Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey Maija Morgenweck and Patrick Dunn The Nature Conservancy October 2003

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 INTRODUCTION 3 BACKGROUND 4 Target Species 4 Mardon Skipper 5 Taylor's Checkerspot 5 Puget Blue 6 Zerene Fritillary 7 Secondary Target Species 7 Survey Sites 8 METHODS 8 RESULTS 10 Target Species 12 Mardon Skipper 12 Taylor's Checkerspot 12 Puget Blue 12 Zerene Fritillary 13 Secondary Target Species 14 Great Spangled Fritillary 14 Western Meadow Fritillary 14 Skippers 14 Non-target Species 15 Survey Sites 15 DISCUSSION 16 Target Species 16 Secondary Target Species 16 Non-target Species 17 Survey Sites 17 Johnson and Weir Prairies 17 The AIA 18 13th Division Prairie — TA13, TA14, and TA15 18 TA7S 19 TA6, TA8, Chambers, and Marion Prairies 19 Recommendations for Future Surveys 20 CONCLUSION 21 REFERENCES 23 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS 24

APPENDIX A: Tables APPENDIX B: Figures

List of Tables and Figures

Table 1. Rare species status of butterflies observed on Fort Lewis, 1960 to present. 4 Table 2. Historic observation records of target species on Fort Lewis prairies. 5 Table 3. Historic observation records of secondary target species on Fort Lewis prairies. 7 Table 4. Observations of butterflies on Fort Lewis prairies prior to 2003. 8 Table 5. Preferred environmental parameters for The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 9 Table 6. GIS themes generated by the 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 10 Table 7. Butterflies observed during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 11 Table 8. Number of butterfly species observed at each survey site during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 15 Table 9. Number of butterflies observed per hour at each survey site during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 15 Table 10. Recommended butterfly survey schedule for Fort Lewis, 2004. 20

Figure 1. Mating Mardon Skippers (Polites mardon). 5 Figure 2. Taylor's Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori). 6 Figure 3. Female Puget Blue (Icaricia icarioides blackmorei). 6 Figure 4. Zerene Fritillary (Speyeria zerene). 7 Figure 5. Mardon Skipper observations in the AIA during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 12 Figure 6. Taylor's Checkerspot observations in the AIA during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 12 Figure 7. Puget Blue observations in the AIA during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 12 Figure 8. Puget Blue observations on Johnson and Weir Prairies during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 13 Figure 9. Puget Blue observations on TA15 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 13 Figure 10. Zerene Fritillary observations on Johnson and Weir Prairies during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 13 Figure 11. Zerene Fritillary observations on TA13 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 13 Figure 12. Great Spangled Fritillary observations on Johnson and Weir Prairies during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 14 Figure 13. Great Spangled Fritillary observations on TA14 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 14 Figure 14. Great Spangled Fritillary observations on Marion Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 14 Figure 15. Great Spangled Fritillary observations on TA15 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 14

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Appendix A Table A1: Schedule for The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. A1 Table A2: Flight schedules for target and secondary target species in The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. A2 Table A3: Butterfly species observed during the 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. A3 Table A4: Butterfly counts and person hours for The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. A4

Appendix B Figure B1. All prairie polygons surveyed during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B1 Figure B2. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations in the AIA during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B2 Figure B3. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations on Johnson and Weir Prairies during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B2 Figure B4. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations On TA13 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B3 Figure B5. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations on TA14 and TA15 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B3 Figure B6. All butterfly observations in the AIA and on TA6 and Ranges 74, 91, 93 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B4 Figure B7. All butterfly observations on TA13, TA14, and TA15 (13th Division Prairie) during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B4 Figure B8. All butterfly observations on Chambers Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B5 Figure B9. All butterfly observations on Marion Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B5 Figure B10. All butterfly observations on TA7S during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B5 Figure B11. All butterfly observations on TA8 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B5 Figure B12. All butterfly observations on Johnson Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B6 Figure B13. All butterfly observations on Lower Weir Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B6 Figure B14. All butterfly observations on South Weir Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B6 Figure B15. All butterfly observations on Upper Weir Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B6

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Fort Lewis Military Installation contains the majority of the highest quality prairie and oak woodlands remaining in Washington State's South Puget Sound region. Throughout the region, less than 3% of an estimated 150,000 pre-settlement acres remain (Crawford & Hall 1997). These rare prairie lands host four species of prairie-dependent butterflies that either are listed or are under consideration for rare species listing at the state and federal levels. Emergency federal listing under the Endangered Species Act has been petitioned for two of the butterflies, the Mardon Skipper (Polites mardon) and Taylor's Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori). The Puget Blue (Icaricia icarioides blackmorei) and Zerene Fritillary (Speyeria zerene) butterflies are currently candidates for listing at the state level.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) undertook an extensive butterfly survey of 13 Fort Lewis prairies during the spring and summer of 2003 that targeted the above-mentioned species and also recorded all other species encountered. The goal of the survey was to determine the current distribution of prairie-dependent butterflies on Fort Lewis. Thirty-two of the 48 butterfly species observed on South Puget Sound prairies were observed on Fort Lewis during this survey. Many butterflies are located on various prairies throughout the installation, but the most abundant and diverse populations are found in protected Research Natural Areas (RNAs) (TA15, Johnson Prairie, and the Weir Prairies) and the surrounding edge of the Artillery Impact Area (AIA). The four target species were found almost exclusively in these areas.

The results of this survey expand the known range of three of the four target species. The Mardon Skipper was found to inhabit more of the AIA the previously recorded, while the Puget Blue and Zerene Fritillaries were each found on three prairies in addition to those they have recently been known to inhabit. Despite frequent and extensive surveys of historic habitat on Fort Lewis, the Taylor's Checkerspot was observed only at its known location in the AIA.

The majority of the most commonly observed butterflies in this survey, Silvery Blues (Glaucopsyche lygdamus), Ochre Ringlets (Coenonympha tullia), and Common Wood Nymphs (Cercyonis pegala), were seen in the RNAs and the AIA. In contrast, and contrary to its historic abundance of butterflies, current abundance of host and nectar plants, and the benefits of Scotch broom control performed on the site by TNC, TA7S was notably devoid of historic populations of the Ochre Ringlet and Common Wood Nymph, as well as the Taylor's Checkerspot, the Puget Blue, and the Great Spangled Fritillary. While TA7S's dearth of butterflies can partially be explained by the development of a gravel pit in the prairie's center, the cause is not fully known.

The federal listing of any prairie butterfly as a rare species will have implications for training practices under Army regulations and federal law, as well as for Fort Lewis's 25-year sustainability goal of recovering all listed and candidate federal species in the South Puget Sound region. Additionally, as a responsible steward of natural habitats, Fort Lewis is interested in protecting the rare prairie lands within its boundaries. The results of this survey are intended to provide baseline data for Fort Lewis's use in planning recovery efforts for rare butterflies, and to assist in directing prairie restoration efforts on the installation.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This surveyed was funded by a contract between The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the United States Department of Defense. Access to prairie sites was granted by Fort Lewis. Many individuals assisted in the collection of data for this survey. The authors would like to thank:

Lepidopterists Barry Bidwell, Glen Buschmann, and Washington Butterfly Association (WBA) Research Coordinator and past President Robert E. Hardwick; as well as TNC employees Eric Delvin, Cheryl Fimbel, Sanders Freed, Van Perdue, Ron Pratt, and David Rich; WBA members Richard Lindstrom, Bill Yake, and others; Fort Lewis's Land Condition Trend Analysis crew; Darlene Bidwell; Maria and Grant Dunn; and Marion Jarisch for their assistance in surveying and collecting data on Fort Lewis butterflies. We would also like to thank Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife employees Ann Potter, Dave Hays, and Dan Grosboll for their information and input on the locations and characteristics of South Puget Sound prairie butterflies.

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INTRODUCTION

The Fort Lewis Military Installation contains the majority of the highest quality prairie and oak woodlands remaining in Washington State's South Puget Sound region. Throughout the region, less than 3% of an estimated 150,000 pre-settlement acres remain (Crawford & Hall 1997). These rare prairie lands play host to four species of prairie-dependent butterflies that either are listed or are under consideration for rare species listing at the state and federal levels. Emergency federal listing under the Endangered Species Act has been petitioned for two of the butterflies, the Mardon Skipper (Polites mardon) and Taylor's Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori). The Puget Blue (Icaricia icarioides blackmorei) and Zerene Fritillary (Speyeria zerene) butterflies are currently candidates for listing at the state level.

Stewardship of rare species and natural habitats is a priority at Fort Lewis, and in April of 2003 the installation published an Annual Sustainability Report detailing 25-year sustainability goals that include recovering all listed and candidate federal species in the South Puget Sound region. The proper stewardship of rare species is also mandated under Army regulations and federal law, and the listing of any prairie butterfly as federally threatened or endangered will have negative implications for the installation's training regimes. The information collected for this survey is intended to assist Fort Lewis in successfully managing the four target rare butterfly species listed above, as well as six secondary target species of concern and other prairie butterflies found on Fort Lewis that currently enjoy more robust populations.

