kafferkuils) River Wetlands 327, 409 Riparian wetlands WCWF Map Input >100ha >2m Acid (<6) Fresh Gouriqua 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Gouritz River Estuary 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71, 148, 296 Estuary (Permanently open) Report Saline Grabouw Dam - G1d 402 Impoundment (Dam) Scientific article Great Brak River Estuary 12, 13, 19, 23, 71, 140, 143, 147, 148, 202 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Greyton wetlands 396 Floodplain wetland Consultancy report >100ha Appendix 5 Groenvlei - Breede River 396 Floodplain wetland Consultancy report >100ha 3, 13, 18, 23, 39, 50, 97, 112, 129, 140, 144, 153, 159, 195, Groenvlei - Wilderness Coastal lake Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Brak 207, 265, 300, 306 Groot - Paardevlei 159 Coastal lake (isolated) Report Groot - Rondevlei 3, 8 Black-water lake Thesis 0 - 0.5m Acid (<6) Brak Groot (Wes) River Estuary - Nature's Valley 12, 19, 20, 23, 140, 207, 209 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Institutional report 20 - 100ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Groot Brak Estuary 20, 299 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Saline Groot Rondevlei - Betty's Bay 3, 8 41, 44, 265, 276 Black-water lake (Pan - Temporary?) Thesis 10 - 20ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Groot Vlakte 3 Floodplain vlei Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Groot Witvlei 8, 23, 44, 265, 276 Black-water lake Scientific article 10 - 20ha 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Brak Grootfontein Farm Dam 1 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Grootfontein Farm Dam 2 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Grootvlei 71, 95 Wetland (Seasonal) Scientific article >100ha Alkaline (>8) Grootvlei North - Betty's Bay 177 Institutional report Grootvlei South - Bettys Bay 177 Institutional report Grootvloer 123 Salt flats Report Gwaing Estuary 12 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Gwayang Riparian Wetlands 231 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets Hagelkraal River riparian wetlands 8, 41, 166, 177, 287 Riparian wetlands Report 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Hamburg Pan 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Hartebeeskuil Dam 23 Impoundment (Dam) Database Hartenbos River Estuary 12, 13, 19, 20, 314, 323 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report 10 - 20ha 0.5 - 2m Hypersaline Haze Vlakte 3 Floodplain vlei - Restio marsh Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Nature Reserve 207 Riparian wetlands - dam, marshy Institutional report >100ha Helderstroom 396 Riparian wetlands Consultancy report >100ha Heldervue Dam - Somerset West 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Alkaline (>8) Helderwater Pan 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Hely-Hutchinson Reservoir 269 Impoundment (Dam) Scientific article Acid (<6) Hemel en Aarde 8, 22 Marshland Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Herold Farm Dam 1 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Herold Farm Dam 2 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Herold Farm Dam 3 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Herold Farm Dam 4 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Herold Farm Dam 5 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Herold Farm Dam 6 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Herold Farm Dam 7 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Het Kruis 207 Marshy depression Institutional report 1 -10 ha Heuningrug to Wiesdrif 207 Riparian wetlands/ pans Institutional report >100ha Heuningrugt pan 39 Pan (Perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Heuwelfontein 39 Floodplain wetland Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Hex River Farm Dam - Ar 402 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Scientific article Hex River Farm Dam - Br 402 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Scientific article Hex River Farm Dam - Dd 402 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Scientific article Hex River wetlands 396 Floodplain wetland Consultancy report >100ha Appendix 5 Highland Home bottom 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Highland Home Upper 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Hohenort Detention Dam 392 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report Honing Rug 3 Floodplain vlei/ Restio marsh Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Hoogvertoon 8 Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Houdenbek Dam 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Houdenbek Dam A 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Houdenbek Dam B 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data >100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Hout Bay River Riparian Wetland 2, 133, 355 Riparian Wetlands Wetlands Datasheets 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Fresh Hout Bay