On the Total Edge Irregularity Strength of Generalized Butterfly Graph

Hafidhyah Dwi Wahyuna and Diari Indriati Department of , Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia E-mail: [email protected], diari [email protected]

Abstract. Let G(V,E) be a connected, simple, and undirected graph with V and edge set E. A total k-labeling is a map that carries vertices and edges of a graph G into a set of positive labels {1, 2, ..., k}. An edge irregular total k-labeling λ : V (G) ∪ E(G) → {1, 2, ..., k} of a graph G is a total k-labeling such that the weights calculated for all edges are distinct. The weight of an edge uv in G, denoted by wt(uv), is defined as the sum of the label of u, the label of v, and the label of uv. The total edge irregularity strength of G, denoted by tes(G), is the minimum value of the largest label k over all such edge irregular total k- labelings. A generalized butterfly graph, BFn, obtained by inserting vertices to every wing with assumption that sum of inserting vertices to every wing are same then it has 2n + 1 vertices and 4n − 2 edges. In this paper, we investigate the total edge irregularity strength of generalized ≥ ⌈ 4n ⌉ butterfly graph, BFn, for n 2. The result is tes(BFn) = 3 .

1. Introduction Let G(V,E) be a connected, simple, and undirected graph with vertex set V and edge set E. A labeling of a graph G is a mapping that carries a set of graph elements into a set of positive , called labels (Wallis [8]). If the domain of mapping is a vertex set, or an edge set, or a union of vertex and edge sets, then the labeling is called vertex labeling, edge labeling, or total labeling, respectively. In Gallian’s survey [2], he showed that there were various kinds of labelings on graphs, and one of them was an irregular total labeling. Baˇca et al. [1] introduced the notion of a total k-labeling, an edge irregular total k- labeling, and a vertex irregular total k-labeling. For a graph G(V,E), they defined a labeling f : V ∪ E → {1, 2, ..., k} to be a total k-labeling. An edge irregular total k-labeling with vertex set V and edge set E is a labeling λ : V (G) ∪ E(G) → {1, 2, ..., k} such that for two different edges e = uivj and f = ukvl then their weight wt(e) ≠ wt(f). The weight of an edge uv in G, denoted by wt(uv), is defined as the sum of the label of u, the label of v, and the label of uv, that is wt(uv) = λ(u) + λ(uv) + λ(v). Furthermore, Baˇca et al. [1] also defined the total edge irregularity strength of G, denoted by tes(G), as the minimum value of the largest label k over all such edge irregular total k-labelings. They also gave a lower bound and an upper bound on tes(G) with vertex set V and a non-empty edge set E, ⌈ ⌉ |E| + 2 ≤ tes(G) ≤ |E|. (1) 3 Many researchers have investigated tes(G) to some graph classes. By then, there are some result related to the tes(G). Baˇca et al. [1] proved tes(G) of paths, cycles, stars, wheels, and ⌈ n+2 ⌉ ⌈ n+1 ⌉ ⌈ 2n+2 ⌉ friendship graphs, that are, tes(Pn) = tes(Cn) = 3 , tes(Sn) = 2 , tes(Wn) = 3 for ≥ ⌈ 3n+2 ⌉ n 3, and tes(Fn) = 3 . Then, tes(G) of tree G with edge set E and maximum degree △ {⌈ △+1 ⌉ ⌈ |E|+2 ⌉} had been found by Ivanˇco and Jendrol’ [6], that is tes(G) = max 2 , 3 . In 2008, Nurdin et al. [7] proved tes(G) of the corona product of paths with some graphs, namely paths Pn, cycles Cn, stars Sn, gears Gn, friendships Fn, and wheels Wn. Haque [3] in 2012 proved tes(G) of generalized Petersen graphs P (n, k) and Indriati et al. [4] found tes(G) of Helm, Hn, 1 ⌈ 4n+2 ⌉ and disjoint union of t isomorphic helms, tHn. In 2013 Indriati et al. [5] found tes(Hn) = 3 , 2 ⌈ 5n+2 ⌉ m ⌈ (m+3)n+2 ⌉ ≥ ≡ tes(Hn) = 3 , and tes(Hn ) = 3 for n 3 and m 0 (mod 3). Weisstein [9] defined the butterfly graph is a planar undirected graph with 5 vertices and 6 edges. In this paper, we investigate the total edge irregularity strength of generalized butterfly graph, BFn, for n ≥ 2.