The goal of the survey is to determine the current distribution of prairie-dependent butterflies on Fort Lewis. Investigating the distribution of the four target species is the priority, followed by the six secondary target species, and all other butterflies. The results of this survey will be used:

 to assist Fort Lewis in managing its resident butterfly populations in order to achieve its rare species sustainability goals;

 to assist in The Nature Conservancy's (TNC's) development of a Butterfly Enhancement Plan for Fort Lewis;

 to provide information for other butterfly conservation actions in the South Puget Sound region; and

 to compliment additional regional butterfly surveys undertaken by TNC, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW), and the Washington Department of Natural Resources' Washington Natural Heritage Program (WNHP).

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BACKGROUND

Four Fort Lewis prairies have been surveyed extensively, including the Artillery Impact Area (AIA), Johnson Prairie, Training Area 7 South (TA7S), and 13th Division Prairie's Research Natural Area (RNA), located in and hereafter referred to as TA15. Four additional prairies were surveyed once or twice in the mid-nineties including TA14 and Upper Weir, Lower Weir and Marion Prairies. These butterfly surveys have been conducted by the various efforts of TNC, the Fort Lewis Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) crew, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the WDFW, the WNHP, and lepidopterist Robert E. Hardwick. In recent years, butterfly surveys on the installation have focused on the four different species that comprise the main conservation concern for butterflies on South Puget Sound prairies.

Target Species Several species of prairie-dependent butterflies found on Fort Lewis are considered rare enough to warrant monitoring or rare species listing at the state and federal levels, as detailed in below in Table 1. “State Monitor” species are those butterflies that may be rare globally or locally, though not enough information is available on their current distributions to make them candidates for listing. “State Candidate” species are defined by WAC 232-12-297 as a species for which “sufficient evidence suggests that its status may meet the listing criteria defined for State Endangered, Threatened, or Sensitive.” “State Endangered” species are defined as “any wildlife species native to the state of Washington that is seriously threatened with extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range within the state;” while a “State Threatened” species is “likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout a significant portion of its range within the state without cooperative management or removal of threats,” and a “State Sensitive” species “is vulnerable or declining and is likely to become endangered or threatened.” Target species for this survey are comprised of the four butterflies that are listed as either state or federal rare species candidates.

Table 1. Rare species status of butterflies observed on Fort Lewis, 1960 to present.1 Common Name Latin Name State Status Federal Status Mardon Skipper Polites mardon Endangered Candidate Taylor's Checkerspot Euphydryas editha taylori Candidate Candidate Puget Blue Icaria icarioides blackmorei Candidate Zerene Fritillary Speyeria zerene Candidate Great Spangled Fritillary Speyeria cybele Monitor Dun Skipper Euphyes vestries Monitor Juba Skipper Hesperia juba Monitor Common Branded Skipper Hesperia comma oregonia Monitor Sonora Skipper Polites sonora Monitor Arctic Skipper Carterocephalus palaemon Monitor Hoary (Obscure) Elfin Incisalia polia Monitor Purplish Copper Lycaena helloides Monitor 1Compiled from WDFW 2003.

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Mardon Skipper. Mardon Skippers are very small (wingspan of < 1"), tawny-orange butterflies with a band of light yellow rectangular spots following the wing margin (Figure 1). They bask in the characteristic skipper manner of fully spreading the hindwings while holding the forewing at a 45º angle. One Fort Lewis, Mardon Skippers use Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) as a larval host plant and nectar heavily on early blue violet (Viola adunca) as adults. They fly early in the season, from approximately 10 May through 5 June in the South Puget Sound region. Their habitat consists of grasslands: short-grass gravelly outwash prairies in the South Puget Sound trough and openings in Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) savanna/woodlands south of Mount Adams (Dunn & Fleckenstein 1997, Potter et al. 1999, and Pyle 2002).

Until this year's survey, the Mardon Skipper had only been observed on Fort Lewis along the southwestern edge of the Figure 1. Mating Mardon Skippers (Polites mardon). AIA. This observation is detailed below in Table 2. An additional, robust population is found at the Scatter Creek Wildlife Area (Dunn & Fleckenstein 1997, Gilbert 1999, Hays et al. 2000, Potter et al. 1999, and Ressa 2002).

Table 2. Historic observation records of target species on Fort Lewis prairies1. Mardon Taylor's Puget Blue2 Zerene Fritillary3 Skipper Checkerspot AIA 2002 1999-2002 1994, 2001 Johnson 1994 1993-1997, 2000, 2002 1994-2002 1991, TA15 1994, 1995, 2001 1994-2000 TA14 1994, 1995 1994 TA7S 1980 1980, 1982, 1988, 1994 Marion 1994 1 Compiled from Char & Boersma 1995, Crew 1996, Gilbert 1999, Ressa 2002, TNC 1995, the WDFW's Hinchcliff Records, and the personal records of Robert E. Hardwick. 2 The presence of Puget Blues on Upper Weir Prairie is reported by TNC (2001), but no records are available. 3The presence of Zerene Fritillaries on 13th Division Prairie and in the Central Impact Area is reported in Dunn & Fleckenstein (1997), but no records are available.

Taylor's Checkerspot. Taylor's Checkerspot is a subspecies of Edith's Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha). It is a large butterfly (wingspan < 2.25") with a checkerspotted pattern of black, orange and white on the dorsal side of its wings, and yellow, orange and black striping on the ventral side (Figure 2). Its larval hostplants are believed to be both harsh paintbrush (Castilleja hispida) and introduced English plantain (Plantago lanceolata), while the adult nectars primarily on common camas (Camassia quamash) and lomatiums (Lomatium nudicale, L. utriculatum, and L. triternatum). The Taylor's Checkerspot is an early spring butterfly, with a flight period from approximately 23 April through 1 June. Its habitat consists of short-grass gravelly outwash prairies in the South Puget Sound trough and mountain meadows (Dunn & Fleckenstein 1997, Hays et al. 2000, Potter et al. 1999, and Pyle 2002). 5

Taylor's Checkerspot is well known among butterfly and prairie restoration communities for its prolific displays numbering in the thousands at Glacial Heritage Preserve in 1996 and TA15 on Fort Lewis in 1997. It is equally well known for the precipitous decline its populations have experienced throughout the South Puget Sound region since 1997. Currently only one population is known to occur on Fort Lewis. It is located along the southwestern edge of the AIA, the same area that the Mardon

Skipper is known to inhabit. Historic Figure 2. Taylor's Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori). observations of Taylor's Checkerspots on Fort Lewis are detailed above in Table 2. Another population is found at the Bald Hills Natural Area Preserve (Gilbert 1999, Potter et al. 1999, Pyle 2002, Ressa 2002, and TNC 1995).

Puget Blue. The Puget Blue is a small butterfly (wingspan < 1.5"), and a subspecies of the Boisduval's Blue (Icaricia icarioides) (Figure 3). A dimorphic butterfly, the dorsal side of the male is bright azure, while the dorsal side of the female is predominately brown highlighted with blue. The ventral side of both sexes is silvery with white-ringed black spots along the forewing margin and all white to mostly white spots on the hindwing margin. Additionally, a set of faint submarginal crescent spots on both the ventral fore and hindwings distinguish the Puget Blue from the very common Silvery Blue (Glaucopsyche lygdamus). The Puget Blue is highly associated with sickle-keeled lupine (Lupinus albicaulus) both as a larval food plant and an adult nectar source. Observations of other Boisduval's subspecies indicate that these butterflies are only found within 50 yards of lupine patches (Hays et al. 2000 and Schultz 1998). Two subspecies of the Boisduval's Blue have been federally listed as endangered species: the Mission Blue (Icaricia icarioides missionensis) and the Fender's Blue (Icaricia icarioides fenderi). Puget Blues fly between approximately 25 May and 5 July on the South Puget Sound prairies. Its habitat consists of areas where lupines thrive, including short-grass gravelly outwash prairies in the South Puget Sound trough, forest clearings, powerline cuts, and unsprayed railroad rights of way (Dunn & Fleckenstein 1997, Hays et al. 2000, Potter et al. 1999, and Pyle 2002).

On Fort Lewis, Puget Blues have been observed in the AIA, and on TA7S, TA14, Figure 3. Female Puget Blue (Icaricia icarioides blackmorei). TA15, and Johnson and Upper Weir Prairies as detailed above in Table 2. Populations also occur on several other prairie preserves in the South Puget Sound region (Char & Boersma 1995, Crew 1996, Dunn & Fleckenstein 1997, Gilbert 1999, Hays et al. 2000, Ressa 2002, and TNC 1995).