River Estuary 12, 19, 20 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Ida's Valley Dam 246 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 1 -10 ha Idas Valley Dam - Lower - Stellenbosch 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 10 - 20ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Idas Valley Dam - Upper - Stellenbosch 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 1 -10 ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Idas Valley off-channel dams 267 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Jackson Dam 278 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report Jakkalsfontein Private Reserve Wetlands 149 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets 10 - 20ha 0 - 0.5m Jakkalsvlei 2, 13, 23, 39, 71, 300, 367 Estuary (Closed) Report 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Jakkalsvlei Pan 450 Estuary (Closed) - pan Consultancy report Joosfontein A 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Joosfontein B 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Joostenbergkloof Dam 23 Impoundment (Dam) Database Kaaimans River Estuary 12, 13, 140 Estuary (Permanently open) Report Kaaimans River Riparian wetlands 231 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets Molen Kammanassie Dam 13, 23 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Lake (or Karriewater) 195 Scientific article Karbonaatjies Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Karbonkelberg, Hout Bay, wetlands 281 Seep/sponge wetlands Consultancy report <1ha Kars River riparian wetlands 123 Floodplain vlei Report Keerom Dam 396 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report 20 - 100ha Kenilworth Racecourse 2, 8, 41, 177, 185 Wetland Thesis 0 - 0.5m Acid (<6) Brak Kervelsvlei 329 Wetland - Peat Wetlands Datasheets 20 - 100ha Keurbooms River Estuary 12, 19, 20, 21, 23, 140, 152, 298, 300, 322 Estuary (Permanently open) Report >100ha >2m Saline Keysers River floodplain wetland 282 Floodplain wetland Consultancy report Keysers River reed marsh 225 Marsh - reed Consultancy report 1 -10 ha Keysers River Riparian Wetland 2 Riparian Wetland Thesis 0 - 0.5m Keysers River salt marshes 282 Salt mashes Consultancy report Keysers River salt pans 225, 282 Salt pans Consultancy report 1 -10 ha Keysers River sedge marsh 225, 282 Marsh - Sedgemarsh Consultancy report 1 -10 ha Khayelitsha Pool 8 Wetland - pool Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Khayelitsha Wetlands 102, 105 Wetland Published literature Kiekoesvlei 8, 39 Pan (Non perennial) Scientific article 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Kiphoek saltpans 39 Salt pan Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens 207 Marshy area Institutional report <1ha Kirstenhof Wetland 392 Riparian wetland (Typha-dominated) Consultancy report Klaasjagers Estuary 8 Estuary Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Appendix 5 Klapmuts Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Klavervlei 2, 23, 63, 300 Impoundment (Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Kleigat Pan 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Klein Brak Estuary 12, 13, 19, 21, 71, 73, 140, 148 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report >100ha >2m Klein Hamburg Pan 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak 12, 13, 19, 21, 23, 71, 81, 97, 143, 147, 148, 159, 202, 218, Klein River Estuary Estuary (Temporarily closed/open) Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 268, 323, 352 Kleinmond River Estuary 21, 23, 27, 30, 71, 148, 185, 207, 300, 393 Estuary (usually open) Scientific article >100ha Kleinplaas Dam - Jonkershoek river 246 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Kleinplaas Dam - Lewis Gay Dam intermediate wetlands 278 Wetlands around Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown 8, 278, 345, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Scientific article 20 - 100ha >2m Acid (<6) Brak Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown (downstream open- 278 Riparian wetlands Consultancy report water/Phragmites australis wetland) Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown (marginal wetlands) 278 Wetlands around Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown (upstream wetlands) 278 Riparian wetlands Consultancy report Kleinplaas Dam - Simonstown (wetland below wall) 2 Wetlands around Impoundment (Dam) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Acid (<6) Klein Rondevlei 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Kleynkloof Private Nature Reserve Dam 166 Impoundment (Dam) Wetlands Datasheets Klipberg Dam 396 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report 1 -10 ha Klipdrifsfontein Estuary 12, 19 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Kliphoek 39 Floodplain Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Kluitjieskraal Wetland 23, 432 Wetland Database Knipes Hope Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Knollefontein 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8)

