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FREE WITH S U B S C R I PT I O N — S E E OPPOSITE PAGE THE WORKERS MONTHLY Official Organ WORKERS COMMUNIST PARTY OF AMERICA MAX BEDACHT, Editor. Single copies, twenty-five cents—yearly subscriptions, two dollars; foreign, two fifty. Published monthly by the Daily Worker Publishing Company, 1113 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. Entered as Second Class Matter November S, 11124, at the postoffice of Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. VOL, V. 290 MAY, 1926 NO. 7. MAY DAY!

OMRADESS This May Day leaflet of the League for the expect nothing from Struggle for the Emancipation of the Workingclass them, we can rely only Let us consider our was written by Comrade Lenin in prison in the year upon ourselves. Our position very carefully — 1896, and was distributed among the Petersburg strength lies in unity, let us examine the con- workers in forty factories to the then tremendous our method is the unit- ditions in which we spend amount of 2,000 copies. ed stubborn resistance our lives. What do we "In preparing and distributing this leaflet we felt against the bosses. Our see? We work long and masters realize of course that we were accomplishing a great revolutionary in what our strength lies hard. We produce end- act. A month and "half later there developed the 'less wealth, gold and ap- and they try in every great strike of the spinners and weavers that way to divide us and to parel, satins and silks. began and grew precisely under the influence From the 'depths of the hide the identity of in- earth we extract iron of the May Day leaflet and only waited for the occa- terests of all workers. and coal. We build ma- sion to go forward in more active form. This strike But it's a long road chines, we outfit ships, showed to us and to the whole world that our feelings that has not turning— we construct railroads. had not betrayed us. The strike began precisely in and even the best of pa- All the wealth of the those places where accidently our leaflets had been tience comes to an end. world is the product of particularly well distributed." B. Gorew-Goldmann.— In the past few years the our hands, of our sweat "Out of the Party Past." Russian workers have and Wood. And what shown their masters that kind of wages do we get for this forced labor? the cowardice of slaves has changed into If things were as they should, we would be the courageous sturdiness of men, who refuse living in fine houses, we would wear good to submit to the greed of the capitalists. A clothes, and would never have to suffer any whole series of strikes has swept thru various need. But we know well enough that our Russian cities. Most of these strikes ended suc- wages never suffice for our living. Our bosses cessfully, especially in that they threw the push down wages, force us to work overtime, bosses into terror and forced them into conces- place unjust fines upon us — in a word oppress sions. They showed that we were no longer us in every way. And then when we give voice cowardly paupers but that we had taken up the to our dissatisfaction, we are thrown into prison struggle. without further ado. As is well known the workers of many shops We have convinced ourselves only too often and factories have organized the League for the that all those to whom we turn for help are the Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working- servants and the friends of the bosses. They class with the aim of exposing and removing keep us workers in darkness, they keep us ig- all abuses, of struggling against the shameful norant so that we should not dare to fight for oppressions and swindles of our consciousless an improvement of our conditions. They keep exploiters. The League distributes leaflets at us in slavery, they arrest and imprison every the sight of which the hearts of the bosses and one who shows any signs of resistance against their servants, the police, tremble. They are the oppressors— we are forbidden to struggle. not frightened by these leaflets—they are ter- Ignorance an'd slavery— thes e are the means rified at the possibility of our united resistance, thru which the capitalists and the government the sign of our great power that we have al- that serves them oppress us. ready manifested more than once. We, Peters- How can we then improve our conditions, burg workers, members of the League, call upon raise our wages, shorten the working day, pro- all the rest of our comrades to -join the League tect ourselves from insults, win for ourselves and co-operate in the great task of unifying the opportunity of reading good books? Every- the working class in the struggle for their inter- body is against us — and the better off these ests. It's time that we Russian workers smashed gentlemen are, the worse off we are! We can the chains that the bosses and the government 292 WORKERS MONTHLY -M AY, 1926 293 have placed upon us. It is time that we joined we are deprived of now, the right to give voice our fellow workers of other lands in the struggle to our needs, when they were in such slavery —under a common flag bearing the words: as we are in now. But thru relentless struggle The Fighting May Day "Workers of all countries, unite!" »ind heavy sacrifice they have won the right to In France, England, Germany and other lands take up collectively the affairs of labor. Let us where the workers have already closed their wish our brothers that their struggle soon lead By Robert Minor ranks and won important rights, the First of to the desired goal, to a society in which there May is a general holiday of all labor. will be no masters and no slaves, no capitalists TNTERWOVEN with the history of mankind is local organization of the Knights of Labor pro- and no wage workers, but all will work together the tradition of a spring festival—ultimate- posed that the First of May be chosen as the day The workers leave the dark factories and and all will enjoy the good things of life to- ly fixed as the First of May—when the slave, on which to begin a wide struggle for the eight- parade the main streets in well-ordered lines gether. the serf or the peasant with elaborate cere- hour day, this proposal was regarded as an ef- with flags and music. They show their mas- Comrades, if we fight unitedly and together, mony made believe of a social order overturned, fort to give the then impending mass move- ters their power- grown strong and join in nu- then the time is not far off when we too will with the slave arising to be master and the mas- ment a character bordering upon riot and dis- merous crowded assemblies to listen to speeches be in a position openly to join the common ter su'bjected to the rule of the slave. May Day order. The dusty records of the debates which in which the victories achieved over the bosses struggle of the workers of all lands, without as a day of religious rite, tumult, liberation and occurred at that time over the question of choice are recounted ,and the plans for future strug- distinction of race or creed, against the capital- Tejoicing, existed in the folk customs of several of an opening date for the eight-hour struggle, gles are developed. ists of the whole world. Our strong arm will •thousand years. The custom survived into show that the conservative leaders of the labor Because they are afraid of strikes no individ- rise and the chains of slavtery will fall. The toil- modern times. During the sixteenth and seven- unions objected to May Day on the ground that ual boss dare fine or punish the workers who ers of Russia will arise and terror will strike the teenth centuries in England there were recur- «the date was too closely associated in the popu- are absent from work on this day. On this day hearts of the capitalists and of all other enemies ring incidents of rebellion, mutiny and disorder lar mind with the tradition of rebellion against the workers also fling their chief demand in of the workingclass. on the part of the toiling classes, which caused the social order. Terrence V. Powderly, grand the teeth of the bosses: "Eight-hour day." In .the tradition of May Day to persist within the master workman of the Knights of Labor, in other countries the workers are already pro- LEAGUE FOR THE STRUGGLE FOR THE changing social forms. order to eliminate the "red" quality and to claiming this. There was .a time—and not so EMANCIPATION OF THE WORKINGCLASS. In capitalist society the modern proletariat, transform the eight-hour movement into a re- long ago—when they also didn't have the right Petersburg, May 1, 1896. ;at its birth, inherited that vestige of the peas- spectable and patriotic affair, succeeded in hav- .ant tradition. But the peasant tradition, while ing Washington's birthday, February 22, 1885, retaining its essentially militant quality, of fixed as the date for (beginning the movement •course took on an entirely new form when instead of May 1. .adopted toy the modern proletariat. As the day But the respectable American plans of Mr.

