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Evaluation of the Basic Public Services of Wuhan City Based on National Geographic Conditions Monitoring Data Minghai Luo*, Jing Luo†, Jiansong Li‡, Guangping Chen†

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Evaluation of the Basic Public Services of Wuhan City Based on National Geographic Conditions Monitoring Data Minghai Luo*, Jing Luo†, Jiansong Li‡, Guangping Chen† Evaluation of the Basic Public Services of Wuhan City Based on National Geographic Conditions Monitoring Data Minghai Luo*, Jing Luo†, Jiansong Li‡, Guangping Chen† * Wuhan Geomatics Institute † The College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University ‡ School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University The evaluation of basic public services (BPS) generally refers to assess their overall content and equalization levels via the statistical indices per capita and accessibilities. In this study, we evaluated the BPS in Wuhan, including fundamental education, medical and health care, and welfare facilities in different scales with National Geographic Conditions Monitoring (NGCM) data and socio-economic statistical data. Firstly, the total amount of contents and service levels per thousand people were calculated globally. Secondly, the coverage and convenience of BPS were explored with spatial data to evaluate their equalization at a meso level. Thirdly, the spatial variations happening in the central urban zones, suburban districts and rural areas are analyzed. On this basis, we conducted studies on the issues in the evaluation of BPS at a finer scale by using some geographic survey and big data methods, including the differences between the registered citizens and permanent population and its impact on the evaluation of fundamental education, the divergences among intraregional service, cross-regional service and cross-city radiation of different level medical institutions, and the diversities among the reasons for aging, the composition of the elderly population, and their demand for welfare guarantee in urban and rural areas. In particular, the “hollow villages” in rural areas are recognized and their social background are concerned. On the whole, this study explored new approachs for the evaluation of BPS, which overcomes the shortcomings of traditional research from a global view, and reveals the detailed differences of BPS at a micro level. Key Words: Wuhan city, basic public services, national geographic conditions, geological survey, big data. asic public services (BPS) in China are led by governments, which guarantee the basic needs of all citizens to survive and develop, and they are appropriate B to the level of socioeconomic development. BPS are the basic social conditions contributing to maintain economic and social stability, social justice and cohesiveness, to protect citizens’ basic rights to subsistence and development and to realize overall human development (Chen 2007; Ding et al. 2010; Zhang 2010). Current studies on the evaluation methods of BPS can be divided into two categories. The first is the comprehensive evaluation method that established an index system, which took municipal, county, subdistrict and other administrative districts as statistical units. Then, a comprehensive evaluation system that involves amount and per capita indicators was established, and the indicators were derived from the population and public service facilities statistics. On this basis, the evaluation results were summarized and compared horizontally after conducting the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method (Wang et al. 2011; Li 2011; Yang et al. 2012). The second is the GIS-based spatial analysis method. In this method, the spatial distribution of residential areas (i.e., the service demander) and basic public service facilities (i.e., the service provider) data were collected, then the coverage and accessibility analysis will be carried out to reflect the spatial equalization and service standards of BPS after the reasonable service radius or actual travel time were defined (Tao et al. 2007; Song et al. 2009; Ma 2010; Peng et al. 2012). The former was a macrolevel study that reflected the overall level of supply and interregional differences in facilities but did not reflect differences within the region. The latter belongs to the mesoscopic level of research, which better reflected the relationship between the spatial distribution of facilities and the residential area and revealed the differences in the level of facilities’ services within the region. However, the latter still relied on static statistical data; this means we could not distinguish the population between the registered and the resident from statistical data, and we were unable to explain the different reasons for the aging phenomenon in the developed central urban areas and the less developed rural areas. Therefore, there are still many limitations in microscopic research and application. The geographical condition is the most important component of the national condition (Hubbard 1932). Geographic conditions refer to information generated through observation of the elements of national conditions in terms of nature and humanity from the perspectives of geographic space distribution rules and distribution status (Kozak 2008; Loiseau et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2015). National Geographic Conditions Monitoring (NGCM) has surveyed the natural resources of the land, such as landscapes, forests, lakes and grasses, and the urban and rural construction of railways and roads, buildings (houses), and urban comprehensive functional units. It has collected, mapped and sorted the data involving the vector format administrative boundaries (including counties and districts, townships, communities and villages), population data (including the registered population distributed by districts and resident population distributed by communities), as well as the location and volume of public service facilities (including primary schools, middle schools, hospitals, welfare homes, etc.) (Zhang 2016). These data laid a good foundation for our research on comprehensive index evaluation at the macro level, the spatial analysis and evaluation at the meso level, and the analysis of some specific problems at the micro level. In addition, traditional geo-survey methods and emerging big data methods have also provided a new perspective for the establishment of microlevel human-land relationships and in-depth public service analysis research. Taking Wuhan as a case study, this paper used fundamental education, medical care and welfare facilities as research objects, and the statistical yearbook data, population data, as well as public service facility spatial data of 2014-2016 were employed to carry out a comprehensive evaluation at the macro level, including the total amount of guarantee and the service level of the thousand-person index. Then, at a meso level, spatial overlay analysis methods were used to evaluate the service level of public service facilities covering the population, including a coverage and convenience analysis. On this basis, with an in-depth analysis of regional land use and economic and social development, supplemented by geographic surveys and big data methods, we conducted a microlevel case study on the typical problems of fundamental education, medical and health care, and welfare facilities, The differences between the registered population and the resident population were included in the evaluation of the total amount of fundamental education and the evaluation of the spatial distribution service level, the differences in internal services, cross-regional services and cross-city radiation in different levels of health care institutions, as well as the differences in the causes of urban and rural aging, the composition of the elderly population, and the need for welfare satisfaction. Our research not only makes up for the shortcomings of macro research but also explores some new research methods and improves the research methods of analysis and evaluation of basic public service levels. Study Area and Data Study Area Wuhan is the capital of Hubei province, which is located in central China. Wuhan occupies a land area of 8576 km2, and its urban built-up area covers an area of 572.56 km2. At the end of 2016, the resident population had reached 10.76 million, and Wuhan’s total gross domestic product (GDP) grew to 1.19 trillion yuan (US$ 175 billion). Wuhan currently consists of 17 administrative districts, which comprised 183 township-level divisions, including 3144 community-level areas (i.e., Urban-rural resident autonomous units (URAUs)). According to the functional classification of the city, the districts in Wuhan can also be divided into three categories: central urban districts (CUD), development zones (DZ) and new urban districts (NUD). The CUD refer to the core area of the city, including Jiangan, Jianghan, Qiaokou, Hanyang, Wuchang, Qingshan and Hongshan districts, in which the industrial structure is dominated by the modern service industry. The DZ refer to suburban districts, which are located between the CUD and NUD, including the economic & technological development zone (ETDZ), East Lake high-tech development zone (ELHTDZ), East Lake scenic area (ELSA) and chemical industry park (CIP), in which the mainstay industry is advanced manufacturing. The NUD refer to rural areas, which include Dongxihu, Caidian, Jiangxia, Huangpi, Xinzhou and Hannan districts, and the mainstay industry is agriculture. The administrative divisions and spatial structure are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Administrative divisions and spatial structure of Wuhan City Study Data and Preprocessing The study data were derived from the National Geographic Conditions Monitoring (NGCM) of Wuhan executed in 2016 and included two types: population data and basic public service facilities data. (1) Population data. In recent years, the registered
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