DOCSLIB.ORG

اولین بررسی فیلوژنتیکی گونه ی Goniobranchus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
اولین بررسی فیلوژنتیکی گونه ی Goniobranchus The first phylogenetic study of Goniobranchus annulatus (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) in subtidal area of Chabahar, Oman Sea, Iran, based on sequence of cytochrome oxidase C subunite I gene Item Type article Authors Attaran Fariman, G.; Moosavipoor, Y. Download date 25/09/2021 16:34:19 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/36766 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺷ ﻴﻼت ا ﻳﺮان ﺳﺎل ﺑ ﻴﺴﺖ و دوم / ﺷﻤﺎره 2 / ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1392 اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻴ ﻠﻮژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪي (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) Goniobranchus annulatus در آﺑﻬﺎي ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺟﺰر و ﻣﺪي ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﭼﺎﺑﻬﺎر ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ژن ﺳﻴ ﺘﻮﻛﺮوم اﻛﺴﻴ ﺪاز C زﻳﺮ واﺣﺪ I I ﮔﮔﮔ ﻴﻼن ﻋﻄﺎران ﻓﺮ ﻳﻤﺎن * ووو ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻮييي ﭘﻮر [email protected] داﻧﺸﮕﺎه در ﻳﺎﻧﻮردي و ﻋﻠﻮم در ﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﺎﺑﻬﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ز ﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ درﻳﺎ، ﭼﺎﺑﻬﺎر ، ا ﻳﺮان ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ در ﻳﺎﻓﺖ : ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ 1392 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬ ﻳﺮش : ﺗﻴﺮ 1392 ﭼﻜ ﻴﺪه ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن ((( Nudibranch ) ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦﻳﻳﻦﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﻧﺎﺟﻮر آﺑﺸﺸﺸﺎن ((( Heterobranch ) و در زﻳﺮﻳﻳﺮﺮ ردردهه ررددههييي ﻋﻘﺐ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن ((( Opisthobranchia ) ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ، ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺸﻲﻲﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺟﺟﻬﻬﺎﺎﻧﻧﻲﻲﻲ دارﻧددااررﻧﻧﺪﺪﺪ ووو درددرر ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺗﺗﻤﻤﺎﺎﻣﻣﻲﻲﻲ آﺑﻬﺎآآﺑﺑﻬﻬﺎﺎييي دﻧددﻧﻧدﻧﻴﺎﻴﺎﻴﻴﺎﺎ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻴﻦﻴﻴﻦﻦ ﺟﺰرﺟﺟﺰﺰرر ووو ﻣﺪﻣﻣﺪﺪييي ﺗﺎ اﻋﻤﺎق درﻳﺎﻳﻳﺎﺎ و از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻗﻄﺒﻲﻲﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮ دددﻳﺪهﻳﻳﺪﺪهه ﻣﻣﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﻲﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن در دو ﮔﺮوه اﺻﻠﻲﻲﻲ Anthobranchia ووو Cladobranchia ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪااﻧﻧﺪﺪ . ﮔﻮﻧﮔﻮﻧﻪﻪ ﮔﮔﻮﻮﻧﻧﻪﻪييي ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در اﻳﻦﻳﻳﻦﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻲﻲ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژي Goniobranchus annulatus ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻛﻪ ﺟﺰ ﮔﺮوه Anthobranchia ﻣﻣﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﻲﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ... در آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻮاﻟﺗﺗﻮﻮااﻟﻟﻲﻲﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ژن COI ﻣﻣﻣ ﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪرﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ G. annulatus ازاازز اﻳﺮان ﺑﺎ 151515 ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺶ دﻳﮕﺮ از ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ژن ﻛﻪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲﻲﻲ ژﻧﺘژژﻧﻧﺘﺘ ﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻲﻲ ﻧﺰدﻧﻧﺰﺰدد ﻳﻚﻳﻳﻚﻚ ﻣﻣﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﻲﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺑﺑﺎﺎﺷﺷﻨﻨﺪﺪﺪﺪ،،،، ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ... ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻓﻓ ﻴﻠﻮژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺑﺑﺮﺮ اﺳﺎس آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻴﻴﺰﺰ Neighbor _joining رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﻮﻓﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺑﻴﻦﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮادهﻫﺎﻫﺎيي ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن و رواﺑﻂ ﺧﻮاﻫﺮي رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﻮﻓﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺑﻴﻴﻦﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮادهﻫﻫﺎﺎيي ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن و رواﺑﻂ ﺧﻮاﻫﺮيي Downloaded from isfj.ir at 18:33 +0330 on Sunday December 24th 2017 [ DOI: 10.22092/ISFJ.2017.110121 ] ﺑﺑﺑﺑﻴﻦﻴﻦﻴﻴﻦﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﮔﻮﻧﻪﻪ ﮔﮔﻮﻮﻧﻧﻪﻪ ييي Goniobranchus annulatus ازاازز اﻳﺮان و ﮔﻮﻧﻪييي Goniobranchus vibratus را ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺎ ﻳﺖﻳﻳﺖﺖ 110000100 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻮت اﺳﺘﺮپ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻣﻲﻲ ﻣﻣﻲﻲدﻫددﻫﻫدﻫﺪﺪﺪﺪ. ... ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻛﻠ ﻴﺪي : ﻧﺮﻣﺘﻨﺎن، ﺷﻜﻤﭙﺎﻳﺎن، رده ﺑﻨﺪي، COI , ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﭼﺎﺑﻬﺎر ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺷﻜﻢ ﭘﺎ ﻳﺎن ﻳﻜﻲ از ﮔﺮوﻫﻬﺎي ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪي ﻣﺘﺎزوآ ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ 2005) . ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه heterobranch ﻫﺎ در و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ز ﻳﺎدي روي آﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . اﻣﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﻼد Euthyneura، در زﻳﺮ رده ي Opisthobranchia ﺟﺰ ﻓ ﻴﻠﻮژﻧﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ از ﺳﺎل 1988 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ (,Haszprunar & Huber راﺳﺘﻪ ي Nudibranchia، در ﮔﺮوه ﺷﻜﻢ ﭘﺎ ﻳﺎن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. *Corresponding author 77 ﻋﻄﺎران ﻓﺮﻳﻤﺎن و ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﭘﻮر اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓ ﻴﻠﻮژ ﻧﺘ ﻴﻜﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪي Goniobranchus annulatus در ... ﺳ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ دﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن در ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﺳﺘﻮا ﻳﻲ د ﻳﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺎ داﺷﺘﻦ اﺷﻜﺎل ﺑﺴ ﻴﺎري از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ا ﻳﻨﻜﻪ در ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت و رﻧﮕﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻮع ﺑﺴ ﻴﺎر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮده اﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﻮﻓﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﻮدن Heterobranchia ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳ ﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ (Thompson, 2009) . اﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻓ ﻴﻠﻮژ ﻧﺘ ﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ روي وﺟﻮد ﻣﻨﻮﻓﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﻮدن ﮔﺮوﻫﻬﺎي Opisthobranchia ،Euthyneura ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Nudibranchia اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﻄﻌﺎت و Pulmonata رد ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Dinapoli , 2009 ) . از ﺳﺎل 2005 ژ ﻧﻮم ﻣ ﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪرﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل Thollesson ( 2000 ) ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ pleurobranchﻫﺎ ( ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺟﺰ ﮔﺮوه sidegill slug ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دو ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ژﻧﻲ ﻣ ﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪرﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 16S rRNA ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣ ﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ) در ﻛﻨﺎر ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن در ﻛﻼد و COI اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن Dorid را ﻣﻮرد آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﺮار Nudipleura ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . از ﺳﺎل 2010 ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ، اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻛﻪ داد . ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ bp 658 ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮ واﺣﺪ ﺳ ﻴﺘﻮﻛﺮوم c Opisthobranchia ﻳﻚ ﻛﻼد ﭘﺎراﻓﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﻴﻚ و ﻧﺎﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻛﺴ ﻴﺪاز ﻣ ﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪرﻳﺎﻳﻲ ( COI ) ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ و رﺳﻤ ﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺠﺎي آن Nudipleura ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اول ﻓ ﻴﻠﻮژﻧﺘﻴﻚ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاي داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ( , .Hebert et al Euthyneura ( ﻛﻼد ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮوﭘﻮدﻫﺎ ) ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ 2003)، از ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ژﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار (Guido et al. , 2006) . در ﺣﺪود 200 ﺳﺎل ﭘ ﻴﺶ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﺟﻨﺲ Goniobranchus ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﺤﻮه آرا ﻳﺶ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن در دو ﮔﺮوه اﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ: آﺑﺸﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺪن در اﻃﺮاف dorid ﺑ ﺮﻫﻨﻪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن ( Anthobranchia ) و aeolid ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﻌﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ﺟﺰ Dorid ﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن ( Cladobranchia) ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Guido et al., 2006) (Wollscheid (et) در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي از ﺟﻨﺲ (al. , 2001. در ﮔﺮوه Cladobranchia Odhner, 1934 ﺳﻪ Goniobranchus از ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﭼﺎﺑﻬﺎر ﺑﺮاي اوﻟ ﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮن اﺻﻠﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ Arminoidea ،Dendronotoidea و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪاي ﺗﺤﺖ آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ Aeolidoidea . ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و درﮔﺮوه Anthobranchia ژﻧﻲ آن ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺴﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻓ ﻴﻠﻮژﻧﻲ آن ﻓﻘﻂ راﺳﺘﻪي Doridoidea ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . راﺳﺘﻪ ي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. Doridoidea ﺷﺎﻣﻞ دو ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮن ﺧﻮاﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﺳﺖ و در ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮ ي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ روي اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻛﺎر راﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ Bathydoridoidea ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ و ﺗﻌ ﻴﻴﻦ ا ﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ي ﺗﻴﺲ، اﺳﻜﻠﻪ ( Wägele, 1989 .) آﻧﺎﻟ ﻴﺰﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﻣﻨﻮﻓﺎ ﻳﻠﺘﻴﻚ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ، اﺳﻜﻠﻪ ﺻﻴﺎدي ﭼﺎﺑﻬﺎر و اﺳﻜﻠﻪ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﻛﻼﻧﺘﺮي در ﺑﻮدن دو ﮔﺮوه Anthobranchia و Cladobranchia را ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ 1391، ﺗﻌﺪاد 5 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از اﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﻣﺘﻦ از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺟﺰر رﺳﺎﻧ ﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ (Wollscheid & Wägele, 1999 .) ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ و ﻣﺪي ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻏﻮاﺻﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﮔﺮد ﻳﺪ ( ﺷﻜﻞ 1 ). ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ آﺑﺸﺸﺎن ﺑﺎ داﺷﺘﻦ 3000 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از اﻧﺠﺎم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژي داﻧﺸﮕﺎه heterobranchs اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻻروي ﺻﺪف درﻳﺎﻧﻮردي و ﻋﻠﻮم درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﺎﺑﻬﺎر اﻧﺘﻘﺎل داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﭘﺲ از و ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﻮد را از دﺳﺖ داده اﻧﺪ . ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﻪ از ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻓﻮﻟﻮژي، اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج DNA از ﭘﺎﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي را ﺣﻠﺰون ﻫﺎي ﺑﻲ ﺻﺪف ( Sea ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ، ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﺎﻫﺎي ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ slug ) ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ . اﻣﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از اﻳﻦ ﺣﻠﺰون ﻫﺎي ﺑﻲ ﺻﺪف در ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و در دﻣﺎي 80- درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘ ﻴﮕﺮاد ﻧﮕ ﻪ داري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮔﺮوﻫﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻫﻨﻪ آ ﺑﺸﺸﺎن (Thollesson, 2000) . ﺗﻜﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه از ﭘﺎﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ دارﻧﺪ و در ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ آﺑﻬﺎي ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد را ﺗﻮﺳﻂ 500 ﻣ ﻴﻜﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺮ CTAB ( 2% Downloaded from isfj.ir at 18:33 +0330 on Sunday December 24th 2017 [ DOI: 10.22092/ISFJ.2017.110121 ] دﻧﻴﺎ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰر و ﻣﺪي ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ اﻋﻤﺎق درﻳﺎ و از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ CTAB ,1.4M NaCl , 0.1% β_mercaptooethanol ( 20mM EDTA and 100mM TRIS-HCl pH8 ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه 5 دﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮوﻓﻮﺗﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺪل RS232C ﻣﻮرد ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻗﺮار ﻣ ﻴﻜﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌ ﻴﻨﺎز K و 4/1 ﻣ ﻴﻜﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺮmercapthonal β_ در ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎي DNA ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ژل داك ﻣﺪل ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﻴﻮب ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﺮده و ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻮن در E_BOX_VX2/2M ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺳﭙﺲ DNA اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه آﻣﺪﻧﺪ . ﭘﺲ از اﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻮن و ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻴﻮژ، ﻛﻠﺮوﻓﺮم - ا ﻳﺰوآﻣﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻞ در ﻓﺮﻳﺰر 20- درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﻧﮕ ﻪ داري ﺷﺪ. ( ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ 24:1 ) اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪ، ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار رﺳﻮب DNA ، آب ﺑﺴﻂ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ژن ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪرﻳﺎﻳﻲ COI ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده دﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰه اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪ و DNA اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻌﺪي در از آﻏﺎزﮔﺮﻫﺎي ﻫﺎي LCO1490f , HCO2198r اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻓﺮ ﻳﺰر 20- ﻧﮕﻪ داري ﺷﺪ ﻛ ﻴﻔﻴﺖ DNA اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه روي ژل (Galil et al. , 2010) . ﻫﺮ واﻛﻨﺶ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه اي ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮاز ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده آﮔﺎرز 1 درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻓﻮرز و ﻛﻤ ﻴﺖ آن ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از از دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺳﺎﻳﻜﻠﺮ ﻣﺪل Ependorf 5331 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ . در ﻫﺮ 78 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺷ ﻴﻼت ا ﻳﺮان ﺳﺎل ﺑ ﻴﺴﺖ و دوم / ﺷﻤﺎره 2 / ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1392 واﻛﻨﺶ 15 ﻧﺎﻧﻮﮔﺮم DNA اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه در ﺣﺠﻤﻲ 50 در ا ﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰارﻫﺎي ( Kumar et al. , 1994) ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻟﻴﺘﺮي ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اﻟﮕﻮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ . BioEdit Ver 7.0 (Hall, 1999 ) ،MEGA Ver 5 و در اﻳﻦ واﻛﻨﺶ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ DNA اﺳﺘﺨﺮاﺟﻲ، ClustalX (Jeanmougin et al. , 1998) ,PCR 10 x اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. در اﺑﺘﺪا dNTP ، Mgcl 2 Buffer ، آﻏﺎزﮔﺮﻫﺎ و Taq DNA polymeras ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮام ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي رﻓﺖ و ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨـ ﺪ. در ﺳ ـ ﻴﻜﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗ ـﻲ داده ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ، ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮ م اﻓﺰار BioEdit و ﺑﺼﻮرت ﭼﺸﻤﻲ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه PCR ، در اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 5 دﻗﻴﻘـ ﻪ در دﻣـ ﺎي 95 درﺟـﻪ و ﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﺷﺪه ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺷﺎره ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴ ﮕﺮاد ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ و ﺑﺪﻧﺒﺎل آن در ﻳـ ﻚ ﺳ ـ ﻴﻜﻞ 38 ﺗـ ﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ Clustal X ﻫﻢ ردﻳﻒ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ داد ه ﻫﺎي ﻫﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ واﺳﺮﺷﺘﮕﻲ در دﻣـ ﺎي 95 درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧ ﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺪت 1 ردﻳﻒ ﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ دو ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ DNA ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ دﻗ ﻴﻘﻪ ، اﺗﺼﺎل آ ﻏﺎزﮔﺮﻫﺎ در دﻣﺎي 45 درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻴ ﮕﺮاد ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 1 ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار MEGA ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دﻗﻴﻘﻪ، ﺑﺴﻂ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ در دﻣـ ﺎي 72 درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧ ﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺪت 1 ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓ ﻴﻠﻮژﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻫﺎ از آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ Neighbor _joining اﺳﺘﻔﺎده دﻗ ﻴﻘﻪ و در آ ﺧﺮ ﺑـﺎ دﻣـ ﺎي 72 درﺟـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻧ ﺘﻴﮕﺮاد ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺪت 10 ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ 15 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از Nudibranch ﻛﻪ ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ دﻗ ﻴﻘﻪ ﺳ ﻴﻜﻞ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ﭘﺎ ﻳﺎن داده ﻣﻲﺷـﻮ د . ﭘـﺲ از اﻃ ﻤﻴﻨـﺎ ن از ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ را در ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﺗ ﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ي ا ﻳﺮاﻧﻲ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ از ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮ ل PCR و ﺗﻜﺜﻴـ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻧـﺪﻫ ﺎي ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻤـﻚ ﺟ ﻬﺎﻧﻲ ژن ﺑﺮاي آﻧﺎﻟ ﻴﺰﻫﺎي ﻓ ﻴﻠﻮژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ( ﺟﺪول 1 ) 1 اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻓﻮرز روي ژل آﮔﺎرز 1 درﺻﺪ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧـ ﻪﻫـ ﺎ ﭘـ ﺲ از clean up، و ﮔﻮﻧﻪي Littorina littorea از راﺳﺘﻪي Mesogastropoda ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌ ﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻛﺎﻧﺎدا ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳـﺖ ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﺑﺮون ﮔﺮوه در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sea Slugs – Divers' Favorites, Taxonomists' Problems
    Aquatic Science & Management, Vol. 1, No. 2, 100-110 (Oktober 2013) ISSN 2337-4403 Pascasarjana, Universitas Sam Ratulangi e-ISSN 2337-5000 http://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/jasm/index jasm-pn00033 Sea slugs – divers’ favorites, taxonomists’ problems Siput laut – disukai para penyelam, masalah bagi para taksonom Kathe R. Jensen Zoological Museum (Natural History Museum of Denmark), Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Sea slugs, or opisthobranch molluscs, are small, colorful, slow-moving, non-aggressive marine animals. This makes them highly photogenic and therefore favorites among divers. The highest diversity is found in tropical waters of the Indo-West Pacific region. Many illustrated guidebooks have been published, but a large proportion of species remain unidentified and possibly new to science. Lack of funding as well as expertise is characteristic for taxonomic research. Most taxonomists work in western countries whereas most biodiversity occurs in developing countries. Cladistic analysis and molecular studies have caused fundamental changes in opisthobranch classification as well as “instability” of scientific names. Collaboration between local and foreign scientists, amateurs and professionals, divers and academics can help discovering new species, but the success may be hampered by lack of funding as well as rigid regulations on collecting and exporting specimens for taxonomic research. Solutions to overcome these obstacles are presented. Keywords: mollusca; opisthobranchia; biodiversity; citizen science; taxonomic impediment Abstrak: Siput laut, atau moluska golongan opistobrancia, adalah hewan laut berukuran kecil, berwarna, bergerak lambat, dan tidak bersifat agresif. Alasan inilah yang membuat hewan ini sangat fotogenik dan menjadi favorit bagi para penyelam.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Range Extension for the Temperate, Endemic South-Eastern Australian Nudibranch Goniobranchus Splendidus (Angas, 1864)