der the auspices of the American Federation of stepped forward to preserve the tradition of bling an appeal to the workers of St. Peters- its bankruptcy and treason, when the social- Labor, the ancient day of rebellion, which even the international Labor Day. The 1888 con- burg to "organize a general festival of labor" democratic party of Germany made its May Day Rome and Cartilage had known in their own his- vention of the A. F. of L. fixed upon May Day for May First. The young man was Vladimir declaration an appeal to the working class to torical form, became indelibly fixed as the great- of 1890 as the day upon which to enforce the Ilyitch Ulyanov—afterwards to be known as abstain from any action. est of all the days to be celebrated by modern Lenin. And here also the central slogan had to But the next year in Germany (1916) saw trade unions. demand for the eight-hour day. It was undoubtedly the dramatic setting sup- do with the demand for the eight-hour day, and the great Berlin May Day demonstration led May Day, 1886. plied by the martyrdom of the Chicago strike it held out the promise of a revolutionary or- by Karl Liebknecht, during which Liebknecht leaders which made unchangeable the identity der. "On this day," wrote the young St. Peters- was thrown into prison by the kaiser's police. It was that first of May, 1886, which became of May Day as the International Day of the burg prisoner of the czar, "the workers fling In Moscow four workers were condemned to the biggest turning point up to that time in working class. In 1889, when the Second Inter- their chief demand in the teeth of their bosses: death and executed for participation in a de- American labor history. The attempt to carry national was founded, its first international Eight-hour day. In other countries the work- monstration. out the plan of establishing the eight-hour day congress declared May Day, 1890, to be the time ers are already proclaiming this. There was a in the McCormick Harvester works at Chicago for demonstrations of the working class in all time—and not so long ago—they also didn't The Russian Revolution. brought about the" strike which was led by that countries for the eight-hour day. have the right we are deprived of now, the right group of intrepid men who will be forever re- to give voice to our needs, when they were in The First of May in 1917 found the first phase membered as the Chicago Martyrs. Within three The proclamation of the Second Internation- such slavery as we are in now. But thru re- of the Russian revolution in full swing with the days blood was flowing on the streets of Chi- al gave the international character. The fol- lentless struggle and heavy sacrifice they have government of the bourgeoisie striving to ride cago. The young, vigorous, brutish capitalism lowing year, 1890, brought the first great world- won the right to take up collectively the af- the storm in the place of the vanquished czar. of the middle west, acting thru its direct agents, wide series of May Day labor demonstrations. fairs of labor. Let us wish our brothers that The proletariat of Petrograd, together with the the city police of Chicago, attempted to crush In Budapest, Hungary, 50,000 workers demon- their struggle soon lead to the desired goal, to garrison troops, demonstrated on May Day for the strike under the club, the gun and the strated. Eight or ten thousand workers went a society in which there will be no masters the removal of the Milyukoff-Gutchkov govern- horse's hoof. Seven of the police were mor- out on a May Day strike in Warsaw and the and no .slaves, no capitalists and no wage work- ment which had proclaimed a continuation of efforts of the police to repress the strike led to ers, but all will work together and all will en- the war. Two days later blood was shed in a tally wounded by the explosion of a bomb bloodshed. thrown by some unknown person at the mo- joy the good things of life together." clash with the reactionaries. ment when the police advanced to ride down In Germany the demonstration that year was The May Day proclamation written by Lenin At the same time in the big cities of Germany the unarmed crowd of harvester workers. There carried thru, accompanied t>y a big strike in was signed by the "League for Struggle for great May Day demonstrations were carried followed such an exhibition of terror as had Hamburg. In Spain and other countries the the Emancipation of the Working Glass," which thru in spite of martal law, the German working never been known in America. day was observed with demonstrations. The was the kernel of the Marxian movement in class youth being the most active m carrying At that time the German immigrants were leaders of the British trade unions evaded the Russia that was to develop into the Social-De- he demonstraton thru. the "damn foreigners" who did the heavy labor task of a militant demonstration by observing mocratic Labor Party of Russia and finally into of the factories and furnished the butt of all the first Sunday in May, thus evaded the issue the Communist Party. The proclamation which May Day Comes Into its Own! the anger and hatred that the American bour- of no work on May Day. Lenin smuggled out of the prison was followed geoisie must always pour out upon the most by a great May Day demonstration in St. Peters- And since the Russian proletariat revolution, suppressed stratum of the working class which Reformism Emasculates May Day, burg and a strike of 40,000 workers in the spin- May Day has truly come into its own. The trea- son of the Second International, the necessity creates its wealth. Thruout all of the cities of In the successive years of the early nineties ning mills. the northern states raged the police terror on the part of the leaders of the social demo- the institution of May Day developed with the From that time on up to and after the Rus- cratic parties to function as agents of the bour- against the "Germans"—the hated, "low" for- international Socialist movement. Also the sian revolution of 1905-6, May Day demon- eigners who were subverting American insti- geoisie in repressing all effective actions of the weakness that was in the Second International strations played their part in the development working class, has left the field of May Day to tutions by importing such damnable European began early to show itself in a tendency to rob of the Russian labor movement. ideas as the shorter work day and the organiza- the revolutionary Communist Parties and the the day of its significance of class struggle; The opening of the twentieth-century and the Communist International. May Day, which dur- tion of trade unions. Especially in Chicago the the tendency was to transform the demonstra- successive years brought May Day demonstra- terror raged. All railroad stations were watched ing the hegemony of the Second International tions into mere celebrations of a "holiday." tions in the majority of countries of Europe, of had become a more or less meaningless "holi- to prevent the departure of the "German agi- Nevertheless, the May Day remained the annual varying degrees of militancy. In 1909 in Buenos tators." Of course there was an association day" of flower wreaths and timid evasions, has occasion for mass mobilization of the working Aires, Argentine Republic, a May Day demon- come into its, own as a day of mobilization of of the Haymarket affair with the First Inter- class. No longer was it merely the city of Chi- stration was attacked by the armed government national which had been dissolved in New York the militant working class for the struggle cago, but all of the great cities of the modern forces, resulting in many deaths and wounded, against capitalism. some thirteen years before. The bourgeoisie world which saw the chiefs of the bourgeois and this was followed by a general strike. which, in 1871, had blamed the Chicago fire governments nervously shifting their squads of And so on, up to the outbreak of the great May Day in America. upon the First International of Karl Marx in- mounted police—and sometimes even regiments stead of the cow of Mrs. O'Leary, found in the world war in 1914. of troops and also warships—during the last On May First, 1914, in Russia, just before the But what of May Day in America, where we harvester strike and the subsequent bloodshed night of each April in anticipation of the com- can almost say the revolutionary labor day was on Haymarket Square an entirely foreign move- opening of the war, there were various armed ment. ing red morning. demonstrations and a strike movement. born? An explanation of the fact that the revolu- But, curiously enough, we find at every step May Day in Czarist Russia. War May Days! that the institution of the modern revolutionary tionary international Labor Day which had its Labor Day has its roots in American soil. The movement spread to far-away Russia— May Day, 1915, marked the opening of the In- origin at least as much in the United States as the Russia which was supposed to be destined ternational Socialist Conference at Zimmer- in any other country is now discarded by the May Day Becomes International Labor Day, never to know capitalism or the class struggle wald—so important in the history of the break- leadership of the American trade unions, and between the industrial working class and the up of the Second International and the found- has, in fact, become taboo even to mention in a In the United States, altho the Chicago af- capitalist class. It is interesting to note that ing of the present-day revolutionary move- "respectable" trade union hall, would be to ex- fair of 1886 had frightened away the leaders in the days preceeding May 1, 1896, in a jail at ment. In Moscow 19,000 workers of seventy- plain the whole history of the American labop of the Knights of Labor from any friendliness St. Petersburg in the Russian empire, we find four factories went on strike. The biggest of movement during the past generation. The to May Day, the American Federation of Labor a young political prisoner surreptitiously scrib- the socialist parties on this day demonstrated rejection of May Day and the adoption of the 296 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 297 srnug little custom of occasionalparades on the leading elements of the organized portion of first Monday in September—"Labor Day" cele- labor is accompanied by wholesale assaults upon brations that never have any mass character and unbearable reductions of the standards of and that are usually mere occasions for speech- living of the unprivileged, unskilled and mostly Locarno-Geneva-Moscow es by venal local politicians of capitalist parties unorganized working class. And ultimately, with and a general orgy of promises of class colla- an inevitable crisis of American capitalism, even By Moissaye J. Olgin boration—is an inevitable feature of the de- the relative privileges of the most exclusive velopment of capitalist class control of the or- skilled crafts will begin to be undermined and f\F all the post-Versailles international agree- from the pact of Locarno. The agreement left ganized labor movement. And this is related, thus will be undermined the basis of the reac- ments, the pact of Locarno was declared the Versailles treaty in full force. Paragraph of course, to the rising of American capitalism tionary burocracy. It is something more than to be the most important and most fruitful. six of the Locarno agreement said explicitly into the imperialist stage, finally into the domi- passingly interesting that the same trade union Bourgeois and Socialist alike hailed it as the that "the provisions of the present treaty do nant position over the capitalist world. The burocracy which co-operates with the American beginning of new humane relations among peo- not affect the rights and obligations of the high plunder of a whole world flows more and more bourgeoisie in this course of events, keeps such ples and nations. contracting parties under the treaty of Versail- into the United States, and with this plunder a nervous policeman's eye upon every effort of les or under arrangements supplementary there- the bourgeoisie of this country finds for the time the working class to celebrate labor's interna- The Formal Content of the Locarno Pacts. to" (Dawes' Plan). The Locarno pact left in- 'being the possibility of raising the standard of tional May Day. Formally, the pact of Locarno was a guar- tact not only the atrocious, economically impos- living of the more highly skilled trades of labor But in Europe even the . subservient trade antee of mutual non-aggression between Ger- sible payments to be made by Germany aecord- to a standard equal to that of the petty bour- union burocracy does not succeed in eliminat- many and France. Both "high contracting • ing to the Versailles treaty and the Dawes' Plan geoisie. Organization of labor is narrowed down ing the custom of celebrating May Day as the powers" solemnly promised "that they will in which have actually rendered the masses of the to little more than the highly skilled trades, and day not only of labor but of proletarian revolu- no case attack or invade each other or resort German people serfs of the former Allies, but the unions in these trades become instruments tion. The yellow burocracy in European coun- to war against each other." Germany prom- also the political provisions of Versailles which for monopolizing a relatively privileged position tries can do little more than pervert and damp- ised, besides, not to amass military forces with- make it possible for France to march into Ger- above the masses of labor which are not organ- en the ardor of the masses of workers for the in the demilitarized zone stretching over fifty man territory in case of non-fulfillment of Ob- ized and not wanted in craft unions whose af- celebration of the day of rebellion. True, they miles from the French frontier. The two tradi- ligations (as took place, for example, in the fairs are presided over by combinations of pro- succeed in making the revolution not a revo- tional enemies made a high sounding declara- occupation of the Ruhr early in 1923). In other fessional burocrats and the employers them- lution. The socialist revolution is transformed tion of mutual respect and friendship. Germany words, the Locarno pact drew Germany into the selves. During such a period the dominant trade into an idealized bourgeois counter-revolution. gave her definite "moral" consent to the loss League of Nations to help the aims of the for- union officials, with the aid of police and em- But to destroy the significance of the revolu- of Alsace-Lorraine; on the other hand, France mer Allies who offered Germany nothing in ployers, rule over the unions with an iron hand, tionary labor day, a whole culture of political left Germany a legal loophole of raising in due return outside of vague promises of goodwill. expelling and excluding at will any workers or perversion is necessary to the European mis- time the question of upper Silesia and the re- The pact of Locarno did not even guarantee the masses of workers whose inclusion in the unions leaders of labor. May Day is celebrated, even doubtable Polish corridor. But this was "music integrity of German territory in case of war be- would turn these organizations toward the when perverted, in Europe. of the future." For the present, the French tween Poland and a third power, as it is obvious struggle against the employers and for the and German governments guaranteed peace and from that agreement that in such case France masses of workers. May Day, 1926. good will. And, as is the case among highway would send her troops thru Germany to aid Inevitably anything that savors of militant and business men, a tangible security was re- Poland. On the other hand, the lessening of the class struggle—as the May Day of the interna- But this May Day of 1926 may prove one of the most significant in history. quired to back up the contracts. England was military occupation in the German Rhine prov- tional proletariat savors—becomes a red rag chosen the "impartial chairman" to decide what inces and other regions as promised in Locarno, to the 'burocratic bull. We will pass over the significance of this period in continental Europe where, from France constitutes an "unprovoked act of aggression" remained for the most part in the realm of The Eight-Hour Day Today. and to rush to the aid of that power which, in words. It seemed that Germany lost much, gam- where perpetual, crisis looms over a three-cent the judgement of England, suffered injustice. ing nothing at Locarno. In recalling that the First of May is so irre- franc to Poland and Roumania, where only a Simultaneously, an agreement was concluded vocably bound up with the struggle of labor for continuous military terrorism keeps "democ- There was, however, one thing to which Ger- racy" in existence. between France and Poland according to which man capitalists looked with great eagerness the eight-hour day, one is likely to fall into a France was to aid Poland in case of foreign reverie concerning the present time. The eight- We will pass to England, for this May Day. as a possible result of Locarno, and that is for- aggression even if the Council of the League of eign loans. Without foreign loans, German capi- hour day which had been in so many fields an The center of the world's biggest capitalist em- Nations failed to find cause for the league's accomplished fact for American labor, has been pire is sick with fear, today. British capitalism, talism is no longer able to exist. In the one year intervention. In order to show that Germany of 1925, when the Dawes' Plan was in operation, in many instances lost again. In the wealthy rotting at its roots, has postponed its crisis over in actuality becomes a responsible member of United States, the treasure-house of the -capi- the coal strike threat until the First of May. Germany had to pay to the victors 1 billion gold the "family of nations," bearing both rights and marks, but at the same time it received a for- talist world, where labor is by tradition and also It is not altogether stupidity which causes the duties before "civilized humanity," Germany by practice accorded a higher standard of liv- British government to 'bring forth solutions of eign loan of 800 million floated in New York was to be admitted into the League of Nations and London. This year, the sum to be paid by ing than in any other capitalist country, trade a coal mine and transport controversy which with a permanent seat in its council, sharing unions are being destroyed, displaced by com- do not solve. There is no solution of the di- Germany amounts to 1.2 billion gold marks; this privilege with England, France, Italy and for the coming year the payments are 1.75 pany unions, deliberately gutted by trade union lemma of the British bourgeoisie within the Japan. officials who weaken, discredit and enslave their capitalist system. The British bourgeoisie can- billion; for the following year, 2.5 billion, own organizations, while conditions of labor not propose proletarian revolution as the solu- The Real Motives Behind Locarno. and so on. The Dawes Plan has been in operation for only one full year and already Germany such as the eight-hour day are being lost thru- tion of its crisis, and therefore, it is not pos- Formally, it was a question of "peace," "co- out a very large part of the manufacturing in- sible for the British bourgeoisie to propose any is in the throes of a grave economic crisis which operation" and "a new era of mutual confi- springs not from accidental causes but is in- dustries where once they prevailed. The cor- solution at all. dence." Behind formal outward verbiage, how- ruption of the higher strata 'of skilled labor by herent in the very internal and external situa- Except the Black Shirt. ever, there were hidden vital economic and po- tion of German capitalism—outworn and anti- the American bourgeoisie, made possible by the As these lines are written the cables from litical interests of the various capitalist states. dominance of American capitalism even in this London report a procession moving thru the quated machinery, deterioration of the entire period of, the decay and decline of capitalism as 1. Locarno and Germany. technical apparatus in consequence of the war a world system—even this corruption of the (Continued on page 332.) and after-war situations, backwardness of the It was impossible that Germany should methods of production in agriculture, inade- not realize the disadvantages flowing for her quacy of the railroads, but mainly'the #fm1nrsh- M A y, 19 2 6 299 WORKERS MONTHLY 298 saturated with hatred for the capitalist sys- mentary system, based on private property, to ed purchasing power of the masses of the popu- mounted to the height of 33 billion francs. In- tem; the friendship between the English and make the world safe for peaceful endeavor. lation who, earning less than in former years, terests on loans owing to the United States are Russian trade unions has become a fact, as is are forced to consume less. In order to he able hardly being paid. Armaments and wars sap also the growing influence of the U. S. S. R. 5, Locarno and the Soviet Union, the vitality of the country. The franc is conti- to meet the payments flowing from the Dawes' over India and the other colonies. If Locarno was thus meant to manifest Plan, Germany must produce more and export nually depreciating. The political situation is To combat the wave of unrest rising in Eng- far from secure, one cabinet crisis following an- the constructive powers of the capitalist world, more. In order to be able to meet the compe- land, the pact of Locarno had to be contrived. it was at the same time planned as a united tition of other countries in the world market other. This year it was entirely impossible The prospect of a "pacified" and "united" Eu- either to balance the budget or to pay 10 billion front against the Union of Socialist Soviet Re- and at the same time retain the level of capi- rope, of an increased English influence in Eu- publics. England is interested in choking the talist profits, she must increase the work-day francs on domestic loans due December 8, 1925. ropean affairs, i. e., of an increased market for The large bankers and manufacturers, of course, Soviet Union not only because the latter is a and decrease wages. In order to continue in the English capitalists, the prospect of abolish- source of inspiration and admiration for the the present disastrous course, German capital- are not the sufferers under such conditions, but ing English military occupations of Cologne, the situation of the petty bourgeoisie, the farm- oppressed nationalities of India and for the ism would not hesitate further to .lower the etc., would have made it possible for the English other colonial slaves and because the English workers' standards of living, if it were not for ers, and the city workers becomes more and bourgeoisie to demand of the labor leaders more more difficult. It was to approach those masses workingraen have begun to conceive of a Soviet the fact that there is a limit to the patience of "co-operation," to demand of the workers more revolution as a way out of their sufferings; the working masses, especially in times like the with a promise of peace and prosperity that the efforts "to improve general conditions," fewer Locarno pact was particularly needed by France is interested in throttling Soviet Rus- present, when the number of unemployed has strikes, fewer demonstrations and protests, sia not only on account of the milliards of czar- reached two million. To maintain its power French capitalism. more "confidence" in the capitalist system, etc. ist debts and on account of the Moscow influ- over disorganized and disgruntled Germany, 3. Locarno and England, 4. Locarno and Capitalist Stabilization, ence both among the workers, the peasants and where workers, peasants and the lower strata the colonial slaves; Italy is ready to sink its of the so-called white collar proletariat are be- Locarno was no less needed for English If it is thus evident that behind the pact fangs into Russia not only because of all the coming more and more restless, the German capitalism, which in the past war period had be- of Locarno there were clearly defined specific above causes and to the fact that Leninism is bourgeoisie must look to the other countries gun to view with anxiety France's growing interests of the capitalist groups dominating the only real enemy of Fascism, but all these for favors in the form of loans which would strength in Europe, the French alliance with the governments of England, Germany and countries have, besides, a special economic in- enable it to improve the industrial apparat- Poland, her influence over the Little Entente, France (the roles of Italy, Poland and Belgium terest in the overthrow of the Soviets, namely us and temporarily to prevent a revolt of the the occupation of the Ruhr, and the manipu- were of much lesser importance) Locarno in a market for thte European manufactured prod- masses. It is because of the need of stabilizing lations of French militarists in other German general was an attempt to stabilize capitalism as ucts. England as well as France and America one of the very important capitalist countries regions. For England, the pact of Locarno was a whole, i. e., to halt the further decay of the look with disfavor upon the growth of Russian that the Allies held out to Germany the promise a means of thwarting France on the European various capitalist countries thru a mutual un- industry. All of them, including Germany, of loans. In Locarno, German capitalists once continent. The delicate situation of France, im- derstanding according to which the contracting would rather see Russia an agrarian colony of more sold German independence, harnessing mersed in war with colonial rebels, made it pos- powers agreed to limit their respective greeds, European and American capitalism. In a world themselves, as they did, to the chariot of French sible for England to secure a strong position so as to let their neighbors get a respite in these where the difficulties of selling industrial prod- and British imperialism, for at least a tempo- thru the Locarno treaty—that of an "arbitra- harrowing times. The "spirit of Locarno" ucts are continually mounting, the western rary staving-off of the great debacle. tor" who, in case of war between Germany and consisted in the working out of something like France, is free to throw all his weight on the powers would rather see in Russia a peasant 2. Locarno and France, a general modus vivendi instead of sharp- people obtaining industrial products from side of that power he would declare aggressor. ening the conflicts and inflating "national in- abroad at a substantial price and providing the It was also not for humanitarian reasons The pact of Locarno made possible the outlook terests," the demands of the national bourgeois western world with cheap bread-stuffs and raw but for political and economic advantages that of a German-English rapprochement within the groups. Not much importance can be attached materials. A backward agrarian Russia would Prance agreed to the pact of Locarno. Like the League of Nations as a menace to the Franco- to the "disarmament conference" that was to make it possible for Germany to sell the prod- slave holder whom it pays to send a physician Polish, Franco-Roumanian and other French spring like a peace-flower out of the soil of Lo- ucts of her factories and promptly deliver to attend to his sick slave in order to save his alliances. carno. However, 'capitalist Europe, where the Dawes' Plan payments and this would free part working power, so France is interested in main- On the other hand, England was no less than number of soldiers is at present exceeding that of Europe and other countries from German taining the miserable "stabilization" of Germany France interested in influencing her own pro- of 1913 by one million, the total disarmament competition, thus leaving greater elbow-room in order to save the payments accruing to her letarian masses. There is no longer any "peace of Germany and Austria notwithstanding could for England. This golden dream, however, is according to the Dawes' Plan. On the other and prosperity" within the British Isles. Post- well afford a partial and proportional disarma- an impossibility as long as the Russian state is hand, France is waging a severe and exasperat- war England is no more the leading power of ment without the least injury to the interests piloted 'by the Soviet government which is pain- ing war against the Riffs in Africa and the the world, as evidenced by her balance of trade, of capitalism and militarism. On the contrary, stakingly building up the industrial apparatus which fell from 153 million pounds in 1923 to such disarmament would make it possible to di- Druses in Asia, which makes it imperative for 63 million in 1924 and to 28 million in 1925. Eng- and carefully controlling its foreign trade thru French capitalism to pursue a more peaceful vert large sums into other capitalist channels the government monopoly. Locarno was plan- policy on the Rhine. There is, besides, the ten- land is ceasing to be not only the banker, but at the same time rendering the war machinery ned as a united front of capital against the Sov- dency to combine the French ores of Alsace- also the manufacturer of the world. The British even more efficient thru the scrapping of obso- iet Republics With the view of dominating Rus- Lorraine with the German coal of the Ruhr and dominions, the colonial and semi-colonial coun- lete armaments and the introduction of most sia economically. tries are developing their own capitalisms. The modern methods. the Saar in order to form one powerful indus- American manufacturer and the American trial combination. The pacifist aspects and tone of Locarno were 6, Locarno and the United States, Above all, however, France needed the Lo- banker are successfully competing with Eng- necessary for European capitalists mainly to Behind the Locarno wedding party stood carno agreement to calm her own masses by a land both in the goods of the world and in the pacify the working masses in the various coun- the capitalism of the United States. Outwardly world of finance. The collapse of the empire tries. Locarno was to spread the illusion of a propaganda of peace and the promise of a "new looms up as a not very distant possibility. In America was careful to make the impression renaissance." France, the victor, the hetman new pacifist-democratic era. Locarno was to of non-interference in European affairs. True, of Europe, the power that has gained more than the meantime, interests on internal loans show the masses everywhere, that the Commu- the Dawes' Plan is American-made, the treaty any one of its former allies from the peace of amount to 1.5 billion dollars yearly, excluding nists are in the wrong when they assert that of Versailles bears American signatures, and Versailles, is in no position to overcome a per- payments on American loans; the army of un- capitalism has entered the era of decay and none of the international conferences of the last manent internal crisis. France is practically employed remains above 1.5 million, rising ruin. Locarno was to serve as a shining ex- seven years failed to see American representa- bankrupt. Interest on domestic loans eat up some times to more menacing proportions; the ample of the possibility for the present parlia- tives in the role of "unofficial observers." For- nearly half of the yearly budget which has labor movement is becoming more radical and 301 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 300 The Results of Geneva. mally, however, America stood aloof. American gress (the Second International), the leading The Differences at Geneva. capitalism chose the most favorable situation, Socialists everywhere (Hillquit in U. S.) ex- We do not know what actual differences The greatest socio-political result of the Ge- all rights and no duties. perienced a new love for the League of Nations. brought about the collapse of Geneva. It is un- neva defeat is the death of the capitalist illu- In reality, the enormous amounts of American Capitalism and socialism united in praise of this derstood that France insisted on a permanent sion which was to lull the minds of the masses. capital invested in European countries, the de- child of Versailles. International Socialism did seat for Poland in the League Council to which The League stands revealed before the masses pendence of American bankers on the situation its utmost to prove that Locarno was not aimed Germany did not agree. It is understood, on of workers and peasants in such clear outlines in Europe make it impossible for the American against the U. S. S. R., that Locarno was the be- the other hand, that Sweden and Czecho-Slo- that no amount of propaganda will be able to government to remain neutral. American capi- ginning of a new free co-operation between na- vakia were willing to give up their non-perma- cover its hideous nakedness. What will Bald- tions. nent seats in order to make the entrance of Po- win's government bring to the embittered mass- talism cannot permit German capitalism to go es of English workers? What can France of- bankrupt. American capitalism needs a Prance After Locarno—Geneva! land possible, and that the "high contracting that is capable of paying her debts. America is powers" had given their consent to this com- fer to her dissatisfied millions? How can Ger-' the greatest competitor of England in the world A LL this glory is now a heap of ashes. Locarno promise. The fact, however, remains that Ger- many face her starved and exhausted slaves? market and the future enemy of England on is dead. "The spirit of. Locarno" revealed many has not entered the League and that all Neither the purring words of the bourgeoisie, the battlefields. But, for the present, America itself not as a dove of peace with an olive branch the beauteous Locarno illusions burst bubble nor the sourish honey of social-democratic cannot allow England to be convulsed by a revo- in its mouth, but as an old witch with teeth of fashion, because the capitalist powers could not speeches will be able to quiet the masses. The lutionary labor movement. America is peacefully copper and claws of steel. The League of Na- agree on how to divide the world. The separate socialists themselves are witnessing a growing trading with the Soviet Union, but as long as tions received a blow from which it will not re- , interests of the individual capitalist robbers prov- differentation between their right and left wing, there is Communism in Russia, the greatest cuperate. The gloom in the camp of capitalism ed stronger than the fear of chaos. This is a process that began some time ago and that one of the curses of capitalism. This is the pow- will only tend to increase the dissatisfaction of capitalist power in the world does not feel se- is that following a profound catastrophe. the growing class conscious sections of the pro- cure. After Locarno came Geneva to prove that the er that leads to imperialism and to wars. It has America need not pay attention to the details undermined the capitalist order the world over. letariat. As far as influence over the masses competitive struggle between the various na- The centrifugal forces that brought about the is concerned, Geneva is the most glaring, the of European politics; she need not spend tedious tional capitalist cliques is stronger than their most flagrant defeat. If there was anywhere hours around the conference table. One hint eruption of 1914-1918 are at present in opera- consciousness of the necessity of at least a par- tion with greater tension. Chaos under such among workers and peasants a lingering belief from Wall Street or from the White House, and tial and temporary understanding for concerted in the constructive forces of the present system, Europe calls conferences, works out agree- conditions is inevitable; proletarian revolution action, that the contradictions within capital- the only salvation. Geneva has extinguished it for ever. The field ments, talks stabilization, declaims the beauties ism are stronger than its desire to form a united is free for the communist parties who will know of a democratic-pacifist future. Coolidge's front against the common enemy. Balm of consolation is being poured on the how to utilize the situation not only in Europe speech of last summer wherein he declared that It does not matter that at the last moment a wounds of Locarno. The solution, it is declared, but also on this side of the Atlantic. Europe was in a bad plight due to eternal bick- victim was found to bear the brunt of formal has only been postponed until September. erings and conflicts and that America was about guilt of the failure of Geneva. Nobody believes Everything is alleged to be in the same situation The Defeat at Geneva Is a Victory for the Soviet to wash her hands of that sinful and hopeless that Brazil of her own accord and on her own as before the "hitch" of Geneva. But behind Union. continent, is still in everybody's memory. Capi- initiative declined to vote for the admission of these consoling phrases there is a deep melan- The defeat of Geneva is a double victory for talist Europe cannot allow America to "wash Germany into the League Council. Even the choly and not much far-sightedness is needed to the Soviet Union, first, because a hostile united her hands," i. e., to collect her bills. Capitalist arch propagandists of the bourgeoisie are forced comprehend that if no agreement could be front has failed to materialize; second, because Europe responded to that memorable speech by to admit that if it were not for ten days of reached in March when everything was so the correctness of the Soviet solution of the na- the conference of Locarno. Locarno was, for scandalous bickerings and haggling behind clos- bright and rosy, it may be just as impossible tional problem has been proven once more. Two America, a political Dawes' Plan—stabilization ed doors, Senor Mello Franco would never have to reach an agreement in^September after six systems of combination of nations made their of Europe was to make Europe safe for Ameri- had the courage to come forth with his veto. more months of continuous quarrels. The appearance on the world arena after the war: can investments. At the same time Locarno Senor Franco and his government are here in League of Nations hastily sent out invitations Sovietism—a federation of autonomous national was to be the fulfillment of a wish uttered by the role of the notorious switchmen to whom, to a conference on disarmament and a decision states which, having abolished private property Secretary Hoover not so long ago—a "Dawes' in czarist Russia, all train wrecks were attribut- was made to study the League Constitution with in the means of production and having institut- Plan for Russia." In return, America promised ed. Behind Brazil and her representative stood a view to changing it in the future. The pros- ed the proletarian dictatorship, laid the founda- to enter the League of Nations thru the back the wolves of world diplomacy utilizing the veto pect of a conference to study the American re- tions for a real economic and political co-opera- door of the World Court and thus to become not servations to the entry into the World Court tion to the welfare of all; and second, the League as a shield for their shameful defeat. is also held forth. But all this cannot dispel only an actual but also a formal political partner And it makes no difference that at the elev- of Nations which, based on private property and of European capitalism. the gloom. The revision of the League Consti- capitalist exploitation and oppression, attempts enth hour Briand made it his business to laud tution would have to be accomplished by the the "spirit of friendliness and compromise" al- to combine the individual states for common ac- 7. Locarno and the League of Nations, same wolves who flew at each other's throats at tion. The former has grown, stimulated indus- leged to have been manifested by the Germans Geneva. Disarmament under the auspices of a All this pacifist romance was to concen- at Geneva and that Chamberlain was ""happy try, improved agriculture, developed culture, to announce" that all difficulties among the discredited League would be only a mockery. witnessed an unparalleled growth of the cul- trate around the League of Nations. Germany The anti-League voices became particularly tures of the various nationalities, created real was to enter the League and thus become a seven Locarno governments had been removed. virulent in America after the Geneva debacle. "collaborator" of the other powers. The pact It does not matter that the Locarno signatories friendship and brotherly understanding between of Locarno was to be part of the League legisla- issued a solemn declaration asserting that the The League After Geneva. the individual states and nationalities composing tion. The League's power over Germany and work of peace as accomplished at Locarno re- the Soviet Union. The latter has gone from the fac|; that, Germany brought into the League mained intact. All this eloquence only proves The League emerges from Geneva a weaken- crisis to crisis, it has proved powerless to over- not a mailed fist, but the "ideas of justice and that at the last moment the capitalist diplomats ed, discredited institution, a ghost of itself. It is come the appetites of the individual states, to right" was to prove the "peace power" of the had become frightened by their own defeat and quite possible that quack physicians will try to •'bring about a tolerable compromise, to stop the League and to lend it .new prestige. The fact attempted to cover with phrases the abyss that mend its torn limbs and cover the rifts with decay of the economic fabric and the degenera- that the, League had gathered under its wing all had opened under their feet. The abyss is there. adhesive plaster. The forces of destruction re- tion of political power. In Geneva the entire the nations of the world, save the U. S. S. R., It is dark and menacing. In it are buried all main. The explosives which in Geneva revealed League ideology received a mortal blow. was to prove its greatness. The Socialists of the hopes, prospects and illusions that were con- themselves in such spectacular manner, will The defeat of Geneva is the victory of Mos- all countries, the International Socialist Con- nected with Locarno. continue their work on a growing scale. cow! 302 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 303