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Zerene Fritillary. Zerene Fritillaries are large butterflies (wingspan < 2.5") with black markings and spots on an orange background on the dorsal side, and silver spots on a reddish- brown disc with a tawny background on the ventral side (Figure 4). They use early blue violet as a larval host plant, and the adults are particularly attracted to Canada and bull thistles (Cirsium arvense and C. vulgare) as a nectar source. Zerene Fritillaries are a late summer butterfly, with a flight period from approximately 14 July through 7 September. Their habitat consists of short-grass gravelly outwash prairies in the South Puget Sound trough, and canyons, meadows, roadsides, and clearings in the mountains (Dunn & Fleckenstein 1997, Hays et al. 2000, Potter et al. 1999, and Pyle 2002).

Historically, Zerene Fritillaries have been observed on Fort Lewis in the Central Figure 4. Zerene Fritillary (Speyeria zerene). Impact Area, on TA15, and on Johnson and Marion Prairies, as detailed above in Table 2. Populations also occur on several other prairie preserves in the South Puget Sound region (Char & Boersma 1995, Crew 1996, Dunn & Fleckenstein 1997, Gilbert 1999, Hays et al. 2000, Ressa 2002, and TNC 1995).

Secondary Target Species Six additional butterfly species were targeted by this survey due to their exclusive dependence on prairie habitat and their listing as a state monitor species. Two fritillaries are secondary target species: the Great Spangled Fritillary (Speyeria cybele) and the Western Meadow Fritillary (Boloria epihore chermocki). The remaining four are skippers: the Sonora Skipper (Polites sonora), the Dun Skipper (Euphyes vestries), the Juba Skipper (Hesperia juba), and the Common Branded Skipper (Hesperia comma oregonia). Historic observations of these butterflies on Fort Lewis are detailed below in Table 3.

Table 3. Historic observation records of secondary target species on Fort Lewis prairies1. Great Western Sonora Dun Common Juba Skipper Spangled Meadow Skipper Skipper Branded

Fritillary Fritillary Skipper 1994, 2001, AIA 1994 2001, 2002 2001, 2002 2002 TA15 1994 1983 1994 1995 Johnson 2000 1997 1997-2002 TA7S 1994 Marion 1994 1 Compiled from Char & Boersma 1995, Crew 1996, Gilbert 1999, Ressa 2002, TNC 1995, and the WDFW's Hinchcliff Records.

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Survey Sites The results of several butterfly surveys conducted by different organizations and individuals on Fort Lewis prairies indicate that three sites have displayed high species diversity over the years: the AIA, Johnson Prairie, and TA15. The remaining four sites have displayed moderately low species diversity, as detailed below in Table 4.

Table 4. Observations of butterflies on Fort Lewis prairies prior to 2003. Site Years Butterflies Observed Total Species Fort Lewis 1960, 1973, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1988, 1992, 1993-2002 36 AIA 1994, 1999-2002 19 Johnson 1993-2002 26 TA15 1994-2002 25 TA14 1994, 1995 12 TA7S 1980, 1982, 1988, 1994 9 Marion 1994 5 Upper Weir 1995, 1996 7 Lower Weir 1995 7 1 Compiled from Char & Boersma 1995, Crew 1996, Gilbert 1999, Ressa 2002, TNC 1995, the WDFW's Hinchcliff Records, and the personal records of Robert E. Hardwick.

METHODS

The purpose of the survey is to give a comprehensive picture of the species and locations of prairie-dependent butterflies currently found on Fort Lewis prairies. Since populations of several of the focal species can occur within small, localized areas, the surveyors attempted to cover entire sections of prairie. To accomplish this, teams of observers focused on specific areas of habitat, and covered as much of those areas as possible. Rather than employ systematic patterns to cover areas, survey teams used their knowledge of butterfly microhabitats, areas of high-quality vegetation, and other characteristics to closely examine those areas that were most likely to harbor butterflies. This methodology allowed the teams to cover considerable amounts of habitat while still focusing their efforts on target locations. The relative efficiency of this effort allowed the survey teams to revisit sites, an important consideration since survey results are also dependent on weather conditions. It also allowed the teams to survey sites that had not previously been surveyed, including: TA6, TA8, TA13, Chambers Prairie, and South Weir Prairie. Sites that had previously been surveyed included: the AIA, TA7S, TA14, TA15, Johnson Prairie, Marion Prairie, and Upper and Lower Weir Prairies, bringing the total number of prairies surveyed to 13.

The majority of the survey teams were led by two TNC employees trained for and dedicated to the butterfly survey. The teams were comprised, as available, of other TNC South Sound Office employees and three volunteer butterfly experts: Robert E. Hardwick, Barry Bidwell, and Glen Buschmann. Mr. Hardwick is the Research Coordinator and past President of the Washington Butterfly Association (WBA), and often invited WBA members to join him and assist with surveys. Additionally, Fort Lewis's LCTA crew surveyed the AIA on three occasions and provided that data to TNC for this report. The team approach offered several advantages over surveys performed by individuals, including the ability to survey large areas quickly and efficiently, the ability to confer with others on the identification of butterflies, the ability to

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record butterflies that another observer may have missed for various reasons, and the ability to cooperate and corner hard-to-catch butterflies for identification.

Survey teams strove to work under weather conditions preferred by butterflies for flying. The majority of surveys were conducted on warm, dry afternoons with light wind. A detailed set of survey parameters is presented below in Table 5. Additionally, though surveys were generally performed between 1000 and 1500 hours, in July and August this parameter was widened to between 900 and 1800 hours in response to mid-day temperatures in the nineties. These temperatures typically force butterflies to seek refuge from the heat by hiding in the understory and forest edges, making them as difficult to find as on a day with inclement weather (B. Bidwell and R. Hardwick, personal communications).

Table 5. Preferred environmental parameters for The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Survey Parameter Preferred Value Time 1000 to 1500 hours Temperature > 55º F Wind < 15 MPH Cloud Cover < 50% Precipitation Dry

Each prairie site was divided into survey polygons of manageable size. Surveys teams recorded the identity, quantity, and location of each butterfly observation on datasheets that included an orthophoto of the survey polygon being covered. While recording target and secondary target species was the priority, all butterfly species observed were recorded. Teams also recorded the extent of their survey and the status of environmental parameters. Observation points were transferred from the orthophotos to ArcView GIS and linked to a Microsoft Excel database containing information on the survey polygon and site, the quantity and species of butterflies observed, the date, the start time, the surveyor, the weather conditions, and the person hours expended. The survey polygons covered were also inputted into ArcView GIS and linked to an Excel database containing information on the time and date of the survey, the surveyor, the weather conditions, the person hours expended, and the number of times the site was visited.

Though it was considered optimal to revisit each site every 7 to 10 days, weather and logistics limited the survey teams to an average of 20 days between visits to a given survey polygon at a prairie site. The average number of visits to a given survey polygon at a prairie site was 3.75. A map detailing the number of times each site was visited is presented in Figure B1 of Appendix B. Although all sites did not receive an equal number of visits, every effort was made to survey each prairie at least once during the flight period of each target species, with preference given to priority sites. A detailed survey scheduled is presented in Table A1, and the flight periods of both target and secondary target species are presented in Table A2 in Appendix A.

Priority sites in this survey included prairies that are near or adjacent to known populations of target butterfly species and could potentially have been colonized by those species, prairies that historically supported populations of target species, prairies where butterfly diversity is known to be high, and prairies where the hosts plants of target species are known to be abundant.

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RESULTS

This survey is intended to serve as a baseline for locating butterfly populations by species on Fort Lewis. The data entered in ArcView GIS and Microsoft Excel were used to create several GIS themes, including: the number of times and extent to which each site was surveyed, the locations of all butterfly observations, and the locations of all target and secondary target butterflies observed in separate themes by species. These themes have been made available for Fort Lewis's use and are detailed below in Table 6. The maps created from these themes are presented in Appendix B.

Table 6. GIS themes generated by the 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Theme Title Theme Description File Type Description of Joined Excel File Mardon All points at which Point The number of Mardon Skippers observed at Skipper Mardon Skippers were Shapefile each point, the environmental parameters under observed during the which they were observed, the survey date, the survey. surveyor, and the person hours involved in the survey. Taylor's All points at which Point The number of Taylor's Checkerspots observed Checkerspot Taylor's Checkerspots Shapefile at each point, the environmental parameters were observed during under which they were observed, the survey the survey. date, the surveyor, and the person hours involved in the survey. Puget Blue All points at which Point The number of Puget Blues observed at each Puget Blues were Shapefile point, the environmental parameters under observed during the which they were observed, the survey date, the survey. surveyor, and the person hours involved in the survey. Zerene All points at which Point The number of Zerene Fritillaries observed at Fritillary Zerene Fritillaries were Shapefile each point, the environmental parameters under observed during the which they were observed, the survey date, the survey. surveyor, and the person hours involved in the survey. Great All points at which Point The number of Great Spangled Fritillaries Spangled Great Spangled Shapefile observed at each point, the environmental Fritillary Fritillaries were parameters under which they were observed, the observed during the survey date, the surveyor, and the person hours survey. involved in the survey. Butterflies All points at which any Point The species of each butterfly and number of Observed butterfly was observed Shapefile butterflies observed at each point, the during the survey environmental parameters under which they were observed, the survey date, the surveyor, and the person hours involved in the survey. Polygons All survey polygons Polygon For each survey: the name of the survey Surveyed covered on each Fort Shapefile polygon, the environmental parameters under Lewis prairie. which the survey was conducted, the survey date, the survey team, the person hours involved in the survey, and the total number of times that polygon was surveyed.

