Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

A Review on Procumbens

Mr. Anil Saini1, Mr. Harish Kumar Soni2 & Mr. Parvesh Gupta3 1Asst. Lect. In Chemistry Dept., Govt. College Barwala. 2Asst. Lect. In Chemistry Dept., P.G. Govt. College Ambala 3Asst. Lect. In Chemistry Dept., R.G. Govt. College Saha Ambala

Abstract: - It is now believed that nature has given 1. Background the cure of every disease in one way or another. The researchers today are emphasizing on Man uses in many ways to meet his basic evaluation and characterization of various plants needs food, clothing and shelter. Plants are also and constituents against a number of diseases known to relieve various diseases in Ayurveda. based on their traditional claims of the plants given Wild Plants supply medicines (antibiotic, in Ayurveda. Nature has been a source of antispasmodics, emetics, anti-cancer, medicinal agents for thousands of years and an antimicrobials etc.), crafts and cosmetics to rural impressive number of modern drugs have been and urban communities (Kokwaro, 1976; Prashant isolated from natural resources. Traditional et al., 2011). India is a country with a vast reserve medicine is an important source of potentially of natural resources and a rich history of traditional useful new compounds for the development of medicine. The different systems of medicinal usage chemotherapeutic agents. The essential values and practiced in India, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, uses of some plants have been worked out and Amchi, Homoeopathy and local health traditions, published, but many of them remain unexplored to utilize a large number of plants for treatment of date. L is a highly valuable human and animal diseases. Those plants used drug and is one of the essential ingredients in the were called as medicinal plants (Gaikwadi et al., most of the compound preparations included in 2003). India officially recognizes over 3000 plants Ayurvedic literature. The phytochemical screening for their medicinal value. It is generally estimated revealed the presence of alkaloids, carotenoids, that over 6000 plants in India are in use in flavonoids (catechins and flavones), fumaric acid, traditional, folk and herbal medicine (Mohd. et al., fl-sitosterol, saponins and tannins. It is richly 2011). endowed with carotenoids, saponins, oleanolic acid Medicinal plants contain numerous biologically and ions like sodium, potassium and calcium. active compounds which are helpful in improving Luteolin, glucoluteolin, quercetin and isoquercetin the life and treatment of diseases (Shivananda, have been reported from its flowers. The leaf juice 2006). Natural products are the source of synthetic possesses antiseptic, insecticidal and antiparasitic and traditional herbal medicine and are still the properties. Leaf extracts can be used to treat primary health care system. The presence of infectious skin diseases in folk medicines. It is also various life sustaining constituents in plants made used to check hemorrhage from cuts, bruises and scientists to investigate these plants for their uses in wounds. The juice of leaves has been found to treating certain infective diseases and management remove subcutaneously harvested granuloma tissue of chronic wounds. Medicinal plants have been a formed on dead space wound in rats at 4 days major source of cure for human diseases since time interval up to 32 days of wounding. Antioxidant immemorial. It is no wonder that the world’s one- properties have also been found in this plant. This fourth population i.e. 1.42 billion people, are review focus on folk occurrence and the wide dependent on traditional medicines for the pharmacological activities like hepatoprotective treatment of various ailments (Reddy & K.J., activity, antiinflammatory, wound healing, 2004). Medicinal herbs are moving from fringe to antidiabetic activity, hypotensive effect, main stream use with a greater number of people immunomodulating property, bronchial catarrh, seeking remedies and health approaches free from dysentery, diarrhea and to prevent falling of hair, side effects caused by synthetic chemicals. promotes the growth of hair, and antimicrobial Recently considerable attention has been paid to activity against both gram-positive and gram- utilize ecofriendly and bio-friendly plant based negative bacteria Tridax procumbens . products for the prevention and cure of different human diseases. Considering the adverse effects of synthetic drugs, the Western population is looking for natural remedies, which are safe and effective. It is documented that most of the World’s population has taken in traditional medicine,

