DOCSLIB.ORG

Xerox University Microfilms, Annarbor. Michigan4sio6

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Xerox University Microfilms, Annarbor. Michigan4sio6 76-24,574 CADY, Priscilla Scott, 1925- HORATIO WALPOLE AND THE MAKING OF THE TREATY OF SEVILLE, 1728-1730. The^Ohio State Univeristy, Ph.D. History, modern Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Michigan 4sio6 Copyri^t by Priscilla Scott Cady 1976 HORATIO WALPOLE AND THE MAKING OF THE TREATY OF SEVILLE, 1728-1730 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Priscilla Scott Cady, B.S., M.A. The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee; Approved By John C, Rule R. Clayton Roberts Phillip P. Poirier Adviser Department of History ACKNOIŒDŒ'IENTS This study would not have been completed had it not been for the assistance and encouragement of many people. It was John C, Rule who suggested this investigation of Horatio Walpole's embassy in Prance and provided guidance during the writing of the dissertation. Eagnhild Hatton was supportive in regard to focusing attention on a significant period of Walpole's embassy. Graham Gibbs' suggestion regarding the Norwich Public Record Office was fruitful in bringing to li^t a collec­ tion of Townshend-Walpole correspondence for 1728. Clayton Roberts was generous in helping a neophyte at the British iîuseum and the London Public Record Office. Last, and far from least, my husband, Henry, and our children have always been ready with a word of encouragement whenever energy flagged. To each I extend sincere appreciation and gratitude. June 24 1 1923 •••••••••• B o m — Malden f Massachusetts 1967* •••••••••••••• B«S.I Sununa Cum Laude, The Ohio State University I Columhus, Ohio 1967-I9Ô8 •••••••••••• English TeacherI Grade 12, Worthington High School, Worthington, Ohio 1968-1970 •••••••••••• M.A,, The Ohio State University, Columhus, Ohio 1968-1973 ••••• ........... Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columhus, Ohio 1974» ....... ......... Instructor, Department of History, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Fall Quarter FUBLICATIOH Book review of Dickinson’s Walnole and the VIhig Sunremacy in the Philological Quarterly, 53, 4, Fall, 1974* PIEIDS OP STUDY Major Field: European History Studies in European Histoiy, 164&-1815« Professor John C. Rule Studies in the History of Tudor-Stuart England, Professor R. Clayton Roberts Studies in Renaissance and Reformation History, 13OO-I648. Professors Harold J, Grimm and Pranklin J« Pegues Studies in the History of the Middle Ages including English History to 1485# Professor Franklin J. Pegues TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKHDWLEDŒIEMS ............................................ il VITA. iii Chapter I. HORATIO WALPOLE AHD THE MAKING OP THE TREATY OP SEVILLE .................................. 1 II. WALPOLE» S DIPLOMATIC APPRENTICESHIP: 1706-1724......... 15 III. POLARIZATION OP EUROPE: 1725-1727 ................ » . 52 IV. CONGRESS OP SOISSONS: AN UNSUPPORTED PROMISE........... 91 V. CONGRESS OP SOISSONS: THE HOLLOW PERPORI/iANCE........... 121 VI. THE PROVISIONAL TREATY CONSIDERED: SEVEN MONTHS IN LIMBO .......................... 162 VII. SPAIN'S RESPONSE TO THE PROVISIONAL TREATY............ 200 VIII. THE TREATY OF SEVILLE............................... 235 IX. HORATIO WALPOLE AND THE TREATY OP SEVILLE: CONCLUSION . 271 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................. 28$ HORATIO WALPOLE AMD THE I^AKING OP THE TREATY OP SE7ILLE The Treaty of Seville, concluded in 1729i has received relatively little attention by historians. Those who have written on the subject differ considerably in their evaluation of the treaty and of the key figures involved. Arthur Wilson, in his work on Pleury’s foreign policy, believes the treaty was a victory for Pleury. %)t only did the cardinal restrain his allies from going to war, but he used various expedients to achieve his ends and those of his allies.