Supplemental Tables

BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) BMJ Open

Supplemental Tables

Yeung E, et al. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047245. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047245 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) BMJ Open

Supplemental Table 1: Cost of Renal Replacement Therapy (in 2016 USD)

Region Country Hemodialysis Peritoneal Kidney Kidney dialysis Transplant Transplant (First year) (later years) Data source Africa Algeria 9152 NA NA NA Abu Aisha & Elamin Africa Burundi 12480 NA NA NA (2010), El Matri et al. Africa Cameroon 1560 NA NA NA (2008), Mahmoud et al. Africa Congo, Dem. Rep. 43902 34165 NA NA (2010), Soliman et al. Africa Egypt, Arab Rep. 3217 6979 7482 5127 (2012), Sumaili et al. Africa Kenya 17736 13302 NA NA (2009), Tshamba et al. Africa Morocco 5282 6812 7357 1500 (2014), van der Tol et al. (2019) Africa Namibia 27159 27159 NA NA Africa Nigeria 23606 35582 21460 NA Africa Senegal 20311 19404 20510 NA Africa South Africa 10736 13302 23827 17870 Africa Sudan 11639 13202 15680 10879 Africa Tanzania 28446 NA NA NA Africa Tunisia 5980 5520 17870 8339 Eastern & Central Europe Albania 15081 11078 NA NA Cala et al. (2007), Erek Eastern & Central Europe Bosnia and 17536 41029 NA NA et al. (2004), Gazdikova Herzegovina K. et al. (2003), Eastern & Central Europe Bulgaria 26598 26871 NA NA Iannazzo et al. (2012), Eastern & Central Europe Croatia 27015 22644 NA NA Kalo et al. (2001), Eastern & Central Europe Czech Republic 21709 24296 NA NA Kandus et al. (2009), Eastern & Central Europe Estonia 36349 47893 NA NA Mogyorosy et al. Eastern & Central Europe Hungary 12673 14155 43045 56844 (2003), Neil et al. Eastern & Central Europe Kosovo 13152 24617 NA NA (2009), Perovic et al. (2009), Ursea et al. Eastern & Central Europe Latvia 15456 16187 NA NA (1997), Vaiciuniene et Eastern & Central Europe Lithuania 16907 20104 NA NA

Eastern & Central Europe Macedonia, FYR 16133 18210 NA NA al. (2005), van der Tol Eastern & Central Europe Montenegro 45592 20514 NA NA et al. (2019), Vazelov et Eastern & Central Europe Poland 16899 21488 NA NA al. (2004), Wordsworth Eastern & Central Europe Romania 18445 14271 NA NA et al. (2005) Eastern & Central Europe Serbia 31269 18258 16385 14021 Eastern & Central Europe Slovak Republic 21744 24617 NA NA Eastern & Central Europe Slovenia 49720 33644 109180 14124 Eastern & Central Europe Turkey 27290 20786 30962 13273 Latin America & the Argentina 15600 18000 21207 NA Aimaretti & Arze Caribbean (2016), Arredondo et Latin America & the Aruba 75660 82284 NA NA al. (1998), Arze & Caribbean Zambrana (2016), Latin America & the Bolivia 20701 16732 13784 NA Balshaw et al. (2005), Caribbean CortesSanabria et al. Latin America & the Brazil 18724 24358 7458 NA (2013), Cueto-Manzano Caribbean & Rojas-Campos Latin America & the Chile 22758 20524 NA NA (2007), de Abreu et al. Caribbean (2013), Gadola et al. Latin America & the Colombia 16701 16919 16890 NA (2008), Hurtado et al. Caribbean (2005), Neil et al. Latin America & the Costa Rica 61791 21900 21600 NA (2009), Pacheco et al. Caribbean (2007), Pecoits-Filho et Latin America & the Curaçao 58500 33580 NA NA al. (2009), Rafael Caribbean Alberto Gomez (2006), Latin America & the Guyana 39695 NA NA NA Rosselli et al. (2015), Caribbean Sesso et al. (1990 & Latin America & the Mexico 16148 10927 15913 4294 2007), van der Tol et al. Caribbean (2019), VillarrealRios et Latin America & the Panama 20721 20075 NA NA al. (2014) Caribbean

