For Low-Carbon/Energy-Saving Efforts

Water Resources Department Water and Disaster Management Bureau Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism , JAPAN

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism 1 Contents

①Current state of water resources around the world

②MtdlMoves toward low-carbftbon use of water resources in Japan and abroad

③ Risks facing water-related facilities in times of major disasters

④Importance of low-carbon/energy-saving effort s i n wat er resource management

2 ①-1 Internal Renewable Water Resources Around the World

AbtifItlRblWtRA macro observation of Internal Renewable Water Resources against population distribution by region shows that the ratio against the population is lower in Asia, Europe and Africa.

Asia Europe North/Central America

Africa South America Oceania

Note: Created based on the data of the World Water Development Report, the Source Water Assessment Plan Comparison of the World’s Internal Renewable Water Resources and Population by region 3 ①-2 Increasing Water Stress Around the World

z Water use in 1995 increased rapidly to about 2. 7 times of that in 1950. By 2025, water use is expected to increase to about 1.4 times of that in 1995. The increase will be especially sharp in Asia. z In 2005 , about 700 million people of 43 countries are facing “water stress” and their ratio against the global population is on the increase.

Water stress Situation where per capita water supply drops below 1700 m3/year (Based on UNDP “Human Development Report 2006”)

100 million people

Africa 56 South America 59.4 World population Europe 93.8 Australia/ Population facing (100 million) Oceania 10. 3 water stress (100 North Ratio (%) million) 1950 Asia 860 America 289

South America 166 Australia/ North Oceania 30. 5 Europe 1995 Asia 2,157 America 672 511 Africa 89 Japan (for reference) Australia/

a Oceania 39.6 North cc South 2025 America Europe America

Asia 3,104 Afri (expected) 788 619 257

Source: Created based on UNESCO World Water Resources at the Source: Created based on the UNDP Human Developppment Report Beginning of Ｔhe 21st Century (2003) 2006 and the UN World Population Prospects, 2008 Revision

Rapidly increasing water use in regions around the world Tight water supply around the world 4 ①-3 UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

As o f 2008 , ab out 900 milli on peop le (13%) o f the wor ld are s till without sustainable access to safe drinking water, and about 2. 6 billion people (38%) are without sustainable access to such basic sanitation as a toilet; the situation requires further efforts.

MDGs z Ratio of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water: 23% (base year 1990) →Reduce by z Rati o of peopl e with out sust ain abl e access t o such sanit ar y f aciliti es as a t oil et: 4 6% (base 50% by 2015 year 1990)

Other, 39 Latin America and Other, 67 Latin America and Caribbean States, 117 Caribbean States , 38 About 2.6 billion in total About 900 million in total South Asia. 222 Sub-Saharan South Asia, （） Africa, 565 Sub-Saharan East Asia, 1070 Africa, 330 151 West Asia, 30 (million people)East Asia, (million people) Southeast Asia, 180 623 Southeast Asia, 83 West Asia, 21 Note: Created based on UNICEF and WHO Progggress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water,2010 Population without sustainable access to safe drinking water (left) and without such basic sanitation as a toilet (right) by region 5 ①-4 Efforts to Solve the World’s Water Problems

Through NARBO , information has been disseminated to solve the world’s water problems through international cooperation, including support for IWRM promotion (ex. workshop, technical cooperation) and IWRM guideline development at UNESCO, as well as various international conferences.

Network of Asian River Basin Organizations (NARBO) StithdltfSupporting the development of IWRM Guidelines

River Basin Organizations (RBO) National, state, local government Donner agencies NARBO members Capacity building to implement Sharing good practices and [76 organizations integrated water resources information concerning integrated of 16 countries] management, and efficient water resources management implementation thereof

Knowledge Global partners of the knowledge region partners NARBO Secretariat

Supported by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

6 ①-5 Increasing Infrastructure that Requires Renewal

Supposedly situation of facility aging in Asia Pacific Region is advancing. In Japan, similar situation such as dams or irrigation canals is happening.