12, 13, 19, 21, 23, 75, 82, 97, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, Knysna Estuary Estuary (Permanently open) Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline 156, 171, 207, 249, 161, 262, 164, 300, 346, 352, 441, 444

Knysna Estuary Sewage Works 23 Artificial wetland Database Koeberg Private Nature Reserve infiltration ponds 289 Artificial water body - ponds Consultancy report Koekiespan 8 Pan Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Hypersaline Koekiespan (2nd site) 8 Pan Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Koenskraal Pan 23 Pan Database Kogelberg Dam 245 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Korinte Vet 13, 87 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Acid (<6) Korrentepoort Dam - Riversdale 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report >100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Kraaifontein Waste Water Treatment Works 366 Artificial water body Consultancy report Kreupelboom 372 Impoundment (Farm dam) Consultancy report Krom Estuary 12 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Krom Estuary (Oos)?? 19 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report >100ha Kruispad 1 3 Floodplain pan Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Saline Kruispad 2 3 Floodplain pan/ Restio marsh Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Kruispad 3 3 Floodplain pan Thesis Kruisrivier wetlands 385 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets 20 - 100ha 0 - 0.5m Fresh Kuilenburg 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Appendix 5 Kuils River Wetlands 2, 388, 436 Riparian wetlands - floodplain wetlands Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Kwaggaskloof Dam 396 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report >100ha Kwarte 396 Riparian wetland Consultancy report >100ha La Rochelle 3 Salt pan Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Saline Lake Michelle - salt pan/marsh 372 Salt marsh/pans Consultancy report Lake Michelle - Lake (Shallow) 373 Lake (Shallow) Consultancy report 20 - 100ha >2m Brak Lake near Cecilia's Drift, Paarl 83 Lake (small, slightly acid and eutrophic) Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Lakens Valley Dam - Ceres 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 20 - 100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Lamloch swamps 27 Swamps Scientific article Landdroskop wetlands 384 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha Fresh Landskroon Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline 11, 13, 21, 23, 45, 71, 72, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 99, 104, 122, 143, 147, 148, 158, 173, 196, 198, 199, 202, Langebaan Lagoon Embayment - Lagoon Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 203, 205, 207, 224, 239, 274, 300, 301, 313, 338, 347, 352, 356, 361, 365 Langevlei 2, 250, 372 Vlei and riparian wetlands Thesis 1 -10 ha 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Fresh Langfontein Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data <1ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Langpan 3 Salt pan Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Saline Langpan 39 Pan (Perennial) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Hypersaline 3, 11, 13, 14, 17, 23, 112, 121, 126, 140, 144, 159, 207, 220, Langvlei - Wilderness Coastal lake Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 306 Le Chasseur 396 Riparian wetland Consultancy report >100ha Leeu Gamka Dam 13, 23 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Leeuriver wetlands - Floodplain wetland (Site D) 350 Floodplain riparian wetland Thesis 20 - 100ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Leeuriver wetlands - Floodplain wetland (Site E) 350 Floodplain riparian wetland Thesis >100ha 0.5 - 2m Acid (<6) Leeuriver wetlands - Floodplain wetland upstream of weir 350 Floodplain wetland Thesis >100ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) (Site G) Leeuriver wetlands - Merging with river channel (Site F) 350 Riparian wetland Thesis 20 - 100ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Leeuriver wetlands - Seepage wetland (Site B) 350 Seepage wetland Thesis >100ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Leeuriver wetlands - Shallow Pools (Site A) 350 Riparian shallow pools Thesis 20 - 100ha 0 - 0.5m Acid (<6) Leeuriver wetlands - Site C below orchards 350 Riparian wetland Thesis >100ha 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Lewis Gay Dam 267, 278, 345, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report 1 -10 ha >2m Acid (<6) Little Meadows 39 Wetland Monitoring data >100ha Little Princess Vlei 2, 372, 397 Artificial water body - vlei Consultancy report 1 -10 ha 0.5 - 2m Acid (<6) Loch Venus 351 Wetland (Perennial) Consultancy report 2 Riparian wetlands Thesis 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Lourens River Estuary 12, 19, 20, 21, 23, 71, 94, 148, 345 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Saline Lourens River: Land-en-Zeezicht 267 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Maalgate Estuary 12, 19 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Maalgate Riparian Wetlands 231 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets Macassar Waste Water Treatment Works 23 Artificial water body Database Malkopsvlei (Black Bass Lake - Betty's Bay) 8, 83, 36, 397 Black-water Lake (Acidic) Scientific article >100ha >2m Acid (<6) Matjies Estuary 12, 19 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Matjieskuil 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Appendix 5 Matrusfontein 207 Wetlands Institutional report 20 - 100ha Meerlust Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Melkbos Pan 3, 8, 64, 66, 194, 429 Pan (small) Thesis 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Melkbos Pan 1 3 Salt pan Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Saline Memel Dams 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Middelberg-wes 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Middelskilpadvlei A 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Middelskilpadvlei B 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Middelskilpadvlei C 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Middelvlei Wetland System 43 