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TUGAS KONSEP CLOUD COMPUTING NAMA : RIZAL KURNIAWAN NIM : 145410039 / S1 – TI Teknologi Web Aplikasi web adalah suatu aplikasi yang berbentuk klien/server yang dapat membentuk halaman-halaman web berdasarkan permintaan pemakai. Klien adalah pemakai yang meminta halaman web, sedangkan server adalah penyedia layanan yang melayani permintaan dari pemakai. Klien dan server berhubungan dalam suatu jaringan Internet atau Intranet. Web dapat diakses oleh berbaga iplatform dengan menggunakan browser, misalnya Internet Explorer,Mozilla,Opera, dan lain-lain. Model dari aplikasi web dapat kita lihat seperti pada gambar di bawah : Proses pengaksesan suatu web yaitu klien melakukan permintaan suatu halaman web kepada server, kemudian server akan mencari halaman yang diminta dan mengembalikannya dalam bentuk kode kode HTML. Kode-kode HTML ini akan didownload oleh komputer klien dan kemudian akan diterjemahkan oleh browser menjadi suatu tampilan halaman web.Aplikasi web dibangun oleh 2 jenis scripting yaitu sebagai berikut: a. Server Side Scripting Pemrograman dari sisi server maksudnya adalah membuat kode-kode program yang hanya dieksekusi di server menjadi bentuk tag-tag HTML untuk dikirim ke klien. Tag-tag inilah yang akan diterjemahkan oleh browser klien menjadi halaman web. Kode-kode program ini tidak akan kelihatan di klien.Contoh bahasa pemrograman dari sisi serveryaitu seperti PHP, ASP, JSP dan lainnya.Bahasa pemrograman ini digunakan untuk membuat suatu halaman web menjadi dinamis. b. Client Side Scripting Pemrograman web dari sisi klien maksudnya adalah membuat kode- kode program yang dieksekusi di klien khususnya olehbrowser.Kode-kode program ini bisa dilihat oleh klien.Contoh bahasa pemrograman dari sisi klien yaitu HTML, javascript, CSS. HTML adalah tag-tag yang diterjemahkan oleh browser untuk membentuk secara visual suatu halaman web. HTML sekarang dikembangkan menjadi eXtensible HyperText MarkupLanguage (XHTML), sebuah versi yang lebih matang dan stabil. XHTML datang bersama beberapa cara dan pemikiran yang baru mengenai tag dalam halaman web. Aturan aturan dalam XHTML lebih ketat dibandingkan HTML dari segi cara penulisan.XHTML dapat merupakan perpaduan antara HTML dan XML karenamerupakan formulasi ulang HTML dalambentuk XML. Sekarang ini, XHTML menjadi standar suatu web berdasarkan rekomendasi W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). CSS dan javascript adalah bahasa program untuk membuat tampilan web menjadi interaktif.CSS dan javascript disisipkan di antara sintaksHTML.Berbagai contoh aplikasi web yaitu seperti mesin pencari atau search TUGAS KONSEP CLOUD COMPUTING NAMA : RIZAL KURNIAWAN NIM : 145410039 / S1 – TI engine(google,yahoo), tokoonline(amazon), situs berita(detikcom), layanan akademis perguruan tingg i(website IT Telkom) dan lain-lain. Beberapa konsep dasar pemrograman berbasis web (Hariyanto, 2004), yaitu : 1. Komunikasi antara web browser dan web server berdasarkan protokol HTTP. 2. Dokumen dan semua sumber daya apapun di jaringan yang dikehendaki diidentifikasi dengan Universal Resource Locator (URL). 3. Dokumen web ditulis berdasarkan standar HTML. 4. Pemrograman dilakukan dari sisi Client (client-side scripting ) 5. Pemrograman dilakukan dari sisi server (server-side cripting/programming). Standar Teknologi Web Secara umum teknologi disain web terbagi menjadi beberapa layer (lapisan), yaitu structural layer, presentation layer dan behavioral layer. Structural layer Layer ini berhubungan dengan struktur dokumen dokumen web. Bagaimana sebuah dokumen tersusun, format apa yang dipakai, tanda atau mark up apa yang digunakan merupakan bagian dari layer ini. Standar teknologi yang direkomendasikan saat ini adalah Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) dan Extensible Markup Language (XML). XHTML adalah HTML versi terakhir (4.01) yang ditulis ulang