Flooding in nearby areas due to leakage Pipe due to facility aging Age of facilities Managed by JWA

Number of facilities exceeding 30 years of management ( as of A pril 1 , 2010) Æ 24

Number of facilities exceeding 30 years of management by 2028 Æ 44 uit uit tc. se ce ce ce ge ge nd ge ge ge ge nal nal nal nal ion nal nal nal nal nal nal nal nal am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am am ent ent dd dd ee aa aa aa aa aa oo aa aa aa aa UU Mie Ca Ikeda D Iwaya D Aichi Ca Murou D Kusaki D Kusaki Shingu D Narita Ca Hiyoshi D Hiyoshi Hinachi D Shorenji D Hitokura D Gunma Ca Nunome D Tousou Ca Terauchi D Agi River D Sameura D Urayama D Kagawa Ca Tomisato D Takizawa D Takizawa Yagisawa D Naramata D Kochi Divers Kochi Tokuyama D Tokuyama Takayama D Takayama Miso River River D Miso Shimokubo D Hatsuse Con Kiso River River Kiso Ca Toyogawa Ca Chikugo Barr Nagara Headr Bousou Headr Tone Barrage, Shorenji River Fukuoka Headr East Hokuso Hokuso East Ca Yodo River Barr Management Kasumigaura Ca Ryochiku Plain Ca Ryochiku Plain Nagara River Barr Nagara River elopment of Inba P Inba elopment of ma Barrage 2nd St River Estuary Barr Estuary River River Estuary Barr Estuary River e Weir, Asagiri Con ake Biwa Developmake Biwa umigaura Developm iver Downstream Ca vv aa ee oo kk LL started: 1961 ss RR De Ka Sait Ton 51 Facilities total Chikugo Akigase Inta Former Yoshin 7 ②-１ Low-carbon Efforts for Water Resources in Japan ①

The W at er R esources D epart ment , Mi ni s try of L and , Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, is exploring the ways for the people involved in water circulation to work together for effective low-carbon/energy-saving efforts.

9 Japan is promoting the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. 9 Though low-carbon/energy-saving efforts have been advanced in individual facilities, more efficient/effective measures are required through the optimization of the system of the facilities by reviewing their locations at the time of their renewal beyond the optimization of individual facilities by simple renewal .

9 The Water Resources Watershed Watershed boundary boundary Planning Division of Intake point Water purification MLIT plans to introduce plant guidelines and good

practices for the Intake point Water purification realization of a low plant carbititbon society in terms Source: Data from the Water Security Council of Japan of water resources. The image shows how to utilize the potential energy of water intake by moving the intake/distribution system upstream 8 ②-2 Low-carbon Efforts for Water Resources in Japan ②

Recommendation by experts concerning “catchment water management in low carbon society” (Water Security Council of Japan) Developpyment of a low carbon society ・Reinforce hydro-energy through dam redevelopment/operation review ・Develop a geographically distributed energy system based on small-scale hydropower ・Reorganize the water distribution system using potential energy ・Develop a recycling society utilizing sewage sludge as energy and compost

Laundry, Dam B bath, flushing toilet, etc. Flood control Current state Water utilization Natural gas car

Dam A Waste water Sediment sand Natural gas car Water management facilities Natural gas car Water Flood control renovation Water utilization - Reduction of fossil Use of energy sources fuel consumption - CO2 emission Sediment sand Eco station (natural gas car) reduction Dam B Natural gas car- PtifiPrevention of air pollution Water utilization Sludge After the reorganization Sludge reduction Digestion tank

Dam A Sediment sand Energy reclamation Flood control Bio natural gas (Methane 97%) Source: Sewerage and Digestion gas Wastewater Management Sediment sand Department, MLIT Source: Data from the Water Security Council of Japan Gas purification plants Image of dam operation review Image of new energy measures in sewerage system Studies at the Federation of Japan Water Industries, Inc. A water circulation system demonstration model project aimed at a low-carbon system in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area 9 ③-1 Risks facing water-related facilities in times of major disasters

How should we consider the risk of huge disasters in low- carbon/energy saving efforts?

