Relative Investigation on Exploring Enterprise Blockchain of Kaleido, Azure Clouds and Deployment of Smart Contract

International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing Vol. 13, No. 1, (2020), pp. 2785– 2791

ShaikMulla Almas1, K. Kavitha2, Y. Rajesh3, B. Arun Kumar4

1Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, TamilNadu. [email protected] 2Associate Professor,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, TamilNadu. [email protected] 3Assistant professor, Dept of IT, VVIT College, Nambur, Guntur (Dt), AP, [email protected] 4Assistant professor, Dept of IT, VVIT College, Nambur, Guntur (Dt), AP, India. [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Even though the Cloud computing technology is emerging since a decade and well establish, there are some challenges present. Where some of the primary challenges can overcome by integrating cloud computing with blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is a emergent technology which enables new form of decentralized software architectures, where distributed components can reach concurrence on shared system states without trusting a centralized integrated point. Blockchain as a service (BAAS) provides a blockchain service over cloud computing environments like network deployment, system monitoring, smart contract analysis and testing. By these services the developers can focus on business code that is to explore more on how to apply blockchain technology more appropriately to their business scenarios, without bothering much about maintance and monitoring of the system. Where cloud-based IT-partner manages all required tasks and activities to maintain the infrastructure to be healthy. Ethereum supports the Quorum protocol explicitly for private transactions and to build Enterprise blockchain. In this paper, enterprise blockchain of Kaleido, Azure clouds were built and deployed a Smart Contract as well, for the very first time. Work is done to compare, analyse user interface and block explorer of Azure and Kaleido blockchain environments.

Index Terms – Cloud computing, Blockchain, BAAS, Kaleido, Ethereum, Quorum, Enterprise Blockchain

1. INTRODUCTION

Cloud Computing: Cloud Computing is a bunch network services which is been enabled to provide scalability, quality of service, low-priced on-request computing facilities that can be accessed in a basic and penetrating manner. Cloud computing offers pay for what you use style to provide extendable, receptive, and distributed computing services (e.g. servers, storage, networks, software, Databases, etc.) to all the users of the network. Few of the top most IT companies offer this type of services designated as Cloud Computing Providers.

Blockchain: Blockchain is kind of database storage, which is decentralized, reliable and complicated for bongus activities. It is a disseminated ledger arrangement which accesses, verifies, and transmits network data across scattered nodes. The decentralized approach of blockchain avoids dependency on a central service provider, such as using servers to hold storage databases. Transactions get logged into blocks, which is furtherly added to the blockchain. Each block has a unique signature. Blocks are mined for every few seconds and fall into the blockchain. All blockchain structures fall into three categories, Public blockcahin architecture, private blockchain architecture, consortium blockchain architecture as shown in the fig-1.

Fig-1: Categories of Blockchain Architecture

2. BACKGROUND WORK

Quorum Overview: Quorum is been developed by JP Morghan, which is a permissioned ledger implemented from Ethereum. Ethereum is a public permissionlessblockchain, which is used by multiple domains for implementing decentralized application. As Ethereum is public and permissionless, security issues will be looked after by the Proof-of-work (PoW) consensus algorithm and Ether. Where Ether is a internal cryptocurrency of Ethereum. To prevent Sybil attacks on Ethererumblockchain, PoW consensus algorithm adds intentional cryptographic difficulty. Quorum being a permissioned implementation of Ethereum, it has made following primary changes to the design of Ethereum. 1. Privacy Support: Transactions and smart contract that are going to be deployed in the blockchain will be private. 2. Peer/Node permissioning: Only the authorized nodes are given right to bind with Quorum blockchain, authenticate transactions,to run smart contracts and to preserve ledger state. 3. Consensus Algorithms: Initially Quorum entitles RAFT consensus Algorithm for collision fault tolerance and Istanbul BFT concensus for Byzantine fault tolerance. RAFT and Istanbul BFT leads to quicker consensus, transaction conclusiveness in short while, being an apt choice for implementing permissioned blockchain. 4. Unpaid Transactions: Quorum abolished the conception to include cost to a transaction through gas. Consequently, Quorum is not associated with any cryptocurrency cost to run transactions on the Quorum network. 5. Increased Scalability and Network Performance: As mining is done by theclouds itself, not by the miner. Hence, scalability increases as number of blocks can be mined, which leads to high Network Performance.

Istanbul BFT (IBFT): Istanbul BFT is modelled after Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance [PBFT], which is consensus algorithm introduced by Barbara Liskov and Miguel Castro.

Fig-2: Practical Byzantine Fault tolerance

Fig-2 shows the flow of PBFT, consider a running node called DApp Node, which sends a transaction to a Leader Node. By receiving the transaction sent, Leader Node sends it to Node1, Node2, Node3 requesting for validation. These three nodes perform validation algorithm and reply to the Leader Node in the form of voting-based consensus mechanism. Consequently, Leader Node considers the majority of votings and triggers the DApp Node to commit the transaction. Furtherly, sends request to Node1, Node2, Node3 to commit the transactions at their end. If majority of voting is not attained, then Leader Node throws back the transaction to DApp Node, as it is considered as unauthorised transaction. PBFT is energy efficient, leads to higher transactional throughput, when compared to PoW. Where PoW consumes excessive power.

Smart Contract: Smart Contract is a programming codes that autoruns on the top of the blockchain. Smart contract is written by using Solidity programming language. As smart contract is build by the bundle of cryptographic logics, it facilitates the blockchain network to set out trustful and authority to the parties that are involved in transaction. Remix, a powerful open source tool to write Solidity smart contracts directly from the browser. It also supports testing, debugging and deployment of smart contracts. By using this Remix, a sample Simple Storage smart contract was deployed into the private blockchain of Azure and Kaliedo clouds. As fig-3 shows sample Simple Storage Smart Contract.