a coalition with the Populist Libertarians since veloped entirely original new organizational it is depedent upon the patronage of this party's forms. The following forms might be cited: New Phenomena in the International votes. In Belguim, the "power" is now held by (a) The workers' delegations. a government of Social Democrats and clericals. (ib) The Anglo-Russian Unity Commit- In Hungary the Social Democratic ministers sat tee. Labor Movement in the cabinet of the white terror and twice (c) The various unity committees and saved Horthy from destruction. committees of action in the unions and in By John Pepper The working masses have had bitter experi- the factories. (Continued from April issue.) ences with these Social Democratic coalition (d) The Labor Party form which really governments, which neither consolidate the constitutes a special form of united front III. where after a year of quiescence the reverse political power of the working class nor ensure organization. side of the Dawes' plan Is now revealed. It pre- real economic advantages to the proletariat. (e) The interesting form of the minor- The Roots of the Left Sentiment. vails in Poland, where the first collapse follow- ity movement. T^HE Two and a Half International attitude ed upon an already stabilized valuta. It reigns 3. The strengthening of the position of the U. S. S. R. The chronic unemployment, the 3i In almost every country these left wing first became evident in the labor movement in Austria and Hungary where celebrations were movements reveal a hostile attitude towards the in the last years of the war and the first -post- once held on the League of Nations stabiliza- permanent governmental crises when govern- "native" Communists, but they already mani- war years. As already mentioned, this trend tion. ment follows upon government, increasingly Common to the countries of both types is . demonstrate before ever growing masses the fest a cordial spirit towards the Russian trade reached its peak in 1920. The first appearance hopelessness of capitalist anarchy in Europe. unions or towards the Soviet Union and .par- of the frost of relative capitalist stabilization permanent mass unemployment which rages, tially also towards the Third International. nipped these extremely tender blossoms. however, not only in these countries but in At the same time, however, the workers turn Sweden, Denmark, etc. as well. By way of with increasing hope to the perspective of So- This represents a quite characteristic feature. The roots of this evaporated Two and a Half change: No widespread unemployment in cialist construction in the Soviet "Union. Com- One might say: The further away the Com- International sentiment were the following: ing with the first ebb of enthusiasm for the munist the better looking he is to the confused . Prance, but instead inflation and high prices; sentiments of these half-way men. 1. The terrific economic collapse brought on 2. Disillusionment of the masses in the So- Russian revolution, the conditions in the Soviet by the world war, the inability of capitalism to cial Democratic Coalition Governments. The Union during the period of Civil War and fam- 4. In all these movements one must sharply satisfy the most elementary needs of the mass- bourgeois-Social Democratic governments have ine constituted the "terrible example" for So- differentiate between leaders and working es: No food! No clothes! No housing! become an international phenomenon. Theory cial Democratic agitation. These times are past masses. Naturally there are exceptions but. in however. . most cases these left leaders are extremely va 2. The disillusionment of the masses in the and practice of the Second International are dilating figures, very uncertain quantities. Very social patriotic policies of the Social Democracy. equally under the sign of the coalition govern- Kautsky's nursery tales about cannibalism in ment policy. It is well-known that the theory the Soviet Union have lost their punch. The en- often we also meet the "commandeered" type 3. The example of thte young victorious Rus- was formulated by Karl Kautsky: The political trenchment of the Workers' Republic is today of left leader who is simply assigned by the sian Revolution as an inexhaustible source of form of transition from capitalism to Socialism the strongest asset in the accounts of the world official party executive to the task of leading, inspiration. • is not the dictatorship of the proletariat, but revolution. The effect of the strengthening of i. e., misleading, this left movement. This is The roots of the new Two and a Half Inter- the bourgeois^Social Democratic Coalition 'Gov- the position of the U. S, S. R. may be divided the Ebert method employed in the January national sentiment are the following: ernment. into the following headings: strike in Germany: "to put oneself at the head There is hardly a country in Europe in which of the movement better to be able to choke it 1. A number of economic arises in almost all (a) The rising standard of living of the off." The best examples are furnished in the of the important European countries. One must the workers have not, had experience with bour- Russian proletariat. party congress of the P. P. S. or of the Hungar- not lump together ah1 these crisis phenomena. geois-Social Democratic Coalition governments. (to) The success in the construction of At least one distinction must be drawn : the cris- In Germany the Social Democrats participated ' ian Social Democratic Party. But of course, in Socialism. the face of these commandeered leaders one is-type of Great Britain and France must be dis- three times already in coalition governments: (c) The international recognition of the 1919, 1921, 1923 and at the end of 1925 they must not forget the masses of honest Social tinguished from that of Germany. U. S. S. R. Democratic workers in this opposition. Ex- To the first group there belong the victorious are conducting a. big debate on the possibilities (d) In connection with the mass unem- of renewed participation. In Prance we find a tremely typical is the statement made at the countries in which the post-war crisis became ployment in Europe the hope of gaining the congress of the French Socialist Party by Re- evident only in the last few years, not as^in the typically French subtle form of coalition gov mighty fields and tremendous population of eminent, i. e,, a disguised form: The Social De- viere^ a worker out of the factory: "We speak vanquished central European countries. Even the Soviet Union as a possible market for here in the name of the dues paying cattle" within this first type there are of course im- mocrats are not in the cabinet itself but parti-, industrial product®. (This is particularly portant concrete differences: In Great Britain, cipate in the left bloc and support the govern- These workers already are conscious that they obvious in Great Britain and in the attitude are oppressed by the leadership of their own an industrial crisis; in Prance, a financial crisis ment from the outside. The Labor Party gov- of the Austrian co-operators.) of inflation. The BrJtish Empire is at present ernment in Great Britain was formally a pure- party. ly "workers' government" of the Labor Party, IV. 5. The social basis of the left sentiment experiencing the second shock to its power. The is everywhere in the most proletarian centers. first in the middle nineties, caused by the rise but in reality it was a coalition with the liberals The Characteristics of the Left Wing. In Germany, the opposition is strongest in Sax- of the young German Empire, for the first time since as a minority government it could not ex- ony, which today represents one-fifth of the threatened the privileges of the British labor ist a minute without the votes of the liberals in 1. The left attitude is an international phe- parliament. In Poland the P. P. S. is in a coal- membership of the Social Democratic Party of aristocracy and led -to the foundation of the nomenon, but as yet it possesses no really in- Germany. Only 11 per cent of the Saxon toil- Labor Party. The second came in recent years ition government—and what a one—with the ternational connections. In Marseilles, at the thru 'the predominance of American imperial- most reactionary elements of big landowners ers are engaged in agriculture. At the congress congress of the Second International, the dis- of the P. P. S. the oppositional delegates came ism and the autonomy of the Dominions, and and capitalists. ' In Czeeho-Slovakia the Social tinction between right and left did not extend this will lead to the formation of a mass Com- Democrats are in with the Czech parties of large from the industrial districts of Dombrovo, Lodz, to the individual parties but entire countries and Radom. In Prance the North and the Seine munist Party. landowners and the bourgeoisie against the fought one another as solid units. The German -crisis-type might be called a working class and against the national minori- organizations support the left wing. 2. This left trend has thus far not broken 6. The central question of conflict in all post-rehalbilitation crisis since it attacks, coun- ties. Even tiny Denmark has the good fortune thru the organizational boundaries of the Sec- these struggles between the right and left wing tries which have already gone thru a certain to posses a Social Democrat government. Simi- ond International. It remains entirely inside of stabilization. The crisis prevails in Germany, larly in Sweden there is one which in reality'is is the question of the coalition government or the Second International, but it has already de- the "gradualness" of the class struggle. It is no MAY, 1926 305 304 WORKERS MONTHLY