dengan dengan aturan-aturan yang lebih ketat mengacu pada XML. Sedangkan XML adalah sekumpulan aturan untuk menyusun bahasa markup. Presentation layer Layer ini berhubungan dengan bagaimana mengatur tampilan dokumen pada layar, suara yang keluar, atau bagaimana format pencetakan dokumen. Pada teknologi web lama bagian ini menyatu dengan structural layer. Tapi pada standar baru, layer ini disarankan untuk dipisah. Yang termasuk teknologi ini adalah Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). Behavioral layer Layer ini berhubungan dengan masalah penggunaan bahasa skrip dan pemrogramannya untuk tujuan meningkatkan sisi interaktif dan dinamis halaman web. Yang termasuk dalam layer ini adalah Document Object Model (DOM) dan JavaScript. DOM memungkinkan suatu dokumen atau skrip untuk mengakses atau meng-update isi, struktur, dan style dari dokumen. JavaScript merupakan teknologi yang cukup lama dan tetap digunakan untuk menambah dokumen menjadi lebih interaktif. Web Statis dan Web Dinamis Halaman web dapat digolongkan menjadi web statis dan web dinamis. Pengertian web statis dan web dinamis seringkali mengundang perdebatan. Sebagian pengguna internet menyatakan TUGAS KONSEP CLOUD COMPUTING NAMA : RIZAL KURNIAWAN NIM : 145410039 / S1 – TI jika pada halaman-halaman web dilengkapi dengan animasi yang bergerak maka disebut web dinamis sedangkan jika halaman-halaman web tersebut hanya berisi teks dan gambar yang tidak bergerak maka disebut web statis. Namun berdasarkan kesepakatan maka pengertian statis dan dinamis tidak ditentukan oleh ada atau tidaknya animasi bergerak pada halaman- halaman web, tetapi ditentukan oleh isi atau informasi yang ada pada halaman-halaman tersebut. Data dan informasi yang ada pada web statis tidak berubah-ubah. Dokumen web yang dikirim kepada client akan sama isinya dengan apa yang ada di webserver. Sedangkan web dinamis, memiliki data dan informasi yang berbeda-beda tergantung input apa yang disampaikan client. Dokumen yang sampai di client akan berbeda dengan dokumen yang ada di webserver. Contoh paling mudah untuk membedakan web statis dan web dinamis adalah bila kalian membuka situs Google. Halaman awal adalah statis karena kita tidak melihat perubahan isi atau informasi. Halaman ini baik di komputer client maupun di webserver akan sama. Namun begitu kita memasukkan kata pada textbox yang tersedia kemudian menekan tombol search maka kita sedang berinteraksi dengan webserver Google. Webserver akan mengirimkan halaman web sesuai yang diminta oleh client. Tampilan di sisi client akan berupa daftar alamat dan keterangannya. Sedangkan di sisi server isi dokumennya adalah serangkain kode-kode untuk mencari apa yang diinputkan client. Automatic Computing Otomatis Computing Mesin (ACE) adalah desain komputer awal elektronik yang disimpan- program yang diproduksi oleh Alan Turing atas undangan John R. Womersley, pengawas dari Divisi Matematika dari National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Penggunaan kata Mesin adalah untuk menghormati Charles Babbage dan Difference Engine dan Analytical Mesin. Desain teknis Turing Usulan Elektronik Kalkulator adalah produk dari karya teoretisnya pada tahun 1936 "On Computable Numbers" [1] dan pengalaman masa perang di Bletchley Park di mana komputer Colossus telah berhasil memecahkan kode militer Jerman. Dalam makalahnya tahun 1936, Turing dijelaskan idenya sebagai "universal mesin komputasi", tetapi sekarang dikenal sebagai mesin Turing Universal. Pada 19 Februari 1946 Turing mempresentasikan makalah rinci untuk National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Komite Eksekutif, memberikan desain yang cukup lengkap pertama dari sebuah komputer disimpan-program. Namun, karena ketat dan tahan lama kerahasiaan di sekitar pekerjaan Bletchley Park, ia dilarang (karena Official Secrets Act) dari menjelaskan bahwa ia tahu bahwa ide-idenya bisa diimplementasikan