^ J. H. Plumb, on the other hand, sees the treaty as Robert Walpole's first diplomatic triumph. Plumb also gives credit to the duke of Newcastle, Secretary of State for the South, and William Stanhope, British diplomat and ambassador to Spain. Newcastle sent Stanhope to the Spanish court for the specific purpose of concluding the negotiation.^ Plumb's view is similar to Lord Hervey's. The latter, who was a courtier and closely associated with the adminis­ tration, claimed in his memoirs that Robert Walpole was the author of the plan which William Stanhope successfully negotiated with Spain.^ ^Arthur M. Wilson, French Poreim Policy of Cardinal Pleury 1726- 1743. Harvard Historical Studies, no. 40 Ccambridge, 1936), p. 210. ^J. H. Plumb, Sir Robert Walpole, 2 vols. (London, 1956-60), II, 198. ^Lord John Hervey, Memoirs of the Reign of George the Second, ed. John Wilson Croker, 3 vols. (London, I884), I, 131-32. 2 Frederick Oliver, a popularizer, yet considered reputable by historians, believes a major share of the credit belongs to Stanhope. According to Oliver, Stanhope was particularly skillful in his special mission to Spain and his efforts were benevolently supported by Pleury.”* Sir Richard Lodge agrees with Wilson, in that he considers Pleury the real author of the treaty, but he also gives great credit to Stanhope for helping to frame it in Paris, and to Benjamin Keene, the British repre­ sentative at the Spanish court, who did so much to establish good relations with the Spanish minister, Patino.^ Only a few historians, such as Paul Vaucher, William Coze and the comte de Bâillon find any significance in the fact that Robert Wal­ pole *s brother, Horatio, was then ambassador to the court of Prance, and as minister and plenipotentiary was officially engaged in negotiating the treaty. Though Plumb also recognizes Horatio's connections in both courts, his comments are generally disparaging. Moreover, as will be seen in later chapters, he ignores considerable evidence of Horatio's contributions not only to the negotiations but also to the defense of the ministry's foreign policy. This discounting by historians of Horatio Walpole is curious. Not only did he enjoy a singularly close relationship with the ministers in Hagland and Prance, but he brought considerable diplomatic experience, if not expertise, to his embassy. In his Apology, written a number of years after 1729, Walpole looked back on his role in the negotiations as ”*PFrederick Scott Oliver, The Endless Adventure, 3 vols. (London, 1930-35), II, 129. ^Sir Richard Lodge, "The Treaty of Seville (1729),” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fourth Series, XVI (1933), 41. 3 one of his great diplomatic triumphs. He asserted that he was the one who hrou^t Cardinal Pleury around to approve the British version of the treaty, after contriving to meet him in private for many hours. He also made note of the queen’s satisfaction with "his diligence, fidelity, & success in negotiations of so much perplexity and trouble, and [that she] was . pleased to give him distinguishing marks of her favor and ion."^ In view of Walpole’s remarks, the question arises about the part he actually played in the negotiations. Did he have a significant role, as he, himself, believed, or are the historians correct in their apparent dismissal of his efforts and influence? This, then, is the question and the focus of the following study. Historiographical Background Opinions of writers and historians about the quality and impor­ tance of the treaty itself differ. Basil Williams, at one end of the scale, considers it "the logical outcome of the treaty of Utrecht."^ Oliver’s views are mixed. The treaty itself was clear and without unnec­ essary loose ends. However, in Oliver’s opinion, if the negotiators had been able to encompass more than they did, some of the great disasters that followed might possibly have been averted.