9 In recent years, h uge di sas ters i nc lu ding the floo d in Pa kis tan, the Ear thqua ke off Sumatra coupled with the Asian Tsunami, and Hurricane Katrina occurred one after another.

9 Such huge disasters may cause serious damage to water-related facilities in a wide area.

9 A huge disaster may inflict serious damage on infrastructure such as power facilities, leading to prolonged power outages, which could stop the functions of water-related facilities and water supply.

Asian Tsunami (Phuket, Thailand) Hurricane Katrina (satellite image of New Orleans, USA) 10 ③-2 Overview of the Great East Japan Earthquake

zOn M arch 11 , 2011, a h uge earth qua ke o f magn itu de 9. 0 an d in tens ity 7 occurred. zA total area of about 560km2 was inundated, and an inundation height of over 10m was observed in many coastal areas. A tsunami run-up height of over 40m was recorded.

Legend Intensity 7 6 upper 6 lower 5 u pper : Inundation height 5 lower : Run-up height 4 3 2 1 Longitude Height（m） Source: da ta f rom th e 2011 T oh ok u E arth quak e T sunami J oi nt S urvey G roup Source: data from the Japan Meteorological Agency formed by people involved in the Committee on Coastal Engineering, etc. of the Distribution of seismic intensity at Japan Society of Civil Engineers (as of June 22, 2011) 14:46 on March 11, 2011 Tsunami survey result (quick report) 11 ③-3 Damage to Water-related Facilities Caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake

Area flooded by the tsunami About 2. 24 million households AhiitiArea where irrigation system does not function for rice cultivation Number of municipalities suffering water Area where irrigation outage (right axis) system functions Number of prefectures suffering water outage (right axis Sendai City Aftershock of intensity 6 Number of households suffering water upper at 23:32, April 7 outage (left axis) Number of households with resumed d municipalities holds water supply (left axis) NtNator iCiti City Aftershock of intensity 6 upper at 17:162, April 11 Iwanuma City Aftershock of intensity 6 upper at A pump station

Number of house of Number 14:07, April 12 that does not function due to tsunami damage Number ofNumber an prefectures

About 56 thousand households Note: Created based on the data of the Great East Japan Earthquake Salt May 2 May 9 April 1 April 3 April 5 April 7 April 9 April June 3 May 13 May 18 May 23 May 27 April 11 April 13 April 15 April 17 April 19 April 21 April 23 April 25 April 27 April Arch 16 Arch June 10 June 17 June 24 June 28

March 12 March 14 March 18 March 20 March 22 March 24 March 26 March 28 March 30 Damage Investigation Team, the JAPANESE SOCIETY OF IRRIGATION, Source: data from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (as DRAINAGE AND RURAL ENGINEERING (as of A pril 26, 2011) of June 28, 2011) Damage to the Natori land improvement district, Restoration state of water service Miyagi Prefecture Before the earthquake Just after the earthquake

Source: Sewerage and Wastewater Management Department, MLIT Damage to a sewerage system 12 ③-4 Response to the Risk of Huge Disasters

EifhditEven if a huge disaster cause dliiifitdtd only insignificant damage to facilities, the energy supply necessary to run the facilities may stop or be reduced . How should we incorporate the risk into the planning of low-carbon/energy-saving efforts?