Latin America & the Paraguay 14040 15330 NA NA Caribbean Latin America & the Peru 10673 13870 NA NA Caribbean Latin America & the Uruguay 18207 15277 NA NA Caribbean Middle East Bahrain 41535 NA 18361 7345 Al Arrayed et al. (2000), Middle East Iran, Islamic Rep. 13619 13026 11129 NA Ali et al. (2008), Al- Middle East Jordan 15860 9855 26839 14058 Jedai et al. (2012), Al Middle East Lebanon 19489 20075 NA NA Saran & Sabry (2012), Middle East Saudi Arabia 50739 42444 113935 15272 Al-Shdaifat et al. Middle East United Arab Emirates 59346 99280 NA NA (2013), Batieha et al. Middle East West Bank and Gaza 17259 NA 17465 3176 (2007), Mahdawi- Mazdeh et al. (2008), Najafi et al. (2010), Nourbala et al.(2007), Rizk et al. (2016), van der Tol et al. (2019), Younis et al. (2015) NIS & Russia Belarus 5070 6789 NA NA van der Tol et al. (2019) NIS & Russia Georgia 5876 10064 NA NA NIS & Russia Russian Federation 14882 23640 NA NA North American Barbados 25374 NA NA NA Barnieh et al. (2014), North American Canada 73789 44434 82852 22168 Berger et al. (2009), North American United States 88395 68139 35325 NA Bruns et al. (1998), Coyte et al. (1996), Damien et al. (2016), De Vecchi et al. (1994), Goeree et al. (1995), Klarenbach et al. (2014), Komenda et al.

(2012), Laupacis et al. (1996), Lee et al. (2002), McMurray and Miller (1997), Neil et al. (2009), Rivara & Mehrotra (2014), Shih et al. (2005), van der Tol et al. (2019) North and East Asia China 22617 8122 25356 NA Fukuhara et al. (2007), North and East Asia Hong Kong SAR, 35074 15199 NA NA Hu et al. (1998), Kwon China et al. (2011), Lee et al. North and East Asia Japan 52834 58103 43374 22886 (2014), Li & Chow North and East Asia Korea, Rep. 19812 15330 50613 35765 (2001), Neil et al. North and East Asia Mongolia NA NA NA 5392 (2009), Shimizu et al. (2012), Tumurbaatar et al. (2012), van der Tol et al. (2019), Yu et al. (2007) Oceania & South East Asia Australia 57183 49099 34894 10269 Agar et al. (2005), Oceania & South East Asia Brunei Darussalam 20205 23464 NA NA Ashton & Marshall Oceania & South East Asia Cambodia 8760 NA NA NA (2007), Bavanandan et Oceania & South East Asia Indonesia 10140 8134 19743 2956 al. (2015), Hooi et al. Oceania & South East Asia Malaysia 10386 9977 20396 5385 (2005), Howard et al. Oceania & South East Asia Myanmar 7169 14339 4302 NA (2009), Khoe et al. Oceania & South East Asia New Zealand 41390 28788 38642 19117 (2017), Komenda et al. (2012), Li & Chow Oceania & South East Asia Philippines 6578 6191 7821 5605 (2001), Lim et al. Oceania & South East Asia Singapore 28532 15547 43901 16479 (1999), Morad et al. Oceania & South East Asia Thailand 24996 23267 8603 5736 (2005), Naidas et al. Oceania & South East Asia Vietnam 28559 16479 4575 NA (1998), Neil et al. (2009), Prodjosudjadi