accident that simultaneously in a whole series (d) "If we assume power alone we will be And he concluded: ter-revolutionary in the Social Democracy. In of Social Democratic Parties the question of unable to hold it and then will come the White ". . . . A further task is to prepare for prole- the final appraisal of these new phenomena, tarian unity on the trade union and political field." however, one must maintain the correct pro- participation in bourgeois governments is the Terror." This is the fourth argument for a portions. One must not forget for one minute central point of dispute. The. mighty storm of coalition government in the heads of the Social And Renaudel indignantly cites the speech that Social Democracy is and remains the ide- protest of the left Social Democratic workers in Democratic workers. Italy, where after the by Maurin from the "1'Etincelle": "The split ology and organization of opportunism, that it Germany against the big coalition, the party seizure of the factories came fascism, and Hun- was poorly executed in Tours." In other words is the representative not of the interests of the congresses of the P. P. S., of the Hungarian gary, where the Soviet dictatorship was replaced they should not have separated from the left proletariat, but of those of the labor aristocracy. Social Democratic Party and of the Socialist by the Horthy regime —these serve especially (from the Communist) but from the right, from Still less can one succumb to the illusion that Party of France which because of this ques- as "terrifying" examples the opportunists. tion were convened twice within a few months »7. The question of the unity of the working international Social Democracy, despite this —all turn around the question of the coalition class is also one of the most important points All these phenomena have of course, only a left gesture, will ever be able to develop into a government. When we study all these party of conflict between the right and left wings. qualified value. Their presentation must natur- revolutionary party. The leader of the prole- congresses, discussions, and resolutions, we see 8. Struggle or surrender in economic de- ally emphasize the new even if but to be able tarian revolution can only be the Communist that the problem of the coalition government mands, in wage questions and strikes, consti- to combat the conservative inclinations in our Party and the investigation of all left senti- cannot be disposed of as a mere product of in- tutes another disputed point. ranks that sometimes underestimate the new. ments and left wings of the Social Democracy trigue betrayals of the reformist leadership. Of 9. The attitude towards Soviet Russia is It was not the task of this analysis to present must be undertaken from the viewpoint of the course, the despicable treason of the Social De- more and more strongly pushed to the fore- the old, the known, the opportunist, the coun- development of the Communist Parties. mocratic leadership plays a big role in the ori- ground in recent times as a contested question. gin of the traitorous coalition policy. But we 10. The question of pacifist illusions cannot content ourselves with this statement. (League of Natitms, Locarno, Dawes' Pact) It is an undeniable fact that the mass sentiment played an important role not only at the Mar- of the Social Democratic working masses also seilles congress but also in practically every plays a role in the forming of coalition govern- country. ments. The trend of thought of these Social 11. The conflict between the policy of sup- Democratic working masses must be closely port for the revolution of the colonial peoples studied if they are to be combated successfully. and the imperialist attitude of the labor aris- What are the chief forms of these trends of tocracy is also on the agenda. thought, these arguments for a coalition gov- All these oppositional movements show a cer- ernment? tain resurrection of the revolutionary phrase. (a) The "fear" of the reaction. "If we do As is known the by-gone .Two and a Half Inter- not take over the government the reaction wi1-' national united the slogan of the proletarian come." In Prance they call it the "black man" • dictatorship with the illusions of parliamentar- "Bloc National"; in -Germany "Burgerbloc"; ism. The demand of the German Independents in other countries, fascism. In Poland, Daszinski "the Soviet must be anchored in the constitu- declaims with a remnant of his old pathos: "We tion" is well known. The word "revolution" had to form the coalition government because which in recent years it was no longer polite to Sikorski wanted to send his regiments to War- mention in well-bred Social Democratic circles saw." has been restored to honor in the party con- (b) The defense of thte new national states. gresses of the Socialist Party of France, in the This trend of thought plays a big role chiefly in P. P. S. and in the German left Social Demo- Czecho-Slovakia and Poland. Both are coun- cratic press. In Poland the Radom delegate tries where recollections of a century of Russian cries: "The revolution will come to us by it- ezarist or Austrian Hapsburgian oppression are self and conquer by force." In Germany the still fresh and where strong so-called "anti-gov- left Social Democratic "Plauener Volkstimme" ernment" national minorities exist, as in Po- writes: "Revolutions are not made with grim- land (the White Russians and Ukrainians) and aces." Compare Morel's speech at the Janu- in Czecho-Slovakia (the Slovaks,, Hungarians ary congress of the French Socialists as cited and Germans). The Social Democratic workers by "Humanite" as follows: say: Our young national state is very weak "We knew quite well what measures a Social De- and might easily be destroyed. For this reason mocratic government should undertake in the first we must enter a coalition government with our hours of its power. It could do nothing within the "own" bourgeoisie against the "anti-govern- sphere of parliamentarism. . . . No illoisions; ment" nationalities. there are far too many in our ranks who do not (c) We must get "something," something see any tert'her than parliament. We are there to "immediate," something "tangible" for the defend the working masses and as long as capitalism working class. This is the third argument for reigns Dhe working class will never get its due." the coalition government. Unemployment in- creases, the masses starve, they say to them- He was interrupted: "Go and join the Com- selves: "When our leaders are in the govern- munist Party." ment perhaps a crumb will also fall to our "•Ha," be replied, "how thoroly it must have share." Particularly significant are the state- been forgotten in this party what socialism really is ments of the co-operators and trade unionists if it is no longer possible to speak at its congress as at the French Socialist Party Congress. I do." 306 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 307 no circumstances own more than 49 per cent of imperialist power in the world, should have been the capital in any corporation owning Mexican able to preserve her independence while all the The Persistent "Mexican Question' agricultural lands—the note of March 27 makes little nations around her have fallen absolutely the following complete about-face: under the Wall Street yoke is a fact whose sig- By Manuel Gomez "It is true that an alien who, prior to the going nificance has never been sufficiently estimated. into effect of the law, represented 50 per cent or The stubborn resistance of the republic imme- VTO better example of the conspiratorial obscur- Calles' "Regulations." more of the total interest of any kind of association diately to the south of us has had consequences ity of the American capitalist press on mat- holding rural property for agricultural purposes, may far beyond her own borders. It has acted to President Calles' regulations leave the Ameri- impede the rapid spread of U. S. imperialism ters of imperialist foreign policy can be found can interests in undisturbed possession of their retain the said interest without complying with over the South American continent. than the reports of the present Mexican situa- holdings, both within and without the so-called Article 2 and that the right of his heirs to such in- Mexico's independence is no mere convenient prohibited zones. They are permitted to extend terest in excess of 49 per cent is provided for in tion. All one sees in the newspapers is that their possessions also. In short, things are to be Article 6." camouflage, as in the case of Cuba, Santo Do- somehow or other, as if by magic, the differences about as they were before the oil and land laws mingo or the Central American "republics." over Mexico's oil and land laws have been One of the most popularly prized sections of Economically, it is true, Wall Street has already were passed. For all immediate purpoes the the land law (and one specifically provided for intrenched itself in the country. Politically, "ironed out," The U. S. state department, which laws are nullified in the supplementary regula- in Article 27 of the Constitution) is that which while Mexico can scarcely be called a free agent denounced the laws as inimical to American tions, issued ostensibly to put them into effect. Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution is to re- declares foreign landholders must agree not to (what small nation can?), she still stands un- vested interests and loosed a furious assault main a dead letter, at least insofar as protection invoke the aid of their governments in matters conquered. Her vigorous and enduring flght against the Mexican government because of of Mexico against foreign capitalist monopoliza- relating to their Mexican properties. Politicians against foreign monopolists, her resistance to them, is now reported as completely satisfied. tion is concerned. had won much applause in Mexico by insisting armed intervention, her neutrality in the war President Calles' regulations for applying the vehemently that this provision was a basic prin- against Germany, her recognition of Soviet Rus- Calles' Defiance Collapses. ciple of Article 27. However, in the correspend- sia—these things are unmistakable evidence of laws cause the New York Times to say that the ence with the U. S. state department, Mexico's Mexico's independent line. The United States conflict between the United States and Mexico During the course of the open and secret dip- foreign minister concedes: government, which appoints financial "advisers" "has reached an apparently amicable conclu- lomatic offensive against Mexico—which had ". . . Even tho an individual should renounce as far south as Bolivia and which officially sion." To those whose memory extends over a behind it the thoroly aroused forces of Wall applying for the diplomatic protection of his govern- directs entire government departments in Peru, Street and Washington and which included period greater than 24 hours this happy solution ment, the government does not forfeit the right to cannot boast as much control in Mexico as is threats of a break in diplomatic relations, hints extend it in case of a denial of justice." implied in the term "sphere of influence." must be extraordinarily puzzling. The laws of possible invasion to protect American were in accordance with Mexico's national-revo- "rights," financial pressure of all sorts and hur- Thus every essential demand of American im- The Beginnings of the "Mexican Question." lutionary constitution of 1917. As passed by ried visits of oil magnates to Mexico City— perialism has been denied in words and conceded both houses of the Mexican congress, they im- there were repeated indications of a collapse on in fact. Mexico is in one sense worse off than The "Mexican Question" has been before the posed important limitations—particularly with the part of the Mexican government. All Mexi- before the oil and land laws were passed; for American people, with brief intermissions, since regard to the oil-bearing area near the seacoast co, all Latin America, was behind President Cal- now the nine years' struggle to set up enabling the time of Porfirio Diaz. Mexico's revolution —on the investment rights of foreigners in Mex- les in his public defiance of American imperial- acts for Article 27 has ended in disillusionment. against feudalism, which was favored in its in- ico. Moreover, they provided that the foreign ism. Organizations such as the All-America The dreaded Article 27 has become something itial stages by the big capitalists of the United interests could not operate in Mexico under any Anti-Imperialist League, with national sections quite different. Equipped with enabling legisla- States, broke out before Mexico was a great oil- conditions unless they first agreed to give up in nine countries of Latin America as well as in tion at last, it has at the same time been stripped producing country. In 1911, when Diaz was their old tactics of diplomatic bullying; that is, the United States itself, rallied to his support in of its vital parts and its power to strike fear into overthrown, the production of crude oil in Mexi- they would have to sign a statement agreeing an effort to stiffen his resistance thru the pres- the hearts of foreign capitalists has been de- co was 12,552,798 barrels; in 1921, when the out- to consider themselves as Mexicans before the sure upon him of the united anti-imperialist stroyed. American imperialism has scored an put reached its peak, 193,397,587 barrels were law and pledging themselves to refrain from front. But the counter-pressure from Wall important triumph. produced. Ninety-nine per cent of all the oil appealing to the diplomatic support of foreign Street and Washington was too strong. Calles produced in Mexico has been obtained since representatives. American imperialism has in- The Mexican Question Remains. 1911. Oil was sufficiently important even in continued to bluster that he would allow no out- 1911 to be a factor in the revolution—with the dicated plainly during the last five months that side power to dictate Mexico's laws to her, but What now becomes of the "Mexican Ques- it was ready to commit direct assault upon the he began to dangle more and more before Sec- British interests favored by and favoring Diaz, sovereignty of Mexico rather than tolerate the tion?" Is it removed from the order of busi- and the American interests backing Madero— retary Kellogg the promise of the forthcoming ness of American imperialism? No one familiar but it was not the lure that it is today. Ameri- oil and land laws. The Mexican government de- "regulations." In private his capitulation was with the situation will think of answering in the clared publicly that -it would insist upon its much more definite. can aggression at that time was therefore limit- national claims. How have President Calles' affirmative. The aims of Wall Street and Wash- ed in its conscious objectives. It was limited The official correspondence, comprising ten ington have been by no means attained in Mexi- not only because the temptation was not great "regulations" reconciled these apparently irre- notes and memoranda made public at last on concilable differences? In other words, what is co and the challenging aspirations of the Mexi- enough but also because American imperialism the present status of the "Mexican question?" April 11, shows, says the New York Times, "that can people still stand in the way. Conflict is itself, while already a mighty power going for- The newspapers are most unwilling guides the major American objections to the Mexican more certain than ever. The eventual outcome ward under the banner of the Rooseveltian tra- here. One must wrench the truth from them. attitude have been removed." depends upon how soon the American working ditions, had not yet really come into its own. It is necessary to read carefully between the The last Mexican note, dated March 27, gives class realizes the necessity of militant support In addition there was the rivalry of the British lines, to look for significant paragraphs buried a pledge that American interests in Mexico will to Mexico, as the center of gravity for all Latin to consider; for the British occupied a strong deep in documents, to pick out sentences in not be deprived of their property but will be America in the common struggle against Wall position in Mexico, dominating railroads, public speeches. When this is done it suddenly be- given renewable concessions confirming their Street. utilities and oil industry. Later, when American comes plain that the "amicable" settlement of old ownership titles. The Significance of Mexico's Independence. imperialism became surer, it determined to take the U. S.-Mexican conflict is based upon the Regarding the section of the land law dealing over the country without further ado. The Per- abandonment by the Mexican president of every with agricultural property—which provided, That Mexico, with her ore-studded and oil- shing expedition and the occupation of Vera important position that he had maintained. among other things, that foreigners could under rich territory lying contiguous to the greatest Cruz were tentatives in this direction. However, 308 WORKERS MONTHLY M A y, 19 2 e 309 the national-revolutionary forces of opposition by-products from Mexico yearly. Much has such an important factor in the economics of ment—and which many times is actually mere- in Mexico had also grown. These might have been made of the decline in Mexican oil produc- American imperialism. Mexico sends to the ly an addition to direct American investment in been swept aside if it were not for the approach- tion since 1921. Some of this has been due to United States raw materials necessary for Am- the country. ing entry of the United States into the World exhaustion of the wells but some is due to erican industry. She imports manufactured Mexico fits "naturally" into the economic War, which claimed undivided attention. "pinching in" of wells to keep up prices on the products. Furthermore her imports from this order of American imperialism. The results world mraket. Nevertheless, Mexico's output country include about $20,000,000 of machin- achieved by American finance-capital under The Balance of Forces in Mexico. last year exceeded 115,700,000 barrels. Accord- ery, $13,000,000 of iron and steel foundry prod- present conditions already show vividly the gains The result of all this has been to create a ing to figures recently published by the Mexican ucts and $12,500,000 of automobiles, tires, ve- to be secured by direct imperial monopolization. peculiar jockeying position, a delicate balancing government, Mexico has an extension of about hicles and rolling stock. This represents to a These are some of the reasons why the Mexi- of forces, which left Mexico able to keep her 150,000,000 acres in the petroleum zone, and so considerable degree fixed capital which links up can Question could not be and is not now a dead head above water as an independent nation in far only 15,000 acres have been exploited. When the American iron and steel industry more and issue. spite of the indirect offensives that were hurled we consider that this small portion has yielded a more tightly with Mexico's industrial develop- (Continued in June issue). against her and in spite of serious encroach- grand total of 1,260,368,720 barrels of oil with ments on the part of American imperialism. an estimated value of $1,054,353,306, we realize Wall Street sought to play off one section of the the untold wealth yet in store for oil seekers, Mexican revolution against the other, at the and the high returns received by the oil inter- same time making use of the situation to com- ests in Mexico. Standard Oil, which recently ab- pletely displace her British rival. Armed inter- sorbed Doheny, dominates the field. Nearly 60 vention came more and more to the front as per cent of Mexico's oil output is controlled in the ultimate desideratum of the imperialists, but the United States and American interests have in practise Wall Street was obliged to maneuver an overwhelming preponderance in the owner- for control in Mexico thru financial and diplo- ship of the undeveloped oil lands. This control mactic pressure, thru bribery, intimidation, has not come without effort. The oil men have withholdng of credit and subsidizing of counter- supplied a considerable portion of the "fuel" to revolution. the Mexican Question. Besides angling for spe- Out of the policy of indirect offensive based cial privileges with men inside the government, upon a conscious program of ultimate invasion, they had their hand in every rebel movement in come those recurrent conflicts which have been Mexico during the past fifteen years. They the distinguishing marks of what is spoken of have, on occasion, refused to pay taxes to the in the United States as the "Mexican Question." Mexican government, and on other occasions The "Mexican Question" persists precisely be- they have subsidized banditry in order to bring cause, with all the strength at the command of the government to terms. For months they American capitalism, Mexico has not yet been maintained the bandit, Manuel Pelaez, in con- made an integral unit of the American empire. trol of the oil fields against Carranza. The Na- tional Association of Petroleum Producers of

Mexico's Lure, Mexico has been in the forefront of the inter- '. ' ' * •"••'-. V : / - •~\: *\^M" V': ...-.-."'.• ventionist propaganda in this country. Copper, lead, silver and gold were the prin- Other Mexican products, such as zinc, sisal, ••••••! I !••!•«II••Mil I Illll flllllltmtlklllll cipal considerations of American capitalism in ixtle, chicle, etc., are also of first-rate impor- • .•••••» I M ii illI • irr 111 HIII i Hi i in nut iniii Mexico in .1911, and they are still of very great tance to American imperialism, which controls importance. Mexico occupies first place in the the market in each case. world as a producer of silver, second place as a producer of lead, fourth place as a producer of Mexico's Foreign Trade. gold and a fifth place as a producer of copper. Consideration of Mexico's foreign trade is The bulk of the mining industry is in American most illuminating. In 1924 exports to the hands, being completely dominated by the Gug- United States represented 80.16 per cent of the genheim, Harriman and Ryan-Rockefeller in- total, followed by Great Britain with 5.63 per terests. cent, Germany 2.85 per cent, Cuba 2.62 per cent Oil! and Prance 1.36 per cent. Of the imports the Oil, however, has long since come to the front United States furnished 73 per cent, Germany as the most ardently coveted of Mexico's re- 7.25 per cent, Great Britain 7 per cent, France 5 sources. The phenomenal development of oil per cent, Spain 2.33 per cent and other countries as a fuel and the limited extent of the world's •5.42 per cent. Only three other countries do a known resources have made this precious sub- greater volume of business with the United stance the gage of battle for rival imperialists States than Mexico. The U. S.-Mexican trade in from Mosul to Argentina. Great Britain and the 1924 was valued at $363,209,313. In 1925 it was United States are the chief antagonists every- $302,162,269. This is a tidy sum, an item hardly where in the world. Mexico, second only to the to be sneered at, and one which clearly reflects United States itself as a producer of oil, is an the dominant position of the United States in area of prime importance in the struggle. The the Mexican market. United States, despite its own immense produc- However, it is the character of the trade quite tion, is. importing $200,000,000 worth of oil and as much as the volume which makes Mexico 310 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 311

Some typical open shop companies that have thru it. The United Textile Workers have been organized their workers into these associations . eliminated from the situation but still attempt The Challenge of the Company Union follow. to influence company union elections tho as yet without success. The most recent wage cut By Robert W. Dunn 1. In the Textile Mills. of 10 per cent was accepted by the company In the textile industry—The Forstmann and union in late March of this year. What It Is. Some Distinctions. the employers consider ways of dealing with Huffmann Co. at Passaic, N. J., German mill In the southern textDe mills company unions their "human element" so as to keep it con- have been used at one time or another to com- TN speaking before worker forums in recent barons whose concern for their workers is illus- tented, faithful, and saturated with company trated by the present strike in their mills. When bat the trade unions. Some of them, such as weeks I find, even among those who call them- esprit de corps. As an answer to this pressing the strike was called the company union house the one at the Durham Hosiery Mills,- was aban- selves class conscious, a pretty dense ignorance problem of "morale maintenance in industry" of cards collapsed and no meeting of the Re- doned after it served its purposes as a foil of what constitutes a company union, as well some 800 and more corporations in the United presentative Assembly was called to consider against the United Textile Workers. In the as what to do about it. It seems that the tac- States have set up one form or another of per- wages or hours. The workers simply left the Riverside and Dan River Cotton Mills in Vir- tics of confronting this menace to the American manent committees thru which they can deal mills and the company union disappeared from ginia the company union has been voting itself labor movement have not been worked out as with their employees without the intervention the scene automatically. (As this story goes wage slash after wage slash since 1920. explicitly as recent articles in the left wing press of the "outside" trade union. These are called to press' the company is trying to break the would lead one to believe. company unions; of course a wide variety of strike by calling these "representatives" into 2. On the Railroads. For example, one worker rises in a meeting them exists depending upon the character of conference but the workers have been educated and describes, or rather refers to a mutual bene- the basis of classification. concerning the uses of the F. and H. Assembly Consider also the railroads of the country on fit association in a department store, calling it Altho a great deal of the original 1918-1919 and will resist all strike-breaking efforts of this which the four great railroad brotherhoods and a company union. He is resistent when told "man-to-man" fervor for giving the workers kind). Mr. W. W. Atterbury now play such important that this is not a company union but a type of "a share in management" has waned among roles. Both the reactionary train service broth- employee's association that has existed for thirty the so-called liberal and Christian employers There is also the notorious Pacific Mills at erhoods and the ruthless hard-boiled railroad years in American industry, and that its func- and altho the open shop movement proved, on Lawrence with its Advisory Council Plan which executives have held their own in recent years tions are quite separate and distinct from those the whole, successful in the metal, the lumber, the management has been introducing with and have even reached a love feast rapproche- performed by the more recent company union. the textile, the meat packing and the general scientific precision during the past three years ment in the new Railway Labor Act which prac- In discussing company unions it is therefore manufacturing industry, the company unions for the purpose of "promoting understanding tically banishes strikes forever from the roads. necessary at least to make this distinction. have, as the capitalist spokesmen put it, become and fair dealing between management and em- However, in this exchange of Alphonso-Gaston Mutual benefit associations, some 700 or more "settled and permanent systems of joint dealing ployees." The delegates from the various de- courtesies many of the other craft unions have of which exist in the industries of this country, and no longer mere experiments in human rela- partments meet to discuss with due solemnity been left to the tender mercies of the company are not to be included under the term "company tions." They have grown steadily during the such problems as the prevalence of cockroaches unions. The Pennsylvania, of which Atterbury union." It is true that such associations may, past few years from 225 in 1919 to over 800 to- in the weaving shed, or the number of stray cats is President, has crushed the shop crafts, the like the company union, bind the worker to the day while the number of workers involved has in the spinning room, or how wide the windows clerks, the maintenance of way men and the boss and paralyze his bent toward defensive risen from 391,000 in 1919 to more than '1,177,- should remain open in the print works, etc. The telegraphers' unions, all since 1922. The Union trade union organization. But this amorphous 000 today. Possibly from one-third to one-half results—management is entirely satisfied, in Pacific, the Southern Pacific, the Great North- type of benefit society, altho controlled com- of these workers were in trade unions at the fact "highly gratified" at its success in ridding ern, the Santa Fe, the Illinois Central, the pletely by the employer, must not be confused time of the peak membership of the A. F. of L. itself not only of the cockroaches (!) but of "la- Atlantic Coast Line, the Brie, the Lackawanna with the elaborate machinery of conference, during and immediately following the war. In bor troubles" and labor unions and especially and some 50 other roads have followed suit and adjustment and "legislation" that comes within other words the company unions have not of labor radicals. The workers, you see, are deal with company unions in one or more the proper scope of the company union. The gained all, or at least the same workers, that "cultivated" to see things from our point of branches of their service. On a few roads these latter must be a committee of some sort, a con- the trade unions lost since 1920, as some writers view and the mill overseer and the other offi- weaker unions have been able to fight off the ference (board, a congress, or a works council, have stated. They have, however, gained a part cials can tell their friends in the Shuttle Club company "independents." But on others such to use the most common name applied to it by of Boston that they have found a "new way" to as the Great Northern, the Santa Fe and the of what the regular unions have lost particularly deal with agitators. But they never permit the employers. It must have some function in on the railroads and in the other industries men- Union Pacific, the company organizations have the plant in appearing to take up certain work- workers to vote on such vital matters as wage secured complete recognition particularly in the tioned above. For the company unions have cuts. They slash them first and then explain shop craft trades. ers' grievances in no matter how limited a man- also been successful to a marked degree in in- ner. This the mutual aid and benefit associa- it to the committees. The committees do the tion never does, existing exclusively for the al- dustrial plants where no trade unions hitherto rest, serving as a "medium of communication" 3. Stetel Company Unions. leged purpose of protecting the workers against existed or where only the very feeblest attempts thru which reductions are put over to the work- losses due to accident, unemployment, sickness had been made to tie up the workers with the ers "in the right light." We may also mention briefly the flourishing and death. Indeed the employer-controlled mu- trade unions. The fact is, of course, that, of state of the company unions in steel particular- the gainfully employed persons in this country Then we have Amoskeag, one of the greatest ly in the various plants of the labor-loving tual aid associations perform analogous func- cotton plants in the world at Manchester, N. H., Bethlehem Steel Corporation at Bethlehem, Pa., tions to those performed among the Jewish over 10 years of age, about one-fifteenth are company-unionized from cellar to attic, from and Lackawanna, N. Y. Charles Schwab, steel workers, for example, by self-directed Work- in the trade unions, and only about one-fortieth boiler stoker to doffer boy. The capitalists, magnate, preaches industrial democracy to his men's Circles. Hence they should not be con- in the company unions. The company unions please note, believe in 100 per cent unionization. slaves in these cities thru his yellow household fused with the company unions any more than have, however, during the past five years, made No half way measures or craft distinctions for unions. At the same time he breaks his con- the trade unions of the workers should be con- them. Skilled and unskilled are given equal tract with the United Mine Workers in mines in fused with the Workmen's Circle. the greatest strides and have shown increases about equal to what the trade unions have lost. rights under their "plant democracy." In this Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Other steel way they develop among the workers what they companies with the company union going at Significance and Growth, This tendency, tho somewhat reduced in ac- call "factory solidarity" as opposed to "class top speed are the Youngstown Sheet and Tube The growth in the size of industrial establish- celeration, is likely to continue unless the trade solidarity." . . . The Amoskeag has been Co., the Inland Steel Co., the Wheeling Steel ments and the great increase in the number of unions are thrown into solid formation against under the sway of the company unions since Corporation and a number of others not affili- workers employed by one concern have made the company associations. 1923. Several wage cuts have been engineered ated with the United States Steel Corporation 312 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 313