9 Electric power energy may be stopped or restricted after the occurrence of a huge disaster. 9 Ratio of the energy use by water supply systems is increasing. 9 We can store alternative energy to prepare for a disaster but its operating time will be limited. 9 The following benefits are expected from energy saving as they will improve resilience to huge disasters: Available electric energy ① Reduced burden to energy Reduced infrastructure in a time of disaster Energy necessary to Energy supply ② operattte a water suppl y Securing of operating time under system limited energy supply Reduced energy ③Longer operating time with the use through energy-saviffting efforts limited stock of alternative energy Normal Emergency Reducing the burden on energy infrastructure 13 ③－５ Recommendation by The Reconstruction Design Council in Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake The Reconstruction Design Council in Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake included the construction of a natural energy-powered region in the Seven Principles for the Reconstruction Framework. Principle 4: While preserving the strong bonds of local residents, we shall construct disaster-resilient, safe and secure communities and a natural energy-powered region.

Power supply Heat supply Conveyance Upland settlement (uses renewable energy, Thinned batteries, cogeneration, wood HEMS, etc . ) Photovoltaic Energy management system generation Adjustment of supply-demand balance in response to the fluctuation of Agricultural renewable energy facilities (heat/power supply to gg)reenhouses) Heat/power Livestock manure Sawmill supply to wood Biomass power Wood biomass industry station Large plywood (cogeneration) plant Micro hydro power generation

Seafood processing/ distribution facility (cool supply) Wind power generation

Source: The Reconstruction Design Council in Response to the Great East Japan Earthquake Smart village 14 ④-1 Water Circulation System in the Future What water circulation system do we need for the future?

9 It is necessary to ensure the quality and quantity of water resources to accomplis h MDGs. At the same time, it may b e a lso necessary to tak e measures not only to adapt to but also to mitigate climate change in the field of water resources.

9 Concrete mitigation measures may include the use of potential energy of water- related facilities and the promotion of effective utilization of renewable energy. Water conservation is also important for water demand control.

9 It may be necessary to build a sustainable water supply system looking ahead several decades with a view to infrastructure renewal in the future.

9 We may need to build a water supply system that has resilience to huge disasters.

9 What is important in promoting these efforts may be that various stakeholders who are workinggp on the optimization of their individual facilities (ppy(water supply, agricultural water, sewerage, etc.) work together to optimize the entire system while promoting IWRM. 15 ④-2 Our Expectations for Today’s Workshop HlithtithAiHow can we realize these concepts in the Asia-Pacifi c Region?

9 Introduction of low-carbon/energy-saving efforts and challenges in w ater u se by speakers from v ariou s fields in Japan and abroad

9 Opinion exchange for solving these challenges, and discussions on the measures to promote the dissemination of low-carbon and energy-saving water circulation systems in the Asia-Pacific region

16 IWA-ASPIRE Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Workshop on Water Resources

Low-Carbon and Energy-Saving Efforts iWtin Waterwork s

Hiromichi Sakamoto Director General Federation of Japan Water industries, Inc. CttContents

1. Resource Input and Environmental Impact of Waterworks 2. Electricity Use in Waterw orks

3. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2 equivalent) 4. Implementation Status of Energy-Saving Measures, etc. in Waterworks

5. Concrete Efforts for Energy Saving/CO2 Reduction 6. Consideration of a Low-carbon Water System in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area 1. Resource Input and Environmental Impact of Waterworks

Review of the current environmental impact of Waterworks in Japan shows 3. 40 million

tons of greenhouse gas (CO2 equivalent) emissions in FY 2006.

Resource Input and Environmental Impact of Waterworks in Japan Input

Raw water Energy Chemicals

Electricity: 8.016 billion kWh (excluding the electricity of renewable Chlor ine : 163, 128 t energy) Coagulant agent : 343,798 t Water intake - Water utilities: 7.868 billion kWh Coagulant aids : 104 t - Offices: 0.148 billion kWh quantity: 16.24 Renewable energy: 20 million kWh Acid/alkaline chemicals : billion m3 -Hydro power: 14 million kWh 80,858 t -Photovoltaic power : 6 million kWh Powdered activated -Wind power: 0.2 million kWh carbon : 13,890 t Fuel: 1,060,748 GJ Heat: 12,369 GJ