(2006), Tan et al. (2005), Teerawattanon et al. (2007), Van Bui (2008), van der Tol et al. (2019), Visith Sitprija (2003), Yang et al. (2016) South Asia Bangladesh 5202 7219 3285 NA Abraham et al. (2008), South Asia India 9849 15538 9238 10367 Hirachan et al. (2010), South Asia Nepal 2727 NA NA NA Jeloka et al. (2012), South Asia Pakistan 4873 8606 NA NA Jindal et al. (2011), South Asia Sri Lanka 26242 8921 NA NA Khanna (2009), Li & Chow (2001), Naqvi (2000), Ranasinghe et al. (2011), Shaikh et al. (2018), Suja et al. (2012), van der Tol et al. (2019) Western Europe Austria 56252 30248 67059 19828 Ardine de Wit et al. Western Europe Belgium 67512 61643 38451 8949 (1998), Baboolal et al. Western Europe Denmark 59576 28102 25836 NA (2008), Barreiro et al. Western Europe Finland 78233 66816 36117 14697 (2011), Benain et al. Western Europe France 85436 69516 114220 26660 (2007), Blotiere et al. Western Europe Germany 76642 51196 101915 20704 (2010), Cantaluppi et Western Europe Greece 45435 56354 63196 10069 al. (2000), Cavallo et al. (2014), Chaib-Eddour Western Europe Iceland 73320 17155 NA NA et al. (2005), Cleemput Western Europe Ireland 60498 36926 NA NA et al. (2010), Cleemput Western Europe Israel 56174 65716 NA NA & Laet (2013), de Western Europe Italy 46912 26254 71461 13969 Francisco (2011), Western Europe Netherlands 103187 67974 71882 14376 Eriksson et al. (2016), Western Europe Norway 50847 19061 33414 22708

Western Europe Portugal 32846 32109 105183 11133 Gonzalez-Perez et al. Western Europe Spain 56602 39414 45487 9562 (2005), Greiner et al. Western Europe Sweden 92285 83193 NA NA (2001), Grun et al. Western Europe Switzerland 67800 47963 NA NA (2003), Haller et al. Western Europe United Kingdom 49690 31505 27971 5226 (2011), Hallinen et al. (2009), Haycox et al. (1996), Iannazzo et al. (2012), Icks et al. (2010), Jakobsen A. et al. (1990), Jensen et al. (2014), Jonsson et al. (2008), Jurgensen et al. (2015), Keller et al. (2007), Kerr et al. (2012), Kirby & Vale (2001), Kleophas & Reichel (2007), Komenda et al. (2012), Kontodimonpoulos & Niakas (2008), Koukou et al. (2017), Lamas et al. (2001), Li et al. (2015), Lorenzo et al. (2010), Luis A. Coentrao (2013), MacKenzie et al. (1998), Maschorek et al. (1998), Moore & Marriott (1999), Moncasi et al. (2011), Pike et al. (2017),

Pontoriero et al. (2007), Rocha MJ et al. (2011), RodriguezCarmona et al. (1996), Sainsaulieu et al. (2014), Salonen et al. (2003), Sanchez- Escuredo et al. (2015), Sennfalt et al. (2002), Sharif & Baboolal (2011), Van Biesen et al. (2007), van der Tol et al. (2019), Villa et al. (2011, 2012), Weydevelt et al. (1999), Wikstrom et al. (2007)

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Supplemental Table 2: Funding for medications among patients on KRT across regions Category No. of All Dialysis Patients Responding Public Funding Mix of Public and Private Funding Multiple Other n(%) Countries Private Funding Systems n(%) n(%) Free at Point of Some Fees at Out-of- Heath Delivery Point of Delivery pocket Insurance n(%) n(%) n(%) n(%)

Overall 153 62 (41) 32 (21) 35 (23) 15 (10) 2 (1) 5 (3) 2 (1) ISN region Africa 40 9 (23) 6 (15) 12 (30) 10 (25) 1 (3) 2 (5) 0 (0)