dalam perangkat elektronik. Desain EDVAC lebih terkenal disajikan dalam Draft Pertama Laporan di EDVAC (tanggal 30 Juni 1945), oleh John von Neumann, yang tahu pekerjaan teoritis Turing, menerima banyak publisitas, meskipun sifatnya tidak lengkap dan kurangnya dipertanyakan atribusi sumber dari beberapa ide. TUGAS KONSEP CLOUD COMPUTING NAMA : RIZAL KURNIAWAN NIM : 145410039 / S1 – TI Laporan Turing di ACE ditulis pada akhir 1945 dan termasuk rinci diagram sirkuit logis dan perkiraan biaya £ 11.200. Dia merasa bahwa kecepatan dan ukuran memori yang penting dan ia mengusulkan memori berkecepatan tinggi apa yang akan saat ini disebut 25 KiB, diakses pada kecepatan 1 MHz. ACE dilaksanakan panggilan subroutine, sedangkan EDVAC tidak, dan apa juga mengatur ACE terpisah dari EDVAC adalah penggunaan Instruksi Disingkat Komputer, bentuk awal dari bahasa pemrograman. Awalnya, direncanakan bahwa Tommy Flowers, insinyur di Stasiun Penelitian Kantor Pos di Dollis Bukit di utara London, yang telah bertanggung jawab untuk membangun komputer Colossus harus membangun ACE, tapi karena kerahasiaan di sekitar prestasi masa perang dan tekanan kerja pasca-perang, ini tidak mungkin. Rekan Turing di NPL, tidak mengetahui tentang Colossus, berpikir bahwa pekerjaan rekayasa untuk membangun ACE lengkap terlalu ambisius, jadi versi pertama dari ACE yang dibangun adalah Pilot Model ACE, versi yang lebih kecil dari desain asli Turing. Pilot ACE memiliki 1.450 termionik katup (tabung vakum), dan digunakan merkuri delay baris untuk memori utama. Masing-masing dari 12 jalur delay bisa menyimpan 32 instruksi atau kata-kata data 32 bit. Ini menjalankan program pertama pada 10 Mei 1950, dimana pada saat itu komputer tercepat di dunia dengan kecepatan clock 1 MHz. Implementasi kedua dari desain ACE adalah MOSAIC (Departemen Pasokan Integrator otomatis dan Komputer). Ini dibangun oleh Allen Coombs dan William Chandler dari Dollis Bukit
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  • Network Virtualization: State of the Art and Research Challenges N.M

    Network Virtualization: State of the Art and Research Challenges N.M

    1 Network Virtualization: State of the Art and Research Challenges N.M. Mosharaf Kabir Chowdhury and Raouf Boutaba, University of Waterloo Abstract—Recently network virtualization has been pushed forward by its proponents as a long term solution to the gradual ossification problem faced by the existing Internet and proposed to be an integral part of the next-generation networking paradigm. By allowing multiple heterogeneous network architectures to cohabit on a shared physical substrate, network virtualization provides flexibility, promotes diversity, and promises security and increased manageability. However, many technical issues stand in the way toward its successful realization. This article investigates the past and the state of the art in network virtualization along with the future challenges that must be addressed to realize a viable network virtualization environment. F 1 INTRODUCTION 2.1 Virtual Local Area Network A virtual local area network (VLAN) is a group of logically In recent years, the concept of network virtualization has networked hosts with a single broadcast domain regardless attracted significant attention in the debate on how to model of their physical connectivity. All frames in a VLAN bear a the next-generation networking paradigm that can replace the VLAN ID in the MAC header, and VLAN-enabled switches existing Internet. Architectural purists view network virtual- use both the destination MAC address and the VLAN ID to ization as a tool for evaluating new architectures; whereas, forward frames. Since VLANs are based on logical instead pluralists conceive virtualization as a fundamental diversifying of physical connections, network administration, management, attribute of the next-generation architecture itself [1].