Supporting the Community Management of Rural
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COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY plus Community Water Centre of Excellence for Change, Chennai Understanding the resource implications of the ‘plus’ in community management of rural water supply systems in India: Belagavi District, Karnataka Dr M S Rama Mohan Rao & M S Raviprakash September 2015 Community Water plus is a 20 case study research project managed by Cranfield University, UK, on behalf of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of the Australian Government plus Community Water Executive Summary This case study analyses the support given by the World Bank assisted Jal Nirmal project for community managed rural water supply in Belagavi district, Karnataka. The study was undertaken by selecting three villages considered as best practices examples from Jal Nirmal – Shiraguppi, Iddalahonda and Hirenandi, and one control village that was not part of the programme. The project ran from 2002 to 2014 so all the villages in this study are now supported under the Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Government of Karnataka. The case study considers both the historical support provided under Jal Nirmal and the current support arrangements. In the three Jal Nirmal villages, the study found that water supply is effectively managed by communities through the Village Water and Sanitation Committees that are well-capacitated and resourced. Tariff payments are regular and above government norms meaning communities are able to cover most of the Operational Expenditure for rural water supply and deliver good quality services. In this regard, the case can be classified as a form of Community Management with Direct Support in which communities has successfully taken on the operation and maintenance of rural water supply. The study also indicates that the Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Government of Karnataka, is providing an effective support environment for these villages. Karnataka has historically been the site of community management programmes, such as Jal Nirmal, so the state government has built on this legacy to develop a professionalised support system that balances technical support with the specialist ‘softer’ support focused on empowering communities. The overview of costs per person in Jal Nirmal villages ranges between INR 1,993 in Shiraguppi as compared to INR 5,776 in Hirenandi village including hardware, software and operational expenses. The maximum CapEx costs of surface water sources is about INR 5,452 and that of groundwater sources INR 2,424 per person and the conventional model costs about INR 646 per person; but the difference in water resources availability, quantity, quality, reliability and sustainability are of paramount importance. Out of the capex, the software part constitutes only about INR 225 at the maximum as observed from Iddalahonda village, i.e. a maximum of 10% of the hardware cost, coincidentally the same amount as the community contribution has been collected in Jal Nirmal project. This will be about six days’ wages per family as per minimum wages act of MGNREGS for 2015-16 for Karnataka. The gist of per person costs is given in the table below: 1 plus Community Water Karnataka Summary Cost Table - calculated as the average cost per person, that is averaging across the three 'successful' villages Source of funds Use of funds - implementation Use of funds - annual recurrent OpEx OpEx RECURRENT CapEx CapEx OpEx OpEx bulk CAPEX TOTAL labour & enabling CapManEx EXPENDITURE hardware software power water materials support TOTAL Community/consumers INR 156 INR 6 INR 162 INR 106 INR 78 - - - INR 184 Local self-government INR 156 INR 6 INR 162 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - State government entity - - - - - - INR 9 - INR 9 State water supply agency - - - - - - - - - National Government - - - - - - - - - NGO national & international - - - - - - - - - International donor INR 2,802 INR 108 INR 2,910 - - - - - - TOTALS INR 3,114 INR 120 INR 3,234 INR 106 INR 78 - INR 9 - INR 193 Median of 20 case studies INR 3,231 INR 207 'Plus' %age 95% 95% 95% 0% 0% - 100% - 5% Median of 20 case studies 95% 57% The Financial Flow Diagram, below, has been developed as an advocacy and communication tool. It aims to assist policy-makers and programme developers to visualise the ‘plus’ resource implications necessary for sustainable community-managed rural water supply services. 2 plus Community Water Acknowledgements The researchers would like to extend sincere thanks to Mr M S Vaidyanathan and Prof Koodalingam for supporting the study. The Researchers wish to put on record our sincere gratitude to the Chief Engineer and other officials and staff of Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Government of Karnataka for creating the enabling conditions to undertake the study. Heartfelt thanks are extended to the officials and staff of Programme Management Unit located in Belgauvi and Raiker, EE, Belgauvi Division for facilitating in the selection of study villages. We are highly indebted to all the President of GPs and members of VWSCs of four study villages: Shiraguppi, Iddalahonda, Hirenandi and Halaga for extending their cooperation and contributing their valuable time during the interviews and focus group discussions. We also would like to appreciate all the sample households for providing information during the household survey. We wish to record, appreciation and thanks to Dr Paul Hutchings, Dr Snehalatha Mekala, CW+ Project National Research Coordinator, Mr.Lakkannavar and Miss.Poornima for their support and suggestions at different stages of the study. This research project has investigated twenty reportedly successful community-managed rural water supply programmes and approaches across India, from which we have subsequently developed understanding on the support needed to make community-management service provision successful and sustainable. The project has been implemented by a consortium of partners, including: the Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), the Centre of Excellence for Change (CEC), Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), the Xavier Institute of Social Service (XISS) and IRC, The Netherlands with overall project coordination provided by Cranfield University, UK. The research has been funded by the Australian Government through the Australian Development Awards Research Scheme, Australian Aid, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, under an award titled ‘Community Management of Rural Water Supply Systems in India’. The views expressed in this report are those of the project and not necessarily those of the Australian Government. The Australian Government accepts no responsibility for any loss, damage or injury, resulting from reliance on any of the information or views contained in this report. The twenty case studies 1 Jharkhand 11 Punjab 2 Madhya Pradesh 12 Uttarakhand 3 Odisha 13 Kerala (Kodur) 4 Chhattisgarh 14 Kerala (Nenmeni) 5 Meghalaya 15 Gujarat (Ghandinagar) 6 Rajasthan 16 Gujarat (Kutch) 7 West Bengal 17 Tamil Nadu (Morappur) 8 Telangana 18 Tamil Nadu (Kathirampatti) 9 Karnataka 19 Maharashtra 10 Himachal Pradesh 20 Sikkim 3 plus Community Water The twenty case studies are available also in four page summaries, both in Indian Rupees and in US Dollar (PPP) versions, accessible from the project website. A Policy Brief and a Research Brief There is also a synthesis report available, published by Earthscan, London. Contents Executive Summary ________________________________________________________________ 1 Acknowledgements ________________________________________________________________ 3 List of Figures _____________________________________________________________________ 5 List of Tables _____________________________________________________________________ 5 Acronyms ________________________________________________________________________ 6 1 Introduction __________________________________________________________________ 7 1.1 Background to the topic and the Community Water plus project _____________________ 7 1.2 Overall objectives of the research and research questions _________________________ 7 1.3 Concepts and methodology _________________________________________________ 8 1.4 Elements of research _______________________________________________________ 9 1.4.1 Case study selection __________________________________________________ 10 1.4.2 Data collection and analysis ____________________________________________ 11 2 Enabling Service Entity ________________________________________________________ 13 2.1 Background and origin of the ESE, and context in which it operates _________________ 13 2.2 Enabling environment support activities and description _________________________ 15 2.4 Enabling environment institutional assessment _________________________________ 18 2.5 Enabling environment partnering assessment __________________________________ 19 3 Community Service Provider Level _______________________________________________ 21 3.1 Context and descriptors of the community service providers ______________________ 21 3.1.1 Shiraguppi village: ____________________________________________________ 22 3.1.2 Iddalahonda village: __________________________________________________ 22 3.1.3 Hirenandi village: _____________________________________________________ 22 3.1.4 Halaga village: _______________________________________________________ 23 3.2 Community service provider indicators _______________________________________ 24 3.3 Community service provider participation assessment ___________________________