which, 'by the way, has not yet installed em- as well as the Standard of Indiana, cooking up "Most of the shop committee systems in our fac- tories were installed as a substitute for unions or to are not faced immediately with the problem ployee representation. Judge Gary, it is said,. a similar plan that gives every appearance of forestall them."—.Textile employer to the writer. and have nothing to say. The building trades believes he can tend to the interests of his work- being a glorious "worker participation" para- officials, for example, have no company union to dise . . . that is, until you steal up closer "Before the plan was adopted agitators and mal- ers in a much more direct and Golden Rule sort contents had unlimited opportunity to present their harrass them. The needle trades unions, for the of a way. Besides he is a little scared of com- and scrutinize the camouflage. The Standard own version of minor grievances and the employees most part, have not been touched by it. The pany unions for a few of them got "out of hand" of New Jersey plan, like hundred of employer- rarely ascertained the real facts in a given case."— chauffeurs and teamsters union and the mine in the steel.industry before the strike of 1919. inspired plans, gives the workers nothing but Phelps Dodge Corporation. workers have run up against scarcely any com- He can give his steel toilers pensions and insur- the opportunity of bringing up petty grievances (Puzzle—Find the provider of the "real facts" pany plans of this type. (The miners in some ance and common stock and houses and safety- and keeping on appealing them thru a labyrinth after the plan was installed!). districts, however, are confronted with real dual first campaigns and other welfare handouts and of committees and councils until a decision is "After all what difference does it make whether one plant has a 'shop committee', a 'works council', a unions covering a number of companies and thus keep them pretty fairly and impotently handed down from the throne at 26 Broadway, 'Leitch Plan' ... or whatever else it may be sponsored and paid for by company money). contented at least during periods of labor de- New York City. The Standard of Indiana, on called? These different forms are but mechanics for Some of the most important unions in the A. flation. Not even a fake "industrial democracy" the other hand, gives its plan a touch of "im- putting into practice . . . 'familiar factory rela- F, of L. are thus displaying, if any, a merely scheme, Gary figures, is necessary to keep the partialty" by referring unsettled grievances to tions' and they all mean the one big fundamental academic interest in the development of the 300,000 iron, steel and tin plate workers out of none other than James J. Davis, millionaire ex- point—the open shop."—D. R. Kennedy in "Industrial company union. steel puddler, Grand Exalted Wizard of the Loyal Management." Mike Tighe's union. Paternalism plus spies plus "Wages are determined by the management in the On the other hand some of the officials of the blacklist plus the local.agents of the Fed- Order of Moose and a strike breaker only second same manner as before the council (company union) such unions as the machinists, the electrical eral Department of Justice, plus control of the in rank to Calvin Coolidge himself. Both of was organized. Its function is to pass-on the wage workers, the signalmen, the butcher-workmen, newspapers are really all the Judge needs at these Standard companies do a lot of national cut with the least disturbance."—A student of com- the railway telegraphers, and shopmen, and advertising to spread the "truth" both about pany unions connected with several large corpora- present to keep his slaves faithful, loyal, patri- tions. ' maintenance of way men, and clerks and ex- otic and meek. their products and about the wonderful system pressmen, the molders and textile workers and of "employee-employer relations" that obtains "The plan is of considerable aid in making the 4. In Ihte Rockefeller Companies. employees see the necessity of a decision that would street car men, etc., have at least engaged in in the refinery towns. The expenditure for otherwise be disagreeable and bothersome."—A well- heated verbal combat with the company unions. Then we must not forget the company unions paint to color the billboard scenery of the nation known textile company, They have brought out the familiar trade union among the corporations controlled by the and for ink to fill the spare advertising pages "A great number of so-called shop committees are arguments against them and in some instances Rockefellers who were among the first to intro- in the reactionary labor journals appears to presumed to have a certain amount of authority. they have even come to very close grips with pay the companies richly and helps it to "real- Upon close scrutiny it is generally found that this • duce these plans in American industry in the is mostly bunk."—Joseph & Feiss, open shop clothing them in their efforts to bore from within and mines and steel mills of the Colorado Fuel and ize" fully on its substantial investment in com- manufacturers. destroy them. In some instances these more Iron Co. This plan has (been studied by a num- pany union frills. "I find myself, since the adoption of the plan, in a progressive labor officials have shown some ber of investigators who were quite willing to much better position to saturate the men with the understanding of the needs of the situation and give Rockefeller his due, but all have found it Objectives of Company Unionism. idea of loyalty to the property owners."—President have been able also to wrest control from the wanting from practically every angle except the of the Browning Co., manufacturers of locomotive From the above sketches of a few sample cranes, Cleveland, O. company associations by means of appeals to angle of profits in Rockefeller's pockets. Of company unions it should be clear to the reader the workers to stick to the real unions and to course the workers are smothered with welfare, that anti-trade union motives underly these It should be clear, then, to any worker who beware of the fakes and dummies prepared by and the company union is naturally advertised company associations. However the company wants to get at motives, that pocket-book the bosses. as the mother of all these sundry benefits. But agents are usually not so frank, or so stupid, reasons, reasons touching the capitalist's fear the machinery of "collective bargaining" creaks as to reveal these motives in public. When and hatred of trade unions, are the real ones Official A, F, of L. Attitude. at every joint and after all the "joint confer- asked to explain why the company union looks covering the hokum, the cant and the hypocrisy ences" are over, the wages in the steel mill of the Rotarian speeches on idealism and democ- The A. F. of L. officially has taken its lead good to them the corporations fold their hands more from this second group and has expressed are determined by the management after an in a prayerful attitude, lift their eyes toward racy. Most company unions are introduced examination of the payroll of the U. S. Steel under one of three circumstances: itself vigorously enough in words on the subject Corporation. And in the coal mines the elabor- the heavens, and recite any one of the follow- on several occasions and has even called on the ing verses (exact quotes from their own 1. Just before a trade union is about to get trade unions to apply the "capture strategy" ate "joint dealing" ends in nothing ibut the mouths). lowest scale the management dares give after busy in a plant. to the bosses' unions. At the same time these considering scab rates obtaining in the non- "Employee representation was adopted in recogni- officials have sounded a much more moderate tion of the human desire of all of us to have a say 2. Just after a trade union has been crushed note in speeches before Chambers of Commerce union fields -of Kentucky and West Virginia. The in a strike or lock-out and when the em- record of the much-touted Colorado Plan in about our jobs and the circumstances of employ- and civic federations. They have said in effect ment."—Samuel Insull, Public Utility Magnate. ployer wants to give the workers "some- to the great corporations: 1925 alone is as follows: In March a 20 per thing just as good without the militant cent wage cut. In August another, one of 11 to "Industrial representation for securing justice to both men and management thru cooperative methods." features," or "Please lay off that company union stuff, The com- 15 per cent. What happened at this time is —Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. pany union is neither democratic nor representative described by the editor of the Colorado Labor 3. When the "far-sighted employer argues that, of the will of the workers or the great masses of our Advocate: "To provide effective communication and means of even with his plant in no immediate danger citizenry. You are sure to have trouble with them in contact between management and the men on mat- the long run. The only businesslike and sensible "The Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. closed down certain ters pertaining to industrial relations, and to insure of trade unions, it might be well to prepare thing for you to do is to give US recognition. Then mines. After the men had been partially starved justice, maintain tranquility and promote the com- against the day when the trade union ap- your troubles will be past. We will cooperate on into submission they were offered a chance to sign mon welfare."—Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. pears. The last category covers that rather production and lend a hand at efficiency and collabor- a petition asking for a wage cut. And as Vice Presi- large field of employers in industries that ate till the cows come home. We will, in fact, pledge dent Lichty of the C. F. & I. told the editor of this (Hundreds of such seemly phrases will be sup- have never been organized but who know our every effort to see that fair profits are returned paper, if they didn't sign the petition, their wages plied by the writer on demand. State length even on your stock dividends. And above all else were not cut—the mines were closed. So thanks to they will sooner or later have to face labor we will spank the Reds. We will drive every last the Rockefeller plan, Colorado coal miners are work- and style preferred. Wholesale quotations if union issues. agent of Moscow from the ranks—if we can. You ing 140 days a year at from $3.25 to $6.25 a day. desired). know, of course, we have met with some difficulties They know they are helpless in the hands of the great However when the employing class and its Union Leaders and Company Unions, recently in the furriers' and in the ladies' garment corporation." agents have rare moment of lucidity, candor or trades in New York, But we will do our damnedest to deliver to your factory door—employee's entrance— As for the Rockefeller unions in oil, witness intoxication, in club or on curb, it speaks in What have the trade union officials to say tied up in a pale yellow ribbon a nice bundle of 100 the spectacle of the Standard of New Jersey— this way: about the company union? Well, some of them per cent American wage workers who will serve you 314 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 315

loyally, d.evotedly and patriotically* to the glory of In the third place, the worker if he has no God, Industry and the Republic—or until the next war company union in his own plant must find out calls them to fight for the Fatherland." And so on. In short, the official overture in what other shops in his city the company played by the labor leaders on every occasion union is active. He can help the workers in "Join the Army-"" when the bosses must be approached in a con- those shops to devise methods to defeat the ciliatory spirit—occasions which appear to be tricks of the bosses. He can write stories to his labor press about the failures of the company By Sam Darcy more frequent than ever in recent days. unions. He can agitate for the real unions in the other shops and tell the company-unionized What the Militants Can Do. slaves how to build them. There are several things the trade union WHEN Russian czarism was at its worst, when who is probably the most reactionary senator in progressive can do to throw a note of discord There are of course as many tactics as there the black monarchy spread its mantle of Congress, could not stomach this. He again into this harmony chorus of labor leaders and are possible situations to face. One for the terror,and engulfed an unhappy people, there answered: bosses and at the same time help to spike the worker in a non-union shop with a company came from out of the ranks of the imperial army "I meant every word 1 said; 1 can prove company union. union about to be introduced. Another for a stories of terror that made the world gasp. The every word I said; and I did not half say it, worker in a shop where the company plan al- warning of 1905 sent a shiver of fear thru the First, he must do everything in his power to ready exists. Another for the worker in a plant meaning that 1 did not half paint the picture. J get any more or less progressive trade union ruling class, and the reaction to it, came in an have the photograph of tide gallows upon which where the company union and the trade union intensified oppression not only of the civilian official, if he has any in his union, to fight the are more or less equally matched, and so on. I say the soldiers were hanged in violation of all company union harder, showing up its weak- population, but also of the military forces. law; and 1 can produce the witnesses WERE IT nesses, its duplicities and its hypocricies at Today in the United States the ruling class SAFE FOR THEM TO APPEAR (in "free" every conceivable opportunity. The militant Don't Do All Your Fighting with Epithets. is drunk with power and success in crushing so America!—S. A. D.) I will not expose them to large a part of the world under its iron heel. can keep his eyes open for incipient company And finally, when playing the role of com- danger, but I will expose myself to it, and 1 say unions and tip off the progressive union leaders But it too has had warnings; the warning of it is true. pany-union smasher and worker correspondent the Russian revolution, the warning of the in- —again, if there are any—to the importance ol combined, don't let your failure to get anything "... I can produce that Kodak picture, nipping them in the bud. creasing number of strikes in this country and hastily taken, of at least one of the gallows upon accomplished turn your article into a mere dis- their increasing militant and often constructive In this connection—in his efforts to get his play of your spleen against persons who have which white men, volunteering, as it was said, union to do something a'bout it—the worker revolutionary character; the warning of a Com- to save civilization and make the world safe for —possibly thru your own blundering tactics— munist movement fast growing in Bolshevik should avoid the indiscrimate use of the "labor failed to cooperate with you. Weak men resort democracy, were hanged like dogs. . . . and faker" terms, at least until he has made a genu- consciousness. But American capitalism hasn't that they were shot by their officers witRout any to denunciation to cover up their own incapacity all the intelligence that we sometimes credit ine and sustained effort to get cooperation with for action. Workers who are trying to put the kind of a trial. such union officials as there may 'be in his ter- skids under the company unions must be pa- it with, despite its cunning in contriving "1 can prove that they were made to go on ritory. And if he can't get the snails in the tient if they would work with the workers who class collaborationist schemes. Such methods useless hikes, and unnecessarily exposed and local union office to move he can appeal over have already had their minds badly poisoned they have not learned to successfully apply in sacrificed and left on the road to die. . . . They their heads to the national headquarters of the by the "identity of interest" philosophy of the the military form and thus there is today a were not allowed to write home and tell what union. And he can see that his letter is regis- bosses. These workers must be lead step by growing discontent among the. soldiery, espe- they were enduring; their letters were censored; tered and that a reply is received. And if no step toward an appreciation of the advantages cially among those being used for imperialistic their letters were stereotyped; they had to con- reply is received then he can begin to sharpen of the trade union first as an "improver of con- purposes. It has been difficult to get the facts. form to the regulations and say, 'We are having ,up his phrases on the backwardness of the la- ditions" and finally as a weapon for "capturing But even the highest and thickest wall will a good time and being treated nicely,' or they bor officialdom! In other words: Don't shoot the whole works." sometimes spring a leak. . . . themselves were subject to barbarous punish- until you see the whites of their lies—and be Senator Watson's Disclosures. ment." sure they are lies. Such lecturing and suggesting as I Tiave done The first leak was sprung in 1921. On No- There is too much of this to give it all ver- In the second place, if the worker is in a in the above paragraphs would not be necessary vember 1, of that year the cry of protest reach- company union shop with no trade union yet if the left wingers were all doing their best to batim. Just a few more lines from here and ed the smug Senate, the "tribune of the peo- there out of the speeches will give us a further in existence he must see that every angle of scotch the company unions. Many of them ple," in the form of a speech by a senator from the company union is studied. He must find are not. Many of them, as I intimated at the idea of how much Uncle Sam cares for the sons the most backward section of this country, the of the working class who are recruited into the out how and why the bosses get away with it. start, don't know a company union when they state of Georgia. There Watson spoke as fol- He must work out methods for getting real see one. Some have even failed to get into the army: lows: "In their hospitals they were neglected. The demands introduced into the councils of the company unions in their own plant. The sooner "How many Senators know that a private company unions. He must make friends with the company union is faced as a reality rather officers made courtesans of too many nurses. In sol'dier was frequently shot by his officers be- the hospitals on the roadside, wounded, suffering workers who are cold, warm and lukewarm than as a vague word, the sooner will the trade cause of some complaint against officers' inso- toward the plan. He must get into touch with union movement benefit by the vigorous battles and dying, these men were treated inhumanely, lence; that they had gallows upon which men and 1 was told so by the men themselves. the nearest union office and try to dynamite which class conscious workers should lead were hanged, day after day, without court-martial the slow-poke officials into doing something to against the company-framed associations. These "I have had fathers tell me, with tears or any other form of trial? How many senators streaming down their eyes, tell me when I knew help him in his maneuvers against the company unions are a growing menace to the labor move- know that? I had and have the photograph of associations and, above all, he must build up con- ment. No worker should fail to fight them and that their hearts were broken about the mis- fidence in the workers that they can have a encourage others to fight them until they are one of those gallows upon which twenty-one treatment of their sons. . . . There was the real union if they will work quietly against the destroyed and genuine unions take their places white boys had already been executed at sunrise case of David Brown. . . . who had only one company union until the time for an open fight in every American industry and in every indus- when the photograph was taken; and there were son inclined to be tubercular. Any doctor compe- arrives. trial plant. others waiting in the camp jails to be hanged tent to practice should have known he was unfit morning after morning." for service; but he was sent to one of our camps The Senate body was aghast! The next day in Georgia; he was brutally mistreated and left Wadsworth of New York made an attempt to to die. kill the charges by referring them to the Com- "One of the leading doctors in the State mittee on Military Affairs. But even Watson, Sanitarium of Georgia told me. . . . that in 316 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 317