Wetlands Thesis Milnerton Ditch 2 Ditch Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Misverstand Dam 250, 447 Impoundment (Dam) Wetlands Datasheets 20 - 100ha >2m Mocke River Wetland 285 Riparian wetland Consultancy report 1 -10 ha Modder River Mouth 23 Estuary Database Modder River Riparian Wetlands 8 Riparian wetland Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Moddervlei 8, 189, 207 Riparian wetlands Scientific article >100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Moddervlei - In Rondevlei Bird Sanctuary 95, 286, 340 Wetland (Seasonal) Thesis >100ha Alkaline (>8) Molen Riparian Wetlands 231 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets Moordkuil Vlei 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Moordkuil Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data >100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Morester Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Mosquito Kolk West Pan 8 Pan Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Brak Mossel Bay Sewage Works 23, 300 Artificial water body Database Mossgas Dams 23 Impoundment (Dam) Database Nanties Reservoir - Paarl 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 10 - 20ha >2m Naudes Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Nethercourt 396 Riparian wetland Consultancy report >100ha Noetsie Estuary 12, 19 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Nooeinsfontein 359, 372, 380, 437 Floodplain wetland Consultancy report Noord Agter Paarl Irrigation Dam 23, 39 Impoundment (Dam) Database 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Noordhoek Dam 23 Impoundment (Dam) Database Noordhoek Ditch 2 Ditch Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Noordhoek Pick & Pay Reedbeds 351, 372 Wetland (Reedbed) Consultancy report Noordhoek Salt Pans 2, 8, 71, 248 Salt pan Thesis 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Saline Noordhoek Tidal lagoon 351, 398 Lagoon (tidal) Consultancy report >100ha Hypersaline Noordhoek Wetlands 59, 60, 413 Wetlands Published literature Nuweberg Dam 245, 348 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 20 - 100ha >2m Acid (<6) Nuwejaars River - Brakpan area 207 Riparian wetlands Institutional report 20 - 100ha Nuwejaars River - riparian wetlands 123 Floodplain vlei Report Nuwejaars River Riparian Wetlands 190 Riparian wetlands Thesis Odessa 3 Floodplain vlei Thesis Neutral (6 - 8) 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 45, 71, 97, 106, 143, 147, 148, 202, Olifants River Estuary Estuary (Permanently open) Report >100ha >2m 300, 318 Olifants River Estuary - riparian wetlands 123 Riparian wetland Report Appendix 5 Olifantskraal marsh 207 Marsh wetlands Institutional report 1 -10 ha Brak Olyfenboomen Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Onrus River Estuary 12, 20, 22, 164, 211 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report 10 - 20ha >2m Brak Orange St Reservoir 2 Impoundment (Dam) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Ou Soutpan 3 Floodplain vlei Thesis Oudebosch 420 WCWF Map Input Sewage Works 23, 63 Artificial water body Database Oukloof Dam - Prince Albert 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 20 - 100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Over Hex A Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Over Hex B Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Overberg area - O01 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Overberg area - O02 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O03 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O04 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O05 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O06 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O07 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O08 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O09 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O10 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O11 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O12 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O13 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Overberg area - O14 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O15 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O16 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O17 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Overberg area - O18 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O19 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis 1 -10 ha Overberg area - O20 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O21 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O22 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O23 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O24 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O25 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O26 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O27 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O28 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O29 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O30 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overberg area - O31 farmdam 1, 4 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Thesis <1ha Overstrand Municipality erf 1895 dam 166 Impoundment (Dam) Wetlands Datasheets Paarden Eiland Vlei (Zoarvlei) 71, 302, 304, 321, 372, 446 Coastal floodplain/marsh Scientific article 10 - 20ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Paardevlei Dam 23, 71, 136, 300, 374 Impoundment (Dam) Database >2m Paarl Bird Sanctuary 23, 300 Artificial water body Database Appendix 5 Paarl Sewage Works 39, 63, 207 Artificial water body Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Padkuilsvlei 95 Wetland (Seasonal) Thesis 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Padvlei 95 Wetland (Seasonal) Thesis 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Paleisheuwel dam 207 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Institutional report 1 -10 ha Palloti Wetland 253, 255 Riparian wetland Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha 0.5 - 2m Palmiet fontein 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Palmiet River Dam 267 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report

