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The Evolving Definition of Man: Lamarck's Natural THE EVOLVING DEFINITION OF MAN: LAMARCK’S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY AND LITERARY LEGACY Erin A. Myers Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of French and Italian Indiana University October 2018 ii Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee _________________________________________ Guillaume Ansart, Ph.D. _________________________________________ Hall Bjørnstad, Ph.D. _________________________________________ Sander Gliboff, Ph.D. _________________________________________ Oana Panaïté, Ph.D. September 21, 2018 iii For Nick and Didi, for the past eleven years and for the future iv Acknowledgments I am grateful to my committee members, whose sage advice is not always reflected in this dissertation to the degree that I hoped. You have battled my bad writerly habits with me, challenged me to make bigger claims and better arguments, and offered timely encouragement. I would like to thank Margaret and Harry S. Butler; Margaret, for feeding her own and others' life of the mind through reading, travel, tea, and excellent conversation; Harry, for having lived the life academic that I might hope for; for his pursuit of meaning in Balzac’s La Comédie humaine: I didn’t know how important Balzac would be for my research. On top of all that, for having established a scholarship which took me to France and Switzerland in pursuit of Rousseau. Madeleine Butler, for her bonne foi and effervescent dialogues on all kinds of ideas, and for having defined what New Criticism was and what it did not do in such a helpful way. Mary Behrends and Madame Spittle helped me express my contrariness by teaching me French; I desperately needed another language and another identity, and the one you gave me represents an entire cultural history of resistance. And Casey, for speaking French well. Many thanks to Lisa Gasbarrone and Cindy Yetter-Vassot, for correcting, informing, and inspiring my beginnings in French literature and culture. Janet, Mark, Judith, Curt, Dean, Ben, Annalisa, James, David, Brady, David, Jim, Roger, Marie, Carl, and others whose brilliance and kindness lit my path. Carolyn Fay and A. C. Capehart for gentle guidance as I became a college professor. Also, Jütta, Kitty, Heather, Ann, Lucile, Adeline, Linda, Greg and Mariana. Jacques Merceron, Kelly Sax, Margot Gray, Sonya Stephens, Johannes Türk, Catriona Seth, Julia Douthwaite, Sophie Laniel-Musitelli, Éric Méchoulan, Rebecca Spang, Jérôme Brillaud, Eric MacPhail, Aiko MacPhail, Sonia, Jutta, Kathleen, Melissa, Madeleine and all: thank you for the edifying seminars and for fostering my growth as a scholar and teacher. Thank you to the Center for Eighteenth-Century Studies, for a dissertation fellowship which allowed me to make great strides in my research and writing, fabulous workshops, and the chance to showcase my work in the first annual pecha kucha extravaganza. For stoking my passion for scholarship and feeding my need for intellectual exchange. Cheers to my classmates, colleagues, neighbors and friends: Kelly Farmer, Marie-Line Brunet, Kate Bastin, Audrey Dobrenn, Marilyn, Gabrielle, Fréde, Tim, Annie, Devan, Jason, Michael, Kelly, Kemmy, Alisha, Jamie, Sarah Kay, Noëlle, Orla, Aaron, and all my students. Peter, Leah, Laura, Robert, Liesl, Virginia, Amanda, Robert, Melanie, Eric, Jason, Nicolas, Christiane, Brijesh, Christine, Deanne, Dave, Carol, Jan, Heidi; Kevin, Melissa, Melinda, Joel, Shauna, Eli, Estrella, Max, Juan, Jazzy, Karen, Spider, the children in number 12, and all our church family at Mount Calvary. Merci beaucoup, François and Cécile Dumont; Thierry and Élise Nelson, Jules, Adèle and Martin, my French family adoptive et spirituelle. Thank you to my parents and my brother, Timothy, Joan Marie, and Grayson, for your unfailing support and exchange of ideas; your inspiration is visible throughout this dissertation. Thank you, Joe and Linda, for the encouragement. Hockemeyer, Graul, Messmann, Caruso, Myers, Cowan, Feucht, Feucht-Papacostas, all: thank you! And of course, for your steadfast love, patience, wisdom, care and provision, thank you, Nick and Edith, my two troopers. v Erin A. Myers THE EVOLVING DEFINITION OF MAN: LAMARCK’S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY AND LITERARY LEGACY Ordering the collections of worms and insects at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle led Jean-Baptiste Lamarck to believe that the great diversity of plants and animals was due to gradual changes over a long period of time, accumulated in living bodies of increasing complexity. This theory is recognizable as an early account of evolution. But there is more that is unfamiliar: animals harnessed an atmospheric