^ D. B. Ik>m believes that the Treaty of Seville was due more to the insufficiency of the Spanish- Imperial alliance than to Pleury’s diplomacy. The treaty was inherently Apol o g y , B.M., Add. MSS. 9132, fols. 90v-93. ^Basil Williams, "The Poreign Policy of England un English Historical Review, XV, X7I (I9OO-I9OI), XVI, 326. we a k ‘because Britain and Prance had no prior agreement on how they would execute their promises to Spain.^ Schoell, at the opposite end of the scale, describes the treaty as an extraordinary, if not deplorable, monument to the instability of European politics.^ Whether or not Schoell*s description of the treaty is apt, his reference to the instability of European politics is significant, for herein may lie one explanation of the divergent views of the treaty and the men involved. There were so many conflicting interests, not only between the negotiating powers but also within the individual delega­ tions , that it is remarkable any kind of an agreement was reached. The slow communications contributed to the difficulties, and as Plumb observes, this too was a weapon of diplomacy. The prevarications and delays, the decisions taken only to be disavowed, the knowledge that the whole strategy of a diplo­ matic campaign might be changed by the changed opinion of one prince, inflated the respect in which diplomacy was held and led also to complications almost for their own sake, so that often the left hand of a prime minister scarcely knew what his right hand was doing.^ Lodge, who considers himself **a fairly hardened explorer of diplomatic mazes,” finds the tortuous negotiations, extending from the summer of ^David Boyne Horn, Great Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, I967), p. 5I. ^Friedrich Schoell, Histoire abrégée de paix entre les puis­ sances de 1 *Earoçe, d e m i s la oaix de Westohalie; par feu M. de Ihch. Ouvrage entièrement refondu> augmenté et continué jusqu'au con/rrès de Vienne et aux traites de Paris de l8l5; par Ë.' Schoell, 15 vols. (Paris, 1817-18), II, 216-17. ^Plumb, Sir Robert Wal-polei II, 14. 5 Some historians appear to accept Schoell's and Lodge's assess­ ment of the unsettled and intricate conditions prevailing in Europe, Baudrillartf for one, considered it necessary to restrict his own in­ vestigation at the risk of distortion, even while recognizing that the period 1724-1729 was a fertile one for treaties thronghout Europe.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Strawberry Hill Forever
    Spring 2010 Spring monumentum Strawberry Hill Forever Peter Inskip on the challenge of restoring Horace Walpole’s gothic pile 3 Making light work: St George’s adopts a classic chandelier 9 Project updates: from the Pella tombs to St Paul’s Cathedral Plus: Spring lecture: Kevin McCloud on new lives for old buildings WMF Britain Chairman James Hervey-Bathurst Peter Stormonth Darling has concluded an invaluable role as Acting Chairman of WMF Britain for which he Message from the Chief Executive deserves our enormous gratitude. His ultimate aim was to secure a Chair of the best calibre, which has 2010 is an auspicious year for World Monuments will be speaking for us at the RGS in October. Our been realized in James Hervey-Bathurst. Fund: it’s the organisation’s forty-fifth anniversary and fundraising for Stowe is yet to be completed, and James is heavily involved in the heritage the fifteenth year of WMF Britain’s mission to secure we would welcome any help. sector and was President of the Historic Houses a vital future for historic sites in, or related to, the UK. In July of this year, the Strawberry Hill House Association from 2003–2008. He is also a Vice We mark the occasion with the first annual summer project will be complete, presenting the restored President of European Historic Houses. party on 9 June thanks to the wonderful support Horace Walpole interiors six years after Watch James runs his family business in the Midlands, of Radisson Edwardian hotels; and we present an listing and with a WMF investment of a million centred on Eastnor Castle in Herefordshire: www.
