Contents Title Page No Message by Member Secretary, State Planning Commision Preface by the Distict Collector i Acknowledgement ii List of Boxes iii List of Figures iv List of Tables v CHAPTERS 1. District Profile 1 2. Status of Human Development 14 3. Employment, Income and Poverty 26 4. Demography, Health and Nutrition 41 5. Literacy and Education 65 6. Gender 87 7. Social Security 98 8. Infrastructure 102 9. Summary and way forward 110 Annexures 128 Technical Notes 154 Abbreviations References 160 VILLUPURAM DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017 District Administration, Villupuram, and State Planning Commission, Tamil Nadu in association with Kalvi Kendra Villupuram Contents Title Page No Message by Member Secretary, State Planning Commision Preface by the Distict Collector i Acknowledgement ii List of Boxes iii List of Figures iv List of Tables v CHAPTERS 1. District Profile 1 2. Status of Human Development 14 3. Employment, Income and Poverty 26 4. Demography, Health and Nutrition 41 5. Literacy and Education 65 6. Gender 87 7. Social Security 98 8. Infrastructure 102 9. Summary and way forward 110 Annexures 128 Technical Notes 154 Abbreviations References 160 i Acknowledgement We take great pleasure in acknowledging the contributions of the stakeholders which has enabled us to prepare Villupuram District Human Development Report. We express our sincere gratitude to State Planning Commission and District Admininstration in identifying us as a resource institution for preparing the prestigious District Human Development Report. Our thanks to Tmt. Santha Sheela Nair, IAS, (Retd) Former Vice Chairperson, State Planning Commission, Government of Tamil Nadu for visioning the possibilities of preparing the DHDR first of its kind in the whole country and Thiru. M. Balaji, IAS, former Member Secretary, who provided the software for this vision. Our thanks to Dr. Sugato Dutt, IFS, former Member Secretary i/c, State Planning Commission who gave valuable suggestions and guidance in exploring the facts to substantiate the data through case studies while preparing the report. We thank Thiru. Anil Meshram, IAS, Member Secretary, State Planning Commission for reviewing the final draft and setting the time frame for completion of the report. Our thanks to Thiru. P. Selvarajan, Head of Divison, Rual Development and District Planning, State Planning Commission who added value during the review process which has enablee us to shape the report. Our special thanks to Selvi. S. Namagiri, Senior District Planning Officer, State Planning Commission, who stood along with us from the initial stage to last with lot of challenges in building the capacities of resource institutions through regular feedback. She also extended her support in correcting language flow and grammatical mistakes of the report. We also thank Dr. G. N. Krupa, Planning Officer, for technical clarification on working the indices. We thank Tmt. M. Lakshmi, IAS, former District Collector, who supported and guided us in the preparation of this report. We are very much thankful to the District Collector, Dr. L. Subramanian, IAS, who not only expedited the data collection from the different district departments, but also shared his insights on the development issues and initiatives of the district administration. Appreciations to Thiru S. Chinnappan, Director of Kalvi Kendra for his guidance in the whole process and Mr. S. John Paul, project in charge who has been the focal person in leading the team towards success. Most importantly, the report is a team work and many thanks to the work done by Dr. B. Regina Papa, Former Director & Head, Women Studies Division, Alagappa university, Karaikudi; Dr. N. Narayanasamy, Professor, Department of Extension Education, Faculty of Rural Development, Gandhigram University; Dr. S. Manivel, Associate Professor, Department of Cooperation, Gandhigram University; Dr. A. Mayil Murugan, Associate professor of Commerce, Madura College, Madurai; and Dr.T. Ramanujam, Associate professor, Centre for Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy. The human development report of Villupuram district as presented in the ensuing pages may not be a fast track scenario but an appreciable segment of the onward journey that Tamil Nadu State has envisioned in enriching the quality of life of its people. ii List of Boxes Box No Title Page No 1.1 Malayali Tribe in Kalrayan hills in Search of an Identity 12 2.1 Migration is part of their Life 25 3.1 Child Labour in the district 31 3.2 Agriculture in Villupuram District in Fertile and Dry 33 3.3 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee 35 Act (MGNREGA) 3.4 Challenges of Women Salt Pan Workers 39 4.1 Nutritional Programme of Government 57 4.2 Utilisation of Govt. Health