Palmiet River Estuary 12, 13, 19, 23, 51, 54, 71, 79, 148, 245, 275, 364, 393, 399 Estuary (Permanently open) Report >100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Hypersaline

Papenkuils 368, 369, 396 Floodplain palustrine wetland Consultancy report >100ha Papkuilsvlei 2, 227, 351 Wetland (Seasonal) Thesis Parkwood Vlei 23 Vlei Database Parkwood Wetlands 434 WCWF Map Input Pearly Beach 8, 287 Marsh - Coastal lake Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Pelican Park artificial wetlands 288 Artificial water body Consultancy report Pelican Park dune slack core wetlands 288 Dune slack wetlands Consultancy report Neutral (6 - 8) Pelican Park marginal disturbed wetlands 288 Wetlands Consultancy report Phesantekraal Farm Dam 334 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Consultancy report Piesang River Estuary 12, 19, 20, 140, 298 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report >100ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Pietersfontein Dam 396, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report 20 - 100ha Piketberg dam - P2d 402 Impoundment (Dam) Scientific article Pinelands (the Crossing) 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Platdrif 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Platteklip River Riparian Wetlands 284 Riparian wetlands Consultancy report Sewage Works 140, 207 Artificial water body Institutional report 1 -10 ha Pollsmoor Dam 267, 392 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Poortjeskloof Dam 13, 396, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Report 20 - 100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Porterville Municipal Dam 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Potberg Pan (Lower) 23 Pan Database

Princess Vlei 2, 5, 10, 71, 83, 95, 159, 167, 168, 204, 241, 269, 372, 397 Coastal lake Thesis 20 - 100ha >2m Alkaline (>8)

Pringle Bay Restio marsh 3 Restio marsh Thesis Proposed Brooklands dam site 278 Seepage wetlands Consultancy report Proposed Dam site 278 Consultancy report Proposed Hangklip Dam 400 Impoundment (Dam) Published literature >100ha >2m Proposed Malmesbury Golf Esate: Seepage area in 284 Seepage Consultancy report wheatfields Proposed Malmesbury Golf Estate: artificial channel 1 284 Artificial water body Consultancy report Proposed Malmesbury Golf Estate: artificial channel 2 284 Artificial water body Consultancy report Proposed Malmesbury Golf Estate: Seasonal wetland 284 Wetland (Seasonal) Consultancy report Protea Wetland 251 Riparian wetland (permanent) Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m Protea/Kirstenbosch Wetland - wetland 291 Wetland (Seasonal) Wetlands Datasheets <1ha 0 - 0.5m Protea/Kirstenbosch Wetland - springs, ponds 292 Spring wetlands, ponds Wetlands Datasheets <1ha 0.5 - 2m Purgatory 419 WCWF Map Input Appendix 5 Quagga Plaat 8 Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Brak Raapenberg Bird Sanctuary 23, 137, 207, 254, 256, 300 Riparian wetland Scientific article 10 - 20ha 0 - 0.5m Rachmere 3 Floodplain vlei Thesis Radyn Dam 23, 39, 300 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Ratel River 1 3 Coastal lake Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Ratel River 2 3 Floodplain vlei/ Restio marsh Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Ratel River Estuary 8, 12, 19, 41, 71 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Ratel River Estuary - riparian wetlands 123 Floodplain wetland Report Ratel River I 8 Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Saline Ratel River II 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Ratel River wetland 427 Riparian wetland WCWF Map Input Rawson Dam 278 Impoundment (Dam) Consultancy report Retention dam/vlei on UWC campus 266 Impoundment (Retention Dam) Institutional report Neutral (6 - 8) Rhenosterkop Pan 8, 39, 207 Pan (Shallow, perennial) Scientific article 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Rietfontein 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Saline

2, 12, 19, 21, 23, 39, 45, 71, 74, 100, 103, 159, 197, 200, 226, Rietvlei Riparian wetland - vlei Thesis >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Brak 300, 302, 305, 319, 320, 332, 337, 366, 372, 375, 390