    [Show full text]
  • KEENE FAMILY HISTORY and GENEALOGY
    KEENE FAMILY HISTORY and GENEALOGY By ELIAS JONES BALTIMORE. MD. 1923. PRIIAS Of' KOHN AN0 POI.LOCK. INC. BAI.TIMOIIII. MD. Copyright 1923, by ELIAS JONES All riirhta reserved .', ,. .. ~ '~-- - ... -. u··.· :, ; )t-- 'it i Jln~~.... -~ .,_ /4~\... ,l,.l.,,!ii~ ~~ 1'1IHF., '. -~a,p= Keene.. ARl\IS: Ermine three crescents gules CREST: A griffin's head proper (From collection of Mrs. Hester Dorsey Richardson, author of Side-Lights on Mai-yland History) PREFACE The Holy Bible records that Family History was begun to be written quite early by man, who did not make full family lines, except for male descent, which has ever left a perplexing an~ unanswerable question: "Who was Cain's wife?" and many other men's wives. In this age of equality in sexes in civil rights woman rightfully shares an equal consideration with man. A complete genealogy of all the people is one great need. of the pres­ ent day, which active co-operation of people and state can readily make. Old genealogical lines could be largely and usefully amended if the people would consent to honor their dead kindred by giving their names, now moulding and decaying away in old family Bibles, and other privat~ family records, for publication and preservation in book­ let form for private uses and public libraries as this book is being published by the author. ELIAS JONES. ILLUSTRATIONS Arms, Keene Sir Benjamin Keene, K. B. Right Rev. Edmund Keene, D. D. Thomas Henry Keene of L. and son, Wm. Eugene Eliza Emory Keene (Travers) Keene Eliza Emory (Travers) Keene ("At Home" Card) Home of John Keene (of Richard) on "Clark's Out- hold" Field View on "Clark's Manor" Farm "Judge" Levi D.
    [Show full text]
  • HORACE WALPOLE and the NEW TASTE for GOTHIC by RONALD
    HORACE WALPOLE AND THE NEW TASTE FOR GOTHIC by RONALD BARRY HATCH B.A., University of British Columbia, 1963 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of ENGLISH We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1964 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that per• mission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publi• cation of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission- Department of The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada ii ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to examine Horace Walpole's contribution to the reawakening taste for Gothic in the eighteenth century and to relate his curiously ephemeral art forms to the broad historical development of the Gothic. No attempt has been made, except in an incidental way, to treat the initial flourishing of Gothic architecture; that the reader has at least a passing acquaintance with the architecture of the Middle Ages is assumed. Instead, the emphasis has been placed upon the Gothic survival of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; as Gothic architecture was virtually eclipsed during this period, many readers may feel that this emphasis is unwarranted.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles V, Monarchia Universalis and the Law of Nations (1515-1530)
    +(,121/,1( Citation: 71 Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 79 2003 Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline Mon Jan 30 03:58:51 2017 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: Copyright Information CHARLES V, MONARCHIA UNIVERSALIS AND THE LAW OF NATIONS (1515-1530) by RANDALL LESAFFER (Tilburg and Leuven)* Introduction Nowadays most international legal historians agree that the first half of the sixteenth century - coinciding with the life of the emperor Charles V (1500- 1558) - marked the collapse of the medieval European order and the very first origins of the modem state system'. Though it took to the end of the seven- teenth century for the modem law of nations, based on the idea of state sover- eignty, to be formed, the roots of many of its concepts and institutions can be situated in this period2 . While all this might be true in retrospect, it would be by far overstretching the point to state that the victory of the emerging sovereign state over the medieval system was a foregone conclusion for the politicians and lawyers of * I am greatly indebted to professor James Crawford (Cambridge), professor Karl- Heinz Ziegler (Hamburg) and Mrs. Norah Engmann-Gallagher for their comments and suggestions, as well as to the board and staff of the Lauterpacht Research Centre for Inter- national Law at the University of Cambridge for their hospitality during the period I worked there on this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Obsessing About the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature Diane Hoeveler Marquette University, [email protected]
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette English Faculty Research and Publications English, Department of 1-1-2012 Obsessing about the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature Diane Hoeveler Marquette University, [email protected] Published version. "Obsessing about the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature," in L'obsession à l'œuvre: littérature, cinéma et société en Grande-Bretagne. Eds. Jean- François Baiollon and Paul Veyret. Bourdeaux: CLIMAS, 2012: 15-32. Publisher Link. © 2012 CLIMAS. Used with permission. Obsessing about the Catholic Other: Religion and the Secularization Process in Gothic Literature Perhaps it was totally predictable that the past year has seen both the publication of a major book by Lennard Davis entitled Obsession!, as well as a new two player board game called "Obsession" in which one player wins by moving his ten rings along numbered slots. Interest in obsession, it would seem, is everywhere in high and low cultures. For Davis, obsession is both a cultural manifestation of what modernity has wrought, and a psychoanalytical phenomenon: in fact, he defines it as a recurring thought whose content has become disconnected from its original significance causing the dominance of repetitive mental intrusions (Davis 6). Recent studies have revealed that there are five broad categories of obsession: dirt and contamination, aggression, the placing of inanimate objects in order, sex, and finally religion2 Another recent study, however, claims that obsessive thoughts generally center on three main themes: the aggressive, the sexual, or the blasphemous (qtd. Davis 9). It is that last category - the blasphemous - that I think emerges in British gothic literature of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly as seen in the persistent anti-Catholicism that plays such a central role in so many of those works (Radcliffe's The italian, Lewis's The Monk, and Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer being only the most obvious).