2. Main Result A generalized butterfly graph, BFn, obtained by inserting vertices to every wing with assumption that sum of inserting vertices to every wing are same then it has 2n + 1 vertices and 4n − 2 edges. Let the vertex set of BFn be V (BFn) = {vi | i = 0, 1, 2, ..., 2n} and the edge set of BFn be E(BFn) = {(vi, vi+1) | i = 1, 2, ..., n − 1, n + 1, ..., 2n − 1} ∪ {(v0, vi) | i = 1, 2, ..., 2n}. Figure 1 illustrates the generalized butterfly graph BFn. Based on Figure 1, BFn has {v0} as an apex, {v1, v2, v3, ..., v(n−1), vn} as vertices on right wing, and {v(n+1), v(n+2), v(n+3), ..., v(2n−1), v2n} as vertices on left wing.

v(n+1) vn

v(n+2) v(n-1)

v(n+3) v(n-2)

v0

v(2n-2) v3

v(2n-1) v2

v2n v1

Figure 1. The generalized butterfly graph BFn

In the next theorem, we present the total edge irregularity strength of generalized butterfly graph, BFn, for n ≥ 2 as follows: ≥ ⌈ 4n ⌉ Theorem 2.1 For n 2, tes(BFn) = 3 . ≥ ⌈ 4n ⌉ Proof. From the lower bound of total edge irregularity strength we have that tes(BFn) 3 , n ≥ 2. To prove the equality, it is sufficient to show the existence of an edge irregular ⌈ 4n ⌉ ⌈ 4n ⌉ total k1-labeling with k1 = 3 . Let k1 = 3 . Then from inequality (1) it follows that, | | − ≥ ⌈ E(BFn) +2 ⌉ ⌈ (4n 2)+2 ⌉ ⌈ 4n ⌉ ≥ tes(BFn) 3 = 3 = 3 = k1, that is tes(BFn) k1. To prove the reverse inequality, we define a function f1 as follows. Case 1: For n ≡ 2(mod 3), n ≥ 2.

4n f1(v0) = ⌈ ⌉. 3  ≤ ≤ 2n+5  1, for 1 i 3 ; f1(vi) =  − i 2n−1 − 2n+8 ≤ ≤  f1(vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 i(mod 2)), for 3 i 2n.   ≤ ≤ 2n+2  i, for 1 i 3 ;   2n+5 ≤ ≤ − 2, for 3 i n 1; f1(vivi+1) =    ≤ ≤ −  1, for n + 1 i 2n 1.   2n−4 ≤ ≤ 2n+5  3 + i, for 1 i 3 ; f1(v0vi) =  ⌈ 4n ⌉ 2n+8 ≤ ≤  3 , for 3 i 2n.

Case 2: For n ≡ 0(mod 3), n ≥ 3 and n is odd.

4n f1(v0) = ⌈ ⌉. 3  1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 2n ;  3    2n 2n+3  3 , for i = 3 ;   − i−1 2n−3 − 2n+6 ≤ ≤ f1(vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 i(mod 2)), for 3 i n; f1(vi) =     f1(vi−1) + 1, for i = n + 1;    − i 2n+3 − ≤ ≤  f1(vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 i(mod 2)), for n + 2 i 2n.   ≤ ≤ 2n−3  i, for 1 i 3 ;   2n ≤ ≤ − 1, for i = 3 and n + 1 i 2n 1; f1(vivi+1) =    2n+3 ≤ ≤ −  2, for 3 i n 1; .   2n−3 ≤ ≤ 2n+3  3 + i, for 1 i 3 ; f1(v0vi) =  ⌈ 4n ⌉ 2n+6 ≤ ≤  3 , for 3 i 2n.

Case 3: For n ≡ 1(mod 3), n ≥ 4.