one night 65 of these young men died of pneu- of real proportions in the very same army. off to Frederick A. Fenning and steps are im- officials are very closely tied up. When the sol- monia because they were not sufficiently covered Why? Because the private comes from the mediately taken to have him appointed guardian dier first joins there is graft in connection with with blankets, and did not have sufficient working class and the officer from the bour- and he accordingly receives ten per cent of the his equipment; then graft in connection with his blankets." geoisie, principal of the estate and ten per cent of the in- ammunition; then the Y. M. C. A. preys upon The evidence went on to show of a certain class and the officer from the, bourgeoisie. come. And when one is guardian for at least him on the battle field by charging and over- Captain Harding of Ohio, who gave every sol- In the April 17 issue of the" Young Worker, one hundred and three wards, this adds up to a charging for comforts for which they have col- dier who was brought before him, twenty years Walter Trumlbull openly accuses the Hawaiian neat sum. lected at home under the pretense of distribut- confinement at hard labor whether, to use the officers of framing soldiers, aceusses the U. S. Congressman Blanton of Texas, in speaking ing them free; then grafted upon as he lies witnesses' expression, "he stole some grapes or government of arresting native labor organizers about these conditions on the floor of the house, wounded in the hospitals; and finally grafted deserted"; of soldiers who sickening of the without cause except that they are labor organ- gives the suggestion that our government har- upon by the undertaker when he is buried. slaughter refused to carry guns and were bayon- izers. Yet there has thus far been no answer bors a wide circle of grafters, among whom These are not wild statements; they are sup- eted by the officers for it; of Negroes being hung to these charges. How can the government an- there is very efficient co-operation: ported by evidence carefully culled from the on charges of suspicion that they raped chil- swer charges such as these—except to admit "Yesterday there were 4,417 patients in St. Congressional Record and government reports dren—charges which were never proven in their truth. But they are still issuing the same Elizabeth's. Many die there annually. New ones of investigations. court, etc., etc. lies in their advertising matter and consider it are taken in each month by squads. The turn- Who Profits Thru War? wiser to keep silence so that the many hundreds Thte Officer and the Private. over is enormous. Until a short time ago the of thousands of young workers whom we can- firm of John Gawler's Sons enjoyed an exclusive What forces are there at work in whose in- The officers of the American army are very not yet sreach will continue to be fooled and will monopoly on all undertaking business at St. terest it is that big armies and big navies should carefully drawn from the bourgeoisie thru such sign to join military bodies and be tortured for Elizabeth's. .... Commissioner Fenning is be built and wars be engaged in? Statistics institutions as West Point, etc. They are in a their fool-hardiness. alleged to be Gawler's attorney. I have some conclusively show that the standards of living separate stratum of society, have their own - very interesting statements from Washington for the masses of the workers is considerably Recent Exposures of Military Brutality. lower now than before the last war. The work- special clubs and do not eat at the same tables Readers will say that the facts quoted above citizens familiar with affairs at St. Elizabeth's as ordinary .soldiers do. Evidence given at one concerning White, Fenning and Gawler." ers therefore can expect nothing from war. are dated in previous years. Since then perhaps From the above facts it can be seen that the time in the senate showed that officers commit- there has been considerable improvement. But St. Elizabeth's is only one example out of a ted unspeakable crimes and were never arraign- multitude. In Pittsburgh, at the Aspinwall Hos- soldiers have little to gain from war. When ed for it. One officer was virtually accused by this is not so. In the Congressional Record of we take large industrial corporations, however, March 22, new exposures of the maltreatment of pital, the veterans have petitioned for an inves- we come nearer to the solution. It will be very the Secretary of State of having squandered soldiers come to light. tigation noting in their petition that the con- $600,000,000, and yet was never brought to trial; ditions have become unbearable. There isn't enlightening to examine the following facts— while privates were hung because they incurred Commissionfer Fenning's "Wards." any room here to list and go into every such comparing the profits of certain large corpora- the dislike of these very officers. In the Con- In Washington there is an institution called case. tions as they were affected by the war: Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Schwab's plant, gressional Record of November 5, 1921, there St. Elizabeth's Hospital. It is an institution The Military Graft Ring. are dozens of letters from ea-service men that cares for mental defectives. Commissioner "earned" for the period 1911, 1912, 1913, the and their organizations which tell a terrible Frederick A. Penning, a very influential member There is a ring of blood-suckers who drain the years before the war, an average of $3,075,108 story of the brutalities committed in the army. of government 'political circles, has had him- veins of the soldier from the time he enlists per year. In 1915 the profits jumped to $17,762,- These facts were read into the record on the self appointed guardian for many of the sol- or is drafted until the time that he dies. Not the 813. In 1916, it 'jumped again to $43,503,968. Senate floor. The Senate breathed hard—not be- "diers who are supposed to be mentally defec- least prominent of this ring are the profiteers For 1918 this increased to a profit of $57,188,- cause of the horror that was exposed but be- tive. But what did the evidence show? who sell rotten material to the government en- 769. This is after improvements and extensions cause the facts could not be suppressed. But First, that many of the soldiers were not de- dangering the lives of the soldiers in this way. of the plant had eaten up some fifty-five million they worked harder and the facts finally were fective at all, but were confined for other rea- In the March issue of the Workers' Monthly dollars. In other words the Bethlehem increas- suppressed—no investigation was ever held, and sons, which we will go into later. evidence has already been given of defective ed its profits from approximately three million none of the guilty were ever brought to trial. Second, that many of the soldiers had parents submarines and battle ships which sunk because dollars before the war to about sixty million dol- Can even the blackest acts of the czar compare who had applied to have their sons released but of rotten mechanism and caused the death of lars after the war. with these brutalities? And all this in demo- had been refused this because Commissioner the entire crew. Now we have new evidence. Let us take the next example of a large cor- cratic and "free" America. Fenning didn't want to give up his guardianship. Eight thousand automobiles sold to the gov- poration which supplies material for war pur- But the exposures of 1921 were a warning Third, that the coroner of Washington, Dr. ernment for war service were found to be de- poses, the DuPont Powder Corporation. Quot- to our government. Since 1921 any suggestion Ramsey Nevitt, is a brother-in-law of Commis- fective. Lest the profiteers be exposed, they ing directly from their financial report of 1918: of possible exposure of conditions in the army sioner Fenning so that when patients die in St. were placed at the fork of two rivers at Lyons "The stock of the E. I. du Pont de Nemours were met with the severest reprisals. Elizabeth's Hospital no reports are made which in France just before the annual flood. When Powder Company, the predecessor of the E. I. In February, 1925, two soldiers stationed in show the facts of the death in such a way as not the flood came—the cars were reported damaged du Pont de Nemours Company, sold during the Schcxfield Barracks, Hawaii, unable to bear any to reflect upon Fenning. beyond use. The facts were given the Senate early months of tine war at $125 per share. The longer the conditions imposed upon them after Guardians of such soldiers are entitled to ten several times, but that august body is yet silent. share of debenture stock and two shares of com- they had signed up "to see the world," organiz- per cent of the income of the soldiers' estate. Miles and miles of vehicles were stretched out mon stock of E. 1. du Pont de Nemours Com- ed a section of the Communist movement, the Here we come to the core of Fenning's desire along the road and soldiers were put to the pany, which were exchanged for the former se- Hawaiian Communist League, with about sev- to be appointed guardian. He is today guardian job of destroying them. They could not be used curity, are worth in today's market (Dec. 31, enty-five members. This was done quite openly for 103 wards in one hospital alone. The exact because of factory defects and the profiteers had 1918) $593, or an increase in value of 374 per due to the inexperience of the organizers, Paul number of soldiers involved has as yet not Ibeen to be protected. cent. In the meantime (1915-18) the total divi- Crouch and Walter Trumbull, who were later ar- discovered, but when there are in one hospital Again we must say that these are but ex- dends on the common stock of the E. 1. du 'Pont rested and given 40 years and 26 years respect- 103 wards, there are undoubtedly many hun- de Nemours Powder Company and on the ex- ively. Thus the government sentences two sol- dreds more, for at least a few other hospitals amples out of the multitude. The G-raft Ring around the army is very complete, and this ne- changed securities of E. I. du Pont de Nemours diers who were fooled into joining the army to are known to contain his wards. Whenever Company have amounted to 458 per cent on the 40 years' imprisonment for crying out against it had developed that a "new arrival" has an cessitates the extremest severity on the part of the U. S. government against any soldier who par value of the original stock. It is difficult to the injustice being done to them and their fel- estate or is to receive monthly compensation imagine a more satisfactory financial result." lows, and protects officers who commit crimes from the government, the information is tipped complains, for the Ring and the government 318 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 319

True it is difficult to imagine a "more satis- We Must Win the Army! factory" result for du Pont, but it is easy to see tlie trail of misery that this "satisfactory" re- For us, our task is to win the soldier to us. Lenin and the American Labor sult has carried along with it for the workers. He is born out of the working class and joined Let us again take another large corporation the army either because of economic pressure from whom the government buys, The Anacon- or because he was carried away by the lying Movement da Copper Mining Company. The Anaconda Cop- lure of adventure and travel. In America we per Mining Company paid $65,275,000 in cash have many instances of soldiers refusing to at- tack striking workers when ordered to do so By J. Fendel dividends during the years 1915 to 1918. It also (Continued from April issue.) paid off a funded debt of $15,000,000 in the same by their officers. This tradition must be period, and invested, besides, $54,466,703 in im- strengthened. We must learn to act as a force 3V. Peculiarities of the American Labor Move- "These features consist in the absence of any provements. After this outlay, it had, on Janu- which will help the soldier fight for better con- ment, considerable general national-democratic task ary 1, 1919, a net quick surplus of $39,926,000 ditions for himself. The need for such a strug- for the proletariat; the complete subjection of as compared with $4,688,204 in 1914. gle will increase with still greater burocratiza- TN this advanced country of capitalism, this the proletariat to bourgeois politics; the sectar- The United States Steel, with a total capi- tion of the government as a result of the on- country of the sharpest class contradictions, ian isolation of small groups of Socialists from tal invested of $750,000,000, made a profit in ward march of imperialism. The soldier is a where, under the hypocritical mask of democ- the proletarian masses; not the slightest suc- 1916 and 1917 of $888,931,511. powerful ally of the worker during a period of racy there hides the most cynical and brutal dic- cess for the Socialists at the elections in which This is the story of all the large corporations. crisis. The winning of the army was one of tatorship that kills opportunists with kindness the working masses participate, etc." While the battlefields were fertilized with the the great achievements of our Russian com- and revolutionary fighters with lead and the rades which made possible a successful revo- electric chair—in this country, the many mil- V. The Question of Tactics in the American rotting blood and flesh of the soldiers, the mil- Labor Movement, lionaires at home reaped a harvest of gold. lution. The leaders of the struggle of the work- lions of workers are scattered, split up nation- ers must not overlook this very important ally ally, and in the trade union organizations, are In a situation such as this the problem of Is the Soldier a Man? to the proletariat. Not only the origin of the weakly organized economically, very backward proper tactics and practical policy for the prole- soldier but also the conditions of his life make And in the army the soldier is spied upon, and unorganized politically, and eaten with the tarian vanguard, the revolutionary Marxist ker- possible our close approach to him. We can- cancer of reformism. nel, acquires great importance. The opinions watched, driven, and preyed upon by all sorts not be sentimental pacifists against war, but of schemes to make him a more efficient mur- "In the United States the immigrants from of Marx and Engels on the questions of the must realistically face the fact of a great army Eastern and Southern Europe get the-lowest, Anglo-American (and German) labor move- der machine. The propaganda for enlistments which we must win. screams louder than ever the lies that make a paid employment, while the American workers ments, as seen from the above-mentioned cor- soldier enlist. When Walter Trumbull was re- In Sweden, Comrade Brettling, the secretary supply the greatest percentage of those who respondence with Sorge and the others, are held leased from jail he said that hardly a soldier of the Young Communist International section are promoted to more responsible and better up by Lenin as an example, of materialist dialec- would remain in Hawaii if it wasn't that they there, said during the course of an anti-milita- paid jobs. Imperialism tends to create privileg- tics, of the "the ability to bring to the fore and were unable to get off the island. rist address that, "The capitalist class is teach- ed ranks among the workers and to separate to emphasize the various points, the various The intense and almost frantic denial by the ing the soldiers to shoot, it is our task to point them from the broad masses of the proletar- sides of a question as applied to the concrete government that the soldier has the most or- out the direction." He was given six months at iat."* peculiarities of various political and economic dinary rights will become more intense and hard labor for this. But that is the discomfort This is the source of the "bourgeois proletar- conditions." more frantic as the class struggle at home be- which revolutionary workers accept as a mat- iat" about which Engels wrote to Kautsky in a "From the viewpoint of practical politics and comes sharper. ter of course. letter on September 12, 1882, in connection with tactics we have here an example as to how the the British working class. "You ask me: What authors of the 'Communist Manifesto' defined do the English workers think of the colonial the tasks of the struggling proletariat in rela- policy? Just what they think about politics in tion to the various stages of the national labor general. Here there is no lalbor party; there movement in the various countries."* are only conservative and liberal radicals and Lenin regards the words of Marx and Engels the workers, in the calmest manner possible, as to most appropriate tactics—especially in share with them the benefits of the colonial America—as being extremely instructive and policy of Great Britain and of her monopoly important. of the world market."** Marx and Engels criticise the Socialism of These remarks of Engels are even more sig- England and America with particular sharp- nificant for the American proletariat which does ness because of its isolation from the labor not even have a Labor Party such as the British movement and its transformation of Marxism workers have. "into a dogma, into a petrified orthodoxy," a In fact, it is in general true that the British symbol of belief, whereas it really is a "guide to and American labor movements have had and action." The English and American Socialists still have common fundamental features. These "cannot adapt themselves to the theoretically Lenin enumerates in his preface to the Russian helpless but live, powerful labor movement sur- translation of the book "Letters of Becker, Dlu- rounding them." gens, Engels, Marx, and Others to Sorge."*** Lenin cites certain points from the corres- pondence which he calls "very interesting. Engels writes in his letter of January 27,1887: *Lenin: Imperialism, the L'ast Stage of Capitalism, "Where would we 'be now, if in the period of p. 110. 1864-1873, we had always insisted on going **Cited by Leniin: Imperialism, p. 111. hand in hand with those only who openly recog- * "Lenin: Collected Works, Russian edition, vol. IX, p. 330. *Preface to the Correspondence, as above, p, 331, 320 WORKERS MONTHLY M A Y, 1 9 2 6 321 nized our program?" With regard to the re- democratic members of parliament, where there We will introduce state control over all trusts slowly, but steadily towards Communist tactics, quest of Mrs. Wishnewetsky (the American is no systematic, consistent Social-democratic (in America this means over the entire indus- towards the proletarian revolution, which alone translatbr of Engels) to attack Henry George policy at election time or in the press, etc. . . . rty). We will introduce state control over the is capable of saving culture and humanity from for whom the American workers had voted at in such countries Marx and Engels taught the trusts in order that there should be no poverty, perishing."* the elections, Engels write that the time was Socialists to break with their narrow sectarian- in order that every one should receive a decent But perhaps in "America it will be possible to not yet ripe for that (Lenin's emphasis) as it ism at all costs and to fall in with the labor wage. We will establish social and industrial get on without a revolution? Kautsky asserts would be 'better to allow the labor party to begin movement in order to agitate it politically."* justice; we bow and pay homage to all reforms; that in America and England Marx considered to form on a program that was not absolutely there is one reform and one only that we do not a peaceful revolution possible, i. e., thru demo- pure. "One or two million votes for a bona fide VI. The Third Party—Its Significance and want and that is the expropriation of the capi- cratic means." Labor Party at the present moment is of in- Perspectives. talists." In "The Proletarian Revolution and the Kaut- finitely greater importance than hundreds of The problems of forming an independent .la- Lenin denounces this bourgeois reformism. sky, the Renegade," Lenin denounces this rene- thousands of votes for a program that is irre- bor party in America are closely bound up with "It is clear that while these modern slave own- gade subterfuge of Kautsky's. proachably perfect." And further on ". . . to the question of the so-called "two party sys- ers exist all reforms are an empty deception. "The revolutionary dictatorship of the prole- hinder the< national consolidation of the Labor tem," and the "formation of a Third Party." In But Roosevelt has been quite consciously put tariat is violence in respect of the bourgeoisie. Party on no matter what basis or program I 1912 Lenin pointed out with regard to the presi- forward by the millionaire swindlers in order to The need for such violence is caused especially, would consider a great mistake."* dential elections in America** that they were preach this deception. State control which he as Marx and Engels explain, repeatedly and in Lenin points out that Engels was not deceiv- of world significance not so much on account promises will mean, as long as the capitalists detail (particularly in 'Civil War in France' and ed as to the true value of Henry George's ideas. of the great increase in Socialist votes (Debs retain their capital, nothing more than an in- the Preface to it) thru the fact that there exists He points out that Engels well knew that Henry received more than 1,000,000 votes) but primar- strument for the struggle against and for the an army and a burocracy. But just these insti- George was the ideologist of the radical bour- ily because the "tremendous crisis of the bour- suppression of strikes." tutions did not exist in England or America in geoisie and adds: "And Engels was not afraid the 70's of last century, when Marx was making of going to the polls with this real Socialist re- geois parties and their disintegration was re- What kind of future has the third bourgeois vealed in them and in the entry of bourgeois re- party? his observations, (tho now they do exist)." actionary if only there were people who would formism as a means of struggle against social- At best it can have only temporary success. And further: "Kautsky, the 'historian' adul- foretell to the masses the consequences of their terates history so shamelessly that he 'forgets' own errors."** ism." "The American proletariat has already awak- Up to that time the "two party system" had ened and is standing ready. It meets Roosevelt's the fundamental fact, that capitalism of the pre- Lenin alludes to two significant policies of monopolistic era, of which the seventies of the Marx and Engels: "They called most firmly had almost undisputed sway and the internal successes with cheerful irony. You, Roosevelt, struggles between the two parties were of prac- have diverted 4,000,000 people by your promises last century were the highest point, was, in vir- upon the English and American Socialists to tically no serious importance to the masses of reforms. Fine! Tomorrow these four mil- tue of its fundamental economic traits (which merge with the labor movement and to drive of the people. lion will see that your promises were only a were most typical in England and America), dis- out the narrow and shrivelled sectarian spirit "The people were deceived and turned away deception—these millions are following you to- tinguished by a comparatively great attachment from their organization. With great firmness, on from their vital interests thru fruitless and day only because they feel they can no longer to peace and freedom. As against this, Imperial- the other hand, they taught the German Social- empty duels between the two bourgeois parties." live in the old way." ism, that is capitalism of the monopolistic era, democrats: Do not fall into Philistinism, into that has finally reached maturity in the twen- 'parliamentary idiotism,' into 'petty bourgeois "This two party system" is, in Lenin's opin- And thus the American proletariat and its^ ion, "one of the most powerful means of hinder- revolutionary vanguard are faced with the prob- tieth century, is, in virtue of its fundamental intellectual opportunism.' On what do these economic traits, distinguished by the least at- varying instructions depend? They depend up- ing the establishment of an independent party lem of creating an independent party of labor. of labor; at the end of the elections of 1912 this The most appropriate line of tactics under these tachment to peace and freedom, and by the on the varying concrete conditions of the labor greatest development of militarism everywhere." movement. system went bankrupt. A new third bourgeois American conditions is, as pointed out by Marx "In such a country (Germany) where the party made its appearance" (the national pro- and Engels in their correspondence with And so America also cannot evade the revolu- bourgeois-democratic revolution remains unfin- gressive party of Roosevelt received 4,000,000 Sorge, the tactic of the united front with the tion. But does this mean that one can calcu- votes in 1912). working masses. late it for a definite time? This is just what ished, where 'military despotism cloaked in par- Kautsky accuses the Communists of doing. Len- liamentary forms' still reigns, where the prole- The appearance of a new third party whose program touched upon questions of labor pro- VII. Perspectives and Path of the American in said in respect to this: "To charge one's tariat has long ago been drawn into politics— opponent with something evidently silly and af- in such a country, Marx and Engels feared tection and trusts was very symptomatic. Labor Movement. "The new party is engendered by the present, terwards to deny this is the method of not very above all parliamentary corruption and the phi- What are the perspectives of the labor move- brainy people. ... If the Bolsheviks based listine's softening down of the tasiks and dimen- day epoch—an epoch that questions the very existence of capitalism." What brought it to ment in America and what tactics is it to pur- their tactics on expecting revolution in other sions of the labor movement." That is how the sue? countries in a definite time, this would be un- matter stood in Germany. But how different life? The strength of the labor movement, the growth of socialism. Lenin very soberly estimates the conditions doubted foolishness. But the Bolshevik Party things were in England and America. (In Ame- of the American labor movement. In his fam- has not been guilty of such foolishness. In my rica things are still almost the same. Here the The question appeared as "How to save capi- talism by means of .... bourgeois reforms." ous "Letter to American Workingmen," August 'Letter to the American Workingmen,' I openly proletariat displays hardly any political auto- 20, 1918, he says: "We know that help from guard against such foolishness; I say that we nomy whatever.) In countries like these the al- (Lenin's emphasis.) What did this new party stand for? you, comrades, American workers, will -be a do calculate on an American revolution, but not most complete absence of any bourgeois-demo- long time in coming for the development of the at any definite date."** cratic tasks has the left the historic stage al- Lenin portrays it in a very exemplary manner. revolution in various countries proceeds in vary- In its essentials it strongly resembles the La- Lenin attached tremendous significance to the most entirely to the triumphant, self-contented ing forms and at a varying tempo—how could revolutionization of the American labor move- bourgeoisie who have no equal thruout the Follette program." it be otherwise?" world in deceiving, corrupting, and perverting "We are saving capitalism by reforms. We ment. In the same "Letter to the American the workers. stand for the most advanced factory legislation. But he knows that help will come. "There are Workingmen," he says, "The American revolu- "In such countries where there is no Social- already detachments of the International Social- tionary workers are called upon to play a par- democratic Party, where there are no Social- *Same work. ist revolution. They are maturing, growing and ticularly important role, especially now as they **'

