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Qal'at Al-Bahrain, Ancient Capital and Harbour of Dilmun. the Site Museum

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Qal'at Al-Bahrain, Ancient Capital and Harbour of Dilmun. the Site Museum Qal’at al-Bahrain, Ancient Capital and Harbour of Dilmun. The Site Museum Pierre Lombard To cite this version: Pierre Lombard. Qal’at al-Bahrain, Ancient Capital and Harbour of Dilmun. The Site Museum. Bahrain. Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities, 2016, 978-99958-4-050-1. hal-01842044 HAL Id: hal-01842044 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01842044 Submitted on 1 Sep 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Qal’at al Bahrain Ancient harbour and capital of Dilmun THE SITE MUSEUM A World Heritage site 1 2 Contents 4 Foreword by Shaikha Mai al-Khalifa 53 The time of Uperi (c. 900-300 B.C.) 54 . The Late Dilmun period 5 Foreword by Mr Atef Abdul Malak 56 . The Iron age architecture : wealthy residence or palace ? 7 QAL’AT AL-BAHRAIN 58 . Clues for a temple? - THE MEMORY OF AN ISLAND 62 . A later sacrifial practice : the snake-bowls 8 The tell and its landscape 64 . Burials under the dwellings 12 The steps to rediscovery 70 . Daily life in the Late Dilmun period 16 The archaeological excavations 77 In the steps of Alexander (c. 300 B.C. - 400 A.D.) 21 THE MUSEUM 78 . The Tylos period 22 The Museum building 79 . A daily life at the contact of the Hellenistic 28 The Tell Wall and Arabian traditions 88 . Looking for a Tylos necropole at Qal’at 31 THE EXHIBITION al-Bahrain 90 . The construction of the Late Tylos Coastal 33 The Capital of Dilmun (c. 2200-1750 B.C.) Fortress 34 . The Early Dilmun city 36 . Qal’at al-Bahrain 93 Powers and trade during the Islamic period and the Early Dilmun trade (c.1250-1700 A.D.) 38 . The Dilmun ships 94 . A military and trading outpost from the 40 . The Bronze Age material culture 13th to the 17th cent. A.D. at Qal’at al-Bahrain 96 . The warehouse and its neigbouring village 100 . The Hormuzi-Portuguese Fortress: 45 Babylon in Bahrain (c. 1500-1100 B.C.) historical and architectural stages 46 . A Mesopotamian episode 104 . Finds from the fortress 48 . Middle Dilmun administration, economy and material culture 112 Credits 3 Architecture, The language of Civilization Once the plan to design and construct a museum The new museum was commissioned and at the site of Qal’at al-Bahrain was conceived, constructed under the platform of “Invest in the next step was to appoint an architect for the Culture”. It was built thanks to the generous project. support of Arcapita Bank and the strong belief Our objective was that the architecture of of Arcapita’s CEO, Mr Atef Abdul Malak, in the the new museum should represent a unique importance of Bahrain’s cultural mission. Mr structure that would enhance the impact of Abdulmalik recognized the potential for the the displays and the experience of the visitor, chosen site, and Arcapita gave its full support and which should sit comfortably amidst its to construct the museum to the high standard dramatic surroundings. The Danish architect demanded of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Claus Wohlert was invited to Bahrain to submit a The Qal’at al-Bahrain site is the first in the concept design. Kingdom of Bahrain nominated as a UNESCO When Claus Wohlert arrived in Bahrain, he spent World Heritage site, as well as the first project a whole week reflecting on the location of the under Bahrain’s “Invest in Culture” initiative. museum to be. He drew his inspiration from the This catalogue has been produced to document local architectural traditions, the proximity to the the history of the site and to communicate the sea and above all, by the long history of settlement underlying significance of architecture as the at the site and its ancient function as a harbour. language of civilization. Combining all these elements, Claus Wohlert successfully designed a distinguished museum. The construction of a massive wall reflecting Mai bint Mohammed bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa the successive archaeological layers on the site President of Bahrain Authority for Culture and became the central feature of the exhibition. Antiquities 4 F oreword We are extremely pleased to have been able to recognize the value of investment in cultural support the construction of Qalat al- Bahrain landmarks such as the Qalat al-Bahrain Site Site Museum, and since its opening in 2008, Museum, and do our best to support them where it has been very rewarding to watch as the possible. museum has become a popular destination for All of us at Arcapita would like to congratulate Bahrainis, school children, expat residents and