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in particularly plant drug for the primary health care polyphenols as compared to aqueous extracts (Dubey et al., 2004). (Vishnu et al., 2011; Tease & Evans W.C., 1989; Researchers have cast a sharper eye on natural Harborne, 1973). It means that they are more products to get medicinally important compounds efficient in cell walls and seeds degradation which from plants (Mehta et al., 2010). have unpolar character and cause polyphenols to be Different plant parts like root, stem, flower, fruit, released from cells. More useful explanation for the twigs exudates and modified plant of medicinal decrease in activity of aqueous extract can be plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial ascribed to the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, which agents (Mishra et al. 2011). For medical application degrade polyphenols in water extracts, whereas in plants can be used directly or indirectly used for methanol and ethanol they are inactive. Moreover, cure of particular disease. Indirectly, a medicinally water is a better medium for the occurrence of the active portion of plant tissues is extracted by using micro-organisms as as compared to the aqueous selective solvents through standard procedures. The extract can be attributed to the presence of higher purpose of standardized extraction procedures for amounts of polyphenols as compared to aqueous crude drugs (medicinal plant parts) is to attain the extracts. It means that they are more efficient in therapeutically desired portions and to eliminate cell walls and seeds degradation which have unwanted material by treatment with a selective unpolar character and cause polyphenols to be solvent. The amount of product extracted depends released from cells. More useful explanation for the upon time of extraction, temperature, nature of decrease in activity of aqueous extract can be solvent, solvent concentration, polarity and ascribed to the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, which quantity of plant material to be extracted. degrade polyphenols in water extracts, whereas in Successful determination of biologically active methanol and ethanol they are inactive. Moreover, compounds from plant material is largely water is a better medium for the occurrence of the dependent on the type of solvent used in the micro-organisms as compared to ethanol (Sunil et extraction procedure. Properties of a good solvent al., 2012; Tease & Evans W.C., 1989; Harborne, in plant extractions includes, low toxicity, ease of 1973). evaporation at low heat, promotion of rapid The higher concentrations of more bioactive physiologic absorption of the extract, preservative flavonoid compounds were detected with ethanol action, inability to cause the extract to complex or 70% due to its higher polarity than pure ethanol. dissociate. By adding water to the pure ethanol up to 30% for The various solvents that are used in the extraction preparing ethanol 70% the polarity of solvent was procedures are: Water: Water is universal solvent, increased (Sunil et al., 2012). Additionally, ethanol used to extract plant products with antimicrobial was found easier to penetrate the cellular activity. Though traditional healers use primarily membrane to extract the intracellular ingredients water but plant extracts from organic solvents have from the plant material (surya & John 2001; aya et been found to give more consistent antimicrobial al., 2011). Since nearly all of the identified activity compared to water extract. Also water components from plants active against soluble flavonoids (mostly anthocyanins) have no microorganisms are aromatic or saturated organic antimicrobial significance and water soluble compounds, they are most often obtained through phenolics only important as antioxidant compound initial ethanol or methanol extraction (Sunil et al., (Yoga et al., 2009; Parekh et al., 2007; Aniel et al., 2012; Tease & Evans W.C., 1989; Harborne, 2010; aya et al., 2011). 1973). Methanol is more polar than ethanol but due Acetone: Acetone dissolves many hydrophilic and to its cytotoxic nature, it is unsuitable for extraction lipophilic components from the two plants used, is in certain kind of studies as it may lead to incorrect miscible with water, is volatile and has a low results (Yoga et al., 2009; surya & John, 2001; paul toxicity to the bioassay used, it is a very useful et al., 1997). extractant, especially for antimicrobial studies Chloroform: Terpenoid lactones have been where more phenolic compounds are required to be obtained by successive extractions of dried barks extracted. A study reported that extraction of with hexane, chloroform and methanol with tannins and other phenolics was better in aqueous activity concentrating in chloroform fraction. acetone than in aqueous methanol (Yoga et al., Occasionally tannins and terpenoids will be found 2009; Vishnu et al., 2011). Both acetone and in the aqueous phase, but they are more often methanol were found to extract saponins which obtained by treatment with less polar solvents have antimicrobial activity (Amal et al., 2009; aya (surya & John, 2001; Paul et al., 1997). et al., 2011; Tease & Evans W.C., 1989; Harborne, 1973). Ether: Ether is commonly used selectively for the Alcohol: The higher activity of the ethanolic extraction of coumarins and fatty acids (Sunil et al., extracts as compared to the aqueous extract can be 2012; amal et al., 2009; Tease & Evans W.C., attributed to the presence of higher amounts of 1989; Harborne, 1973).