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A total of 472.3 person hours were spent on Fort Lewis observing 4,144 butterflies of 32 different species. This is a significant proportion of the approximately 48 species that have been observed on South Puget Sound prairies (Dunn & Fleckenstein 1997). The species, numbers of butterflies observed, and person hours expended at each prairie are in detailed in Tables A3 and A4 in Appendix A. Table 7 below gives the species and numbers of butterflies observed during the entire survey.

Table 7. Butterflies observed during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Common Name Latin Name Number Observed Anise Swallowtail Papilio zelicaon 25 Brown Elfin Incisalia augustinus 3 Cabbage White Pieris rapae 6 Clodius Parnassian Parnassius clodius 2 Clouded Sulphur Colias philodice 5 Common Wood Nymph Cercyonis pegala 691 Gray Hairstreak Strymon melinus 3 Great Spangled Fritillary Speyeria cybele 62 Hoary (Obscure) Elfin Incisalia polia 26 Lorquin's Admiral Limenitis lorquini 11 Mardon Skipper Polites mardon 28 Margined White Pieris marginalis 1 Milbert's Tortiseshell Nymphalis milberti 5 Mylitta Crescent Phyciodes mylitta 2 Ochre Ringlet Coenonympha tulia 1,495 Orange Sulphur Colias eurytheme 2 Painted Lady Vanessa cardui 3 Pale Tiger Swallowtail Papilio eurymedon 6 Puget Blue Icaria icarioides blackmorei 354 Purplish Copper Lycaena helloides 1 Red Admiral (Admirable) Vanessa atalanta 2 Sara's Orange Tip Anthocharis sara 4 Satyr Angelwing (Comma) Polygonia satyrus 1 Silver-spotted Skipper Epargyreus clarus 1 Silvery Blue Glaucopsyche lygdamus 988 Spring Azure Celastrina argiolus 1 Taylor's Checkerspot Euphydryas editha taylori 33 Two-Banded Checkered Skipper Pyrgus ruralis 3 Western Tiger Swallowtail Papilio rutulus 21 Western White Pontia occidentalis 1 Woodland Skipper Ochlodes sylvanoides 125 Zerene Fritillary Speyeria zerene 42 Total Species 32

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Target Species Mardon Skipper. Several Mardon Skipper observations were made along the southwestern edge of

# the AIA, where the butterfly had # previously been documented. Several additional observations were made in the north and southeastern corners of the AIA. These are newly documented locations for this species, and represent # # # ### # a significant extension of the butterfly's # # range from what had previously been # # 0 900 1800 Meters recorded. These locations are mapped to the right in Figure 5. Figure 5. Mardon Skipper observations in the AIA during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

Taylor's Checkerspot. One observation of a total of 33 Taylor's Checkerspots was made at their previously documented location along the southwestern edge of the AIA, as shown to the right in Figure 6. This was the only Taylor's Checkerspot observation on Fort Lewis in 2003.

# 0 900 1800 Meters

Figure 6. Taylor's Checkerspot observations in the AIA during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

Puget Blue. Puget Blues were observed on six Fort Lewis prairies,

# including the AIA, TA15, Johnson ## ## # Prairie, and all three Weir Prairies. Though the population on Upper Weir # was previously known to exist, Puget Blues had not previously been recorded on any of the Weir Prairies in Fort Lewis butterfly surveys. Contrary to historic records and an extreme abundance of sickle-keeled lupine, 0 900 1800 Meters Puget Blues were not observed on

TA7S. Maps of Puget Blue Figure 7. Puget Blue observations in the AIA during The observations are presented to the right Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. and below in Figures 7, 8, and 9.

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##### ## ### # ### ### # ########## # # #### #### # ######## # # ## # # ## # # # # # ### # ## ## ### # # # # #### # # ###### # # ###### # ## ### # # # # # # # ### # ## # ## # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # ## # # #

# 0 200 400 Meters 0 600 1200 Meters

Figure 8. Puget Blue observations on Johnson and Figure 9. Puget Blue observations on TA15 during Weir Prairies during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Butterfly Survey.

Zerene Fritillary. Zerene Fritillaries were observed at Johnson Prairie as they have been since 1994, but were not seen where historic observations were made on TA15 or Marion Prairie. Previously undocumented populations of Zerene Fritillaries were observed during this survey on TA13 and Lower and South Weir Prairies. Maps of Zerene Fritillary observations made during this survey are presented below in Figures 10 and 11.

## # # # # ## # # # #### # # # # # # # # # # #

# # # # 0 200 400 Meters ## 0 600 1200 Meters

Figure 10. Zerene Fritillary observations on Figure 11. Zerene Fritillary observations on TA13 Johnson and Weir Prairies during The Nature during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis SecondaryConservancy's Target 2003 Species Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Butterfly Survey.

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Secondary Target Species Great Spangled Fritillary. Great Spangled Fritillaries were observed this year at their historic locations of Johnson Prairie, TA14, and TA15. They were not observed at their historic locations on TA7S and in the AIA, though access to the AIA was not gained during the butterfly's flight period. Previously undocumented populations were observed on Marion, South Weir, and Lower Weir Prairies. Maps of Great Spangled Fritillary observations made during this survey are shown below in Figures 12, 13, 14, and 15.

# # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # ### # # # #### # ## # # # # ## # ### ##

#

#

0 600 1200 Meters 0 400 800 Meters

Figure 12. Great Spangled Fritillary observations Figure 13. Great Spangled Fritillary observations on on Johnson and Weir Prairies during The Nature TA14 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Lewis Butterfly Survey.

#

#

0 300 600 Meters

Figure 14. Great Spangled Fritillary observations on Marion 0 200 400 Meters # Prairie during The Nature

Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Figure 15. Great Spangled Fritillary observations on TA15 during The Butterfly Survey. Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

Western Meadow Fritillary. No Western Meadow Fritillaries were observed during the survey period.

Skippers. None of the four secondary target skipper species were observed during the survey period. 14

Non-Target Species The numbers and locations of non-target species observations are detailed in Table 7 above, as well as in Tables A3 and A4 of Appendix A. Of the most abundantly observed non- target species, Silvery Blues were the most commonly observed in terms of number of prairies inhabited with observations at 10 sites, followed by Ochre Ringlets (Coenonympha tullia) at nine sites, and Common Wood Nymphs (Cercyonis pegala) at eight sites. Other widely distributed non-target butterflies included swallowtails (Papilio sp.) and Lorquin's Admiral (Limenitis lorquini) at six sites. Additionally, Woodland Skippers (Ochlodes sylvanoides) on TA13 and TA15 were observed in abundance.

Two State Monitor species that were not targeted by this survey were observed. The Hoary Elfin (Incisalia polia) was observed this year on Johnson, South Weir, and Upper Weir Prairies. The only previous record of this butterfly on Fort Lewis is at an indeterminate location in 1983. A single Purplish Copper (Lycaena helloides) was observed on at its historic location on TA7S. The butterfly was not observed at its historic locations in the AIA and on TA14, TA15, and Johnson Prairie.

Survey Sites As detailed below in Tables 8 and 9, Johnson Prairie was clearly the most productive area for butterflies, ranking first in both number of species observed on site and number of butterflies observed per hour. The AIA, Weir Prairies, and TA15 fall into the next ranking with moderate to moderately high numbers of species observed per site and moderate numbers of butterflies observed per hour. TA7S and TA13 fall into a third ranking with a moderate number of species observed on both sites and low hourly rates of butterfly observations. Finally, TA6, TA8, TA14, and Marion and Chambers Prairies were the least productive survey sites for butterflies, with low numbers of species observed and extremely low numbers of butterflies observed per hour.

Table 8. Number of butterfly species observed at Table 9. Number of butterflies observed per hour at each survey site during The Nature Conservancy's each survey site during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Survey Site Number of Species Survey Site Butterfly Observations Observed Per Hour Johnson 21 Johnson 26.3 TA15 15 Upper Weir 9.8 Lower Weir 15 Lower Weir 9.4 South Weir 11 South Weir 6.7 Upper Weir 9 AIA 6.0 AIA 8 TA15 5.9 TA7S 7 TA13 3.8 TA13 6 TA7S 3.5 TA8 5 Marion 2.2 TA14 4 TA6 0.5 TA6 3 TA8 0.5 Marion 2 TA14 0.3 Chambers 1 Chambers 0.2 All 32 All 8.8

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DISCUSSION

Target Species The most important finding of this survey is the expansion of the Mardon Skipper population in the AIA. The population not only covers a larger area than previously recorded, but is also relatively close to another prairie site, TA6. If the butterfly can find sufficient Idaho fescue and nectar sources on TA6, its population may be able to expand further and aid in the species' recovery.

