DOCSLIB.ORG

Dimension Stone Selection

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dimension Stone Selection Dimension Stone Selection An excerpt from the Dimension Stone Design Manual, Version VIII (May 2016) Produced and Published by the Marble Institute of America 380 East Lorain St. Oberlin, Ohio 44074 Telephone: 440-250-9222 Fax: 440-774-9222 www.naturalstoneinstitute.org © 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by means electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or by an information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the Natural Stone Institute. Dimension STONE there are several significant influencing factors. Among them are aesthetics, color, strength, SELECTION durability, design, texture, finish, size, thickness, availability, stone testing, stone 1.0 INTRODUCTION sampling, and cost. The effects any of these factors may have on another can influence the 1.1 Stone Selection Options. Architects final choice. But aesthetic considerations and builders throughout the ages have chosen nearly always drive the selection process. stone for its permanence and beauty. Where selection was once limited mainly to what was 2.0 AESTHETICS & locally available, today’s stone marketplace is APPEARANCE virtually worldwide. With the broad and growing array of options, the stone selection 2.1 Factors beyond Appearance. A process has become more complex under the palette of colors and a variety of textures weight of multiple considerations. provide ready options in the aesthetic choices among dimension stones. Yet, as the following 1.2 Stone Is A Product Of Nature. pages suggest, it is advisable to examine and Dimension stone has its own unique qualities apply other factors that may recommend that not only distinguish it from man-made alternatives to a selection based purely upon materials, but also should be considered in aesthetic appeal, particularly on exterior selecting it for a particular project. Stone is not applications. A stone that is most desirable in manufactured; it is a product of nature. Blocks appearance, for example, may lack needed are removed from the quarry, slabs are cut strength or durability for a particular from these blocks, and the slabs are further application. fabricated into the final stone to be installed. Each block is different; each slab is different. 2.2 Exterior Cautions. The cautions Skillful blending or matching of the dimension regarding exterior applications are of far less stone blocks, veneer panels, tops, etc., results concern when considering interior in a beautiful blending of nature’s variety and installations. Aesthetics can be allowed much man’s design. In contrast to the uniformity of freer rein for stone that is not subjected to the materials produced by machine or assembly elements. line, dimension stone’s naturally varied appearance has wonderful character. 2.3 Variegated or veined materials, “Uniformity of material,” when applied to especially marbles, that offer interesting colors natural stone, is a term of relative value that and patterns and that are by their nature needs to be understood when making a “faulted” and not generally suitable for exterior selection. use are often highly valued for their decorative qualities in interior installations. 1.3 Exterior vs. Interior Installations. The factors to be weighed in selection may not 2.4 Translucence occurs in some white or be equally applicable to exterior and interior very lightly colored marbles and onyxes having installations. The following discussion is a crystal structure that will transmit light to therefore divided, as appropriate, between varying degrees depending upon stone exterior and interior uses if the factors do not thickness and finish. Translucence can be an readily apply to both. aesthetically intriguing decorative attribute. 1.4 Selection Influencers. While any 2.5 Sample Variations. Assuming that all number of stipulations may direct selection of critical factors support the desired choice in a a particular stone for a specific application, given application, expectations as to final 2016 Marble Institute of America Dimension Stone Selection • Page 3-1 appearance must be realistic. Unless a choice is 2.9.3.1 Flamed or Thermal: Plane surface made and marked on an actual slab, variation with flame finish applied at high temperature from a submitted sample is a fact and should by mechanically controlled means to ensure not come as a surprise. uniformity; changes the color of the stone. 2.6 Fleuri Cut Stones. Many dimension 2.9.3.2 Water-jet Flamed Finish: Gives a stones today are being cross cut or fleuri cut. more uniform, textured finish and allows more This is true in travertines and some granites, of the natural color to show. for example. Many times, the reason this is done is to avoid a directional vein and achieve 2.9.3.3 Sandblasted: Coarse plane surface a more “cloudlike” effect. In any case, the produced by blasting an abrasive, allowing a Specifier and the Stone Supplier should know if fine-textured finish; may lighten the color. this is done and investigate the test data, as it may change from normal, conventional means. 2.9.3.4 Bush-hammered: Coarsely text- See illustration at the close of chapter 7. ured surface produced by hammering, and may vary according to the metallic head used, from 2.7 Filling Might Be Required. Another fine point to very coarse, and may leave high, issue is where cross cut (fleuri cut) stones are lighter-colored markings. used. As in the case of travertine, a limestone, it may require filling with cement or epoxy, 2.9.3.5 Natural Cleft: A cleavage face which may or may not hold up under heavy formed when the stone is split into any traffic conditions, and the fills may come out. thickness. 