OtOutput 0.220g CO2 per one liter water supply

Tap water Greenhouse gas (CO2 equivalent) Sludge from water purification Total: 3.4006 million tons CO e Water service quantity 2 -Electricity: 3.1041 million tons CO e Sludge from water purification: Clean wa ter: 15. 47 2 290, 000DS tons -Fuel: 0.0638 million tons CO2 e Landfill: 61,700DS tons billion m3 -Heat: 0.0075 million tons CO2 e (95.2% of the intake -Chemicals: 0.1666 million tons CO2 e Efficient use: 158,100 DS tons quantity) -Land-filled sludge from water purification: Other: 70,200 DS tons 0.0587 million tons CO2 e

*CO2 e: CO2 equivalent, DS: Dry Solids Source: Guide to Environmental Measures in Waterworks (revised version), July 2009, Waterworks Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 2. Electricity Use in Waterworks

Electricity use in waterworks accounts for 0.86% of the total electricity use of Japan in FY2006. Record of electricity use in waterworks

Water supply/bulk water supply 3 Electricity use (million kWh) quantity (1000m3) Unit electricity consumption (kWh/m ) Waterworks*1 Total use in Percentage (%) [Water supply/water [Water supply + Japan*2 Water Bulk water supply] or [bulk bulk water FY Bulk water (excluding in- Waterworks/ water supply/bulk supply] / water Water supply house power supply supply supply generation) total in Japan water supply]*3 supply *4

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Water suppl y: water su ppl y service (excludin g the electricit y use b y renewable-energy e qui pment ) Bulk water supply: bulk water supply service (excluding the electricity use by renewable-energy equipment) Source: *1 Created based on annual issues of the Water Supply Statistics of the Japan Water Works Association *2 Annual issues of the Power Industry Statistics, the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

Source: Guide to Environmental Measures in Waterworks (revised version), July 2009, Waterworks Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 2. Electricity Use in Waterworks

Changes in electricity use and unit electricity consumption

Electricity use (100 million kWh/year) Unit electricity consumption (kWh/m3) ) 3 n (kWh/m lion kWh/year) oo ity consumpti y use (100 mil tt cc Electrici Unit electri 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 75 80 85 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fiscal Year

Unit electricity electricity use of water supply and of bulk water supply consumption water supply quantity of water supply service

*Excluding the electricity use by renewable-energy equipment Source: Created based on annual issues of the Water Supply Statistics of the Japan Water Works Association

Source: Guide to Environmental Measures in Waterworks (revised version), July 2009, Waterworks Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 2. Electricity Use in Waterworks

Electricity use at water purification plants accounts for 64% of the total electricity use by water supply facilities, the bulk of which (92%) is used by pumping facilities.

Breakdown of electricity use in water supply and bulk water supply

Offices: 0. 148 billion kWh (1. 8%)

Other Water intake/ 8% Distribution feed pump pump stations 22% 14% FY 2006 Total electricity use 8.016 billion kWh Purification plants 64% Pumps Water supply facilities 92% 7.868 billion kWh *Excluding the power (98.2%) generation by renewable- energy equipment (0.20kWh)

FY2006 electricity use percent Percent distribution of the Percent distribution of the distribution electricity use of water utilities electricity use by equipment Based on the FY1993 survey based on the FY1993 survey result result

Source ((g)left figure): Created based on the annual issues of the Water Su ppypply Statistics of the Ja pan Water Works Association Source (right figure): Materials of the Committee to Discuss Waterworks Vision

Source: Guide to Environmental Measures in Waterworks (revised version), July 2009, Waterworks Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 3. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2 equivalent) Most of the greenhouse gas emissions from the water service are those from electricity use, followed by the emissions from chemical use, landfill of sludge from water purification, fuel use and heat use, in that order. Breakdown of annual greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 equivalent) from water service Chemicals Heat 0.167t-CO2e (4.9%)