Fig-3: Simple Storage Smart Contract

3. PROPOSED ALGORITHM

Kaliedo Cloud: Kaliedo is a blockchain business cloud, which is an award winning platform to build and run contemporary bussiness network, being blockchain as core. Kaliedo is a full stack SaaS platform that is desgined to build consortia and to deploy private blockchain network .The services provided by Kaliedo is permissioned, which is been implemented from Ethereum protocol, where participants are authenticated.

Kalideo delivers trust and transparency to maximize the finality and speed of transactions by using efficient consensus Algorithms. Environment is configured to run any of the three consensus

algorithms-Proof of Authority, Raft or IBFT. Enterprise Ethereum clients available on kaliedo are Quorum, Go Ethereum and Pantheon. Quorum is a established enterprise Ethereum implementation with privacy extensions. Go Ethereum is most popular Ethereum client, configured for a private network. Pantheon is Ethereum implementation built from scratch to meet Enterprise requirements.

Mechanism for building aEnterprize Blockchain on Kaleido and deployment of smart contract

Fig-4: Operational flow to build enterprise blockchain and Smart Contract deploement on to kaliedo cloud

Fig-4 is the step by step procedure, firstly login into the kaliedo Cloud, create a consortium. Once the consortium with the membership nodes are been created, empty blocks are been mined for every 10 seconds, which fall into the enterprise blockchain of kaliedo cloud. This can be seen in the Block Explorer, as shown in fig-5, where the blocks are empty with zero transactions.

Fig-5: Block explorer service of kaliedoblockchain cloud

Now, the kaliedo cloud is been connected to the metamask by access keys and metamask is connected to the remix, where smart contract is deployed into the blocks of kaliedo, which is shown in fig-6.

Fig-6: Falling of a transaction into the block of enterprise blockchain of kaliedo cloud

Fig-7: Transaction record on Block Explorer

Fig-8: SimpleStorage smart contract history on block explorer

Microsoft Azure Cloud: Microsoft Azure which is commonly referred to as Azure is a Cloud Computing Service. Microsoft created this for building, testing, deploying, managing applications and services via the data centres managed by Microsoft. Due to COVID-19, the revenue of Azure has reached to 600%, where some the service based companies have migrated to the Azure cloud.

Mechanism for building aEnterprize Blockchain on Azure and deployment of smart contract

Fig-9: Operational flow to build enterprise blockchain and Smart Contract deployment on to Azure cloud

Operational steps to build enterprise blockchain and smart contract deployment on to Azure cloud Step1: Login into Azure Cloud Account and explore the services. Step2: Create a blockchain membership in Azure Blockchain service. Quorum Protocol is used to build private blockchain. Step3: Establish a Connection between transaction nodes to Metamask by connection strings access keys. Step4: Connect Metamask to the Remix or vice versa, turn on listen to network, empty blocks without any transactions gets mined here in remix itself as shown in the fig-10.

Fig-10: Mining of Blocks in Remix Step5: Deploy the sample SimpleStorage smart contract into one of the blocks of Azure Private blockchain. Step6: Finally this transaction will fall into any of the block of the Azure enterprise blockchain randomly as shown in the fig-11.

Fig-11: Falling of a transaction into the block of enterprise blockchain of Azure cloud

4. CONCLUSION

In this article ,the study is made on cutting edge technologies like Cloud computing, blockchain and there integration .Also the flow of building an enterprise blockchain into Azure, kaliedo and deployment of a sample smart contract. This article also gives insight into the characteristics of two cloud environments. The user Interface of the kaliedo cloud is designed in user friendly manner, where the blocks mined in the enterprise blockchain and the deployment of smart contract are done at the Kaliedoblockchain cloud itself. Block Explorer service of Kaliedo cloud gives insight into blocks, smart contract and transaction details with an efficient and eye catching GUI design. The blocks of azure enterprise blockchain are mined and deployment of smart contract visualized at the remix platform. The details of the blocks, the transactions that fall into the blocks and the GUI are not efficiently designed. Drives an opinion, that building private blockchain and deployment of smart contracts into kaleido cloud is far good than Azure Cloud.

REFERENCE

1. Emanuel F. Coutinho, DiogoEliseu Paulo, Antonio Welligton Abreu and Carla I. M. Bezerra (2020) Towards Cloud Computing and Blockchain Integrated Applications. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Companion (ICSA-C): 139-142 2. Sambit Kumar Mishra, BibhudattaSahoo, PritiParamitaParida (2018) Load balancing in cloud computing: A big picture. Journal of King Saud University –Computer and Information Sciences: 149-158. 3. Tralyn Le, Yoohwan Kim, Ju-Yeon Jo (2019) Implementation of a Blockchain-Based Event Reselling System. 6th International Conference on Computational Science/Intelligence and Applied Informatics (CSII):50-55. 4. Xiongfeng Pan, Xianyou Pan, Malin Song, Bowei Ai, Yang Ming (2019) Blockchain technology and enterprise operational capabilities: An empirical Test. International Journal of Information Management:1-9. 5. AratiBaliga, Subhod I, PandurangKamat and Siddhartha Chatterjee (2018) Performance Evaluation of the Quorum Blockchain Platform. ArXiv e-prints, https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.03421v1 6. Microsoft Azure (2020) Azure blockchainservice.https://azure.microsoft.com/pt- br/services/blockchain-service/ 7. Kaliedoblockchain cloud (2019) Kaliedo services.https://docs.kaleido.io/using-kaleido/quick- start-corda/first-blockchain/ 8. FeiyangQu, Hisham Haddad, HossainShahriar (2019) Smart Contract-based Secured Business- to-Consumer Supply Chain Systems. IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain): 580-585.