No change was found from previous surveys in the location of the Taylor's Checkerspot's AIA population. Despite extensive and frequent surveys, the butterfly has not been observed in a survey on TA15 since 1998. It is hoped that this species is in diapause and living as larvae and/or eggs at this historic location, which would account for the lack of adult butterflies.

Known populations of Puget Blue butterflies on Johnson Prairie, TA15, and the AIA were successfully observed during this survey, and all three Weir Prairies can now be added to this list. To the extent that the Weir Prairies form a habitat complex with Johnson Prairie, this finding is very encouraging. Despite multiple surveys of TA7S during the Puget Blue flight period and an extreme abundance of lupine, no Puget Blues were observed there. Butterfly expert Robert Hardwick provided records of the Puget Blue on TA7S in the 1980s, and explained that the majority of these observations were in the middle section of the prairie, which then provided prime habitat, and now has been converted to a gravel pit.

The findings of this survey greatly expand the known locations of the Zerene Fritillary to include TA13 and Lower and South Weir Prairies in addition to their documented population on Johnson Prairie. Robert Hardwick theorized it likely that Zerene Fritillaries are utilizing sunny forest glades between Johnson and Lower Weir Prairie. Zerene Fritillaries observed on South Weir Prairie were making copious use of the forest edge in the southwest corner of the prairie, and were also observed in a sunny clearing in the forest. Though no Zerene Fritillaries were observed at their historic Marion Prairie location, the observation of a Great Spangled Fritillary nectaring on Canada thistles there indicates that this prairie is still capable of supporting this type of butterfly.

Secondary Target Species The only secondary target species observed during this survey was the Great Spangled Fritillary. This is a large butterfly and a very strong flyer, so it is likely that newly documented populations on Lower and South Weir Prairies are related to the population observed again this year on Johnson Prairie. Although the butterfly was present on TA14 and TA15, very few were observed there in spite of both organized survey efforts and the watchful eye TNC's Prairie Restoration Team kept on these two sites as they performed Scotch broom control work there at the end of July and beginning of August. This survey was not able to document Great Spangled Fritillaries at their historic location in the AIA due to a lack of access to the site during the butterfly's flight period. Data collected by Fort Lewis's LCTA crew in the AIA may confirm the butterfly's presence/absence there. Like the Puget Blue, the Great Spangled Fritillary was not observed at its historic location on TA7S.

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The Western Meadow Fritillary is a large and highly visible butterfly, yet it was not observed during this survey. It has observed in increasing numbers on other South Sound prairies (B. Bidwell, personal communication), but this survey was unable to locate the butterfly on Fort Lewis.

Unlike the Western Meadow Fritillary, the four secondary target skipper species that were not observed during this survey are very small butterflies and can be very difficult to locate. Additionally, the most recent observations of these species have been in the AIA, and surveyors did not gain access to this site during the height of their skipper periods. A more concentrated effort on these butterflies is needed to determine the extent of their presence/absence on Fort Lewis.

Non-Target Species Silvery Blues, Ochre Ringlets, and Common Wood Nymphs were the most commonly observed butterflies in this survey, both in terms of numbers observed and number of prairies on which they were observed. The majority of observations of these species occurred on Johnson Prairie. Significant proportions of all three species were found on the Weir Prairies, significant proportions of just Silvery Blues and Ochre Ringlets were found in the AIA and on TA15, and an ample Silvery Blue population was present on TA7S. In the cases of Johnson Prairie, the Weir Prairies, the AIA, and TA15, this abundance of common butterflies is indicative of mid to high quality habitat. However, on TA7S the Silvery Blue was the only butterfly present in abundance, while no Ochre Ringlets or Common Wood Nymphs were observed. The lack of butterfly observations on this prairie is not readily reconciled with its abundance of host and nectar plants, and is discussed below.

The State Monitor Hoary Elfin was found on three prairies where it had not previously been recorded (Johnson, South, and Upper Weir Prairies). This small, brown butterfly is difficult to spot unless patches of its host plant and primary nectar source kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) are patiently surveyed. It is likely that a lack of past observations is not reflective of this butterfly's distribution on Fort Lewis. Contrarily, the Purplish Copper is similar in size to the Silvery and Puget Blues and very easy to spot, but it was not found on four of its historic prairies during this survey, with observations totaling a single individual seen on TA7S. Neither of these species is entirely dependent upon South Puget Prairie habitat for survival, but the populations on Fort Lewis should continue to be monitored.

Survey Sites Johnson and Weir Prairies. Johnson Prairie was by far the most impressive site surveyed on Fort Lewis. The butterfly displays here were far greater that any other site surveyed in terms of abundance of butterflies and numbers of species, including populations of two target butterflies and one secondary target. The number of species observed in this single year's survey (21) is close to the total number of species observed on Johnson Prairie from 1993 to 2002 (26). Johnson Prairie is characterized by a large abundance and diversity of nectaring plants that provide food for butterflies from early spring into early fall, and an abundance of rare species' host plants, including the fritillary's early blue violet and the Puget Blue's sickle-keeled lupine. Although the invasion of turf grasses in disturbed areas and Scotch broom throughout the prairie is evident, the site is dominated by Idaho fescue, and control efforts have kept the height

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and cover of Scotch broom low. Johnson Prairie is also notable for a diversified topography that includes several swales that are swarmed with butterflies on sunny days.

Along with Johnson Prairie, the Weir Prairies are part of the Rainier Training Area, which currently has RNA status and is subject more often to civilian use for horseback riding, dog training, etc. than to military training (which predominately involves paratrooping). The Weir Prairies are of a relatively good quality. They do not have Johnson Prairie's vast abundance of host and nectar plants, but Scotch broom has been relatively well controlled, the Idaho fescue populations are strong, and there is relatively little bare ground. Like Johnson, South Weir is a topographically varied prairie, with swales that butterflies can use to shelter themselves from the wind. In comparison to surveys on Upper Weir in 1995 and 1996, the number of species found this year was not significantly different, up slightly from 7 species to 9. In comparison to the survey conducted in 1995 on Lower Weir, the number of species observed more than doubled from 7 to 15 different species observed this year. Due to their proximity to Johnson Prairie and the numbers of butterflies already found at these sites, the Weir Prairies have the potential to aid greatly in the recovery of both the Puget Blue and Zerene Fritillary.

The AIA. The AIA contains three of this survey's target species: the Mardon Skipper, Taylor's Checkerspot, and the Puget Blue. The Mardon Skipper and Taylor's Checkerspot were not observed on any other prairies. The AIA is considered some of the highest quality prairie habitat remaining in the South Puget Sound region, and contains an abundance of nectaring sources as well as populations of butterfly host plants including the Mardon Skipper's Idaho Fescue, the Taylor's Checkerspot's harsh paintbrush, and the Puget Blue's sickle-keeled lupine. Due to limited access, the AIA was not surveyed by TNC after 9 June this year. This large data gap may account for the precipitous decline in number of species observed this year (8), in comparison to surveys performed in 1994 and from 1999 through 2002, which tallied a total of 19 species.

13th Division Prairie — TA13, TA14, and TA15. The 13th Division Prairie provides the best example of the contrast between butterfly populations in RNA prairie sites and non-RNA prairie sites. The protected RNA in TA15 is ranked with the Weir Prairies and the AIA in terms of moderately high species diversity and a moderate rate of butterflies observed per hour, while TA13 is ranked with a moderate species diversity and a low rate of butterfly observations per hour, and TA14 comes in near the bottom of all sites surveyed with a low species diversity and an extremely low rate of species observed per hour. Separated from TA15 by 8th Avenue South, TA13 (6 species) and TA14 (4 species) have less than half of the species diversity found on TA15 (15 species). Overall, far fewer species were observed on TA14 and TA15 this year than in surveys conducted from 1994 through 2002, which tallied a total of 12 species on TA14 and 25 species on TA15. Target and secondary target species observed on 13th Division Prairie include the Puget Blue and Great Spangled Fritillary on TA15, a previously undocumented population of the Zerene Fritillary on TA13, and the Great Spangled Fritillary on TA14.

The landscape of these training areas is highly varied. In TA15, the area northwest of Muck Creek is routinely mowed short for helicopter landings, and was nearly devoid of both nectar sources and butterfly activity. The area just north of Muck Creek contains far better nectaring opportunities and large patches of sickle-keeled lupine, but also had very little butterfly

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activity. The Triangle RNA between Muck Creek and South Creek is the most productive part of this training area, and the majority of species observed in TA15 were found here, including the Puget Blue. An abundance of nectaring and host plants are present in this area. South of South Creek, where thousands of Taylor's Checkerspots were observed in the nineties, is now an area with a moderate amount of nectar sources and is very sparsely populated with butterflies.

The large area between Pacemaker and the Depressions was only surveyed once this season. TA14 contains patches of high quality prairie as well as oak woodlands, very dry areas dominated by invasive turf grass, a large wet area smothered in invasive turf grass and vetch (Vicia sp.), and highly disturbed areas dominated by bare ground.