0.007t-CO2e (0.2%) Landfill of sludge from water purification

FlFuel 0. 059t-CO2e(17%)e (1.7%)

0.064t-CO2e (1.9%)

Electricity (offices)

0.057t-CO2e (1.7%)

FY 2006 CO2 emissions 3. 401 milli on

t-CO2 e

Electricity (water facilities)

3.047t-CO2e (89.6%)

CO2e: CO2 equivalent

Methane from landfill of sludge from water purification is converted to CO2 by multiplying it by 21, which is its global warminggp potential factor. Source: Created based on the annual issues of the Water Supply Statistics of the Japan Water Works Association

Source: Guide to Environmental Measures in Waterworks (revised version), July 2009, Waterworks Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 4. Implementation Status of Energy-Saving Measures, etc. in Water Service Of the1,566 implemented energy-saving measures, 1,023 were for electricity-using equipment. Implemented energy-saving measures by facility category

Air conditioning/ hot-water Other equipment suppl/ly/ven tiltitilation Other equi pmen t /elevator Air conditioning/hot-water supply/ventilation /elevator Lighting equipment

Lighting Electricity-using equipment equipment

Total number of Category implementations Electricity-using Electricity-using equipment equipment Lighting equipment Air conditioning/hot-water supply/ventilation /elevator Other equipment TtlTotal

Source: About promotion of energy-saving/renewable-energy measures in Waterworks, Waterworks Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare

(2008 Field Survey) Source: Guide to Environmental Measures in Waterworks (revised version), July 2009, Waterworks Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 4. Implementation Status of Energy-Saving Measures, etc. in Water Service

The largest CO2 emission reductions are made in “water conveyance/distribution processes,” followed by “other processes” and “water intake/feed processes,” in that order.

CO2 emission reduction byyp process of energy -saving measures

Water intake/feed Se dimen ta tion /filtrati on Advanced water purification Wastewater treatment Water conveyance/distribution Total management Other major energy using equipment Other processes

Reduction in CO emissions Process 2 Water intake/feed Sedimentation/filtration Advanced water purification Wastewater treatment Water conveyance/distribution Total management Other major energy using equipment Other processes

The largest CO2 emission reduction is made in “small and medium hydro power,” followed by “natural gas cogeneration” and “photovoltaic generation,” in that order.

CO2 emission reduction by type of energy -saving measures

Small and medium hydroelectric generation Photovoltaic generation Natural gas cogeneration Clean energy cars Other

Reduction in CO2 Type emissions

Small and medium hydroelectric generation Photovoltaic generation Natural gas cogeneration Clean energy cars Other Total

Source: Guide to Environmental Measures in Waterworks (revised version), July 2009, Waterworks Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 5. Specific Efforts for Energy Saving/CO2 Reduction ①Inverter control of pumps ②Water distribution by gravity flow ③Introduction of energy-saving equipment ④Efficient water supply control and management ⑤Energy-saving behavior

◆①ItInverter cont tlfrol of pumps and ③ItIntrod ucti on of energy-saviiting equipment are implemented by introducing the latest equipment when replacing old equipment. ◆②Water distribution by gravity flow is implemented through a comprehensive review of water supply control and management in combination with the expansion of gravity flow, the simplification of water conveyance/distribution routes, the changing of water distribution blocks, etc. ◆ ④Efficient water supply control and management is implemented through measures such as adequate pressure control, adequate water distribution among multiple systems, adequate water supply control based on demand forecasting, and the chihanging o fditibtif distributing areas by sw ithibtitching between connec tilting valves.

Source: Guide to Environmental Measures in Waterworks (revised version), July 2009, Waterworks Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [Case Example 1] Low-carbon model water purification plant Sakai Water Purification Plant situated in the heart of Tokyo can convey and distribute water to Tokyo wards by gravity flow using minimum electric energy. There再生可能エネルギー等対策の種類別にみたＣＯ２排出削減量 is a pppplan to improve the plant as a model low-carbon water pppurification plant for alternative facilities when replacing large-scale water purification plants in the future.