Eastern & Central 19 18 (95) 1 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Europe Latin America & 18 5 (28) 3 (17) 8 (44) 1 (6) 0 (0) 1 (6) 0 (0) Caribbean Middle East 11 8 (73) 2 (18) 1 (9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NIS & Russia 7 3 (43) 2 (29) 1 (14) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (14) North America 9 1 (11) 2 (22) 5 (56) 1 (11) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) North & East Asia 7 2 (29) 4 (57) 0 (0) 1 (14) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) OSEA 15 5 (33) 3 (20) 4 (27) 1 (7) 0 (0) 2 13) 0 (0) South Asia 7 2 (29) 1 (14) 3 (43) 1 (14) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Western Europe 20 9 (45) 8 (40) 1 (5) 0 (0) 1 (5) 0 (0) 1 (5) World Bank group Low income 21 4 (19) 2 (10) 5 (24) 10 (48) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Lower-middle 35 8 (23) 7 (20) 13 (37) 3 (9) 1 (3) 3 (9) 0 (0) income Upper-middle 41 22 (54) 5 (12) 11 (27) 1 (2) 0 (0) 1 (2) 1 (2) income High income 56 28 (50) 18 (32) 6 (11) 1 (2) 1 (2) 1 (2) 1 (2)

Supplemental Table 3: Coverage for surgery related to KRT (CVC Insertion)

Category n Central Venous Catheter Insertion Public Funding Mix of Private Funding Multiple Other N/A Free at Point of Some Fees at Public and Out-of- Heath Systems n(%) Delivery n(%) Point of Delivery Private pocket Insurance n(%) n(%) Funding n(%) n(%) n(%)

Overall 159 61 (38) 31 (19) 40 (25) 14 (9) 1 (1) 8 (5) 1 (1) 3 (2) ISN region Africa 42 7 (17) 10 (24) 11 (26) 9 (21) 0 (0) 4 (10) 1 (2) 0 (0) Eastern & Central 19 14 (74) 3 (16) 2 (11) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Europe Latin America & 18 3 (17) 1 (6) 12 (67) 1 (6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (6) Caribbean Middle East 11 9 (82) 1 (9) 1 (9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NIS & Russia 9 6 (67) 2 (22) 0 (0) 1 (11) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) North America 10 3 (30) 1 (10) 4 (40) 1 (10) 1 (10) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) North & East Asia 7 0 (0) 5 (71) 1 (14) 1 (14) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) OSEA 15 5 (33) 1 (7) 5 (33) 1 (7) 0 (0) 2 (13) 0 (0) 1 (7) South Asia 7 1 (14) 1 (14) 3 (43) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (29) 0 (0) 0 (0) Western Europe 21 13 (62) 6 (29) 1 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (5) World Bank group Low income 23 3 (13) 4 (17) 6 (26) 7 (30) 0 (0) 2 (9) 1 (4) 0 (0) Lower-middle 37 8 (22) 7 (19) 10 (27) 5 (14) 0 (0) 6 (16) 0 (0) 1 (3) income Upper-middle 41 15 (37) 9 (22) 14 (34) 2 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (2) income High income 58 35 (60) 11 (19) 10 (17) 0 (0) 1 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (2)

Supplemental Table 4: Coverage for surgery related to KRT (Fistula or Graft Creation)