    diversity Article Tropical Range Extension for the Temperate, Endemic South-Eastern Australian Nudibranch Goniobranchus splendidus (Angas, 1864) Nerida G. Wilson 1,2,*, Anne E. Winters 3 and Karen L. Cheney 3 1 Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew Street, Welshpool WA 6106, Australia 2 School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009 WA, Australia 3 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; [email protected] (A.E.W.); [email protected] (K.L.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-08-9212-3844 Academic Editor: Michael Wink Received: 25 April 2016; Accepted: 15 July 2016; Published: 22 July 2016 Abstract: In contrast to many tropical animals expanding southwards on the Australian coast concomitant with climate change, here we report a temperate endemic newly found in the tropics. Chromodorid nudibranchs are bright, colourful animals that rarely go unnoticed by divers and underwater photographers. The discovery of a new population, with divergent colouration is therefore significant. DNA sequencing confirms that despite departures from the known phenotypic variation, the specimen represents northern Goniobranchus splendidus and not an unknown close relative. Goniobranchus tinctorius represents the sister taxa to G. splendidus. With regard to secondary defences, the oxygenated terpenes found previously in this specimen are partially unique but also overlap with other G. splendidus from southern Queensland (QLD) and New South Wales (NSW). The tropical specimen from Mackay contains extracapsular yolk like other G. splendidus. This previously unknown tropical population may contribute selectively advantageous genes to cold-water species threatened by climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Natural History
    This article was downloaded by:[Canadian Research Knowledge Network] On: 5 October 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 770938029] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Natural History Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713192031 Revision of the nudibranch gastropod genus Tyrinna Bergh, 1898 (Doridoidea: Chromodorididae) Michael Schrödl; Sandra V. Millen Online Publication Date: 01 August 2001 To cite this Article: Schrödl, Michael and Millen, Sandra V. (2001) 'Revision of the nudibranch gastropod genus Tyrinna Bergh, 1898 (Doridoidea: Chromodorididae)', Journal of Natural History, 35:8, 1143 - 1171 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/00222930152434472 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930152434472 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
    [Show full text]
  • Conspicuous Visual Signals Do Not Coevolve with Increased Body Size in Marine Sea Slugs
    doi: 10.1111/jeb.12348 Conspicuous visual signals do not coevolve with increased body size in marine sea slugs K. L. CHENEY*, F. CORTESI*†,M.J.HOW‡,N.G.WILSON§,S.P.BLOMBERG*, A. E. WINTERS*, S. UMANZOR€ ¶ & N. J. MARSHALL‡ *School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia †Zoological Institute, The University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland ‡Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia §The Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia ¶Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA Keywords: Abstract animal patterns; Many taxa use conspicuous colouration to attract mates, signal chemical aposematism; defences (aposematism) or for thermoregulation. Conspicuousness is a key image statistics; feature of aposematic signals, and experimental evidence suggests that pre- nudibranchs; dators avoid conspicuous prey more readily when they exhibit larger body spectral contrast; size and/or pattern elements. Aposematic prey species may therefore evolve visual signalling. a larger body size due to predatory selection pressures, or alternatively, larger prey species may be more likely to evolve aposematic colouration. Therefore, a positive correlation between conspicuousness and body size should exist. Here, we investigated whether there was a phylogenetic correlation between the conspicuousness of animal patterns and body size using an intriguing, understudied model system to examine questions on the evolution of animal signals, namely nudibranchs (opisthobranch mol- luscs). We also used new ways to compare animal patterns quantitatively with their background habitat in terms of intensity variance and spatial frequency power spectra. In studies of aposematism, conspicuousness is usually quantified using the spectral contrast of animal colour patches against its background; however, other components of visual signals, such as pattern, luminance and spectral sensitivities of potential observers, are largely ignored.