4n f (v ) = ⌈ ⌉. 1 0 3   1, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 2n+7 ;  3    − i 2n+1 − ≤ ≤  f1(vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 i(mod 2)), for 6 i 8 and n = 4;     f1(vi−1) + 1, for i = 8 and n = 7; f1(vi) =  − i−1 2n−5 ≤ ≤  f1(vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 + i(mod 2)), for 9 i 14 and n = 7;    2n+10 2n+13  f (v − ) + 1, for ≤ i ≤ and n ≥ 10;  1 i 1 3 3    − i 2n−5 − 2n+16 ≤ ≤ ≥  f1(vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 i(mod 2)), for 3 i 2n and n 10.   i, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 2n+4 ;  3    2n+4 2n+7 ≥  3 , for i = 3 and n 10;   − 2n+10 ≤ ≤ − ≥ f1(vi−1vi) 1, for 3 i n 2 and n 13; f1(vivi+1) =    − ≥  2, for i = n 1 and n 16;     1, for n + 1 ≤ i ≤ 2n − 1.   2n−5 ≤ ≤ 2n+7  3 + i, for 1 i 3 ;   ⌈ 4n ⌉ 2n+10 ≤ ≤ ≥ 3 , for 3 i 2n and n 7; f1(v0vi) =    2n+10 ≤ ≤  5 + i(mod 2), for 3 i 2n and n = 4;

∪ { ⌈ 4n ⌉} It can be seen that the function f1 is a map from V (BFn) E(BFn) into 1, 2, ..., 3 . ⌈ 4n ⌉ Therefore, f1 is a total k1-labeling with k1 = 3 . We observe that the weights of the edges are:   ≤ ≤ −  2 + i, for 1 i n 1; wt(vivi+1) =  ≤ ≤ −  1 + i, for n + 1 i 2n 1.

Case 1: For n ≡ 2(mod 3), n ≥ 2.   ≤ ≤ 2n+5  2n + i, for 1 i 3 ; wt(v0vi) =  − i 2n−1 − 2n+8 ≤ ≤  wt(v0vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 i(mod 2)), for 3 i 2n. Case 2: For n ≡ 0(mod 3), n ≥ 3 and n is odd.   ≤ ≤ 2n  2n + i, for 1 i 3 ;    − i−1 2n−3 2n+3 ≤ ≤  wt(v0vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 + i(mod 2)), for 3 i n; wt(v0vi) =   wt(v0vi−1) + 1, for i = n + 1;    − i 2n+3 − ≤ ≤  wt(v0vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 i(mod 2)), for n + 2 i 2n.

Case 3: For n ≡ 1(mod 3), n ≥ 4.   2n + i, for 1 ≤ i ≤ 2n+7 ;  3    − i 2n−2 − ≤ ≤  wt(v0vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 i(mod 2)), for 6 i 8 and n = 4;     wt(v0vi−1) + 1, for i = 8 and n = 7; wt(v0vi) =  − i−1 2n−5 ≤ ≤  wt(v0vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 + i(mod 2)), for 9 i 14 and n = 7;    2n+10 2n+13  wt(v v − ) + 1, for ≤ i ≤ and n ≥ 10;  0 i 1 3 3    − i 2n−5 − 2n+16 ≤ ≤ ≥  wt(v0vi−1) + ( 1) ( 3 i(mod 2)), for 3 i 2n and n 10.

It can be seen that the weights of edges of BFn under the total k1-labeling, f1, form consecutive integers from 3 to 4n. It means that the weights of all edges are distinct, then we have tes(BFn) ≤ k1. This completes the proof. So, the labeling is an edge irregular total ⌈ 4n ⌉ ⌈ 4n ⌉ ≥ ⊓⊔ k1-labeling with k1 = 3 . Therefore, tes(BFn) = 3 , for n 2.

Figure 2 shows an edge irregular total labeling of BF8.

2 6 1 2 11 7 1 11 1 11 6 3 1 11 11 1 10 5 8 11 1 1 11 11 9 4 41 1 11 8 1 3 11 91 7 1 11 1 6 2 5 5 1 1 1 10 1

Figure 2. An edge irregular total 11-labeling of BF8 3. Concluding Remark Furthermore, we conclude this paper with the following open problem for the direction of further research which is still in progress. Open Problem: Determine the total edge irregularity strength of generalized butterfly graph BFn for n ≥ 3 and n is odd. Then, generalized butterfly graph isomorphic with broken fan graph. Broken fan graph is fan graph which divide into n parts for n = 2. So, determine the total edge irregularity strength of broken fan graph which divide into n parts for n ≥ 3.

Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the support from Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta. Then, we wish to thank the referees for their valuable suggestions and references, which helped to improve the paper.

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