2.8 Choosing a Finish. Choosing the 2.9.3.6 Picked, Hand-hewn Rock Face: manner in which stone will be finished is an Using a chisel or other metallic object that integral part of the selection process. Finish gives deeper indentations and cleavage to the can be anything from saw cut to high polish. A stone. high polish will bring out the color of the stone to its fullest, because it will optimally reflect 2.9.3.7 Sawn: Usually refers to slabs the light. Conversely, a textured finish will coming from a gang saw, with blades that are always appear lighter. A combination of applied to the block of stone using water and finishes can add interest to a chosen stone. New fine grit. finishes are appearing on the market yearly, so check and investigate all finishes available with 2.9.3.8 Gauged: Done by a machine, your Stone Supplier. usually with circular abrasives to grind the material to a specific thickness. 2.9 Finishes commonly available are: 2.9.3.9 Planed: Usually refers to slate, 2.9.1 Polished: Mirror gloss, with sharp where a metallic scraper peels a layer of stone, reflections. making the stone flat and smoother. 2.9.2 Honed: Dull sheen, without re- 2.9.3.10 Acid Washed: Usually applied to a flections, achieved by abrasive heads. The sawn finish to lower the degree of sawn marks degree of honing depends on the stone, but showing, yet maintain a natural textured finish. may vary from light to heavy. 2.9.3.11 Tumbled: Method of putting tiles 2.9.3 Fine Rubbed: Smooth and free in a mixing container with sand and rotating from scratches; no sheen. them, allowing the edges and corners of the tiles to chip. Page 3-2 • Dimension Stone Selection 2016 Marble Institute of America even, visually pleasing result in the finished NOTE: Many new finishes are being applied to surface. stone as the market demand increases and new uses for stone are being conceived. In some 3.5 Matched-vein Patterns. In contrast productions, combinations of finishes on the to modular tiles, panels cut from the slab same stone are being made. Check with the usually will give the best results aesthetically. Supplier to verify the finish and how it was There are different ways that veined dimension made in order to specify properly. stones or other stones can be matched to form a pattern, and stones must be of types that lend 3.0 DESIGNING WITH themselves to specific pattern arrangement. DIMENSION STONE Patterned and matched panels require that the material be selected and thus, often increases 3.1 Design Considerations are nearly the cost of the stone. See diagrams at the close equal among the factors of aesthetics, strength of chapter 7 for a detailed description of vein and durability. This is particularly true of patterns. interior applications. The imagination of Designers is boundless, and it is the Fabricator 3.6 Mixing Types of Materials. Designs or Supplier who must counsel the design calling for a mixture of stones with different professionals as to what is feasible and what is physical properties, while aesthetically not. Stone is not a plastic material. It is rigid interesting, can give rise to problems of wear and breakable when handled in fabrication. and of maintenance, mainly on floor areas. Re- polishing will pose problems, should that need 3.2 Yield. Before making final selection of arise. The Specifier should be aware that a stone, particularly on a larger project, take mixing types of stones means there will be wastage into account to make certain there will different abrasion resistance levels as well as be enough material to complete the project. different densities of stones that must be An often-forgotten fact is that the material considered in the long-term maintenance of the from a quarry today may be different from stone and its wearability. what was available six months ago. Further, there may be more than one quarry of the 4.0 EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS material.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Section 044200 - Exterior Stone Cladding
    METRO MASONRY ANNUAL CONTRACT 2018- 2023 SECTION 044200 - EXTERIOR STONE CLADDING PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and Division 01 Specification Sections, apply to this Section. 1.2 SUMMARY A. Section includes all possible situations that may be encountered at Metro Properties and the several solutions for maintenance of stone masonry restoration and cleaning. The Metro Project Coordinator will direct the Contractor as to portions of the specification for each project. The Project may require the following: 1. Dimension stone panels set with individual anchors. 2. Dimension stone panels mechanically anchored on steel trusses. 3. Dimension stone panels mechanically anchored on steel strongback frames. 4. Dimension stone panels mechanically anchored on steel stud frames. 5. Dimension stone panels mechanically anchored (field installed) on a metal-grid system. 6. Dimension stone panels set in architectural precast concrete. 7. Dimension stone trim units, including bands; copings; sills; jambs; and soffits. 8. Dimension stone with carving or inscriptions. B. Related Requirements: 1. Division 03 Section "Precast Architectural Concrete" for setting dimension stone panels in architectural precast concrete units. 2. Division 04 Section "Unit Masonry" for installing inserts in unit masonry for anchoring dimension stone cladding and for stone trim in unit masonry walls. 3. Division 05 Section "Cold-Formed Metal Framing" for steel stud frames supporting dimension stone cladding. 4. Division 07 Section "Joint Sealants" for sealing joints in dimension stone cladding system with elastomeric sealants. 1.3 DEFINITIONS A. Definitions contained in ASTM C 119 apply to this Section.