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

(Rai et al., 2010) has found that E. officinalis extract effected antioxidant enzymes and has the Dichloromethanol: It is another solvent used for potential acted as an agent to boost the antioxidant carrying out the extraction procedures. It is system in the diabetic animal model. Freeze-dried specially used for the selective extraction of only rhizome powder of Curcuma longa dissolved in terpenoids (Sunil et al., 2012; Paul et al., 1997; milk increased high-density lipoprotein and Tease & Evans W.C., 1989; Harborne, 1973). haemoglobin with significant decrease in the levels Hexane: Hexane can be used to extract non polar of blood glucose, lipid profile and hepatoprotective components of plants (Paul et al., 1997; Tease & enzymes in diabetic rats and therefore can be used Evans W.C., 1989; Harborne, 1973). as antidiabetic dietary supplement (Rai et al., (Mishra et al. 2011) investigated antioxidant and 2010). Flavonoids from aqueous extract of antistaphylococcal activities of different solvent Cynodon dactylon with marked antioxidant extracts of Bauhinia variegata, Tinospora cardifolia efficacy on diabetes-induced diabetic rats. and Piper longum and found that phytochemicals Furthermore, aqueous extract of C. dactylon play as potential antioxidants and antimicrobials. showed protective role against carbofuran-induced Further, acetone extract of bark and petroleum oxidative stress thereby inhibiting level of ether and ethanol extract of leaf of Cinnamomum acetylcholinesterase in the brain of model rats (Rai zeylanicum exhibited complete inhibition of et al., 2011). Moreover, ethanolic extract of C. growth of two species of dematiaceous moulds, dactylon finds its application as antidiabetic agent Alternaria solani and Curvularia lunata (Mishra et of high potential in diabetic models against hepatic al., 2009). Sulphated polysaccharides have a broad complications (Singh et al., 2008). Therefore, range of important bioactivities comprising medicinal plants are gifts of nature to cure limitless antioxidant, anticoagulant and antithrombotic number of diseases among human beings (Pathak et activities. They are also known to increase the al., 2007). resistance to some virus and inhibit some tumour Phytochemical examinations is carried out for all development (Toida et al., 2003). Sulphated the extracts as per the standard methods for polysaccharides are either extracted from marine quinones, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, algae (McLellan et al., 1992) invertebrates coumarins, terpenoids, essential oils, alkaloids, (Cassaro et al., 1977) or obtained by chemical lectins, polypeptides, glycosides, saponins, steroids sulphation of natural polysaccharides. etc. The mechanism of their action is given in table

Table 1: Mechanism of action of various Phytochemicals Phytochemicals Activity Mechanism of action Quinones Antimicrobial Binds to adhesins, complex with cell wall, inactivates enzymes Flavonoids Antimicrobial Complex with cell wall, binds to adhesins Antidiarrhoeal Inhibits release of autocoids and prostaglandins, Inhibits contractions caused by spasmogens, Stimulates normalization of the deranged water transport across the mucosal cells, Inhibits GI release of acetylcholine Polyphenols and Antimicrobial Binds to adhesins, enzyme inhibition, substrate deprivation, Tannins Antidiarrhoeal complex with cell wall, membrane disruption, metal ion Anthelmintic complexation Makes intestinal mucosa more resistant and reduces secretion, stimulates normalization of deranged water transport across the mucosal cells and reduction of the intestinal transit, blocks the binding of B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin to GM1, resulting in the suppression of heat-labile enterotoxin-induced diarrhea, astringent action Increases supply of digestible proteins by animals by forming protein complexes in rumen, interferes with energy generation by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation, causes a decrease in G.I. metabolism Coumarins Antiviral Interaction with eucaryotic DNA Terpenoids and Antimicrobial Membrane disruption essential oils Antidiarrhoeal Inhibits release of autocoids and prostaglandins Alkaloids Antimicrobial Intercalates into cell wall and DNA of parasites Antidiarrhoeal Inhibits release of autocoids and prostaglandins

