Buddhist Perspective of Peace Presentation is organised in Three Parts

•What is Dependent Origination – 1 “प्रती配यसमु配पाद”

• Buddhist perspective on causes of conflict and violence 2 • Way to prevent violence and making peace.

• Explore and Examine potential of in conflict 3 resolution . Dependent Origination: प्रती配यसमु配पाद (कारण – कायय संबंध) Buddha-the Awakened जागतृ अना配म (Pali-Anatta; - Anatman)

Buddha-awakened to the laws of the Buddha, the one who awakened to universe, which are said to be operating Everything exists only the cosmic reality, is described as eternally.जगत के स配य का ज्ञान naturally expounding four basic in relations to others mental faculties as Brahmaviharas, beings and things and The most fundamental among these laws “Divine Abidings”; also named undergoes constant is the law of . Nothing can exist on appamanacetovimutti, its own and everything is dependent on “immeasurable deliverance of changes responding other things. All elements, all entities, all mind”): these 4 faculties are : and reacting to them. phenomena are thus related directly and 1.loving-kindness (metta), indirectly to one another in the universe. 2. (karuna), Any change in this huge interconnected 3.sympathetic joy (mudita), compound of existence, would definitely and 4.equanimity (upekkha). eventually exerts influence on everything The Buddha teaches that these four else. mental faculties, together with the should be practiced.

*1- मेत्ता ; 2- क셂णा; 3- मुददता; 4- उपे啍खा Buddhist Perspective on Causes of Violence/Conflict/War “संघर्य एवं द ंसा के वाय,आंतररक एवं मूल कारण”

2.The internal causes of violence and conflict ❖In larger contexts, Buddhism recognizes the The External Causes of indirect form of violence in the social systems Violence and Conflicts to be external causes of conflicts as well. Violence, conflict and war caused by injustice in political and economic structures bring even more harms to people on a grand scale ❖All fear death. None are (refence -Shih Yin-shun, 1980; Sivarksa, 1992; unafraid of sticks and knifes. Sumanatissa, 1991). How to promote human Seeing yourself in others:- rights and equality along the social, legal, *Don’t kill* *Don’t Harm* political, and economic dimensions of our (Dhammapada, 18). collective structures, not for the benefits of ❖Bad words blaming others; ourselves but for all’s, thus becomes part of Arrogant words humiliating the Buddhist mission to eliminate the others- From these behaviors potential causal forces of violence and peace. come hatred and resentment… hence conflicts arise, rendering ❖ सामाजजक न्याय एवं मानवाधिकारⴂ की रक्षा in people malicious thought. करने वाली सामाजजक, राजनीततक एवं आधथिक (Dhammapada, 8) 핍यवस्था की स्थापना से संघर्ि एवं ह ंसा के कारणⴂ को दरू ककया जा सकता ै। Physical and structural violence are the product of human mental status लालच से प्रततस्पिाि जन्म लेती ै . such as fear, anger, and hate, which For the sake of greedy desire, kings and are considered in Buddhism to be kings are in conflict, So are monks and the internal causes to violence and monks, people and people, regions and conflicts. regions, states and states.

Internal Causes of Violence and Conflicts

The second major cause of conflicts, the attachment to desire, refers to want for material goods and This competition is discerned by the longing for affection and belonging in human beings. Buddha as a lose-lose situation: If we win, It can easily go beyond the level of necessity and we incur resentment toward ourselves. If become greed. The greedy desire to have and to own drives individuals, groups, and nations into we lose, our self-esteem is hurt. None competition for what they want, followed by benefits from this competition derived conflicts and even wars. from greediness.

Approaches to Peace in the Buddha’s Teaching Four Noble Truths • इस संसार मᴂ दԃु ख ै. (chatur-aryasatya): • इस दԃु ख का कारण ै. ❖duhkha- • इस दखु का कारण तष्ृ णा ❖samudaya-satya ै. • ❖nirodha-satya तष्ृ णा को दरू ककया जा सकता ै ❖marga-satya मध्यमागि :क्रोि पर ववजय ❖“You should carefully guard your mind; maintaining the mindfulness all the time. In order to cease conflicts.”

❖“Once I dwell in peace (awakened to the universal), In adversity I react with no anger; Living among angry people, I act with no anger .”

❖“Peace in society begins with peace within oneself.” स륍यक् वाक् स륍यक् 饃जष्् स륍यक् संक쥍प

स륍यक अष््ांधगक ् 핍यायाम स륍यक् कमािन्त मार्य

स륍यक् आजीव स륍यक् स्मततृ स륍यक् समाधि Five Precepts as Practice of Interpersonal Peace: Following the Precepts would prevent violence toward self and others by no wrongful acts on physical (1 & 5), economic (2), familial (3) and verbal (4) levels in interpersonal interactions, which is essential to any peaceful living. 1. To abstain from 2. To abstain from 3. To abstain from taking life. taking what is not sensuous given misconduct

4. To abstain from 5. To abstain from false speech toxicants as tending to cloud the mind 6 Principles of Cordiality as the Practice of In-group Peace :To prevent harm and suffering caused by disputes and conflicts among people, the Buddha teaches the six principles of cordiality (Pali: cha dhamma saraniya) that would “create love and respect and conduce to cohesion, to non-dispute, to concord, and to unity” in a community.

Cordiality six principles of cordiality Similar to other Buddhist 1) bodily acts codes of conducts that aim at 2) verbal acts and cultivating inner states of mind 3) mental acts of loving-kindness as well as regulating external toward other group members behaviors, the principles of 4) shares material gains with others, cordiality prescribe that in 5) follows the same codes of conducts, private and in public, one 6) holds the same view that would lead maintains: Six principles of “one who practice in accordance with to the complete destruction of cordiality one practice in private and public suffering. Cordiality Acknowledgment : this ppt was a summarized/simplified version for helping students as handout to their course and is solely based on Theresa Der-lan Yeh’s authored article :THE WAY TO PEACE: A BUDDHIST PERSPECTIVE published in International Journal of Peace Studies, Volume 11, Number 1, Spring/Summer 2006. For detail students are advised to read the article.

Course Title: Peace and Conflict Studies Course Code :PS 403 Dr. Preety Choudhari