Rietvlei/Milnerton sewage works 207 Artificial water body Institutional report >100ha Rietvlei/Paardeneiland (Zoarvlei) vleis 202 Vlei (Seasonal) Scientific article >100ha Riverlands Nature Reserve 438 WCWF Map Input Riversdale 8 Scientific article Acid (<6) Riviersonderend River Riparian wetlands 123, 396, 425 Floodplain wetland Report >100ha Robberg Vlei 328 Wetland (Perennial, Reed-dominated) Wetlands Datasheets 10 - 20ha 0 - 0.5m Rocher Pan 3, 23, 39, 71, 134, 135, 202, 215, 300 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 20 - 100ha 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Rocklands Dam 23, 39 Impoundment (Dam) Database 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Rockview Dam 245 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Romar Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Rondeberg 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak 433 WCWF Map Input Rondeheuvel 396 Riparian wetland Consultancy report >100ha Rondepan 39 Pan (Perennial) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Hypersaline Ronderug 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak 2, 10, 23, 40, 44, 45, 69, 71, 83, 95, 137, 141, 159, 163, 165, Rondevlei - Cape Peninsula 168, 207, 263, 269, 286, 300, 342, 343, 354, 363, 372, 377, Coastal vlei Thesis 20 - 100ha 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 378, 379, 381, 442, 448 3, 11, 14, 17, 23, 65, 112, 121, 126, 140, 144, 159, 207, 220, Rondevlei - Wilderness Coastal lake Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 306 Roode Els Berg Dam 13, 396, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Report 20 - 100ha >2m Rooiels River Estuary 12, 19, 20, 71, 148, 208, 345 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report 1 -10 ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Rooipan 8 Pan (Non perennial) Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Rooipan 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Rooirivier floodplain wetland 231 Floodplain wetland Wetlands Datasheets 10 - 20ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Appendix 5 Rooisand deflation surface 27 Wetland Scientific article 0.5 - 2m Rooiwal 3 Pan (Semi-permanent) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Rozenburg 207 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Institutional report 1 -10 ha Ruigtevlei - Villiersdorp 410 WCWF Map Input Ruigtevlei - Wilderness 195, 207 Scientific article 20 - 100ha Salmonsdam 8 Vlei Scientific article Acid (<6) Brak Sand Estuary 12, 345 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Schaapkop Riparian Wetlands 231 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets Scherpenheuvel 396 Riparian wetland Consultancy report >100ha Schusterbrandvlei 229 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m Acid (<6) Fresh Schusters River Estuary 12 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Sederhoutkop 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Sedgefield Estuary 140, 148 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Institutional report Seekoegat Dam (Potgieter Dam) 23 Impoundment (Dam) Database SHAWCO wetland 236 Wetland Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha

Silvermine - Pool at the 4th hole on the Clovelly golf-course 376 Riparian Pool Consultancy report

Silvermine Dam 267, 345, 376, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Acid (<6) Silvermine Dam Inflow 8 Wetland Scientific article Acid (<6) Brak Silvermine River (Lower) Riparian Wetlands 8 Riparian wetland Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Silvermine River Estuary 12, 19, 20, 162, 247, 345, 376 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report Brak Silvermine River Riparian Wetlands 2 Riparian Wetland Thesis 0 - 0.5m Acid (<6) Silvermine vlei 2, 267 Vlei Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Silvermine wetlands of Flood Management Scheme 376 Artificial water body - riparian wetland Consultancy report SilverOaks, Erf 1367, Brackenfell wetlands 283 Riparian wetlands Other Silversteen Estate: Juncus marsh lands 290 Marshlands - Juncus Other Silversteen Estate: Typha capensis marshes 290 Marshes - Typha capensis Other Silwerstroom Spring 228 Seep Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Sir Lowry's Pass Estuary 12, 19, 20, 267, 316, 345 Estuary (Temporarily open/closed) Report <1ha 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Sirkelsvlei 3, 44, 83, 159 Lake (small acid, humic) - Restio marsh Thesis 1 -10 ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Skuifraam Dam (Berg River Dam) 370, 371, 447 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Skulpadsvlei 159 Pan (Temporary) Report Skulpadsvlei 1 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Skulpadsvlei 2 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Skulpadsvlei A 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Skulpadsvlei B 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Slagboom Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Slangfontein Dam 23 Impoundment (Dam) Database Slent Farm Dam 23 Impoundment (Farm dam) Database Sneeuberg Hut Stream 8 Scientific article Acid (<6) Brak Soet Kraal 404 WCWF Map Input

Soetendalsvlei 3, 8, 13, 23, 39, 71, 159, 178, 187, 192, 194, 207, 216, 232 Coastal lake Scientific article >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Brak