The south section of TA13 where Zerene Fritillaries were observed is wet meadow rather than prairie, and contains more Canada and bull thistle than any other site surveyed. No butterflies were observed in the northern section of former short grass prairie that has been invaded by turf grass, Scotch broom, and vehicle tracks.

TA7S. TA7S is not a productive site for butterflies, and contained no target species despite historic populations of Taylor's Checkerspot, the Puget Blue, and the Great Spangled Fritillary. By the report of Robert Hardwick, who often visited this prairie to observe butterflies in the late seventies and eighties, the gravel pit that has been dug in the middle of the prairie has replaced what used to be the prairie's prime area. Restoration efforts throughout the rest of this site have provided an abundance of both host and nectar plants with low Scotch broom cover, but surveyors from the WBA repeatedly remarked not only on a lack of butterflies, but also a dearth of all types of insects at this site. They hypothesized that this site, as well as TA15, may be suffering from the effects of the insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk), though WSDA spray maps do not indicate treatment near these areas. Hardwick's 2-hour search for Anise Swallowtail larvae on the prairie's abundant lomatium this year turned up a single caterpillar where he had expected to observe approximately 700 larvae as in the seventies and eighties. Slightly fewer species were seen this year on TA7S than the total number of species observed in the past, down from nine to seven. The composition of the species observed also changed from the prairie-dependent rare species listed above to species such as the Western Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio rutulus), the Western White (Pontia occidentalis), the Clouded Sulphur (Colias philodice), and Lorquin's Admiral, which utilize many different types of habitat. Additionally, the usually ubiquitous Ochre Ringlet was not observed on TA7S, despite observations of a population there in 1994.

TA6, TA8, Chambers, and Marion Prairies. These four prairies are characterized by low quality, highly disturbed habitats with correspondingly low species diversity and extremely low numbers of butterfly observations per hour. All four areas have a significant amount of bare ground and areas of high Scotch broom cover. Marion Prairie was previously surveyed in 1994, and the Zerene Fritillary was among the 5 species observed that year. This year only 2 species were observed, the Great Spangled Fritillary (discussed above) and the Ochre Ringlet. Due to their proximity to the AIA, Marion Prairie and TA6 have the potential to aid in the recovery of rare species if butterfly-oriented restoration efforts are undertaken.

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Recommendations for Future Surveys Future butterfly surveys on Fort Lewis should focus on butterflies that are listed as Species of Concern in Washington, including Taylor's Checkerspot, the Mardon Skipper, the Puget Blue, the Zerene Fritillary, the Great Spangled Fritillary, the Hoary Elfin, the Purplish Copper, and five skipper species: the Arctic, Common Branded, Dun, Juba, and Sonora Skippers. Prairies chosen for surveys should be those that are known to currently or historically have hosted these rare species, including the AIA, 13th Division Prairie, Johnson Prairie, the Weir Prairies, TA7S, and Marion Prairie. Additionally, TA6 and Marion Prairie should be surveyed for rare species found on the AIA that may colonize either of these prairies, and likewise Upper Weir Prairie should be surveyed for rare fritillaries that have been recorded on Johnson, Lower Weir, and South Weir Prairies.

Areas of particular interest because they were not sufficiently surveyed this season include TA14 during all rare species flight periods, and the AIA during the Great Spangled Fritillary's flight period. Surveys on TA8 and Chambers Prairie this season indicate that they are not productive prairies and are of little future interest. Surveys on TA7S this season also indicate that it is not a productive prairie, but due to its abundance of host and nectar plants as well as historic records of robust butterfly populations, it is of high interest for future surveys. Table 10 contains a suggested schedule for a 2004 butterfly survey on Fort Lewis, detailing the approximate time period each prairie should be surveyed and the species it should be surveyed for, assuming that environmental parameters are adequately met for each survey.

Table 10. Recommended butterfly survey schedule for Fort Lewis, 2004. AIA 13th Division Johnson Lower Weir South Upper TA7S TA6 Marion Prairie Weir Weir May 2 - 5/6 5/3 - 5/5 A, H May 8 A, F, G, H May 9 - 5/14 5/10 - 5/11 5/12 - 5/13

May 15 A, B, G, H F F May 16 - 5/17 - 5/20 5/21 5/20

May 22 A, G, H F A, B, C May 23 - 5/28 5/25 - 5/27 5/24 - 5/25

May 29 A, B, C, G, H A, C, G, F, H A, B, C May 30 - 6/1 - 6/2 5/31 6/3 - 6/4

Jun 5 C C C Jun 6 - 6/11

Jun 12 C, H Jun 13 - 6/14 - 6/17 6/18

Jun 19 C, H C, H Jun 20 - 6/21 - 6/22

Jun 26 C Jun 27 - 6/28 - 6/29 7/2

Jul 3 C C, E Jul 4 – 7/5 - 7/7

Jul 10 C, E, H Jul 11 - 7/12

Jul 17 E, H Jul 18 -

Jul 24 Jul 25 -

Jul 31 Aug 1 - 8/2 - 8/5 8/6

Aug 7 D, E, G, H D, E Aug 8- 8/13 8/11 - 8/12 8/9 - 8/10

Aug 14 E, G, H D, E D, E Aug 15 - 8/16 - 8/18 8/19 8/20

Aug 21 D, E, G, H E, G, H D, E A = Taylor's Checkerspot D = Zerene Fritillary G = Purplish Copper B = Mardon Skipper E = Great Spangled Fritillary H= State Monitor Skippers: Arctic, C = Puget Blue F = Hoary Elfin Common Branded, Dun, Juba, and Sonora 20

CONCLUSION

Fort Lewis contains a significant proportion of all butterfly species observed on South Puget Sound prairies, as well as a significant proportion of the region's remaining prairie land. Thirty-two of the 48 butterfly species observed on South Puget Sound prairies were observed on Fort Lewis during this survey. Many butterflies are located on various prairies throughout the installation, but the most abundant and diverse populations are found in protected RNAs (TA15, Johnson Prairie, and the Weir Prairies) and the surrounding edge of the AIA. The four species of butterflies targeted by this survey because they are under consideration for state and federal rare species listing were found almost exclusively in these areas. The federal listing of any prairie butterfly as a rare species will have implications for training practices under Army regulations and federal law, as well as for Fort Lewis's 25-year sustainability goal of recovering all listed and candidate federal species in the South Puget Sound region. The results of this survey are intended to provide baseline data for Fort Lewis's use in planning recovery efforts for rare butterflies.

The two South Puget Sound prairie butterflies that are currently under emergency petition for federal Endangered Species listing, the Mardon Skipper and the Taylor's Checkerspot, were found only in the AIA, both along the southwestern edge. Encouragingly, the Mardon Skipper was also found in the north and southeast corners of the AIA, where it had not been previously observed. Unfortunately, frequent and extensive surveys of former Taylor's Checkerspot habitat on 13th Division Prairie and other historic locations continue to turn up no survey observations of the butterfly outside of the AIA since 1998.

The known habitat of state rare species candidates Puget Blue and Zerene Fritillary butterflies, and the secondary target state monitor species Great Spangled Fritillary butterfly have all been expanded as a result of this survey: Lower and South Weir Prairies are now known to contain all three species, the Puget Blue inhabits Upper Weir, the Zerene Fritillary inhabits TA13, and the Great Spangled Fritillary inhabits Marion Prairie. Additionally, historic populations of all three butterflies on Johnson Prairie were confirmed, as well as historic populations of Puget Blues and Great Spangled Fritillaries on TA15, Great Spangled Fritillaries on TA14, and Puget Blues in the AIA.

Silvery Blues, Ochre Ringlets, and Common Wood Nymphs were the most commonly observed butterflies in this survey, with the majority of observations occurring on Johnson Prairie. Significant proportions of all three species were found on all three Weir Prairies, while Silvery Blues and Ochre Ringlets were found commonly found in the AIA and on TA15, and an ample Silvery Blue population was present on TA7S. In the cases of Johnson Prairie, the Weir Prairies, the AIA, and TA15, this abundance of common butterflies is indicative of mid to high quality habitat. However, on TA7S the Silvery Blue was the only butterfly present in abundance, while no Ochre Ringlets or Common Wood Nymphs were observed.

The lack of butterfly observations on TA7S is not readily reconciled with the prairie's history of vigorous butterfly populations, abundance of host and nectar plants, and the benefits of Scotch broom control performed on the site by TNC. In part, it can be attributed to the development of a gravel pit in the prairie's center, but it is believed that butterfly populations

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should have recovered more vigorously from this disturbance given the quality of the remaining habitat. Moreover, the composition of species observed on this prairie has shifted from prairie- dependent populations to butterfly species that utilize many different types of habitat. The reasons for these changes are not fully known.

TA7S not withstanding, this survey demonstrates that the prairies known to host robust butterfly populations on Fort Lewis continue to do so, including populations of butterflies that are known to be rare in Washington. These prairies play a critical role in ensuring the continued survival of South Puget Sound's prairie-dependent butterflies. Successful management of these prairies on Fort Lewis and elsewhere in the region is crucial in preventing the extirpation of these butterfly species from the region.