Tamagawa River Arakawa River Edogawa River Asaka Misato Ozaku

Misono Higashimurayama Kanamachi

Sakai

Kinuta

Water purification plant Nagasawa Plant Station Station i Water urification rr Wadabo Water Tamagawa Okura Water Okura Station Kamiikedai ater Station Sakai WaterSakai P Yakumo Water Station WW

Source: Tokyo Waterworks Management Plan 2010, January 2010, Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government [Case Example 2] Utilization of natural/unused energy

・Utilization of natural energy, including photovoltaic power and micro-hydroelectric power. ・Introduction of a distribution system that uses feeding pressure to water supply stations (direct distribution再生可能エネルギー等対策の種類別にみたＣＯ２排出削減量 method) and above-ground installation of service/distribution reservoirs to use pottiltential energy

Photovoltaic installation (Misono Micro-hydroelectric installation Water Purification Plant) (Kamedo Water Supply Station)

Water Water supply purification plant station Using the pressure of Customer River Distribution the water pipeline, reservoir Distribution reservoir even small pumps Distribution with a Direct small pump using can distribute water. distribution minimum power ▲ Direct distribution

Source: Tokyo Waterworks Management Plan 2010, January 2010, Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government 6. Consideration of Low-carbon Water System in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (1) Perspective o f the proposed future measures In 2050 Present Countermeasure ○水源ダムの相互融通、容○ Mutual accommodation of In 2005 Plan Damダム量調整dam basin, and volume adjustment ○取水地点の変更○ Change of intake point Solar太陽光パネルの Panel ○農水の利用○ Use of irrigation water 設置Equipment

P ダムDam Micro- 小水力発電 Damダム hydroelectric Power P System 新設浄水場New WP ○○水道システムの広域化Area-widening water system Water Distribution位置エネルギー ○ Change of water plant by Potentialによる配水 ○浄水場位置の変更locations (including Distribution Energy （浄水場の統廃合含their consolidation) BiB配水池asin P ○ MtfManagement of Distribution む）配水池 Micro-hydroelectric efficiency for Basin Power小水力発電 System Distribution ○浄水場の効率管理waterworks facility Basin配水池 ○再生可能エネルギー○ Recyclable energy WP P ○ Adoption of new (Rapid浄水場 Sand P ○新技術の採用(高効小水力発電Micro-hydroelectric technology (for high （急速ろ過）Filter) Power System 配水池率など)efficiency, etc.) P WP浄水場 (Slow Sand Distribution P Basin （緩速ろ過）Filter) Micro-hydroelectric Power小水力発電 System Rain Water雨水 Distribution Distribution 配水池 Basin配水池 Basin

P ○ Water leakage measurement○漏水対策浄水場WP (Advanced Water ○ Use○地下水、雨水、下水 of ground water, rain （高度浄水処理） Purification ) water,再生水、工水の利用 recycled sewage water, and industrial water

Advance d Trea ted 高度処理水Waste Water 下水処理場Sewage Facility 下水処理場Sewage Facility Industrial工水 Water 地下水Ground Water 6. Consideration of Low-carbon Water System in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area

(2) Measures through the water system [Summarization of results (electricity use)] 【Activity-reducing factors considered 【Measures through the water system that were considered in the project】 in the project】 ■Change of the location of water intake/purification plants (to ■Population decrease (decrease in upstream) water distribution) □Utilization of potential energy □Simplification of the purification method by purifying raw water for intake If the emission factor for electric ■Introduction of high-efficiency equipment power consumption is reduced by 30% from the 2005 level by 2050, the ■ Utilization of renewable energy (photovoltaic/micro hydroelectric total carbon dioxide emissions will be generation) reduced by 80%. ■Widening of the area of small and medium water supply corporations. [71% R ed ucti on from the 2005 level]