328 WORKERS MONTHLY Morgan's Party Drives Toward War, When Wilson, at the close of the war, jour- History of the Russian Communist Party neyed to Versailles and helped frame tlhe treaty Wilson, from the time he entered the white and draft the covenant of the league of nations, By Gregory Zinoviev house at Washington on March 4, 1913, until he never doubted his ability to force the nation he tottered down the steps and into private life to accept its role in that ambitious dream of (Continued from March Issue.) in 1921, was the consistent representative of world imperialism. The Liquidators and the Bourgeoisie, again taking a stand on the side of our revolu- Morgan. But the plan was blocked in the senate by tionary tactics and founding a separate group When the world war broke out he admonished the determined opposition of republican indus- T'HRUOUT Russia the liquidationist movement which was known as the "Party Mensheviks." the nation to remain neutral in thought as well trialists under the leadership of Medill MeCor- found strong support among the bourgeoisie. He participated in the "Social Democrat" which as in deed. He wias consistent in that attitude mick, William E. Borah and others. This group The paper "Retch" gladly threw open its col- was edited by Lenin and myself and Martov and because Morgan had not yet decided which side with Warren G. Harding as their candidate, umns to the Mensheviks; their unions received Dan of the Mensheviks. As a Party Menshevik, of the European conflict would best forward his made opposition to the league of nations the support, while the members of ours were con- Plekhanov came to the defense of the illegal interests. Industrial concerns under the domi- burden of tlheir campaign and defeated, in a stantly suffering arrest. The Mensheviks work- party with a series of brilliant articles. The nation of Wall Street sold ammunition and spectacular landslide, the democratic candidate, ed legally within the clubs, and began to pene- Mensheviks began to jeer at him, saying that in guns and other materials of war alike to the James E. Cox of Ohio. trate the trade union press. Liberals and mon- his old age he had become "the bard of the un- Central European powers and the Triple En- In the campaign of 1924 the middle class ele- archists openly took their stand on the side of derground." But this did not perturb Plekhan- tente. ments in the democratic party, under the leader- the liquidators, hoping by their aid to destroy ov, who, unlike many Mensheviks, was, despite When the British blockaded German and Cen- ship of Bryan, endeavored to regain control of the party and demoralize the revolutionary van- all, a revolutionist a good deal of the time. Take tral European ports, Wilson protested mildly, the party machinery. But, although he man- guard of the working class. for example the story, new to me, appearing in but Morgan was assured that Britain and France aged to defeat the ignorant Tammanyfite politi- By 1908 the character of this movement had Martov's "History of Russian Social Democ- and Russia would purchase all that American cian, Governor Al. Smith of New York, as presi- become completely manifest, and the term "li- racy," to the effect that at the beginning of industry could produce. In 1916 when Britain dential nominee, he could not defeat Morgan. quidator" had acquired definite significance. A 1905, when the struggle with czarism was at its could no longer pay cash for its war materials The issues on which Smith had been defeated number of old worker Mensheviks went over fiercest, Plekanov came out in favor of terror. purchased in the United States, Morgan floated (anti-catholicism, prohibition, etc.) could not to the extreme group "Our Czar," which was I had not known this. Martov writes: a quarter billion dollar loan as a beginning. This be used against all of Morgan's men, so the can- headed by Potressov, and became liquidators. "There was a moment when Plekhanov, long was followed by billions of dollars being poured didate became John W. Davis, attorney for the At every step we encounter open renegacy. Mud an opponent of terrorist methods put before the into the war on the side of the Entente. House of Morgan. is flung at the party's past, the illegal period Party Council the question of an agreement Wilson, during his entire administration, had But again in this campaign the" democratic declared to be a piece of stupidity, immaturity, with the Social Revolutionaries in regard to ter- the benefit of the advice of one of the most party met defeat at the hands of the republican lack of consciousness. They begin to preach rorist acts, which were fully expedient under astute politicians in the nation, Col. Edward party with Coolidge at its head. But Coolidge is conformity with the Stolypin's regime. Thus, existing political conditions. The agreement M. House of the House of Morgan. Every act also the agent of the House of Morgan, because side by. side with the Stolypin Liberal party stood was frustrated only after the ultimatum deliver- of,the president was the result of the advice of profound economic changes have removed the the "Stolypin Workers' Party." As their prin- ed by Axelrod and Martov who declared that if House. basis for a powerful industrialist opposition to cipal slogan the liquidators advanced the free- it were carried thru they would leave the Party In the 1916 campaign when Wilson ran for the imperialist schemes of banking capital. dom of association, representing the.matter as Council and appeal to the party. Among the reelection against Charles Evans Hughes of the During the past five years the steady encroach- tho the Bolsheviks were opposed to such free- Bolshevist elements of the party sympathy for republican party, his chief slogan was "Peace ment of finance capital upon industrial capital; dom. This is, of course, nonsense. The Bol- terrorist methods increased, altho in general the with Honor, He Kept Us Out of War." The war the amalgamating of corporations into ever sheviks were for freedom of association, but party kept to its earlier position of rejecting he is alleged to h'ave prevented was the struggle larger combines under the aegis of banking they maintained that under the czarist mon- terror." < in the interest of Standard Oil on the Mexican capital brought the republican party, to a pro- archy thie working class would not obtain any A moment of extraordinary interest in con- border. But he refrained from mentioning that nounced degree, under the domination of the kind of freedom whatsoever. In fine, the breach nection with Plekhanov's biography and which during the previous year United States marines House of Morgan, so that it now defends the between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks at any rate establishes the fact that he was not had invaded Haiti and forcibly dispersed a duly same interests as the democratic party. was complete; the former placed revolution at at all a man turned out according to pattern. elected legislature in the interest of American the head of their program, while the latter pre- He opposed terror when he saw it operated to imperialism, One Party; the Servant of Three Classes, ferred reforms within the monarchistic system. The Mensheviks had definitely become reform- the disintegration of a mass party and mass The War and Its Aftermath. The democratic party is unique in the history ists, while the Bolsheviks remained revolution- struggle, but when he realized that matters were of political parties. As a general proposition ists. We said to them and to the workers: approaching a decisive blow then he himself Before Wilson Was inaugurated for the second when the class upon which a party is based is whoever wants freedom of association 'must get brought up the question of terror. term it was evident that this country would destroyed or sinks into Impotency to vegetate rid of the czar who will never grant it; and the Plekhanov—The "Bard of the Underground." soon be involved in the struggle. When in the as an adjunct of other and more powerful social Mensheviks replied: whoever wants freedom of spring of 1917 oeeured the March revolution in forces the party that served it in its heyday In those difficult years for the party (1907, Russia, removing from the forces of the entente dies. But the democratic party has shown suf- association must get rid of the illegal party, 1908 and 1909) Plekhanov once again demon- twelve million men and when the guns of Ger- ficient vitality to exist as the servant of three adapting themselves to the existing regime and strated his invaluable services, coming over to many were thundering at the gates of Paris distinct classes—the chattel slave owners of becoming "European" social democrats. our side and becoming the "Bard of the Under- the investments of Morgan were in danger, so the South from the time of Andrew Jackson to The Party Mensheviks. ground." He supported us in our illegal lite- Wilson, as the servant of Morgan, formulated the Civil War, the party of the middle class from rary organ, and later in the legal, strengthen- the slogan "Make the World Safe for Democ- 1896 to 1908-10, and the party of the House of In addition to these two basic tendencies ing the position of the Bolshevik section of the among the Mensheviks, the one inspired by Mar- Duma fraction, and giving us energetic aid in racy," to conceal his real motive, which was to Morgan (imperialism) from thence onward. tov who remained within the party and there defend the investments of Morgan's billions, and History played further pranks with it when, our struggle against those who were trying to hurled this country into the imperialist war. undermined it, and the other led by Potressov bury the party. This was of extraordinary im- after using it to initiate the period of the domi- who openly called himself a liquidator, there portance in the existing state of feeling, which During the strife of war the middle class paci- nation of finance capital over the nation, the existed still a third headed by Plekhanov. He fists were in almost total eclipse and Bryan, temporary triumph of the anti-leaguers in the is exceedingly difficult to picture today. -At that who had assisted Morgan's man Wilson to republican party, placed it again in a secondary had • once more returned to the old days, once time, after the defeat that we had suffered, power, played no role within that party. position. 330 WORKERS MONTHLY MAY, 1926 331 when an important portion of our forces had authority as the Regional Committee of Cen- as a separate fraction of "Ultimatism." In es- tral Russia, declared for the recall "otsiv" of ing their way to Comrade Lenin and the others had to leave the country, when demoralization sense, the difference between Otsovism and Ul- who were living abroad at the time and pub- was everywhere visible—at that time, there deputies from the Duma. (Hence the word "Ot- timatism was only one of tinge. The Ultima- lishing "The Proletarian." They transferred from was not a single organization in any locality sovism.") They advanced the following argu- tists said: "We do not propose to recall the de- ments: the czarist Duma is a Black Hundred the "God Creators' " school to ours and later where the provocateur had not crawled in; all puties, but to present them with an ultimatum; returned to Russia as representatives of our were on guard against one another, all feared institution and a true revolutionist has no place those who do not subscribe to it must go." To point of view. one another, no one trusted anybody else. On there; whoever enters it has become a liquidat- this we replied: "This is the same sort of a •the literary field pornography flourished—"San- or, and has therefore, abjured the revolution. soup, only a little more, diluted. This is the same This party school of ours played a very im- in" appeared. And this all also penetrated rev- Following this line further they came to the fol- Otsovism. You want, under the pretext of an portant role. At that time when there was no olutionary circles as well. The Duma became lowing conclusions: making .use of legal pos- ultimatum, to recall our representatives in the party this group of twenty leading workers completely counter-revolutionary. The party sibilities is in general not feasible, and there- Black Hundred Duma, where against all odds constituted a real force, almost a Central Com- split up into little groups. At the same time the fore, societies and cluibs are no place for an our comrades are succeeding in getting a revolu- mittee of our party. liquidationist section of the Mensheviks openly honest Bolshevik. This was an exceedingly dan- tionary message to all Russia." The Ultimatists "** * read a funeral sermon over the party, and its gerous tendency and one which played into exercised great influence in the Bolshevik frac- Tnte Struggle Against Otsovism and Other dirges resounded in Petersburg and Moscow. the hands of the liquidators. In our paper "The Tendencies. Proletarian" which was published by Comrades tion, and among a certain section of the mem- And here, at this point, Plekhanov, with all bers of the Bolshevik Central Committee. We were forced to carry on a desperate strug- the weight of authority he bore among the Men- Lenin, Kamenev and myself, we called them "Left Liquidators," showing that their concep- ^V-The "God Creators." gle against Otsovism, Ultimatism and "God sheviks, raised his voice, and, while remaining Creation" which ended with a split in the Bol- a Msnshevik, thundered against them for their tion, altho outwardly plausible and revolution- ary, in actual fact tended towards cutting us Finally, there was the third tendency, that is shevik fraction. We gathered a number of local liquidationism. And his voice came as a tre- the so-called "God Creators," led by A. Luna- delegates from Petersburg and Moscow, called mendous support to the. Bolsheviks, proclaim- off from living reality. It was just what the Mensheviks wanted that we should leave the charski and M. Gorki. The chief literary docu- a Bolshevik conference and expelled the serv- j ing the idea of the underground party. ments of this tendency were certain articles by ants of God, Bogdanov and others, from our It can be said in general that the true leaders • trade unions, the Duma, and the places where the workers gathered. They would have been our friend A. B. Lunacharsky and Gorki's "Con- fraction. This chapter is one of the most im- of a party become known only when it is pass- fessions," a beautiful book^ which many of you, portant in the history of Bolshevism. A de- ing thru a difficult period. And the tremendous very glad to see us shut ourselves up in little circles and turn away from hard political real- of course, read, but which in its outlook on life tailed account is given in the "Proletarian" in growth of Comrade Lenin as a leader become belongs to the category of the "God Creators," which a number of brilliant articles by Com- increasingly clear at this difficult time; not so ity. To repeat, this was an extremely danger- ous tendency for Bolshevism, and if we had not that is, it assumes the existence of a divine rade Lenin appeared in this connection. The much in 1905, when things seemed to be on the scheme of things. In one way or another the struggle was unbelievably hard, since our op- upgrade, when the waves of revolution were opposed sufficiently strong resistance to it we should not have become a mass party. The disciples of this tendency paid tribute to the ponents had wide connections and sjnce every- mounting, when it was easy to direct the party religious spirit. They said that of course they one knew them and many followed them. It —but in 1907, in the years 1907 to 1909, in the strength of Bolshevism consisted in the fact that in the course of a decade at every stage of did not believe in the vulgar God, but they had was only after it had carried thru this struggle days of hopeless ruin, demoralization and col- some sort of a special, almost a Marxian God. toward the left that Bolshevism finally took on lapse, when no one any longer believed either its hard journey it had understood how to wedge its way into the masses and to give an At that time, as is always the case after a heavy definite form. Our .opponents stigmatized us in the revolution or in the party, and when Com- defeat, a period of decadence in all fields was for our united front with Plekhanov. But we rade Lenin was the only one, or almost the only answer not only to the basic questions of revo- lution, but to each and everyday question of observable—in science as well as in literature were right, and up to the present day we have one, to defend the idea of the party by word of —a blossoming of pornography, mysticism and retained our union with the followers of Plek- mouth, by his pen and by organizational work. the workers' life. Observing today how the young Communist Parties in other lands are all manner of religious tendencies. These ten- hanov for the defense of philosophical material- At this time a difference of opinion arose developing, we see that it is often just this elas- dencies swept along with them the most sen- ism. Lunaeharski and Bogdanov were both within the Bolshevik ranks along the lines of ticity that they lack. They become sectarian, sitive individuals in our party, those most na- philosophical opponents of Marx, and Bogdanov boycott or non-boycott, using or not using legal withdrawing within themselves and keeping turally disposed in this direction, including Gor- was and remains a follower not of Marx but of possibilities. The Mensheviks were also divid- aloof from the masses, as was the ease for a ki and Lunacharski. They attempted, strange Ernest Mach, whose philosophy has nothing in ed into two main camps—liquidators and pro- time with the Italian Communists. In this re- as it may sound, to bring about a marriage of common with Marxism, as Comrade Lenin has partyites: Potressov and Larin on one side, spect they repeat the mistakes of "Otsovism." "God Creation" with Otsovism. Gathering to- pointed out in his philosophical work on em- and Plekhanov on the other, and in the center, gether a party school of twenty workers (the piro-criticism. But at that period many of our Martov, who stood nearer to the Liquidators. "Ultimatism." best that were to be found in the organization), comrades in prison and in exile were reading In 1909 the struggle among the Bolsheviks they took them to the Island of Capri, where The term "Ultimatism" comes from "Ultima- Mach eagerly. And Bogdanov was drawing anti- took on an acute character. At the beginning Gorki was living at the time, with the avowed Marxist deductions on the basis of the literary of the Third Duma in 1908, we had argued only tum." A whole group of Bolsheviks, possessing purpose of giving them instruction in Marxism. at that great authority, headed by A. A. Bog- decadence and the general spirit of disintegra- 1 as to whether we should participate in it. Now, In reality, the instruction was not so much in tion. Again I repeat that this was an exceed- however, the boycottist tendency had developed danov, the author of the text-book on "Politi- Marxism as in Otsovism and "God Creation." ingly grave chapter in the history of Bolshe- into a whole fraction, bringing forward the so- cal Economy" (now he has left the party and is propagating counter-revolutionary Menshe- These workers were for the most part excellent vism. We made a united front with Plekhanov called "Otsovism," The Bolshevik fraction split material, and a number of them are today oc- -on the basis of the philosophical struggle for over the three following questions: "Otsovism," vik views thru the group "Ratotchaya Pravda" cupying leading positions in our republic. But materialism. Bolshevism was forged into final "Ultimatism," and "God-creation." At first (The Workers' Truth), and thru the Proletcult the labors of the disciples of "God Creation" and the Rabfacs (Workers' Schools), into form only then when it had gone thru the strug- glance this may. seem rather ridiculous, but on the Island of Capri came to grief. The work- gle not only with Liquidationism and with Men- when the explanation has been given it will be which he is trying to insinuate himself, but ers listened eagerly to the lectures on Marxism in those days he was one of the most influential shevism, but also thru the struggle with "Left" seen to be far removed from this. And so, first, and the history of literature, which Gorki gave, Liquidationism and Otsovism, which had also "Otsovism." leaders of Bolshevism), A. B. Lunatcharski, M. N. Pokrovski and several other distinguished and perfunctorily to those on Otsovism; but found its way into the party under the name of "Otsovism." when it came to "God Creation," these prole- "Vperyodism" (the "Forward" tendency). The comrades (among their supporters, by the way, tarians declared: "No, it's enough!" It ended was also Maxim Gorki, who at that time was so-called group of "Left Bolsheviks" availed A