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REFERENCES

Anonymous (April 2003). Fort Lewis sustainability annual report. Department of the Army: Fort Lewis, Washington.

Char, P. and Boersma, P.D. (1995). The effects of prairie fragmentation on butterfly species in western Washington. Final report submitted to The Nature Conservancy, Washington Field Office, and The U.S. Army, Fort Lewis, Washington. University of Washington: Seattle, WA.

Crawford, R.C. & Hall, H. (1997). Changes in the South Puget prairie landscape. In: Ecology and Conservation of the South Puget Sound Prairie Landscape (eds P. Dunn and K. Ewing), pp. 11-16. The Nature Conservancy: Seattle, WA.

Crew, Oliver (November 1996). Summary report of Nature Conservancy butterfly surveys on Fort Lewis Military Reservation, WA., May – Aug, 1996. The Nature Conservancy: Olympia, WA.

Dunn, P. & Fleckenstein, J. (1997). Butterflies of the South Puget Sound prairie landscape. In: Ecology and Conservation of the South Puget Sound Prairie Landscape (eds P. Dunn and K. Ewing), pp. 11-16. The Nature Conservancy: Seattle, WA.

Gilbert, R. (1999). Summary report of LCTA butterfly surveys conducted on Fort Lewis, WA. Land Condition Trend Analysis Program: Fort Lewis, WA.

Hays, D.W., Potter, A.E., Thompson, C.W., & Dunn, P.V. (November 2000). Critical habitat components for four rare South Puget Sound butterflies. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and The Nature Conservancy: Olympia, WA.

Potter, A., Fleckenstein, J., & Richardson, S. (1999). Draft Washington State status report for the Mardon Skipper. Washington State Departments of Fish & Wildlife and Natural Resources: Olympia, WA.

Pyle, R.M. (2002). The Butterflies of Cascadia. Seattle Audubon Society: Seattle, WA.

Ressa, E. (2002). Field report for the LCTA butterfly surveys on Fort Lewis, WA 2002. Land Condition Trend Analysis Program: Fort Lewis, WA.

Schultz, C.B. (1998). Dispersal behavior and its implications for reserve design in a rare Oregon butterfly. Conservation Biology 12(2). pp. 284-292.

TNC (September 1995). Fort Lewis prairie restoration project 6th quarterly report. The Nature Conservancy (TNC): Olympia, WA.

TNC (2001). Fort Lewis butterfly restoration 2001 work report. The Nature Conservancy (TNC): Olympia, WA.

WDFW (2003). Species of concern in Washington State. Washington State Department of Fish & Wildlife (WDFW): Olympia, WA. Available at: http://www.wa.gov/wdfw/wlm/diversty/soc/soc.htm 23

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Barry Bidwell Lepidopterist Graham, Washington

Robert E. Hardwick Research Coordinator and past President of the Washington Butterfly Association Gig Harbor, Washington

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APPENDIX A Tables

Table A1: Schedule for The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. A1

Table A2: Flight schedules for target and secondary target species in The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. A2

Table A3: Butterfly species observed during the 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. A3

Table A4: Butterfly counts and person hours for The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. A4

Table A1: Schedule for The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

Apr 27 - May 4 - May 11 - May 18 - May 25 - Jun 1 - Jun 8 - Jun 15 - Jun 22 - Jun 29 - Jul 6 - Jul 13 - Jul 20 - Jul 27 - Aug 3 - Aug 10 - Aug 17 - May 3 May 10 May 17 May 24 May 31 Jun 7 Jun 14 Jun 21 Jun 28 Jul 5 Jul 12 Jul 19 Jul 26 Aug 2 Aug 9 Aug 16 Aug 23 Early Spring Late Spring Summer AIA Road 1 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Road 2 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Road 3 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Road 4 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Road 5 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Road 6 5/12 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Road 7 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Road 8 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Road 9 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Road 10 5/19, 23 5/26 6/9 Range 74 5/23 Range 91 5/23 Range 93 5/23 Northeast 6/9 North Central 6/9 TA6 North 5/20 5/27 7/1 8/6 South 5/27 7/1 8/19 TA7S North 5/20 5/30 6/6 6/19 6/27 7/11 East 5/2 5/20 5/30 6/6 6/19 6/27 7/11 West 5/2 5/20 5/30 6/6 6/19 6/27 7/11 TA8 North 5/19 6/27 7/23 South 5/19 6/28 7/23 Chambers North 6/30 8/7 South 7/11 8/7 Marion North 6/27 7/29 South 7/29 Johnson North 5/6 5/22 6/16 7/11 7/17 7/24 Southeast 5/6 5/21 6/24 7/6 7/16 7/24 Southwest 5/12 5/21 6/17 7/8 7/16 7/24 West 5/6 5/22 6/16 7/8 7/16 7/24 Lower North 5/27 6/27 7/10 8/18 Weir South 6/5 6/26 7/10 8/19 South All Weir 5/12 6/26 7/6 7/21 Upper Northeast 6/25 7/7 7/25 Weir Northwest 5/9 5/13 6/19 6/25 7/7 7/25 South 4/29 5/9 6/4 6/25 7/11 7/25

1 of 2 A1 Table A1 cont.: Schedule for The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

Apr 27 - May 4 - May 11 - May 18 - May 25 - Jun 1 - Jun 8 - Jun 15 - Jun 22 - Jun 29 - Jul 6 - Jul 13 - Jul 20 - Jul 27 - Aug 3 - Aug 10 - Aug 17 - May 3 May 10 May 17 May 24 May 31 Jun 7 Jun 14 Jun 21 Jun 28 Jul 5 Jul 12 Jul 19 Jul 26 Aug 2 Aug 9 Aug 16 Aug 23 Early Spring Late Spring Summer 13th Division Prairie TA13 North 6/3 7/18 7/22 South 7/2 7/18 7/22 TA14 Depressions North 6/3 7/22

Depressions South 5/12 7/18 7/22 Middle 6/11 7/23 Pacemaker 5/20 7/2 7/23 7/30 TA15 Northwest Muck Creek West 6/5 7/14 7/28 Northwest Muck Creek East 5/1 6/5 7/28

North Muck Creek 5/11 5/29 7/3 7/17 8/1 Triangle RNA 5/2 5/12 5/29 6/5 6/10 7/3 7/17 7/31 South Creek East 5/1 5/12 5/29 6/6 7/17 7/30

South Creek West 5/1 5/12 5/29 7/17 7/30

= Flight period for Taylor's Checkerspot = Flight period for Taylor's Checkerspot and the Mardon Skipper = Flight period for Taylor's Checkerspot, the Mardon Skipper, and the Puget Blue = Flight period for the Mardon Skipper and the Puget Blue = Flight period for the Puget Blue = Flight period for the Zerene Fritillary

2 of 2 A1 Table A2: Flight schedules for target and secondary target species in The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

Taylor's Mardon Puget Zerene Sonora Dun Juba Common Western Great Checkerspot Skipper Blue Fritillary Skipper Skipper Skipper Branded Meadow Spangled Skipper Fritillary Fritillary Apr 13–19 Start Late March Apr 20–26 Apr 27–May 3 1st Peak May 4-10 May 11-17

May 18-24 Spring Early May 25-31 Jun 1-7 Peak

Jun 8-14 Jun 15-21 Jun 22-28 Jun 29-Jul 5 Peak

Jul 6-12 Spring Late Jul 13-19 Jul 20-26

Jul 27-Aug 2

Aug 3-9 Aug 10-16 Aug 17-23

Summer Aug 24-30 Aug 31–Sep 6 2nd Peak Sep 7-13 Sep 14-20 End Early End Late End Late Oct Sept Sept

Target Species Secondary Target Species Taylor's Checkerspot - Euphydryas editha taylori Sonora Skipper - Polites sonora Mardon Skipper - Polites mardon Dun Skipper - Euphyes vestris Puget Blue - Icaricia icarioides blackmorei Juba Skipper - Hesperia juba Zerene Fritillary - Speyeria zerene bremnerii Common Branded Skipper - Hesperia comma oregonia Western Meadow Fritillary - Boloria epithore chermocki Great Spangled Fritillary - Speyeria cybele

A2

Table A3: Butterfly species observed during the 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