■Current (2005) total electricity use in ■ Future (2050) total electricity use in ■ Future (2050) total electricity use in the metropolitan area the metropolitan area the metropolitan area (Population decrease ⇒Continuing (Population decrease ⇒Proposed (Current water system) the current water system) energy optimization ） Approx. 2.72 billion kWh/year Approx. 2.20 billion kWh/year Approx. 0.79 billion kWh/year

[Reduction due to population [Reduction through the water system: 64%] decrease: 19%] ※Calculated based on the running energy (electricity use) only 6. Consideration of Low-carbon Water System in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2) Measures through the water system ②An example of the proposed measures (move the intake points/purification plants upstream, consolidate purification plants)

TidtTonegawa midstream 3.14 mil m3/day ●Move the intake points/purification plants upstream purification plant ●Consolidate purification plants into 6 plants while planning to run the system along the river as much as possible Arakawa upstream ⇒Reduce electricity use through effective utilization of pppurification plant pottiltential energy 0.58 mil m3/day

Tonegawa downstream purification plant 1.12 mil m3/day Tamagawa purification plant

0.91 mil m3/day

Edogawa purification plant 2.51 mil m3/day Sagamigawa purification plant 2.26 mil m3/day

[Future agenda] ○Impact on water rights and river stream regime ○Risk-countermeasure policy (including backup and leveling pipe) ○Impact of long distance water conveyance on water quality *The water volume of each water purification plant is its daily maximum volume ○Accurate calculation of available supplies 6. Consideration of Low-carbon Water System in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2) MthhthttMeasures through the water system ②An example of the proposed measures (move the intake points/purification plants upstream, consolidate purification plants)

●Intake points moved Rapid filtration—Slow filtration—Membrane filtration Powdered activated carbon upstream Æ Purer raw Granular activated carbon water ÆSimplification of Ozone + Granular activated carbon

Kinugawa basin water purification process Æ Reduced electricity use

Watarase basin

Acid Coagulation agent Middle chlorine Post chlorine Tonegawa basin Kokaigawa basin treatment treatment

Arakawa upstream purification plant Kasumigaura basin Raw Coagulati Rapid Purified Tonegawa midstream purification plant on water Settling filtration water Electric equipment

Tonegawa downstream purification plant Upstream intake Tamagawa upstream purification plant Arakawa basin (1) Simplification of (2) Reduction of treatment method’s electric load grade Tamagawa basin Edogawa purification plant Middle chlorine Post chlorine Sagamigawa purification plant Acid Coagulation agent treatment treatment

Sagggamigawa basin Coagulati Granular Raw Rapid PifidPurified on Ozone activated water Settling carbon filtration water Electric equipment

Downstream intake The effect of selecting a purification method corresponding Water purification methods used in purification plants that take to the improved raw water quality = (1) + (2) in surface water in the Kanto area CtfthfftfltiifitiConcept of the effect of selecting a purification method corresponding to the improved raw water quality 6. Consideration of Low-carbon Water System in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (3) Utilization of various alternative water resources

Proposed optimal combination Electricity reduction rate when with the current water system using alternative water resources

Reduction rate (1-0/B)

Method of maximum reduction City water (no reduction) Groundwater Rainwater

Sewage Industrial water

Areas where using the current It is effective in systlhdttem only has an advantage Effect i s small in Utilization of areas where areas where alternative water Areas where using rainwater has an advantage utilization of potential energy is resources is potential energy is already used more effective in areas relatively difficult to Areas where using groundwater has an than in other areas where the water use (Ibarag i, an d advantage (less strict regulation) and where the tap quality o f th e t ap Boso and Sotobo water source is water source is *Above are water resources that would minimize the electricity relatively poor. in Chiba) use among various alternative water resources; they are not purer. proposed combinations of multiple water resources. *The reduction rates above are comparisons with “the measures through the water system.” Fin.

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