    [Show full text]
  • The Franklin Marble: One of New Jersey’S Most Famous Geologic Formations
    New Jersey Geological and Water Survey Information Circular The Franklin Marble: One of New Jersey’s Most Famous Geologic Formations Introduction 0 5 10 Miles NY Sussex County Few rocks in New Jersey are as attractive or as well known as the Franklin Marble, which displays a Franklin virtual rainbow of colors from white, PA to light gray, pale pink, orange, pale Limecrest green, or pale blue. Samples of Franklin Quarry Marble are displayed in many museum exhibits nationally and internation- ally because of its importance as host rock for the world-famous zinc-iron- manganese deposits at the Franklin and Sterling Hill mines in Sussex County. These deposits contain more than 350 minerals, of which 90 are fluorescent. If New Jersey Highlands area of ever there were a contender for the offi- detail cial state rock of New Jersey, Franklin Marble would certainly be among those at the top of the list. Early in the study of the state’s geologic history, all marble was simply called white or crystalline limestone (Cook, 1868). The name “Frank- lin white limestone” was first intro- Figure 1. Distribution of the Franklin Marble (shown in blue) and other uncorre- duced by Wolff and Brooks (1898) for lated marble deposits (shown in red) in the New Jersey Highlands. marble at the zinc deposits in Frank- lin Borough. This was later shortened the area, where it forms a nearly continu- known. As a result, Franklin Marble was to “Franklin limestone” on one of the ous 21-mile-long belt in Sussex County. quarried extensively during the 20th cen- early state geologic maps of New Jersey Marble also crops out in small, detached tury, although most of the quarries are no (Lewis and Kümmel, 1910-1912), and bodies in the southwestern and eastern longer in operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet 5 Principles of Stone Extraction
    QuarryScapes guide to ancient stone quarries Fact Sheet 5 Fact Sheet 5 Principles of stone extraction In all stone quarry situations the extraction phase rich) ones. Partly because they in general display is based on one or combinations of three the most brittle behaviour, but also because it is a fundamental principles: well documented fact (and experience among quarrymen) that siliceous rocks (granite in 1. Levering; expanding open fractures by particular) have well defined preferred splitting inserting levers, crowbars or stones 2. Splitting; creating fractures, preferable directions defined by microfractures in quartz. planar, by strokes (i.e. sledge hammer), Splitting by heating is caused by a combination of wedging; heating or blasting with thermal expansion properties and brittle explosives behaviour. It works best on quartz-rich rocks due 3. Channelling (carving); making channels in to the well known but poorly understood change the rock by carving with hammer and of mechanical properties of quartz when heated. chisel, pickaxe or stone tools, heating with fire, sawing or drilling Channelling is the third fundamental principle. Channels in the rock are made by removing the Levering may be described as the “simplest” way rock mass by chiselling, picking, sawing or of extraction, involving the expansion of natural heating. In most soft stone quarries from the cracks or other planes of weakness (such as Bronze Age onwards, channelling is the most bedding planes) using various tools. important extraction method. In most cases, channelling is combined with other methods. For Splitting may be defined as the act of generating instance, channels are made perpendicular to the new fractures for extracting rock.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithics, Landscape and People: Life Beyond the Monuments in Prehistoric Guernsey
    UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Department of Archaeology Lithics, Landscape and People: Life Beyond the Monuments in Prehistoric Guernsey by Donovan William Hawley Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2017 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES Archaeology Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Lithics, Landscape and People: Life Beyond the Monuments in Prehistoric Guernsey Donovan William Hawley Although prehistoric megalithic monuments dominate the landscape of Guernsey, these have yielded little information concerning the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age communities who inhabited the island in a broader landscape and maritime context. For this thesis it was therefore considered timely to explore the alternative material culture resource of worked flint and stone archived in the Guernsey museum. Largely ignored in previous archaeological narratives on the island or considered as unreliable