    [Show full text]
  • A Radical Solution: the Phylogeny of the Nudibranch Family Fionidae
    RESEARCH ARTICLE A Radical Solution: The Phylogeny of the Nudibranch Family Fionidae Kristen Cella1, Leila Carmona2*, Irina Ekimova3,4, Anton Chichvarkhin3,5, Dimitry Schepetov6, Terrence M. Gosliner1 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 3 Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia, 4 Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 5 A.V. Zhirmunsky Instutute of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 6 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia a11111 * [email protected] Abstract Tergipedidae represents a diverse and successful group of aeolid nudibranchs, with approx- imately 200 species distributed throughout most marine ecosystems and spanning all bio- OPEN ACCESS geographical regions of the oceans. However, the systematics of this family remains poorly Citation: Cella K, Carmona L, Ekimova I, understood since no modern phylogenetic study has been undertaken to support any of the Chichvarkhin A, Schepetov D, Gosliner TM (2016) A Radical Solution: The Phylogeny of the proposed classifications. The present study is the first molecular phylogeny of Tergipedidae Nudibranch Family Fionidae. PLoS ONE 11(12): based on partial sequences of two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) genes and one nuclear e0167800. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167800 gene (H3). Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis were con- Editor: Geerat J. Vermeij, University of California, ducted in order to elucidate the systematics of this family. Our results do not recover the tra- UNITED STATES ditional Tergipedidae as monophyletic, since it belongs to a larger clade that includes the Received: July 7, 2016 families Eubranchidae, Fionidae and Calmidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Norwegian Sea Slugs (Nudibranchia): New Species to Norwegian Coastal Waters and New Data on Distribution of Rare Species
    Fauna norvegica 2013 Vol. 32: 45-52. ISSN: 1502-4873 Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species Jussi Evertsen1 and Torkild Bakken1 Evertsen J, Bakken T. 2013. Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species. Fauna norvegica 32: 45-52. A total of 5 nudibranch species are reported from the Norwegian coast for the first time (Doridoxa ingolfiana, Goniodoris castanea, Onchidoris sparsa, Eubranchus rupium and Proctonotus mucro- niferus). In addition 10 species that can be considered rare in Norwegian waters are presented with new information (Lophodoris danielsseni, Onchidoris depressa, Palio nothus, Tritonia griegi, Tritonia lineata, Hero formosa, Janolus cristatus, Cumanotus beaumonti, Berghia norvegica and Calma glau- coides), in some cases with considerable changes to their distribution. These new results present an update to our previous extensive investigation of the nudibranch fauna of the Norwegian coast from 2005, which now totals 87 species. An increase in several new species to the Norwegian fauna and new records of rare species, some with considerable updates, in relatively few years results mainly from sampling effort and contributions by specialists on samples from poorly sampled areas. doi: 10.5324/fn.v31i0.1576. Received: 2012-12-02. Accepted: 2012-12-20. Published on paper and online: 2013-02-13. Keywords: Nudibranchia, Gastropoda, taxonomy, biogeography 1. Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway Corresponding author: Jussi Evertsen E-mail: [email protected] IntRODUCTION the main aims.
    [Show full text]
  • Australasian Nudibranchnews No.9 May 1999 Editors Notes Indications Are Readership Is Increasing
    australasian nudibranchNEWS No.9 May 1999 Editors Notes Indications are readership is increasing. To understand how much I’m Chromodoris thompsoni asking readers to send me an email. Your participation, comments and feed- Rudman, 1983 back is appreciated. The information will assist in making decisions about dis- tribution and content. The “Nudibranch of the Month” featured on our website this month is Hexabranchus sanguineus. The whole nudibranch section will be updated by the end of the month. To assist anNEWS to provide up to date information would authors include me on their reprint mailing list or send details of the papers. Name Changes and Updates This column is to help keep up to date with mis-identifications or name changes. An updated (12th May 1999) errata for Neville Coleman’s 1989 Nudibranchs of the South Pacific is available upon request from the anNEWS editor. Hyselodoris nigrostriata (Eliot, 1904) is Hypselodoris zephyra Gosliner & © Wayne Ellis 1999 R. Johnson, 1999. Page 33C Nudibranchs of the South Pacific, Neville Coleman 1989 A small Australian chromodorid with Page 238C Nudibranchs and Sea Snails Indo Pacific Field Guide. an ovate body and a fairly broad mantle Helmut Debilius Edition’s One (1996) and Edition Two (1998). overlap. The mantle is pale pink with a blu- ish tinged background. Chromodoris loringi is Chromodoris thompsoni. The rhinophores are a translucent Page 34C Nudibranchs of the South Pacific. N. Coleman 1989. straw colour with cream dashes along the Page 32 Nudibranchs. Dr T.E. Thompson 1976 edges of the lamellae. The gills are coloured similiarly. In a recent paper in the Journal of Molluscan Studies, Valdes & Gosliner This species was described by Dr Bill have synonymised Miamira and Orodoris with Ceratosoma.