Common Name Latin Name Abbreviation Anise Swallowtail Papilio zelicaon AnSw Brown Elfin Incisalia augustinus BrEl Cabbage White Pieris rapae CaWh Clodius Parnassian Parnassius clodius ClPa Clouded Sulphur Colias philodice ClSu Common Wood Nymph Cercyonis pegala CWNy Gray Hairstreak Strymon melinus GrHa Great Spangled Fritillary Speyeria cybele GSFr Hoary (Obscure) Elfin Incisalia polia HoEl Lorquin's Admiral Limenitis lorquini LoAd Mardon Skipper Polites mardon MaSk Margined White Pieris marginalis MaWh Milbert's Tortiseshell Nymphalis milberti MiTo Mylitta Crescent Phyciodes mylitta MyCr Ochre Ringlet Coenonympha tullia OcRi Orange Sulphur Colias eurytheme OrSu Painted Lady Vanessa cardui PaLa Pale Tiger Swallowtail Papilio eurymedon PTSw Puget Blue Icaricia icarioides blackmorei PuBl Puget Blue Larvae Icaricia icarioides blackmorei PuBl Larvae Purplish Copper Lycaena helloides PuCo Red Admiral (Admirable) Vanessa atalanta ReAd Sara's Orange Tip Anthocharis sara SOTi Satyr Anglewing (Comma) Polygonia satyrus SaAn Silver-spotted Skipper Epargyreus clarus SSSk Silvery Blue Glaucopsyche lygdamus SiBl Spring Azure Celastrina argiolus SpAz Taylor's Checkerspot Euphydryas editha taylori TaCh Two-Banded Checkered Skipper Pyrgus ruralis 2BCS Western Tiger Swallowtail Papilio rutulus WTSw Western White Pontia occidentalis WeWh Woodland Skipper Ochlodes sylvanoides WoSk Zerene Fritillary Speyeria zerene ZeFr Unknown Unkn Unknown Blue UnBl Unknown Fritillary UnFr Unknown Orange UnOr Unknown Skipper UnSk Unknown Sulphur UnSu Unknown Swallowtail UnSw Unknown White UnWh

A3

Upper South Lower AIA TA6 TA7S TA8 TA13 TA14 TA15 Chambers Marion Johnson All Table A4: Weir Weir Weir Butterfly counts and Total Butterflies 191 12 163 8 31 9 628 2 11 2170 409 203 307 4144 person hours for The Nature Conservancy's Upper South Lower AIA TA6 TA7S TA8 TA13 TA14 TA15 Chambers Marion Johnson All 2003 Fort Lewis Weir Weir Weir Butterfly Survey. Total Person Hours 32 26 46.5 18 8.25 29 106 10.5 5 82.5 41.5 21.5 46 472.25

PuBl Un Site TaCh MaSk 2BCS SSSk WoSk UnSk ZeFr GSFr UnFr PuBl SpAz SiBl UnBl OcRi HoEl BrEl AnSw WTSw PTSw Larvae Sw AIA 33 28 2 11 19 52 15 24 1 TA6 6 TA7S 126 8 17 3 3 TA8 2 2 TA13 20 5 1 1 TA14 1 3 3 TA15 100 2 14 1 256 28 198 4 6 1 1 Chambers Marion 1 10 Johnson 1 1 5 1 28 56 6 305 347 45 744 18 1 1 6 3 2 Upper Weir 20 159 3 155 7 1 3 South Weir 1 6 1 1 17 8 136 1 1 2 Lower Weir 1 1 3 1 3 20 4 224 2 2 3 1 Total 33 28 3 1 125 4 42 62 6 354 19 1 988 111 1495 26 3 25 21 6 12

Site CaWh MaWh WeWh UnWh ClSu OrSu UnSu ReAd LoAd CWNy SOTi SaAn MiTo PaLa MyCr GrHa PuCo CIPa UnOr Unkn AIA 3 3 TA6 1 1 1 3 TA7S 1 1 1 2 1 TA8 1 1 2 TA13 3 1 TA14 1 1 TA15 3 1 3 1 5 1 3 Chambers 1 1 Marion Johnson 1 2 1 1 1 2 573 2 3 2 12 Upper Weir 1 1 1 52 1 5 South Weir 26 1 1 1 Lower Weir 1 1 1 1 2 33 1 2 Total 6 1 1 8 5 2 1 2 11 691 4 1 5 3 2 3 1 2 3 27

A4

APPENDIX B Figures

Figure B1. All prairie polygons surveyed during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B1

Figure B2. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations in the AIA during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B2

Figure B3. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations on Johnson and Weir Prairies during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B2

Figure B4. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations On TA13 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B3

Figure B5. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations on TA14 and TA15 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B3

Figure B6. All butterfly observations in the AIA and on TA6 and Ranges 74, 91, 93 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B4

Figure B7. All butterfly observations on TA13, TA14, and TA15 (13th Division Prairie) during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B4

Figure B8. All butterfly observations on Chambers Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B5

Figure B9. All butterfly observations on Marion Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B5

Figure B10. All butterfly observations on TA7S during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B5

Figure B11. All butterfly observations on TA8 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B5

Figure B12. All butterfly observations on Johnson Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B6

Figure B13. All butterfly observations on Lower Weir Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B6

Figure B14. All butterfly observations on South Weir Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B6

Figure B15. All butterfly observations on Upper Weir Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. B6

Polygons Surveyed 1 Survey 2 Surveys 3 Surveys 4 Surveys 5 Surveys 6 Surveys 7 Surveys 8 Surveys

0 4000 8000 Meters

Figure B1. All prairie polygons surveyed during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

B1

# ## ## #

# #

#

# Taylor's Checkerspot # Mardon Skipper # Puget Blue

# # # ### # ## # 0 600 1200 Meters # #

Figure B2. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations in the AIA during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

# # # ### ## ### ## ## ## # # ##### #### # ### #### ### ############## # # # ##### ##### ## # ## #### # ## # ### ####### # ## ### # # # # # # # # # # # ### # # # # # # # #### # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## ## # # ## ## # # ## ## # # # # #### ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # ## # # ## ### # ## # # Zerene Fritillary # Puget Blue # Great Spangled Fritillary # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

# 0 400 800 Meters #

##

Figure B3. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations on Johnson and Weir Prairies during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

B2

#

# Zerene Fritillary

# # #

0 100 200 Meters

Figure B4. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations On TA13 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

#

# Puget Blue # Great Spangled Fritillary

# # # # # # # # # # # 0 300 600 Meters # # #

Figure B5. Target and secondary target butterfly species observations on TA14 and TA15 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

B3

# # ## ## # ## # # ##

## # # # # # # # #

##

# #

#

# # # # # ### ## # # ## #### # ## # # # ### # # # ### # # # # # # ### ### # #

# # 0 700 1400 2100 Meters

Figure B6. All butterfly observations in the AIA and on TA6 and Ranges 74, 91, 93 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

# # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # #

# # ## ## # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # ### # # # # # # # # # # # ###### # # # # # # ## ##### # # # # ## # # ### ### ### # # # # # ## # ### # # # # ## # # ########## # ### # ## ## # # # # #### ## ##### # ## ### # # ## #### ### # # # ##### # ###### #### # # # # # # # ## # #### #### # # # # #### # #### ## # ### # # ### ##### # # # # # ## ## # ## ### # ### # ######## # ###### #### # # #### #### ##### ######## ## # # ## # ## ########## #### # ### #### ###### # # ## # #### ## ### # ##### ## ## ######## # ### # ### ## # ## ## # # # # # # ## # # # ### ## # # # ### # # #

0 500 1000 1500 Meters

th Figure B7. All butterfly observations on TA13, TA14, and TA15 (13 Division Prairie) during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

B4

# ##

# # # # #

# #

#

0 400 800 Meters 0 100 200 300 Meters

Figure B8. All butterfly observations on Chambers Prairie Figure B9. All butterfly observations on Marion Prairie during during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Survey.

# # # #

# # # # # #

#

# # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # ## # # ### ## # # # # # # ## ## # # ### # # # # ## # ## #### # # # #### # ## # ## ### # # # # # # #

0 200 400 Meters 0 300 600 Meters

Figure B10. All butterfly observations on TA7S during The Figure B11. All butterfly observations on TA8 during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey.

B5

## # # # ## # # # # # # ## # # # # # ## #### ## # # ## # # # # ## # # ### # #### ## # ## # # ## ### # # # # ## # # # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # ## # ### ## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ### # # # # # # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # ### # ## # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # ## ### # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## ### # ## # # ### # # # ## # # # ## # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # ## ## # ## # # # # # # # # ## # ## # ### # ## # # # # # # ## # # # ### # # # # # # # # #### # # # # # # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # ### ### ## # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ## ### # # # ## ### ### # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ## # # # ## # # # # # ### # # ## # # # # # # ## # # # ## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ### # ## ## # # # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # ## ## # # # ## # # # # ### # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # #### # # # # # # ## ## # # # # # ## # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # ## # # # # # # ## # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## ### # # # # # ## # # # # # # ## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ## # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## ## # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ### # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ### # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # ## # ## # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # ## ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 300 600 Meters # # # # 0 200 400 Meters # # # # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # #

Figure B12. All butterfly observations on Johnson Prairie Figure B13. All butterfly observations on Lower Weir Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Survey.

# # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # ## # # # ## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 0 200 400 Meters 0 300 600 Meters

Figure B14. All butterfly observations on South Weir Prairie Figure B15. All butterfly observations on Upper Weir Prairie during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly during The Nature Conservancy's 2003 Fort Lewis Butterfly Survey. Survey.

B6