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The Taiwanese Hotel Sector's Response to Climate Change

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The Taiwanese Hotel Sector's Response to Climate Change The Taiwanese Hotel Sector’s Response to Climate Change: Environmental Behaviours and Practices A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Management, Marketing, and Entrepreneurship in the University of Canterbury by Y. P. SU University of Canterbury 2014 ii Table of Contents Tables ..............................................................................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................................................ viii Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................................................. ix Papers Published From This Research ............................................................................................................................................ x List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 Introduction: Tourism and Hospitality Response to Climate Change ................................................... 1 Chapter 2 A Review of Hotel Industry Environmental Practices and Response to Climate Change .......... 24 Chapter 3 A Review of Taiwanese Hotel Industry Environmental Practices and Response to Climate Change ............................................................................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter 4 Method ............................................................................................................................................................................ 86 Chapter 5 Research Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 108 Chapter 6 Research Analysis: Hotel Characteristics and Environmental Behaviour ..................................... 134 Chapter 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................ 193 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 203 Appendix A: EPA (2012) Green Mark Criteria ....................................................................................................................... 247 Appendix B: Survey ............................................................................................................................................................................ 249 Appendix C: Ethical clearance letter from University of Canterbury Ethics Committee .................................... 259 iii Tables 1.1 Key findings of the IPCC with respect to the physical science of climate change ................................... 4 1.2 Key findings of the IPCC with respect to future global and regional climate change ............................ 5 1.3 Distribution of emissions from tourism by subsector, 2005 ............................................................................ 8 1.4 International tourism arrivals and forecasts 1950-2030 (millions) ............................................................ 9 1.5 Global international and domestic tourist arrivals 2005-2030 ................................................................... 10 1.6 Climate change projections for Asian regions by 2100.................................................................................... 11 1.7 Summary of climate change impacts on the Asian tourism industry ........................................................ 14 1.8 UNWTO-UNEP (2008) recommended measures for mitigation responses in accommodation establishments ................................................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Energy use and carbon emissions in the accommodation sector (analyzed by countries) ............. 25 2.2 Energy use in the accommodation sector (analyzed by hotel standard) ................................................. 26 2.3 Water use in the accommodation sector ................................................................................................................ 26 2.4 Examples of research on the adoption of a written environmental policy in the hotel industry . 46 2.5 Examples of research on hotel participation in green certification ........................................................... 49 2.6 Examples of research on hotel designation of an environmental manager ............................................ 49 2.7 Examples of research on hotel implementation of energy saving measures ......................................... 52 2.8 Examples of research on hotel implementation of green energy, transport and education ........... 53 2.9 Examples of research on hotel implementation of waste management measures ............................. 54 2.10 Examples of research on hotel implementation of water management measures ............................. 56 2.11 Examples of research on hotel implementation of green purchasing ....................................................... 58 2.12 Examples of research regarding to hotel implementation of environmental education, community involvement, incentives and marketing ......................................................................................... 60 2.13 Examples of research on hotel business responding to climate change .................................................. 65 3.1 Examples of impacts of high-magnitude and climate change attributed events on Taiwan’s tourism industry................................................................................................................................................................ 71 3.2 The index of inbound visitors and tourism income in Taiwan ..................................................................... 74 3.3 Energy consumption and carbon emissions in the Taiwan accommodation sector ........................... 75 3.4 Summary of Taiwan’s policies with respect to climate change and environment ............................... 79 3.5 Examples of research on environment management in the Taiwanese hospitality industry ........ 81 4.1 The classification standard of Taiwanese hotels ................................................................................................ 88 4.2 Regions of Taiwan ............................................................................................................................................................ 88 4.3 Criteria for star rating accreditation ........................................................................................................................ 89 4.4 Profile of international chain hotels in Taiwan ................................................................................................... 90 4.5 Questions on the perception and attitude of tourism and hotel businesses in response to environment and climate change .............................................................................................................................. 92 4.6 Questions on the actions of tourism and hotel businesses in response to environmental and climate change .................................................................................................................................................................... 94 iv 4.7 Questions on the factors that influence tourism and hotel business response to environmental and climate change ........................................................................................................................................................... 95 4.8 Key variables affecting hotel environmental behaviour ................................................................................ 98 4.9 Definitions of hotel size adopted in hotel and environment studies ...................................................... 100 4.10 Reliability coefficients for perception, attitude, action, influential-factor scales ............................. 103 4.11 Correlation and internal consistency of perception scale ........................................................................... 103 4.12 Correlation and internal consistency of attitude scale ................................................................................. 104 4.13 Correlation and internal consistency of action scale ..................................................................................... 105 4.14 Correlation and internal consistency of influential-factor scale............................................................... 106 5.1 Response rate of this survey ..................................................................................................................................... 108 5.2 Distribution of total number of hotels and hotel respondents by location .......................................... 108 5.3 Profile of hotel respondents .....................................................................................................................................
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