Category n Fistula or Graft Creation Public Funding Mix of Public Private Funding Multiple Other N/Ab Free at point of Some fees at and Private Out-of- Heath Systems n(%) n(%) delivery point of delivery Funding pocket Insurance n(%) n(%) n(%) n(%) n(%) n(%) Overall 159 64 (40) 22 (14) 38 (24) 18 (11) 3 (2) 6 (4) 3 (2) 5 (3) ISN region Africa 42 8 (19) 5 12) 9 (21) 12 (29) 1 (2) 4 (10) 3 (7) 0 (0) Eastern & Central 19 15 (79) 2 11) 2 (11) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Europe Latin America & 18 3 (17) 1 (6) 11 (61) 1 (6) 1 (6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (6) Caribbean Middle East 11 9 (82) 0 (0) 2 (18) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NIS & Russia 9 6 (67) 2 (22) 0 (0) 1 (11) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) North America 10 2 (20) 1 (10) 4 (40) 1 (10) 1 (10) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (10) North & East Asia 7 0 (0) 5 (71) 1 (14) 1 (14) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) OSEA 15 4 (27) 1 (7) 5 (33) 2 (13) 0 (0) 1 (7) 0 (0) 2 (13) South Asia 7 2 (29) 1 (14) 3 (43) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (14) 0 (0) 0 (0) Western Europe 21 15 (71) 4 (19) 1 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (5) World Bank group Low income 23 4 (17) 2 (9) 1 (4) 10 (43) 1 (4) 2 (9) 3 (13) 0 (0) Lower-middle income 37 9 (24) 6 (16) 10 (27) 6 (16) 0 (0) 4 (11) 0 (0) 2 (5) Upper-middle income 41 15 (37) 5 (12) 17 (41) 2 (5) 1 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (2) High income 58 36 (62) 9 (16) 10 (17) 0 (0) 1 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (3)

Supplemental Table 5: Coverage for surgery related to KRT (PD Catheter Insertion) Category n Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion Public Funding Mix of Public Private Funding Multiple Other N/Ab

Free at point of Some fees at and Private Out-of- Health Systems n(%) n(%) delivery n(%) point of Funding pocket n(%) Insurance n(%) delivery n(%) n(%) n(%) Overall 157 64 (41) 21 (13) 30 (19) 15 (10) 1 (1) 7 (4) 13 (8) 6 (4) ISN region Africa 42 6 (14) 3 (7) 9 (21) 11 (26) 0 (0) 4 (10) 7 (17) 2 (5) Eastern & Central Europe 19 16 (84) 2 (11) 1 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Latin America & 18 3 (17) 1 (6) 11 (61) 1 (6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (6) 1 (6) Caribbean Middle East 11 9 (82) 0 (0) 2 (18) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) NIS & Russia 8 5 (63) 1 (13) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (25) 0 (0) North America 9 4 (44) 0 (0) 2 (22) 0 (0) 1 (11) 0 (0) 2 (22) 0 (0) North & East Asia 7 0 (0) 5 (71) 1 (14) 1 (14) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) OSEA 15 7 (47) 2 (13) 1 (7) 1 (7) 0 (0) 1 (7) 1 (7) 2(13) South Asia 7 1 (14) 1 (14) 2 (29) 1 (14) 0 (0) 2 (29) 0 (0) 0 (0) Western Europe 21 13 (62) 6 (29) 1 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (5) World Bank group Low income 23 2 (9) 2 (9) 3 (13) 8 (35) 0 (0) 3 (13) 4 (17) 1 (4) Lower-middle income 36 7 (19) 5 (14) 8 (22) 5 (14) 0 (0) 4 (11) 4 (11) 3 (8) Upper-middle income 41 20 (49) 4 (10) 11 (27) 2 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (7) 1 (2) High income 57 35 (61) 10 (18) 8 (14) 0 (0) 1 (2) 0 (0) 2 (4) 1 (2)

Supplemental Table 6: Funding models for non-dialysis CKD.

Category Publicly funded Publicly funded by Mix of public Solely Solely private Multiple systems: Other n by government; government but with and private private and through health programs provided by n(%) free at the point some fees at the point funding out-of-pocket insurance government, NGOs, of delivery of delivery systems n(%) n(%) and communities n(%) n(%) n(%) n(%)