name. The "Vperyodists" claimed that they difficult one. Not a few of our comrades lost BOOKS 'were1 the genuine Bolsheviks, while we were every trace of revolutionarism and were con- Review On "Bolsheviks of the Right Wing." verted into God knows what. Our whole party The history of the struggle with all these de- split up into groups, sub-groups, and fractions. MARX-ENGELS ARCH1V, COMMUNISM viations is of especial value to anyone who de- During this difficult time our central task con- sires to familiarize himself with the theoretical sisted in gathering together the party stone by Zeitschrift des Marx-Engels Institute in Moskau. Her- basis of Bolshevism. Bolshevism never -believed stone, in making ready for its rebirth, and, ausgegeben von D. Rjazanov. I. Band. Marx-Engels Ar- The Communist Manifesto that it must be the most "left" in the vulgar above 'all, in defending the fundamentals of cliiv Vefrlagsgesellscha>ft. M. B. H. Frankfurt A. M. By Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, sense of that word. We always rejected that Marxism against every possible perversion. (1925), V. I, pp. 550. The first and greatest statement of the posi- Leftism which reaches its logical conclusion in This era in the history of Bolshevism is a tion of Communism in relation to the working TT is indeed gratifying that Marxian Scholar- class and the decaying capitalist class. "God Creation," Futurism, etc., and carried on a real era of suffering, but also a glorious one. Price (cloth), $ .60 decisive struggle against it. And thus Bolshe- If Bolshevism had at that time made any the- ship has at last attained the possibility of or- (paper), ,10 vism was tempered not only in the struggle oretical or political compromise whatsoever ganization and has found in the Marx-Engels against decadent reformism and liquidationism, with its enemies, it later could not have played Institute and the Marx-Engels Archive a central The A, B, C. of Communism but also in the struggle against decadent ideal- the great role which it did play. This is the and unifying force. The Marxist Institute and By Bukharin and Preobrazhensky. ism and political adventurism, for Otsovism was reason why these pages in the history of our its scientific organ promise to do what neither The authors were commissioned hy the Russian nothing but adventurism. party merits special and thoro study on the part Grunberg's "Archive" nor the Archive of the Communist Party to write a complete and simple The whole of the year 1909 was passed in this of our youth, especially at this moment when S. P. D. at Berlin have been able to do, in spite explanation of Communism. The student will struggle for the ideological rebirth of the party. there are once again appearing theoretical of the fact that the former has become the cen- find this book a gem of Communist teachings. The situation was, I repeat, an extraordinarily "modes" which in many ways are reminis- ter of all socialist research, and the latter is the Price (paper), $ .50 cent of the period of decadence described above. possessor of invaluable source material in the Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc., form of newspapers, documents, letters, etc. Supplement to the Required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. (Continued in June issue.) The work of the Institute in preparing a scien- Of The Workers Monthly published monthly at Chicago, A. B, C. of Communism Illinois for April 1, 1926. tific edition of the complete works of Marx and State of Illinois, County of Cook, ss. Engels, in which the Archive will participate, as Questions and notes on the Before me, a justice of the peace in and for the State and well as its activity along the entire line of the original work for study class county aforesaid, personally appeared Walt Carmon, who use. having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says socialist and labor movement, will serve as a that he is the circulation manager of The Workers Monthly Price (paper), $ .05 and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and stimulus to Marxian research in every possible belief, a true statement of the ownership, management (and direction. The entire sphere of the superstruc- if a daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the aforesaid pub- The Fighting May Day lication for the date shown in the above caption, required ture, philosophy, religion, ethics, law, art, etc., by the act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 411, Postal The People's Marx LawS and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, (Continued -from page 296) in short, every form of human ideology, awaits to wit: a systematic, historic-materialistic investigation. Edited by Julian Borchardt. 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, and business managers are: Publisher Daily Worker Publish- And it is a sphere which cannot be neglected, An abridged popular edition of ing Co., 1113 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. Editor streets of that city. Several thousand bourgeois not only for immediate practical reasons, but Marx's three volumes of Capital. Max Bedaeht, 1113 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. Man- aging Editor (none). Business manager, Moritz J. Loeb, women are marching thru the streets led by an also from the point of view of an organized pro- 285 pages composed of choice • 1113 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. and important extractions pre- 2. That the owner is: (If owned by a corporation, its name female celebrity who rides on horseback wear- letarian world-view. In this direction, the work sented in a sequence that will and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder and influence of the Institute will be invaluable. the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding ing a black shirt as a fascist symbol. The Bri- assist the beginner in the study one per cent or more of total amount of stock If not owned tish bourgeoisie is preparing to meet the crisis of Marxism. It is supplemented by a corporation, the names and addresses of the Individual Moscow Institute, which was founded in by an essay of Borchardt's on owners must be given. If owned by a firm, company or other with a fascist answer, but in doing so the Bri- unincorporated concern, its name and address, as well as December, 1920, at the suggestion of its Marx's theory of crises. those of each individual member, must be given.) W. Z, tish bourgeoisie hides behind its ladies' skirts. Price (paper), . $ .75 Foster, 1113 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111.; J. P. Can- present director, Prof. D. Riazanov, is primarily non, 19 S. Lincoln St., Chicago, 111.: C. E. Kuthenberg, 1113 a research institute. It has set as its aim the W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111.; Max BeBacht, 1113 W. The British labor movement has had some Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111.; Jay Lovestone, 1113 W. creation of the best possible conditions for the Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. almost incredibly intensive development in study of the origin and development of the the- The Menace of Opportunism 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other se- r/ curity holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of total the past few years. Cook, the leader of the ory and practice of scientific socialism, of revo- The revolutionary movement has its dangers amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: (If there from within. Unless it can guard the crystal are none, so state) None. miners' union, has occasion to remind the work- lutionary Communism, as it was created and 4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names formulated by Karl Marx and Frledrich Eng- clearness of the principles and policies that lead of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, ers of England that the troops of the British to power its progress is retarded—and the move- contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders els. The Institute goes farther, however, in or- ment endangered. as they appear upon the books of the company but also, in army are not entirely certain to fire upon the cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon ganizing and directing a comprehensive re- Clarity of principle is essential to correct poli- the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduci- strikers in the probably forthcoming general search program, which finds expression in its cies. This booklet is a splendid contribution to ary relation, the name of the person or corporation for strike. The British workers have learned some- publications. Communist clarity. whom such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two Price $ .15 paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions thing of MacDonald, they have had their Scar- / Working in the face of great practical diffi- under which stockohlders and security holders who do not borough Congress, they have had their Black culties, the Institute has finally been able to appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold Two Speeches by Karl Marx stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona Friday and tsheir Red Friday, and they have been build up a library of over 175,000 volumes, in- fide owner; and this affiant has no reason to believe that any cluding material of utmost importance to the Address to the Communist League in 1850 and other person, association ,or corporation has any interest forced to discuss seriously in the trade unions the inaugural address to the International Work- direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securi- student of the socialist and labor movement. ties than as so stated by him. on regular meeting nights the question of arm- ingmen's Association in 1864. 5. That the average number of copies of each issue of this Special collections covering different aspects of Price (paper), $ .05 publication sold or distributed, thru the mails or otherwise, ing the working class for defense against the to paid subscribers during the six months preceding the date the world movement were bought and the li- shown above is. (This information is required from daily fascism which surely threatens them. brary was organized to be of practical use to THE DAILY WORKER PUB, CO., publications only.) Walt Carmon, the investigator. There are sections devoted to 1113 W. Washington Blvd., Circulation Manager. We do not know, but perhaps the British Marx and Engels, philosophy," political economy, CHICAGO, ILL. Sworn to and subscribed before this 1st day of April, 1926. workers are ready for a very good May Day this sociology, philosophy of law, socialism, foreign (Seal) S. T. Hammersmark, (My commission expires May 22, 1928.) year. affairs, Germany, France, England, a section for 334 MAY, 1926 335

other countries, universal history, magazines IMTERMATIOMAi the first of which is devoted to original investi- tact, and, if possible, coordinate their efforts. WHITHER RUSSIA? TEN DAYS THAT SHOOK and newspapers, a "Plekhanov-Kabinett" devot- Towards Capitalism or THE WORLD gations. In the first volume this division con- Furthermore, there are many difficulties of a ed to Russia, as well as a general reading room. Socialism By JOHN REED. tains, among others, an important contribution practical nature in connection with our work The Institute, however, has not limited its ac- By LEON TROTSKY. Introduction by LENIN. to the history of the First International by Prof. which might thus be alleviated. Let us hope In this new and signifi- The one authentic ac- tivity to collecting material and building up a cant book, the famous count of the Bolshevik Riazanov, "The Founding of the International that the work of the Institute and the Archive Bolshevik leader answers Revolution of November, research library. In addition to its publication the questions raised 1917. $1.50 Workingmen's Association," as well as a study will call forth a wider interest in Marxian schol- activity in Russian, it has undertaken a task, throughout the world as to by A. Deborin, "Dialectics in Kant," the first of arship in this country. Russia's future. He gives HISTORICAL MATER- the accomplishment of which would in itself be a complete account of the IALISM a series by the same author, on the history of A. Landy, a great practical contribution to the scientific, strides which Russia is A System of Sociology dialectics. making toward rebuilding By NIKOLAI BUKHARIX. The University of Wisconsin. and consequently to the popular study of the its economic life, and an- All the natural and social The second section is given over to unpublish- founders of scientific socialism, namely, the in- alyzes the direction of Rus- phenomena closely scru- sia's development. $1.50 tinized and interpreted ed manuscripts of Marx and Engels as mention- ternational scientific edition of the complete from the materialist view- ed above. Under this head the present volume OIL IMPERIALISM point. S3.25 works of Marx and Engels. The International Struggle brings the first part of a hitherto unpublished Its Russian publications embrace the collected for Petroleum SOCIAL FORCES IN AM- By LOUIS FISCHER. ERICAN HISTORY manuscript, the "German Ideology," namely, works of the classics of modern socialism, Las- The inside story of the By A. M. SIMONS. "Karl Marx and Fr. Engels on Feurbach," which, salle, Plekhanov, Lafargue, Labriola, Mehring, rivalry between American The standard economic according to Prof. Riazanov, embodies the first COMINQ and British oil interests for interpretation of the origin Zasulitsch, Aside from this "Library of Scien- Russian oil. The author and growth of the Ameri- development of Marx's ideas on historical ma- tific Socialism," a popular series, suitaJble to the presents sensational dis- can nation. $1.60 in the June Issue: closures of the diplomatic terialism. The manuscript, which Prof. Riazan- purposes of the high schools of the Soviet Un- manceuvers in behalf of HISTORY OF THE FAB- ov dates as 1845, leads him to conclude that the the great oil interests IAN SOCIETY ion, has been issued. Similarity, the Institute in the effort to get con- theory of historic materialism as it was devel- AND THE has undertaken the publication of a philosophic, trol of the oil resources of By EDWARD R. PEASE. the world. $2.00 The political ideas and oped in "The Poverty of Philosophy" and "The MARX TEADE UNIONS economic and socialistic series in the Russian work of such prominent Communist Manifesto" by Marx and Engels was language, giving young Marxists the opportun- LEFT WING UNIONISM Fabian as George Bernard A translation of an unusual analysis of By DAVID J. SAPOSS. Shaw, H. G. Wells, and formulated not later than the fall of that year others. |2.50 ity to thoroly study the predecessors of Marx. A study of radical poli- (1845). the founder of Communispi on the The first of these series, the "Library of Ma- cies and tactics in Ameri- WHITHER ENGLAND? can labor unions, with spe- In section three, the Archive will print docu- question of trade unions. terialism," embodies the main classics of philo- cial reference to "boring By LEON TROTSKY. from within," amalgama- A brilliant analysis of ments on the history of socialism and the labor sophic materialism, a special series being de- tion and other questions England's approaching eco- movement, especially those concerned with the voted to the "Selected Works of Hegel." In a affecting the Socialists, nomic decline and a shat- ROBERT MINOR Communists and the I. W. tering prophecy of the im- biography of Marx and Engels, and above all "Library of Economic Classics," are included W. • $1.60 pending conflict between their correspondence with their pupils and with In an article weighing the step of pro- Petty, the Physiocrats, Smith, Ricardo, Mill and England and the United ARE THE JEWS A States, $1.75 people holding views similar to their own. The gress taJcen ~by the American Negro Rodbertus, a complete edition of Ricardo's RACE? first volume prints the brief correspondence be- worker. works to be published first. The third series By KARL, KAUTSKY. LITERATURE and REV- In this penetrating book OLUTION tween the Russian revolutionist, Vera Zasulitsch will offer the works of the most important Uto- Karl Kautsky discusses the By LEON TROTSKY. fundamental questions af- A brilliant criticism of and Karl Marx, in which the former, on behalf pian socialists. In spite of the many hindrances, fecting the Jews. What is present-day literary group- of her Russian comrades, requests Marx's opin- CHAS. E. RUTHENBERG the Institute has been aible to publish 39 volumes the truth of the Jewish ings in Russia and a dis- claim of race? What are cussion of the relation of ion concerning the revolutionary role of the Secretary of the Workers (Communist) in Russian within the last three years. the causes of anti-Semit- art to life. $2.50 ism? What is the future peasant communes of Russia. Party, on the greatly important sessions of Zionism? $2.50 THE NEW THEATER of the Enlarged Executive Committee the least of its publications, however, is AND CINEMA OF SO- A fourth section is devoted to criticisms and the Marx-Engels Archive, the first volume BROKEN EARTH VIET RUSSIA reviews of the literature of Marxism and to the of the Communist International. By MAURICE HINDUS By HUNTLY CARTER. history of the labor movement. In this division of which appeared in October, 1925, and which An unusual and engross- A veritable encyclopedia These will be welcomed by every serious student of ing account of the Russian of the Russian theater to- the present volume includes, among other peasant and his life in the day. $6.00 things, a review of the newer writings on his- Marx and Engels. It is published independent- new social and economic And Other Articles order. FOUNDATIONS OF torical materialism. ly in Russian and German under the able edi- CHRISTIANITY storship of Prof. Riazanov. EDUCATION IN SOVIET By KARL KAUTSKY Finally, the Archive has undertaken a task Will featiire the June Issue of RUSSIA A detailed investigation The Archive, following the aims of the Insti- By SCOTT NEARING. into the origin of the which forms one of its most gratifying divisions, tute, dedicates itself to the study of Marx and A flrst-hand account of Christian Church from the namely, its attempt at a systematic bibliography the achievements and plans materialistic viewpoint. THE WORKERS MONTHLY Engels. It embraces the history of Marxism, of Russia's new education- $4.00 of Marxism. The bibliography, covering the last al program. $1.50 sixty pages of the first volume (550 pages in its theory and practice, and, in a narrower sense CO - OPERATIVE MOVE- RENEW SUBSCRIBE all Marx-Engels research, namely, the critical- MENT IN ITALY all), includes the literature on Marx, Engels, and SELECTED ESSAYS By E. A. LLOYD. scientific treatment of the life-history and es- By KARL MARX. A thorough and scienti- Marxism since the World War. It is excellent- 2.00 a Year $1.25, Six Months pecially the practical-political activity of Marx A selection of the early fic investigation of the ly printed and conveniently arranged; and tho it essays of Karl Marx. forms and the extent of 1113 W. WASHINGTON BLVD., and Engels. » Among them are included co-operative organization is far from complete—it is especially inadequate CHICAGO, ILL. essays on the Jews, French in Italy at the present The Institute has set as the goal of the Ar- Materialism, Proudhon, the time. $1.75 in its English and American references — it Hegelian philosophy, the promises much for Marxian scholarship and chive the unification of the scientific research English revolution and work of all Marxists. It "gladly opens its pages other subjects. $1.75 AT ALL proletarian science. The individual worker will Enclosed $ for months sub- BOOK scription to the Workers Monthly. to every serious scientific investigation of the CHAINS STORES find it an invaluable aid. problems developed by Marx and Engels." By HENRI BARBUSSE. Write for Unhappily, the appreciation of the need for In addition, it will print unpublished manu- A novel of imposing Complete scientific research and Marxian scholarship is Name . sweep and scope. 2 vols. Catalog scripts of Marx and Engels which will later be $4.00 not very widespread in the American movement. included in the collected works; it will also Nevertheless, it is essential to encourage all Street report on the activity of the Marx-Engels Insti- INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS CO. those who feel an inclination towards such tute. 381 FOURTINCORPORATEH AVENUE NED W YORK work. It is very desirable that those interested City ... State.. The Archive is divided into several sections, or engaged in Marxian research maintain con- The Favorite Restaurant of Radicals and Their Friends "JOHN'S" Italian Dishes a Specialty 302 E. 12th STREET, BROOKLYN BRANCH. NEW YORK CITY 7 Willoughby St. Popular For Its Good Food, Reasonable Prices and Interesting Companionship DICTATORSHIP vs. DEMOCRACY — Private Dining Room for Parties — By Leon Trotsky John Pucciatti, Prop. Phone Stuyvesant 3816 This book which has gone into many editions in all languages is a classic on the subject writ- ten by one of the most brilliant writers in the world Communist Movement. Paper, 50 Cents. Cloth, $1.00. COMMUNIST THEORY AND, PRACTICE OF LENINISM And All Labor Publications By I. Stalin — From — An important work on Communist theory and ENGLAND AND AMERICA practice during the period that Lenin lived and led—the period of Capitalist Imperialism. Writ- And a ten by a close co-worker of Lenin—the present Few Thousand Books at Reduced Prices Secretary of the Russian Communist Party. 78 pp. Duroflex Covers, 35 Cents.

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Second Issue American Labor Year Book "International 1926 One of Three Food Relief Stations Supported by the INTERNATIONAL WORKERS' AID.

of Youth" 568 pages :: Octavo :: Cloth Bound In Passaic, New Jersey JUST ARRIVED! Where the sun shines upon dire want and misery—18,000 men, women, and young workers CONTENTS: Lenin on "War, speech at the Soviet are on the picket line—they have been there for twelve long weeks, in active combat against Congress—Lenin and the Youth, by R. Schueller— Complete record of Labor's ac- starvation wages. They do not fear police clubs, tear gas, imprisonment—but The Anti-Christian Movement in China, by N. Fokin tivities during the past year: In- —Austrian Youth Address to Youth of the World on dustrial Conditions — Trade Un- They Must Have Food! the Occasion of Their Visit to the U, S. S. R.—Re- port of Y. C. L. Congress in France—Our Achieve- ionism—Strikes and Lockouts- 60,000 human beings depend upon their fellow workers and friends to help them keep the wolf ments, by V. Bulakh—The Frankfurt Olympiad and Political Action—The Courts and from the door—while they are fighting for a living wage and the right to be organized. Workers' Sports, by Milanovitch. Labor — Workers' Education —

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