    [Show full text]
  • Nudibranchia: Flabellinidae) from the Red and Arabian Seas
    Ruthenica, 2020, vol. 30, No. 4: 183-194. © Ruthenica, 2020 Published online October 1, 2020. http: ruthenica.net Molecular data and updated morphological description of Flabellina rubrolineata (Nudibranchia: Flabellinidae) from the Red and Arabian seas Irina A. EKIMOVA1,5, Tatiana I. ANTOKHINA2, Dimitry M. SCHEPETOV1,3,4 1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, RUSSIA; 2A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Leninskiy prosp. 33, 119071 Moscow, RUSSIA; 3N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, Vavilov str. 26, 119334 Moscow, RUSSIA; 4Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI, National Research University), 111250 Krasnokazarmennaya 14, Moscow, RUSSIA. 5Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Flabellina rubrolineata was believed to have a wide distribution range, being reported from the Mediterranean Sea (non-native), the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean and adjacent seas, and the Indo-West Pacific and from Australia to Hawaii. In the present paper, we provide a redescription of Flabellina rubrolineata, based on specimens collected near the type locality of this species in the Red Sea. The morphology of this species was studied using anatomical dissections and scanning electron microscopy. To place this species in the phylogenetic framework and test the identity of other specimens of F. rubrolineata from the Indo-West Pacific we sequenced COI, H3, 16S and 28S gene fragments and obtained phylogenetic trees based on Bayesian and Maximum likelihood inferences. Our morphological and molecular results show a clear separation of F. rubrolineata from the Red Sea from its relatives in the Indo-West Pacific. We suggest that F. rubrolineata is restricted to only the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea and to West Indian Ocean, while specimens from other regions belong to a complex of pseudocryptic species.
    [Show full text]
  • Nudibranch Neighborhood: the Distribution of Two Nudibranch Species (Chromodoris Lochi and Chromodoris Sp.) in Cook’S Bay, Mo’Orea, French Polynesia Gwen Hubner
    NUDIBRANCH NEIGHBORHOOD: THE DISTRIBUTION OF TWO NUDIBRANCH SPECIES (CHROMODORIS LOCHI AND CHROMODORIS SP.) IN COOK’S BAY, MO’OREA, FRENCH POLYNESIA GWEN HUBNER Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA Abstract. Benthic invertebrates are vital not only for the place they hold in the trophic web of the marine ecosystem, but also for the incredible diversity that they add to the world. This is especially true of the dorid nudibranchs (family Dorididae), a group of specialist predators that are also the most diverse family in a clade of shell-less gastropods. Little work has been done on the roles that environment and behavior play on distribution patterns of dorid nuidbranchs. By carrying out habitat surveys, I found that two species of dorid nudibranchs (Chromodoris lochi and Chromodoris sp.) occupy different habitats in Cook’s Bay. Behavioral interaction tests showed that both species orient more reliably toward conspecifics than toward allospecifics. C. lochi has a greater propensity to aggregate than Chromodoris sp. These findings indicated that the distribution patterns are a result of both habitat preference and aggregation behaviors. Further inquiry into these two areas is needed to make additional conclusions on the forces driving distribution. Information in this area is necessary to inform future conservation decisions. Key words: dorid nudibranchs; Chromodoris lochi; behavior; environment INTRODUCTION rely on sponges for survival in three interconnected ways: as a food source and for Nudibranchs (order Nudibranchia), a their two major defense mechanisms. This diverse clade of marine gastropods, are dependence on specialized prey places dorid unique marine snails that have lost a crucial nudibranchs in an important role in the food means of protection-- their shell.