Overall 45 (28) 32 (20) 48 (30) 12 (8) 1 (1) 14 (9) 7 (4) 159 ISN region Africa 6 (14) 9 (21) 13 (31) 6 (14) 0 (0) 5 (12) 3 (7) 42 Eastern & Central Europe 11 (58) 4 (21) 3 (16) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (5) 19 Latin America & the 1 (6) 1 (6) 11 (61) 1 (6) 0 (0) 3 (17) 1 (6) 18 Caribbean Middle East 7 (64) 1 (9) 3 (27) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 11 NIS & Russia 4 (44) 1 (11) 1 (11) 2 (22) 0 (0) 1 (11) 0 (0) 9 North America 2 (20) 1 (10) 6 (60) 1 (10) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 10 North & East Asia 2 (29) 2 (29) 2 (29) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (14) 0 (0) 7 Oceania & South East Asia 3 (20) 2 (13) 6 (40) 1 (7) 0 (0) 2 (13) 1 (7) 15 South Asia 1 (14) 1 (14) 2 (29) 1 (14) 0 (0) 2 (29) 0 (0) 7 Western Europe 8 (38) 10 (48) 1 (5) 0 (0) 1 (5) 0 (0) 1 (5) 21 World Bank income group Low income 3 (13) 2 (9) 6 (26) 5 (22) 0 (0) 4 (17) 3 (13) 23 Lower-middle income 7 (19) 9 (24) 8 (22) 6 (16) 0 (0) 5 (14) 2 (5) 37 Upper-middle income 12 (29) 5 (12) 20 (49) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (10) 0 (0) 41 High income 23 (40) 16 (28) 14 (24) 1 (2) 1 (2) 1 (2) 2 (3) 58

Supplemental Table 7: Oversight of ESKD care.

Category Managed or Managed or Managed by Managed by No Other n overseen by a overseen at the individual non- organized n(%) national body provincial, hospitals, trusts, governmental system n(%) regional, or or organizations organizations n(%) state level n(%) (NGOs) only n(%) n(%) Overall 89 (56) 34 (21) 61 (38) 7 (4) 8 (5) 12 (8) 159 ISN region Africa 17 (40) 3 (7) 13 (31) 0 (0) 4 (10) 4 (10) 42 Eastern & Central Europe 16 (84) 3 (16) 5 (26) 1 (5) 0 (0) 1 (5) 19 Latin America & the Caribbean 11 (61) 4 (22) 8 (44) 0 (0) 2 (11) 1 (6) 18 Middle East 10 (91) 3 (27) 1 (9) 1 (9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 11 NIS & Russia 8 (89) 3 (33) 1 (11) 0 (0) 1 (11) 0 (0) 9 North America 3 (30) 2 (20) 7 (70) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 10 North & East Asia 7 (100) 2 (29) 4 (57) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 7 Oceania & South East Asia 8 (53) 7 (47) 11 (73) 3 (20) 1 (7) 0 (0) 15 South Asia 2 (29) 0 (0) 1 (14) 1 (14) 0 (0) 4 (57) 7 Western Europe 7 (33) 7 (33) 10 (48) 1 (5) 0 (0) 2 (10) 21 World Bank income group Low income 6 (26) 1 (4) 8 (35) 1 (4) 3 (13) 5 (22) 23 Lower-middle income 20 (54) 9 (24) 11 (30) 0 (0) 1 (3) 2 (5) 37 Upper-middle income 33 (80) 7 (17) 15 (37) 4 (10) 4 (10) 2 (5) 41 High income 30 (52) 17 (29) 27 (47) 2 (3) 0 (0) 3 (5) 58

Supplementary Figures

Supplemental Figure 1: KRT cost adjustments and standardization

Abbreviations: KRT: kidney replacement therapy; PPP: purchasing power parity; $US: international dollars

*Framework was adopted from a previously published economic study comparing diabetes treatment costs across countries

Adjustment using PPP estimates: PPP refers to a standard price index (exchange rate) by the International Comparison Program that allows for currency and price level standardization between countries. Historical exchange rate refers to the exchange rate between the local study currency and international dollars in the year the study was conducted (or 1 year prior to study publication if the study year is not stated).

Yeung E, et al. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047245. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047245