Care Services and 61 Health Programmes of State and Central Government 4.3 Vital Role of Village Health Nurses 63 5.1 Initiatives for Improvement in Quality of Education 80 5.2 Technology initiatives in school children 82 5.3 Community Participation in educating rural children 84 6.1 Status of Gender Inequality Index in the District 90 6.2 Koovagam - Carnival to mainstream Transgenders 91 6.3 Women Self-Help Groups 92 6.4 Women Political Empowerment 96 7.1 Marriage and Maternity Assistance 100 iii List of Figures Figure No Title Page No 1.1 Growth Rate of Gross District Domestic Product 9 4.1 CBR and CDR 43 4.2 Infant Mortality Rate 49 4.3 Institutional Delivery (%) 51 4.4 Malnourishment among children (0-5) 54 4.5 Access to Drinking Water 58 5.1 Literacy Performance of the District 66 5.2 Arts and Science Colleges 83 5.3 Engineering Colleges and Polytechnics 83 6.1 Work Participation Rate 93 iv List of Tables Table No Title Page No 1.1 District Basic Demographic Profile 6 1.2 Growth Rate of Percapita Income 10 2.1 Top and Bottom Five Blocks In Human Development Index 15 2.2 Top and Bottom Five Blocks in Gender Inequality Index 17 2.3 Top and Bottom Five Blocks In Child Development Index 19 2.4 Top and Bottom Five Blocks in Multi Dimentional Poverty Index 21 2.5 Block-wise HDI, GII, CDI and MPI Values 22 3.1 Total Workers and Non Workers 27 3.2 Work Participation Rate 30 3.3 Composition of Workers 32 3.4 Registration and Placement 35 3.5 Per capita Income 36 3.6 Poverty Level 37 3.7 Family Card Holders 38 4.1 Demographic Profile of the Villupuram District 42 4.2 Sex Ratio 45 4.3 Child Sex Ratio 47 4.4 Life Expectancy at birth 48 4.5 Maternal Mortality Ratio 50 4.6 Still Birth Rate 52 4.7 Provision of IFA Tablets 56 4.8 Availability of Toilet 60 4.9 Age and Sex-wise Persons with HIV Positives 61 4.10 Persons Affected by TB / Leprosy 62 5.1 Enrolment in Primary Education 68 v 5.2 Completion and Dropout rate in Primary Education 70 5.3 Enrolment in Upper Primary Education 72 5.4 Completion Rate in Upper Primary 73 5.5 Dropout Rate in Upper Primary 74 5.6 Transition Rate 75 5.7 Availability of Schools 77 5.8 Pupil Teacher Ratio 78 5.9 Enrolment rate in Secondary Education 79 5.10 School Infrastructure 81 5.11 Hostels 82 6.1 Comparative Status of Women 88 6.2 Membership in Assembly and local bodies 95 7.1 Demographic Profile of the Aged 98 7.2 Financial Assistance of the Aged 99 7.3 Assistance to Differently Abled 100 7.4 Crime Against Women 101 8.1 Total Road length 103 8.2 Status of Electrification 104 8.3 Telecommunication System 105 8.4 Commercial and Cooperative Banks 106 8.5 Insurance Companies 107 vi CHAPTER 1 VILLUPURAM DISTRICT - A PROFILE Chapter - 1 Villupuram District - a Profile This chapter is designed to present a backdrop to the report on the human development of the Villupuram district in Tamil Nadu. This introductory chapter makes a broader presentation on the physical, historical, social, economic and infrastructural characteristics of the district. Origin Villupuram district was formed on 30th September 1993 by bifurcating the erstwhile composite South Arcot district. The residual part of the district was named as Cuddalore district. It is the 23rd district of Tamil Nadu. It is the second largest district in Tamil Nadu with an area of 7194 sq.km. The district is administratively divided into four revenue divisions, 10 administrative taluks, 54 revenue firkas, and 1490 revenue villages. There are three municipalities, 15 town panchayats, 22 panchayat unions, and 1099 village panchayats. The district consists of 11 Assembly and 3 Parliamentary constituencies. Topography Location: The district lies between 110 38’ 25” and 120.20’44” N (Latitude), 780 15’ 00” and 790 42’55” E (Longitude). The district is located on the northern part of Tamil Nadu and is close to the State capital, Chennai. It lies at a distance of about 150 kms on the southern side of Chennai and exactly about the same distance from north of Tiruchirapalli. The district is surrounded on the east by Bay of Bengal and Union Territory of Puducherry, the west by Dharmapuri and Salem districts, south by Cuddalore and Perambalur districts and on the north by Kanchipuram and Thiruvannamalai districts. Geological formation: The greater part of the district is covered by the metamorphic rocks belonging to Gneissic formations. The district has also three types of sedimentary rocks belonging to different geological periods. The Kalrayan hills on the north represent a continuous range of hills covered with some thorny forests and vegetation. The most beautiful hill of the district is Gingee hills. The residual and denudational hills are common in Thirukoilur, Kallakurichi and Gingee taluks. Structural hills are noticed on the western part of the district.