data, the argument made in this thesis is for lithics being an ideal resource that, when correctly interrogated, can inform us of past people’s actions in the landscape. In order to maximise the amount of obtainable data, the lithics were subjected to a wide ranging multi-method approach encompassing all stages of the châine opératoire from material acquisition to discard, along with a consideration of the landscape context from which the material was recovered. The methodology also incorporated the extensive corpus of lithic knowledge that has been built up on the adjacent French mainland, a resource largely passed over in previous Channel Island research. By employing this approach, previously unknown patterns of human occupation and activity on the island, and the extent and temporality of maritime connectivity between Guernsey and mainland areas has been revealed.
    [Show full text]
  • Graveyard Geology
    GRAVEYARD GEOLOGY A Guide to Rocks in Graveyards and Cemeteries Wendy Kirk Department of Earth Sciences, David Cook University College London & Aldersbrook Geological Society London Geodiversity Partnership Introduction Walk around graveyards and cemeteries (in this case, those of London and the southeast of England) and it becomes apparent that, prior to the latter part of the twentieth century, many memorials were made out of just a few different rock types. These were chosen for reasons of appearance, cost, workability and ease of transport to the cemetery, as well as for resistance to weathering and dependence on local regulations. In the last few decades, a range of different, interesting and beautiful stones have appeared, many brought in from abroad, enhancing the diversity of materials used. The intention of this guide is to help a non-specialist identify the main rock types, to recognize some of the varieties and to know where some of these might have come from. Graveyards are a wonderful resource for those with an interest in geology at any level, wildlife, plants, history or sculpture. We hope you gain as much pleasure as we have done. First things first A useful place to start is to be able to distinguish between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from melted rock called magma. If this erupts at the surface, it is called lava. It cools and crystallizes quickly, so the grains are too small to see even with a hand lens (magnifying glass). If the lava erupt explosively to form a spray, the cooled fragments are known as volcanic ash.
    [Show full text]
  • Cemetery Preservation QUICK TIPS
    Georgia’s State Historic Preservation Office IIIIIICCCeeemmmeeettteeerrryyy PPPrrreeessseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiooonnn QQQUUUIIICCCKKK TTTIIIPPPSSSIIIIII Common Monument and Gravemarker Materials Below are brief descriptions of the most common stones and monument material types found in Georgia. Stones vary in hardness and therefore in their ability to survive satisfactorily outdoors in cemeteries, as well as their ability to withstand cleaning or restoration. The Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness, created in 1812, establishes talc as the softest mineral material and diamond as the hardest. There is no need to determine the exact hardness of a stone you are working on. However, seeing how some common cemetery materials rank on the Mohs Scale can guide your choice of the best methods for working with them: Talc (see "soapstone" below) Marble Sandstone Granite Diamond 1 3-4 5 7-8 10 If identifying the type of stone is difficult, but will be important to a cemetery preservation project, referring to a stone/mineral field guide is recommended, or consulting with a geologist or other expert. Marker Material Descriptions MARBLE Marble has been used for a great many markers in historic cemeteries in Georgia. The state's marble industry dates back to the late 1830s, when outcroppings of surface marble were discovered in north Georgia. Quarrying began, and markers were carved and sold throughout the area. The Georgia marble industry still thrives today. Several different types of stone that can be polished are called marble. A true marble, though, is a metamorphic rock made up of calcium carbonate, traces of silica and iron oxides; it is rather soft and easily carved.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Stones of the National Mall