    [Show full text]
  • GIPE-002686-Contents.Pdf (1.505Mb)
    THE ilcttcrG of ~orate malpolt VOLUJIE I. HORACE WALPOLE, 'TO FRANCES COUNTESS OF WALDEGRAVE, THE RESTORER OF STRAWBERRY HILL, 'Ctbfs JEMtton of tbe :!Letters or HORACE WALPOLE IS WITH PERMISSION ll\SCRIBED BY HER OBLIGLD ANII OBEDIENT SERVANT, PETER CVNNL~GHAM. YO!,(. MR. CUNNINGHAM'S PREFACE. __..;... T:a:E leading features of this edition may be briefly stated :- I. The publication for the first time of the Entire Correspondence of Walpole (2665 Letters) in a chronological and uniform order. II. The reprinting greatly within the compass of nine volumes the fourteen, far £rom uniform, volumes, hitherto commonly known as the only edition of Walpole's Letters. III. The publication for the first time of 117 Letters written by Horace Walpole ; many in his best mood, all illustra­ tive of ·walpole's period; while others reveal matter of moment connected with the man himself. IV. The introduction for the fust time into any collection of Walpole's Letters, of 35 letters hitherto scattered over many printed books and papers. The letters hitherto unprinted are addressed to the following persons:- Duo OJ' GLOUOEBTER, ED!o!U!ID MALONE, MR. PELHA!o!. RoBERT DoDSLEY. M&. Fox (LoRD HoLLAND}. Is.uo REED. HoRACE WALPOLE, BEN, GROSVENOR BED!IORD. SIR EDWARD WALPOLE. CHARLES BEDFORD. LO.RD ORFORD. HENDERSO!I THE AcTOR. LoRD HARCOURT. EDMUND LODGE. LORD HERTFORD. DucHESS oF GLouoxsTER. LoRD Buoa.ur. LADY LYTTELTO!I. GEO.RGE MoNTAGO. LADY CEciLIA Joa:t<STON. Sis HoucE MANN, lUll. WDY BROWNII. FISH C.RA Wi'URI>. ETO. liTO, JOSEPH W ARTOJI, vi MR. CUNNINGHAM'S PREFACE.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Spain in Early Modern English Drama
    Saugata Bhaduri Polycolonial Angst: Representations of Spain in Early Modern English Drama One of the important questions that this conference1 requires us to explore is how Spain was represented in early modern English theatre, and to examine such representation especially against the backdrop of the emergence of these two nations as arguably the most important players in the unfolding game of global imperialism. This is precisely what this article proposes to do: to take up representative English plays of the period belonging to the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) which do mention Spain, analyse what the nature of their treat- ment of Spain is and hypothesise as to what may have been the reasons behind such a treatment.2 Given that England and Spain were at bitter war during these twenty years, and given furthermore that these two nations were the most prominent rivals in the global carving of the colonial pie that had already begun during this period, the commonsensical expectation from such plays, about the way Spain would be represented in them, should be of unambiguous Hispanophobia. There were several contextual reasons to occasion widespread Hispanophobia in the period. While Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon (1509) and its subsequent annulment (1533) had already sufficiently complicated Anglo-Hispanic relations, and their daughter Queen Mary I’s marriage to Philip II of Spain (1554) and his subsequent becoming the King of England and Ireland further aggravated the 1 The conference referred to here is the International Conference on Theatre Cultures within Globalizing Empires: Looking at Early Modern England and Spain, organised by the ERC Project “Early Modern European Drama and the Cultural Net (DramaNet),” at the Freie Universität, Ber- lin, November 15–16, 2012, where the preliminary version of this article was presented.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the Town of Keene [New Hampshire]
    BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 613 part of the township, and ultimately owned several hun­ dred acres there, covering the south end of Beech hill and extending on both sides of the branch, including a large part of the intervale southwest of his cabin. "One of the first things he did was to plant an or­ chard, and some years later, when the trees were partly grown and the Indians began to be troublesome, looking out from his cabin he saw one of the savages cutting down an apple tree. He took down his gun, and that Indian never cut any more trees." "He used to lie in his cabin, or under a brush heap, with his gun, and watch for lurk­ ing Indians while his wife milked the cows." (Heaton tra­ dition.) His log cabin was burned by the Indians when the township was abandoned, in 1747, but he was one of the first to return, and he built the low farmhouse, still stand­ ing on the east side of the street, opposite the site of his log cabin-the second from the old Mount Pleasant tavern -and lived and died there. He was at one time a lieuten­ ant in the militia. It is a tradition in the family that that was the first framed house built in the township-doubt­ less now the oldest house in town-and it is still in pos­ session of his descendants ; but the large old chimney has been removed and two smaller ones substituted. His sons and other descendants afterwards built houses and lived along the same road, towards the branch; and some of the old barns still standing there were built by the elder Heaton.
    [Show full text]
  • Obligation and Self-Interest in the Defence of Belgian Neutrality, 1830-1870
    CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH IN LAW CORE VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL Working Papers No. 2017-2 (August) Permanent Neutrality or Permanent Insecurity? Obligation and Self-Interest in the Defence of Belgian Neutrality, 1830-1870 Frederik Dhondt Please do not cite without prior permission from the author The complete working paper series is available online at http://www.vub.ac.be/CORE/wp Permanent Neutrality or Permanent Insecurity? Obligation and Self-Interest in the Defence of Belgian Neutrality, 1830-1870 Frederik Dhondt1 Introduction ‘we are less complacent than the Swiss, and would not take treaty violations so lightly.’ Baron de Vrière to Sylvain Van de Weyer, Brussels, 28 June 18592 Neutrality is one of the most controversial issues in public international law3 and international relations history.4 Its remoteness from the United Nations system of collective security has rendered its discussion less topical.5 The significance of contemporary self-proclaimed ‘permanent neutrality’ is limited. 6 Recent scholarship has taken up the theme as a general narrative of nineteenth century international relations: between the Congress of Vienna and the Great War, neutrality was the rule, rather than the exception.7 In intellectual history, Belgium’s neutral status is seen as linked to the rise of the ‘Gentle Civilizer of Nations’ at the end of the nineteenth century.8 International lawyers’ and politicians’ activism brought three Noble Peace Prizes (August Beernaert, International Law Institute, Henri La Fontaine). The present contribution focuses on the permanent or compulsory nature of Belgian neutrality in nineteenth century diplomacy, from the country’s inception (1830-1839)9 to the Franco- 1 Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), University of Antwerp, Ghent University/Research Foundation Flanders.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas S. Kidd, “'The Devil and Father Rallee': the Narration of Father Rale's War in Provincal Massachusetts” Histori
    Thomas S. Kidd, “’The Devil and Father Rallee’: The Narration of Father Rale’s War in Provincal Massachusetts” Historical Journal of Massachusetts Volume 30, No. 2 (Summer 2002). Published by: Institute for Massachusetts Studies and Westfield State University You may use content in this archive for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the Historical Journal of Massachusetts regarding any further use of this work: [email protected] Funding for digitization of issues was provided through a generous grant from MassHumanities. Some digitized versions of the articles have been reformatted from their original, published appearance. When citing, please give the original print source (volume/ number/ date) but add "retrieved from HJM's online archive at http://www.westfield.ma.edu/mhj/.” Editor, Historical Journal of Massachusetts c/o Westfield State University 577 Western Ave. Westfield MA 01086 “The Devil and Father Rallee”: The Narration of Father Rale’s War in Provincial Massachusetts By Thomas S. Kidd Cotton Mather’s calendar had just rolled over to January 1, 1723, and with the turn he wrote his friend Robert Wodrow of Scotland concerning frightening though unsurprising news: “The Indians of the East, under the Fascinations of a French Priest, and Instigations of our French Neighbours, have begun a New War upon us…”1 Though they had enjoyed a respite from actual war since the Peace of Utrecht postponed hostilities between the French and British in 1713, New Englanders always knew that it was only a matter of time before the aggressive interests, uncertain borders, and conflicting visions of the religious contest between them and the French Canadians would lead to more bloodshed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg
    A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg Foreword ............................................................................2 Chapter 1. The Low Countries until A.D.200 : Celts, Batavians, Frisians, Romans, Franks. ........................................3 Chapter 2. The Empire of the Franks. ........................................5 Chapter 3. The Feudal Period (10th to 14th Centuries): The Flanders Cloth Industry. .......................................................7 Chapter 4. The Burgundian Period (1384-1477): Belgium’s “Golden Age”......................................................................9 Chapter 5. The Habsburgs: The Empire of Charles V: The Reformation: Calvinism..........................................10 Chapter 6. The Rise of the Dutch Republic................................12 Chapter 7. Holland’s “Golden Age” ..........................................15 Chapter 8. A Period of Wars: 1650 to 1713. .............................17 Chapter 9. The 18th Century. ..................................................20 Chapter 10. The Napoleonic Interlude: The Union of Holland and Belgium. ..............................................................22 Chapter 11. Belgium Becomes Independent ...............................24 Chapter 13. Foreign Affairs 1839-19 .........................................29 Chapter 14. Between the Two World Wars. ................................31 Chapter 15. The Second World War...........................................33 Chapter 16. Since the Second World War: European Co-operation:
    [Show full text]
  • Library of Congress Classification
    KZ LAW OF NATIONS KZ Law of nations Class here works on legal principles recognized by nations, and rules governing conduct of nations and their relations with one another, including supra-regional Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO's) and the legal regimes governing such organizations Class here the sources of international law, i.e. the law of treaties, arbitral awards and judicial decisions of the international courts For organizations with missions limited to a particular region, see the appropriate K subclass for the regional organization (e. g. KJE for the Council of Europe) For works on comparative and uniform law of two or more countries in different regions, and on private international law (Conflict of laws), see subclass K Bibliography For bibliography of special topics, see the topic 2 Bibliography of bibliography 3 General bibliography 4 Library catalogs. Union lists 5 Bibliography of periodicals, society publications, collections, etc. For indexes to a particular publication, see the publication 5.5 Indexes to periodical articles Periodicals For periodical articles consisting primarily of informative material, e. g. news letters, bulletins, etc. relating to a particular subject, see the subject. For collected papers, proceedings, etc. of a particular congress, see the congress. For particular society publications, e. g. directories, see the society For periodicals consisting predominantly of legal articles, regardless of subject matter and jurisdiction see K1+ 21 Annuals. Yearbooks Class here annual publications and surveys on current international law developments and analysis of recent events, including official document collections e. g. Annuaire français de droit international; Asian Yearbook of International Law; British Yearbook of International Law; Jahrbuch für internationales Recht; Suid-Afrikaanse jaarboek vir volkereg For annual reports on legal activities of intergovernmental organizations, see the organization (e.
    [Show full text]