Her Excellency the President of Bahrain visitors to Bahrain. Authority for Culture and Antiquities, Shaikha Bahrain is blessed in many ways, and much Mai bint Mohammed Al Khalifa, and her of the character and uniqueness of Bahrain very talented team, in conceiving, planning and its people derives from its long history of and delivering the museum as a world class civilization and the culture that has evolved as resource for Bahrain, and we hope that the many a result. Institutions such as Qalat al- Bahrain visitors will continue to enjoy visiting it, and so Site Museum, which records an important understand better the long history behind the part of Bahrain’s most ancient civilization, are evolution of modern Bahrain. essential to preserve, document and celebrate the history that is so important in defining and differentiating Bahrain as a place to live, Mr Atef Abdul Malak learn, develop and do business. At Arcapita, we Chief Executive Officer of Arcapita Bank 5 6 QTAL’A AL-BAHRAIN - the memory of an island 7 The tell and its landscape The inscription of Qal’at al-Bahrain in 2005 on separate the first Bronze Age settlement, at the the World Heritage List has consecrated the base of the tell, from the great Islamic fortress importance of one of the main archaeological and dwelling levels visible at the centre of the sites in the Arabian Peninsula. site. This slow elevation is explained by the Despite its somewhat confusing name difficulty, during ancient times, in evacuating (“Bahrain Fort”), this major settlement site is the ruins of buildings which were abandoned or not limited to a massive fortress facing the sea. destroyed, and by the common practice of filling It is a true “tell” (artificial hill) extending over them in and using them as new foundations. 17.5 hectares and whose thick accumulation of Just as progressive was the development archaeological layers testifies to its long history of the extension of the tell, which, during its beginning with the first human installations history, generally benefited from the regular towards 2200 B.C. and ending with the site’s lowering of the marine level, creating new progressive abandonment during the 17th cent. constructible areas. From the end of the 3rd A.D. The archaeological works have identified millennium to the present day, itself deeply A landscape in evolution. a succession of urban levels, almost unique in changed by the upheaval caused by numerous The archaeological tell the Gulf region. land reclamations, the tell at Qal’at al-Bahrain in 1977 (left) and 2004 About eight meters of dwelling layers, more has never ceased to witness the evolution in its (right). or less thick according to the historical phases, appearance and its surrounding landscape. Opposite page: Aerial view of the northern coast of Bahrain Island, with the tell of Qal’at al-Bahrain situated in. 8 9 Qal’at al-Bahrain Former access channel Tower The access channel to Qal’at al-Bahrain explains the very long occupation of this strategic location. Its progressive silting up led to the progressive abandonment of the site during the 17th century A.D. 10 Favoured by a privileged access channel, intense international rivalry, as is shown by the naturally dug in the coral reef and foreshore, the successive stages of the fortress which crowns it city of Qal’at al-Bahrain –whose ancient name is today. still unknown– remained the principal harbour In spite of several gaps, each of the tell’s of the island for several millennia, where ships layers faithfully recorded the diverse phases unloaded many products and commodities of the island’s history, which was either in turn from the flourishing international trade, which independent or a vassal of its rich Mesopotamian ensured the island’s prosperity during this or Persian neighbours. The archaeological period. It was also the capital of the land of archive of Qal’at al-Bahrain, the essential part of Dilmun, the most important ancient civilisation which remains still to be excavated and studied, of the Gulf, from the end of the 3rd to the middle makes up the true “memory” of the Kingdom of the 1st millennium B.C., before becoming of Bahrain, and represents an invaluable one of the island’s most important cities during archaeological, historical, and identitary the Hellenistic Period. During the Islamic heritage. Today, it is permanently preserved for Period, this strategic site was the object of the present and future generations. The base of a stone tower (9 x 13 m, a former lighthouse?), which still marks the entrance of the channel, is apparently mentioned in a Portuguese chronicle of the 16th century, but could go back to the Tylos or even the Dilmun phases.
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