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The Political Economy of Global Agrarian Restructuring and Its Manifestation in Azerbaijani Agriculture During the Third Food Regime Period

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The Political Economy of Global Agrarian Restructuring and Its Manifestation in Azerbaijani Agriculture During the Third Food Regime Period THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GLOBAL AGRARIAN RESTRUCTURING AND ITS MANIFESTATION IN AZERBAIJANI AGRICULTURE DURING THE THIRD FOOD REGIME PERIOD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF GRADUATE PROGRAMS OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, NORTHERN CYPRUS CAMPUS BY KAMRAN MAHARRAMOV FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PROGRAM JANUARY 2020 Approval of the Board of Graduate Programs Prof. Dr. Gürkan KARAKAŞ Chairperson I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science Asst.Prof. Dr. Hande SÖZER Program Coordinator This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yonca ÖZDEMİR Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Luciano BARACCO METU-NCC / Political Science and International Relations Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yonca ÖZDEMİR METU-NCC / Political Science and International Relations Assist.Prof.Dr. Umut BOZKURT EMU /Political Science and International Relations iii I thereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Kamran Maharramov Signature: v ABSTRACT THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GLOBAL AGRARIAN RESTRUCTURING AND ITS MANIFESTATION IN AZERBAIJANI AGRICULTURE DURING THE THIRD FOOD REGIME PERIOD Kamran Maharramov M. Sc., Political Science and International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yonca Ozdemir January 2020, 188 pages History demonstrates that organizing agricultural production has always been a significant issue with far-reaching consequences in a global and particular country context. Nowadays, agriculture is moving towards large-scale farming, and there is also a tendency of increasing pressure on small-scale farms. Therefore, there is a necessity to analyze the policies that have implications for structural changes in agricultural production. This thesis attempts to analyze the global political-economic factors of ongoing trend between small-scale family owned-farms and the large-scale corporate farms by placing the World Bank ‘s The World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development (WDR 2008) at the center of discussion in terms of its contradictory statements about the small-scale farming versus large-scale farming that reopen the old debates of structural transformation and agrarian change issues in developing and transition countries. In the country-level context, it attempts to understand the political economy of the agrarian restructuring in one of the post- socialist countries, Azerbaijan, where it raised a call for large- scale farming from the government officials. The study attempts to develop arguments within the terrain of the Marxist tradition, especially the political economy of agrarian change and the food regime theory, which analyzes the classic and contemporary agrarian question. Key words; agricultural restructuring, WDR 2008, small versus large-scale farms, the agrarian question, food regimes, agriculture in Azerbaijan vi ÖZ ÜÇÜNCÜ TARIM REJİMİ DÖNEMİNDE KÜRESEL TARIMIN YENİDEN DÜZENLENMESİNİN EKONOMİ POLİTİĞİ VE ONUN AZERBAYCAN TARIMINDA TEZAHÜRÜ Kamran Maharramov Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Öğretim Görevlisi Doktor Yonca Özdemir Ocak 2020, 188 sayfa Tarih boyunca tarım üretimin düzenlenmesi hem ülke çapında hem de küresel çapta geniş kapsamlı sonuçlar ürettiği için hep büyük önem arz eden bir konu olmuştur. Günümüz tarımı büyük ölçekli tarıma doğru bir geçiş yapmaktadır ve bu süreçte aynı zamanda küçük işletmeler üzerinde baskı da artmakdadır. Bundan dolayı tarımdakı yapısal dönüşümlerle ilgili politikaların analizi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu tez kalkınmakta olan ve geçiş dönemi ülkeleri tarımında yapısal dönüşüm ve değişimler ile ilgili akademik tartışmalara yol açan ve eski tartışmaları yeniden başlatan Dünya Bankası 2008 Kalkınma İçin Tarım raporunu çelişkili görüşlerinden dolayı çalışmanın merkezine koyarak küçük ölçekli aile ve büyük tarım işletmeleri arasındakı dünyada yaşanan eğilimin ekonomi politiğini anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Ülke seviyyesinde tartışmalarda ise bir eski Soviet ülkesi olan Azerbaycanda tarımdakı yapısal dönüşümün ekonomi politiği, yönetimin büyük ölçükli tarımın teşviki için çağırım yapması ile bağlantılı olarak incelemeye çalışmaktadır. Çalışma Markist gelenekden özellikle klassik ve çağdaş tarım sorununu ararştıran tarım dönüşümünün ekonomi politiği ve gıda rejimleri teorisinden yararlanarak argumanlar geliştirmeye çalışmaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler; tarım üretiminin yenidendüzenlenmesi, Dünya Bankası 2008 Tarım raporu, tarımda küçük ve büyük ölçekli işletmeler, tarım sorunu, gıda rejimleri, Azerbaycanda tarım vii To my mother... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr.Yonca Ozdemir, for all her help and support throughout my study. I want to thank her for being my advisor, understanding my English, and simultaneously encouraging me to continue writing and finish my thesis. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Zulkuf Aydin for his support in my study. I also want to thank him for introducing me to Agrarian Studies and for his fruitful discussions that helped me to develop my arguments. Unfortunately, we could not finish this thesis together with him because of the unfair age restriction regulation that made him leave the university. I want to thank Prof.Dr. Fernanda Rivas for being my prof and supporting me in the difficult times; all the professors in the METU-NCC PSIR Department for all the knowledge that they taught me; thesis jury members, Assoc. Prof.Dr.Luciano Baracco and Assist. Prof.Dr.Umut Bozkurt for reading my thesis, questioning and commenting on it; Dr.Seyhan Ozmenek and Dr.Gamze Oncul for helping me out to improve my written English; Mr. Ilker Oner for his help and patience in giving a structure to my thesis; all my friends for their help; and the lady who reminded me and simultaneously “motivated” me to finish this thesis. I want also to thank my family for their support and understanding. ix x TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………….vi ÖZ………………………………………………………………………………………..…….……..vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... xv LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………...…xvi CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..……………….1 1.1 Definitions ………………………………………………………………………….……..2 1.2 World Bank’s farming policy….…………………………………………..……….……..4 1.2.1 Post-war period small farm support policy……………..………………………….. 4 1.2.2 World Development Report, Agriculture for Development 2008………………..…5 1.3 Azerbaijan; de-collectivization and a call for large farming……………....………………....6 1.4 Research questions………….…………………..…………………………….…………..9 1.5 The motivation, and the objective of the study…………………………...………..……..9 1.6 The significance of the study……………………………………………………….……10 1.7 The scope of the thesis and limitations…………………………………………………..15 1.8 Methodology and Hypotheses…..………………………………….……………………16 1.9 Outline of Chapters……………………………………………………………….……..19 2. LITERATURE, CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………………..20 2.1 Criticism of the WDR 2008………………………………………………………..……. 20 xi 2.2 Rural Development thinking, the idea of progress…………….. .............................. 21 2.2.1 Modernization theory ................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Agrarian Populism and the Persistence thesis .............................................. 23 2.2.3 Marxist view of rural development .............................................................. 25 2.3 Marxist political economy ......................................................................................... 26 2.4 Classic Peasant/Agrarian question ............................................................................. 33 2.5 Agrarian transitions ................................................................................................... 37 2.6 The food regime theory and the contemporary agrarian question ............................. 39 3. SMALL-SCALE FARM PARADIGM DURING POST-WAR SECOND FOOD REGIME PERIOD...................................................................................................45 3.1 The nature of the hegemonic regime and rural development thinking during the early post-war period………………………………………………………………...………. 46 3.2 Peasant upheavals in the 20th century……………………………….……………….…50 3.3 The revisionist approach in Marxism…………………………….………………...……51 3.4 The Counterinsurgency policies……………………………………………………..…..53 3.4.1 Food aids…………………………………………………………….57 3.4.2 Redistributive land reforms in the Third World……………………...59 3.4.3 Green Revolution……………………………………………………65 3.5 Small is beautiful, justifying the productivity of a small farm and its functional role……………………………………………………...…….…………………………68 3.6 Concluding remarks………………………………………………………….………….73 4 AGRARIAN RESTRUCTURING
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