element which, by its direct action upon animal tissues, produced a nervous system and ultimately an organ of intelligence. The latter part of this process hinges on the existence of an origin-destination of sensation, Lamarck’s sentiment intérieur. My dissertation examines the possibilities and constraints of the natural history genre which Lamarck inherited from Georges-Louis-Leclerc, comte de Buffon (Chapter 1). Through close readings, I identify rhetorical strategies that are constitutive of their natural philosophies. I compare their statements about style and imagination to show how they approached the diversity of nature, the need for conceptual and aesthetic handles, and truth claims in their negotiations with the reader. Next, I survey uses of sentiment intérieur in works of various genres, especially from 1700-1850, when its popularity rivaled that of conscience (consciousness, conscience) (Chapter 2). This “power” is key to Lamarck’s 1817 dictionary definition of humankind. I expose trends in thinking about individuality and the source(s) of action in nature among Lamarck’s predecessors and contemporaries, especially the Idéologues. His solution to the “insurmountable hiatus” between the physical and moral facts of human experience is situated – historically, textually, culturally – in a moment of transition between worlds and genres. Finally, I analyze three novels to determine Lamarck’s immediate influence in French literature (Chapter 3). Henri Beyle (Stendhal), Honoré de Balzac, and Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve grappled with the analysis of ideas (idéologie), and their semi-autobiographical protagonists likewise search for the seat of consciousness. Their encounters with nature-as-narrator in “Lamarckian moments” describe the perils and potentials of the life of the mind. I propose that these moments constitute a Lamarckian sublime. vi _________________________________________ Guillaume Ansart, Ph.D. _________________________________________ Hall Bjørnstad, Ph.D. _________________________________________ Sander Gliboff, Ph.D. _________________________________________ Oana Panaïté, Ph.D. vii Contents iv Acknowledgments v Abstract 1 Introduction 21 Chapter 1: Natural History is for Real Men: Style, Rhetoric, Truth and Antithesis 93 Chapter 2: The Inner Feeling 160 Chapter 3: Lamarck’s Literary Heritage 224 Conclusion 235 Appendix: Lamarck’s 1817 Dictionary Definition “HOMME” 240 Works Cited Curriculum vitae 1 Introduction: How to Read Lamarck and Why “Le lamarckisme défiguré et proclamé à plusieurs reprises désuet renaît toujours de ses cendres avec éclat, révélant à chaque fois des aspects nouveaux, jadis non perçus.”1 Léon Szyfman Traditional disciplinary boundaries make reading Lamarck as a literature scholar daunting. Good counsel suggests that a place to begin is with Lamarck’s own definition, “Homme.” Historical and textual fidelity requires a survey of the immediate influences upon Lamarck. His philosophical “genetics,” so to speak, as well as his associates, institutions and actions during the early years of the French Revolution, identify him with the Idéologues, or at least with a ‘second wave’ of Idéologues. He shared some of the fate of this group. But whereas their projects have faded with time, Lamarck’s search for a comprehensive philosophy of nature has, over the centuries, been extended and augmented with many new ideas and observations. Lamarck, Léon Szyfman explains, “clearly saw that at the turn of the 19th century, the wealth of facts accumulated by researchers and the traditional method of reasoning were in conflict owing to the inability of the latter to explain natural phenomena” (“voit bien qu’à partir du XIXe siècle, il existe un conflit entre la richesse des faits accumulés par les chercheurs et la méthode de raisonnement traditionnelle, qui n’était pas en mesure d’expliquer les phénomènes naturels.” Szyfman 253). The life of Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) spans two eras, with the French Revolution in the middle. Historians of science have in the last century intermittently pursued answers to the question of why his work and renown have remained relatively obscure, when he was one of the first to posit a natural mechanism for species change (or transformism, or evolution). Lamarck is a lightning rod of sorts for scholars in diverse fields, involved in intermural debates of their own, who have penned vociferous refutations and defenses on behalf of his ideas in such far-ranging disciplines as biology, neuroscience, botany, ecology, history, philosophy, history and 1 “Lamarckism, disfigured and pronounced obsolete many times over always emerges, shining, from its ashes, revealing each time
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