    [Show full text]
  • Nudibranch Range Shifts Associated with the 2014 Warm Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific
    Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences Volume 115 | Issue 1 Article 2 4-26-2016 Nudibranch Range Shifts associated with the 2014 Warm Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific Jeffrey HR Goddard University of California, Santa Barbara, [email protected] Nancy Treneman University of Oregon William E. Pence Douglas E. Mason California High School Phillip M. Dobry See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.oxy.edu/scas Part of the Marine Biology Commons, Population Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Goddard, Jeffrey HR; Treneman, Nancy; Pence, William E.; Mason, Douglas E.; Dobry, Phillip M.; Green, Brenna; and Hoover, Craig (2016) "Nudibranch Range Shifts associated with the 2014 Warm Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific," Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences: Vol. 115: Iss. 1. Available at: https://scholar.oxy.edu/scas/vol115/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by OxyScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences by an authorized editor of OxyScholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nudibranch Range Shifts associated with the 2014 Warm Anomaly in the Northeast Pacific Cover Page Footnote We thank Will and Ziggy Goddard for their expert assistance in the field, Jackie Sones and Eric Sanford of the Bodega Marine Laboratory for sharing their observations and knowledge of the intertidal fauna of Bodega Head and Sonoma County, and David Anderson of the National Park Service and Richard Emlet of the University of Oregon for sharing their respective observations of Okenia rosacea in northern California and southern Oregon.
    [Show full text]
  • Ringiculid Bubble Snails Recovered As the Sister Group to Sea Slugs
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Ringiculid bubble snails recovered as the sister group to sea slugs (Nudipleura) Received: 13 May 2016 Yasunori Kano1, Bastian Brenzinger2,3, Alexander Nützel4, Nerida G. Wilson5 & Accepted: 08 July 2016 Michael Schrödl2,3 Published: 08 August 2016 Euthyneuran gastropods represent one of the most diverse lineages in Mollusca (with over 30,000 species), play significant ecological roles in aquatic and terrestrial environments and affect many aspects of human life. However, our understanding of their evolutionary relationships remains incomplete due to missing data for key phylogenetic lineages. The present study integrates such a neglected, ancient snail family Ringiculidae into a molecular systematics of Euthyneura for the first time, and is supplemented by the first microanatomical data. Surprisingly, both molecular and morphological features present compelling evidence for the common ancestry of ringiculid snails with the highly dissimilar Nudipleura—the most species-rich and well-known taxon of sea slugs (nudibranchs and pleurobranchoids). A new taxon name Ringipleura is proposed here for these long-lost sisters, as one of three major euthyneuran clades with late Palaeozoic origins, along with Acteonacea (Acteonoidea + Rissoelloidea) and Tectipleura (Euopisthobranchia + Panpulmonata). The early Euthyneura are suggested to be at least temporary burrowers with a characteristic ‘bubble’ shell, hypertrophied foot and headshield as exemplified by many extant subtaxa with an infaunal mode of life, while the expansion of the mantle might have triggered the explosive Mesozoic radiation of the clade into diverse ecological niches. The traditional gastropod subclass Euthyneura is a highly diverse clade of snails and slugs with at least 30,000 living species1,2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ultrastructure of Spermatozoa and Spermiogenesis in Pyramidellid Gastropods, and Its Systematic Importance John M
    HELGOLANDER MEERESUNTERSUCHUNGEN Helgol~inder Meeresunters. 42,303-318 (1988) The ultrastructure of spermatozoa and spermiogenesis in pyramidellid gastropods, and its systematic importance John M. Healy School of Biological Sciences (Zoology, A08), University of Sydney; 2006, New South Wales, Australia ABSTRACT: Ultrastructural observations on spermiogenesis and spermatozoa of selected pyramidellid gastropods (species of Turbonilla, ~gulina, Cingufina and Hinemoa) are presented. During spermatid development, the condensing nucleus becomes initially anterio-posteriorly com- pressed or sometimes cup-shaped. Concurrently, the acrosomal complex attaches to an electron- dense layer at the presumptive anterior pole of the nucleus, while at the opposite (posterior) pole of the nucleus a shallow invagination is formed to accommodate the centriolar derivative. Midpiece formation begins soon after these events have taken place, and involves the following processes: (1) the wrapping of individual mitochondria around the axoneme/coarse fibre complex; (2) later internal metamorphosis resulting in replacement of cristae by paracrystalline layers which envelope the matrix material; and (3) formation of a glycogen-filled helix within the mitochondrial derivative (via a secondary wrapping of mitochondria). Advanced stages of nuclear condensation {elongation, transformation of fibres into lamellae, subsequent compaction) and midpiece formation proceed within a microtubular sheath ('manchette'). Pyramidellid spermatozoa consist of an acrosomal complex (round
    [Show full text]