    The Geological Society of America Field Guide 40 2015 Building stones of the National Mall Richard A. Livingston Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA Carol A. Grissom Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland 20746, USA Emily M. Aloiz John Milner Associates Preservation, 3200 Lee Highway, Arlington, Virginia 22207, USA ABSTRACT This guide accompanies a walking tour of sites where masonry was employed on or near the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It begins with an overview of the geological setting of the city and development of the Mall. Each federal monument or building on the tour is briefly described, followed by information about its exterior stonework. The focus is on masonry buildings of the Smithsonian Institution, which date from 1847 with the inception of construction for the Smithsonian Castle and continue up to completion of the National Museum of the American Indian in 2004. The building stones on the tour are representative of the development of the Ameri­ can dimension stone industry with respect to geology, quarrying techniques, and style over more than two centuries. Details are provided for locally quarried stones used for the earliest buildings in the capital, including A quia Creek sandstone (U.S. Capitol and Patent Office Building), Seneca Red sandstone (Smithsonian Castle), Cockeysville Marble (Washington Monument), and Piedmont bedrock (lockkeeper's house). Fol­ lowing improvement in the transportation system, buildings and monuments were constructed with stones from other regions, including Shelburne Marble from Ver­ mont, Salem Limestone from Indiana, Holston Limestone from Tennessee, Kasota stone from Minnesota, and a variety of granites from several states.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisions to the Nonmetallic Mineral Processing Plants (Subpart OOO) NSPS
    Economic and Small Business Analysis – Revisions to the Nonmetallic Mineral Processing Plants (Subpart OOO) NSPS EPA-452/R-09-003 April 2009 Economic and Small Business Analysis – Revisions to the Nonmetallic Mineral Processing Plants (Subpart OOO) NSPS By: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, North Carolina U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Health and Environmental Impacts Division Air Benefits and Costs Group Research Triangle Park, NC 2 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION To meet the requirements of section 111(b)(1)(B) of the CAA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently conducting the second review of the new source performance standards (NSPS) for non-metallic mineral processing plants (NMPP). The NMPP NSPS was promulgated on August 1, 1985 (40 CFR Part 60 subpart OOO, 50 FR 31328) and subsequently reviewed in 1997. Subpart OOO requires new, modified, or reconstructed affected facilities at NMPP to achieve emission levels that reflect the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction, considering cost, non-air quality health, environmental, and energy impacts. These emission levels, referred to as “best demonstrated technology (BDT),” are specified in subpart OOO. The purpose of this report is to provide economic and small business impact analyses for the requirements of this NSPS. We include revenue and other economic data for affected industries and businesses in the industry profile for this NSPS, and that profile is included in this report. The analysis will focus on estimating such impacts by providing annualized cost as a percent of sales or revenues for firms in industries likely to be affected by this NSPS.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Effects with Stains
    Get Fortified with Fiber Vol. 7 No. 4 • June/July 2007 • $6.95 Special Effects With Stains The masters reveal their secrets Getting Edgy New border tools and stamps Kitchen Countertops: Safety First II • www.ConcreteDecor.net • Aug./Sept. 2006 June/July 2007 | www.ConcreteDecor.net | 1 Publisher’s Letter Dear Readers, My wife’s grandfather is turning 98 years old in a month or June/July 2007 • Volume 7 so. Having lost his wife a couple of years ago, Papa, believe it or Issue No. 4 • $6.95 not, still lives at home by himself. On a recent visit to Papa we sat, as usual, in his family Publisher: Bent O. Mikkelsen room talking about a lot of things, like the way things used to Co-Publisher: Ernst H. Mikkelsen Editor: Wendy Ardolino be and, for obvious reasons, our concern for his health. During Editor: John Strieder our conversation Papa told me in a matter-of-fact tone of voice Translation Editor: Eduardo Morales that he had suffered a heart attack a couple of weeks earlier. Shocked by the news, I asked Creative Director: Patrick Hunter if he had seen a doctor or spent time in the hospital following that ordeal. Papa responded Web Design: Mark Dixon by saying “Oh yes, one night. My legs feel numb but I’m getting better.” Pressing for more Writers: Andrew Amrhein Susan Brimo-Cox information, he added, “… when I had the heart attack I was afraid I was going to die Christina Camara – however, a moment later, I became afraid I wasn’t going to die.” Saddened as we both Doug Carlton were by his news, this announcement caused us to laugh at the ordeal.