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Anthelmintic Possess anti-oxidating effects, thus reduces nitrate generation which is useful for protein synthesis, suppresses transfer of sucrose from stomach to small intestine, diminishing the support of glucose to the helminthes, acts on CNS causing paralysis Lectins and Antiviral Blocks viral fusion or adsorption, forms disulfide bridges Polypeptides Glycosides Antidiarrhoeal Inhibits release of autocoids and prostaglandins Saponins Antidiarrhoeal Inhibits histamine release in vitro Anticancer Possesses membrane permeabilizing properties Anthelmintic Leads to vacuolization and disintegration of teguments Steroids Antidiarrhoeal Enhance intestinal absorption of Na+ and water

With the help of column chromatographic , cadillo chisaca in Spanish, herbe caille in techniques these phytochemical can be separated to French, Jayanti veda in , ghamra in , chemical constituets to identify their role to control Bishalya karani in Oriya, Kambarmodi in Marathi, particular disease. Gaddi Chemanthi in Telugu, vettukaaya poondu in Tamil and kotobukigiku in Japanese .Tridax Nowadays, weeds are not really “unwanted” procumbens is a species of in the especially in terms of traditional herbal medicines. daisy family. Tridax procumbens Linn. family These “naturally growing plants” are generally Composite commonly known as ‘Ghamra’ and in known as a group of very aggressive, noxious, English popularly called ‘coat buttons’ because of competitive and troublesome plants. The weed, appearance of flowers has been extensively used in Tridax procumbens L. is known to posses Ayurvadic system of medicine for various ailments remarkable medicinal properties. However, it is and is dispensed for “Bhringraj” by some of the listed as a noxious weed in the United States and practitioners of Ayurveda which is well known has pest status in nine states (Suseel et al., 2002). medicine for liver Disorders (Saxena & Albert 3. Classification: Its common names include coat 2005). buttons and tridax daisy in English, Jayanthi in Scientific Classifications Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Tracheobionta Superdivision Spermatophyta Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliophyta Subclass Asteridae Order Family Tridax L. Species Tridax procumbens Binomial name Tridax procumbens L.

4. Medicinal Uses and wound healing (W.O.I., 1995; Srivastava et al., In our country there are a large number of people 1984; Udupa et al., 1991; Saraf & Dixit 1991). suffering of deprivation of even essential need, and 4.1 Direct the urge to survive has prompt them to explore naturally available resources for therapeutic effects Leaves are also used for the treatment of bronchial with respect to common ailments including catarrh, dysentery, diarrhoea and for the restoration Inflammation. Inflammation is a common reaction of hairs (Gaikwadi et al., 2003). The leaf juice of the body to be insult cause by various biological possesses antiseptic, insecticidal and antiparasitic and non biological factors present in the properties. It is also used to check hemorrhage environment. The procumbent is valued for its from cuts, bruises and wounds (Suseel et al., 2002). pharmaceutical properties (W.O.I., 1988; Sahoo & The juice of leaves has been found to remove P.K, 1998). subcutaneously harvested granuloma tissue formed Uses in traditional medicine on dead space wound in rats at 4 days interval up to Commonly used in Indian traditional medicine as 32 days of wounding (Udupa et al., 1991; Diwan et anticoagulant, hair tonic, antifungal and insect al., 1982). repellent, in bronchial catarrh, diarrhoea, dysentery,