Soetendalsvlei Ditch 8 Ditch Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Soetwater 3, 257 Pan (Semi-permanent) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Appendix 5 Sonstraal Dam 246 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Sonstraal Dam - 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 1 -10 ha >2m Sout River Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Sout River Estuary 13 Estuary (Permanently open) Report Sout River Estuary (Oos) 12, 19, 20, 140, 209 Estuary (Permanently open) Report 1 -10 ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Sout River Estuary (Wes) 12, 110 Estuary (Canalized) Report Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Sout River Estuary (Wes) 110 Estuary (canalized) Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Soutpan 3, 194, 207 Salt pan Thesis >100ha 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Soutpan 2 23 Salt pan Database Soutpan, Elim 71 Salt pan Scientific article Soutpanne - Yzerfontein 412 Salt pan WCWF Map Input Soutpansvlakte A (West) 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Saline Soutpansvlakte B (East) 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Hypersaline Spaanschemat River 2 Riparian Wetland Thesis 0 - 0.5m Acid (<6) Spaanschemat River b 2 Riparian Wetland Thesis 0 - 0.5m Acid (<6) Springfield 1 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Springfield 2 3 Pan (Semi-permanent) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Springfield Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Hypersaline Springfield saltpan 39 Salt pans Monitoring data >100ha Hypersaline Springfontein Dam 23, 300 Impoundment (Dam) Database Steenboksvlakte Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Steenbras River Dam 13, 23, 168, 230, 267, 269, 300, 312, 397 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Acid (<6) Fresh Steenbras River Estuary 12, 19, 316, 345 Estuary (Permanently open) Report 1 -10 ha >2m Acid (<6) Sterkwater dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Stettyn Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Stettynskloof Dam 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report 20 - 100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Stockwell dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Stompdrif 13 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Stompdrift Dam 23 Impoundment (Dam) Database Stompdrift Dam - De Rust 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report >100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Stompdrift Dam - Lower Reaches 23 Impoundment (Dam) Database Stormsvlei A 396 Riparian wetland Consultancy report >100ha Stormsvlei B 396 Floodplain wetland Consultancy report >100ha Strandfontein b 2 Artificial water body Thesis 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Strandfontein Sewage Works 2, 23, 39, 45, 63, 71, 200, 202, 300, 442 Artificial water body Thesis 20 - 100ha 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Saline Suikerbosrand/Rietvlei Dams 23 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database Sun Valley 2 Thesis 0 - 0.5m Sun Valley b 2 Thesis 0 - 0.5m Sun Valley Wetland 417 WCWF Map Input Suurdam 44 Artificial wetland Thesis <1ha 0.5 - 2m Acid (<6) Suurdam 349 Black-water lake (Acidic) Thesis Acid (<6) Suurvlakte 8 Scientific article Acid (<6) Brak Suurvlakte (2nd site) 8 Scientific article Acid (<6) Brak Swart Riparian Wetlands 231 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets Swartkop se Dam 23, 39 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database >100ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Appendix 5

12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23, 50, 52, 97, 112, 114, 124, 125, Swartvlei 138, 140, 144, 159, 207, 212, 217, 243, 258, 259, 273, 200, Estuarine coastal lake Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 306, 333, 339, 394, 444 The Lake 351 Salt pan Consultancy report Theewaterskloof Dam 13, 23, 267, 300, 396 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Touws River Estuary 11, 13, 23, 112, 138, 140, 144, 300, 306 Estuary (Temporarily closed/open) Report 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Saline Tweefontein 391 Coastal vlei Consultancy report Neutral (6 - 8) Tweevlei 39 Pan (Non perennial) Monitoring data 10 - 20ha Brak Uilkraals River Estuary 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 71, 148, 238, 415 Estuary (Permanently open) Report >100ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Uintjieskuil riparian wetland - contour52-53 279 Riparian wetland Consultancy report Uintjieskuil riparian wetland - contour52toR317 279 Riparian wetland Consultancy report Uintjieskuil riparian wetland -downstream of road to 279 Riparian wetland Consultancy report confluence with Nuewjaars Uintjieskuil upper Berzelia wetlands -above contour53 279 Riparian wetland Consultancy report Uitkoms II Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Ultra Soutpan 71 Pan Scientific article Valkenberg Wetland 252 Riparian wetland Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha 0.5 - 2m Valskuil Dam 207 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Institutional report 1 -10 ha Van Wyksvlei 123 Salt flats Report Vankervels vlei 403 Vlei WCWF Map Input Varkensvlei 8 Vlei Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Verkeerdevlei 23, 39 Impoundment (Farm Dam) Database >100ha Alkaline (>8) Brak

3, 11, 13, 21, 23, 39, 45, 63, 68, 71, 97, 98, 99, 111, 122, 148, Verlorenvlei Estuarine coastal lake and reedswamp system Thesis >100ha 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Brak 159, 172, 202, 207, 213, 271, 300, 310, 311,344, 358, 367, 450