    [Show full text]
  • Dimension Stone Feasibility Study
    DIMENSION STONE FEASIBILITY STUDY: DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN MICHIGAN'S UPPER PENINSULA H. James Bourque and Associates 402 Ashmun Street, P.O. Box 292 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783 (906) 635-9191 July 1, 1999 Page 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 4 Project Background.................................................................................................... 5 In Recent Years . ...................................................................................................... 5 Study Methods............................................................................................................ 7 Geology of the Upper Peninsula................................................................................. 7 Dimension Stone Production ...................................................................................... 8 1997 Dimension Stone Production By Types: ...........................................................9 Dimension Stone Pricing ...........................................................................................11 Sandstone ..............................................................................................................12 Granite...................................................................................................................12 Limestone ..............................................................................................................12 Stone Sites Investigated
    [Show full text]
  • BUIL])ING STON.E O·F WASHINGTON
    BUIL])ING STON.E o·f WASHINGTON By WAYNE S. MOEN Washington Department of Conservation Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin No. 55 1967 State of Washington DANIEL J. EV ANS, Governor Department of Conservation H. MAURICE AHLQUIST, Director DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY MARSHALL T. HUNTTING, Supervisor Bulletin No. 55 BUILDING STONE OF WASHINGTON By WAYNE S. MOEN STATE PRINTING PLANT. OLYMPI A , WASHINGTON 1967 For sale by Department Pof? ceConsl]SliARYervation, Olympia, Washington. PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION etnDTLAND. OR£00N CONTENTS Poge Introduction 7 General history .. ...... ...........................•............ 8 Production and vo lue . 10 Forms of building stone . 12 Field stone . 12 Rough building stone . 13 Rubble . • . 14 Flogging (flagstone) . 14 Ashlar . .. ......... ........ , ................. , . , . 15 Crushed stone . 16 Terrozzo . 17 Roofing granules.............. .... ..... ......... 18 Exposed aggregate . 18 Reconstituted stone . • . 19 Landscape rock . 20 Area coverage of bui Iding stone . 21 Acquisition of bui )ding stone . 22 Examination of stone deposits . 23 General quarrying methods . 24 Physical properties of building stone . 26 Strength . 26 Hardness and workabi Iity . • . 27 Color . 28 Alteration ....•...................... , ........... , . 29 Porosity and absorption ...........•. : . 31 Testing of building stone... .. .................... ................ 33 Common building stones of Washington . 34 Granite . 35 Geology and distribution . 35 Physical properties . 38 Varieties
    [Show full text]
  • Short Notice to Quarrying Sector
    DRAFT REPORT STATE-OF-THE-ART: ORNAMENTAL STONE QUARRYING IN EUROPE Nicos Arvantides Tom Heldal 1 OSNET quarrying sector Nicos Arvantides Institute of Geology and Mineral exploration (IGME) 1. Fragon str. 54626 Thessaloniki Greece [email protected] Tom Heldal Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) N-7491 Trondheim Norway [email protected] Preface This report is an attempt to summarize some characteristics of the ornamental stone quarrying industry throughout Europe and underline some challenges that this sector is facing. Furthermore, it seeks to highlight some of the most important innovative technologies and methods contributing to improve the viability and sustainability of ornamental stone quarrying. In addition to quarrying itself, the report also deals with other important aspects directly relevant to quarrying – such as exploration, some environmental issues, management of deposits and handling and use of waste rock. For other aspects related to the ornamental stone production, including environmental, the work by the other sectors within OSNET is recommended. These are: Processing, Stone characterization, Tools and equipment, Risk assessment, safety and environment and Technology transfer. Ornamental stone quarrying in Europe is characterized by a great variation in traditions, extraction methods and, not at least, rock types. To give a complete picture of everything happening within the sector would demand far more pages and time than available, but we hope that we have not forgotten too much. The members of the OSNET quarrying sector come from Greece, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, Finland and Norway. Clearly, the report will be "coloured" by examples and case studies from these countries, but we hope – and believe - they have a more general validity.
    [Show full text]