Vermont Salt Pan 8, 23, 39, 300 Salt pan - Non perennial Scientific article 10 - 20ha Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Verrekyker 8 Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Victoria Dam 168, 267, 269 Impoundment (Dam) Scientific article Acid (<6) Vispan 194 Pan Institutional report Saline Vlei Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Fresh Vleiland/Vryheid 207 Riparian wetlands Institutional report 20 - 100ha Vlottenburg Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Voelvlei - Buffels 3, 23, 61, 71, 237, 300, 407 Vlei - Pan (seasonal) Thesis >100ha 0 - 0.5m Voelvlei - Elim 8, 39, 71, 159, 187, 189, 194, 207 Coastal lake Scientific article >100ha 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Brak Voelvlei Dam - Klein Berg River 13, 23, 83, 87, 267, 300, 353, 397, 447 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Vogel Valley 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Vredenburg Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Alkaline (>8) Brak Vrolijkheid Dam 39 Impoundment (Dam) Monitoring data 1 -10 ha Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Vyeboom 396 Floodplain wetland Consultancy report >100ha Wadrif Salt pan 13, 23, 39, 71, 202, 367, 450 Salt pan Report >100ha Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Wadrif Wetland 450 Salt pan Consultancy report Wagen Drift 3 Floodplain vlei Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Wagenbooms River 3, 8 Floodplain vlei Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Appendix 5 Wamakersvlei 39, 194 Vlei - pan Monitoring data 20 - 100ha Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Waylands 214 Seepage - Hillslope, seasonal Wetlands Datasheets >100ha 0 - 0.5m Brak Wellington Waste Water Works 23, 39, 207, 300 Artificial water body Database 20 - 100ha Neutral (6 - 8) Saline Wemmershoek Dam 13, 23, 267, 397, 447 Impoundment (Dam) Report >100ha >2m Neutral (6 - 8) Wemmershoek vlei 431 WCWF Map Input Wesfleur WWTW artificial ponds 289 Artificial water body Consultancy report Wesfleur WWTW southern infiltration ponds 289 Artificial water body Consultancy report Wesselsgat wetlands 383 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets 10 - 20ha 0 - 0.5m Fresh Westbank detention pond 359 Artificial water body Consultancy report Westlake Stream and wetlands 2, 23, 151, 282, 334, 372, 393 Riparian Wetland Thesis 1 -10 ha 0.5 - 2m Alkaline (>8) Fresh Wetland on Erf 4663, Betty's Bay 277 Wetland Consultancy report Wetlands SW of Mierkraal 207 Wetland - Ephemeral Institutional report Wetvlei 95 Wetland (Seasonal) Thesis >100ha Alkaline (>8) White Water Dam (Dirk Uys) 8 Impoundment (Dam) Scientific article Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Wiesdrif 3, 8 Floodplain vlei/ Restio marsh Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Wiesdrif Farm pan 207 Riparian pan-like depression Institutional report 20 - 100ha Wilderness Lakes 12, 14, 17, 19, 21, 45, 98, 122, 175, 220, 239 Coastal lake Report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Saline 2, 12, 13, 19, 20, 23, 58, 71, 101, 159, 248, 267, 300, 307, 331, Wildevoëlvlei - Cape Peninsula Estuarine lake (Temporarily open/closed) Thesis 20 - 100ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) 351, 398, 440 Wind Heuvel 8 Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Brak Wit River wetlands 382 Riparian wetlands Wetlands Datasheets 1 -10 ha 0 - 0.5m Fresh Aquifer Recharge 8 Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Brak Witsands Beach Wetland 416 WCWF Map Input Wittedrif 405 WCWF Map Input Woodhead Dam - Table Mountain 168, 267, 269 Impoundment (Dam) Scientific article Acid (<6) Worcester Municipal Dam 397 Impoundment (Dam) Institutional report Wysersdrift 396 Floodplain wetland Consultancy report >100ha Yzerfontein Soutpan 8, 265 Salt pan Scientific article Alkaline (>8) Saline 2, 3, 6, 7, 13, 21, 23, 39, 67, 71, 94, 116, 17, 118, 127, 128, Zandvlei 145, 159, 160, 161, 167, 168, 267, 269, 272, 282, 300, 323, Estuarine lake (Seasonally closed) Thesis >100ha 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Saline 326, 341, 357, 372, 442

2, 5, 10, 13, 45, 71, 83, 95, 113, 159, 167, 168, 189, 210, 240, Zeekoeigat WCWF Map Input 241, 242, 269, 309, 345, 372, 377, 378, 379, 381, 397, 408

Zeekoeivlei 345 Coastal lake Institutional report >100ha >2m Alkaline (>8) Hypersaline Zoutpan1 3 Pan (Semi-permanent) Thesis 0.5 - 2m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Zoutpan2 3 Lake Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Zuurvlakte 1 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Zuurvlakte 2 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Zuurvlakte 3 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Neutral (6 - 8) Brak Zwartrug 1 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis 0 - 0.5m Alkaline (>8) Brak Zwartrug 2 3 Pan (Temporary) Thesis Neutral (6 - 8)

107