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

4.2 Indirect:- Hepatoprotective activity of Tridax indicating the antioxidative and hepatoprotective procumbens L. a medicinal herb commonly used in efficacy of Tridax procumbens L. against folklore system for wound healing and also against paracetamol induced liver injury (Wagh & Shinde., jaundice, was evaluated against paracetamol 2010). Ethanolic extract of Tridax procumbens L. induced hepatic damage in male albino rats. was also used for treating kidney stone disorders. It Paracetamol induced hepatic damage was well was evaluated against 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol manifested by significant increase in the activities and 2% w/v ammonium chloride induced calcium of Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate oxalate urolithiasis and hyperoxaluria induced aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase in serum oxidative stress in male albino rats. Treatment with and enhanced lipid peroxidation (Udupa et al., the extract was able to reduce caluculogenesis 1991; Diwan et al., 1982). On the other hand, the induced urinary excretion and renal deposition of activities of Superoxide dismutase and Catalase in calcium oxalate and resultant lipid peroxidation, liver tissue were lowered. Consequent to indicating it’s antiurolithiatic and antioxidant paracetamol induced hepatic injury; the Serum effects (Sailaja et al., 2011). Bilirubin level was increased. Paracetamol toxicity also resulted in, significant reduction in total serum 4.2.1.1 Effect of Extract protein and the hepatic glutathione and glycogen contents (Wagh & Shinde., 2010). The dose- Anti- hepatotoxic or Hepatoprotective Activity dependent nature of the effects of the leaf extract of T. procumbens plant on blood pressure and heart Tridax Procumbens had a salubrious effect on the rate of the rat suggests a cumulative action of the paracetamol- induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. active substances present in the leaves of the plant. It has been demonstrated the T. procumbens The cardiovascular effect of Tridax procumbenson possibly activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors, anaesthetized Sprague- dawley rat on intravenous which also protects the liver via efferent vagus administration of 3, 6 and 9mg/kg of the aqueous nerve (Kumar et al., 2001). The hepatoprotective extract of T. procumbens caused significant effect of ethanolic extract of aerial parts of T. decreases in the mean arterial blood pressure in a procumbens and its chloroform soluble and dose- related manner i.e. the extract caused greater insoluble fractions on acute hepatitis induced in decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure at rats by single oral dose of CCl4, 15ml/kg (1:1 of higher dose than at lower dose. Also, higher doses CCl4 in olive oil) (Saraf & Dixit 1991). Tridax of the extract 6mg/kg and 9mg/kg caused procumbens plants are also used to prepare a drug significant change in the heart rate. The “Bhringraj”; which is a reputed medicine in hypotensive and the brady-cardiaceffects were Ayurveda for liver disorders. Even alcoholic immediate. The hypotensive effects of T. extract of that plant is useful in Liver regeneration; procumbens were inhibited by the pretreatment of which showed their hepatoprotective action (Pathak the animals with atropine sulfate (1mg/kg) 1991; Vilwanathan et al., 2005) reported the effect (Salahdeen et al., 2004). of T. procumbens on liver antioxidant defense system during lipopolysaccharide induced hepatitis 4.2.1 Extraction in Dgalactosamine sensitized rats (Vilwanathan et An aqueous extract of plant produces reflex al., 2005). The protective effect of Tridax tachycardia and showed a transient hypotensive procumbens against isoniazid (INZ) induced effect on the normal blood pressure (W.O.I., 1976). hepatic damage and concluded that plant extract Leaf extracts can be used to treat infectious skin restored the INZ induced changes in liver tissue diseases in folk medicines. It is well known back to normal and enhanced its ability to undo the aurvedic medicine for liver disorders besides damage caused by free radicals (Wagh & Shinde gastritis and heart burn (Tiwari et al., 2004; Glover 2011). et al., 2000).Tridax procumbens leaves can be used ImmunomodulatoryActivity for treating diseases caused by the tested organisms (Sunil et al., 2012). Wound healing, to check Ethanolic extracts of leaves of Tridax have haemorrhage from cuts, bruise and wounds, immunomodulatory effect on Albino rats dosed Hypertensive activity, Antidiabetic activity, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa also inhibits Dysentery, Diarrhoea. To prevent falling of hair proliferation of same (Oladunmoye, 2006). Also a and promotes the growth of hair, bronchial catarrh significant increase in phagocytic index, leukocyte treatment, against conjunctivitis, count and spleenic antibody secreting cells has immunomodulating property, insect repellent been reported to ethanol insoluble fraction of activity (Sneha & Ruchi, 2008). The oral aqueous extract of Tridax. Stimulation of humoral administration of varying doses of ethanolic extract immune response was also observed along with of Tridax procumbens L. for the period of 7 days elevation in heamagglutination antibody titer. reversed these altered parameters to normal levels Study also revels that Tridax influences both

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in humoral as well as cell mediated immune system smegmatis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella (Tiwari et al., 2004). paratyphi. The ethylacetate extract of the flowers of Tridax procumbens was active against Bacillus Wound Healing Activity:-Wound healing cereus and Klebsiella sp. The aerial parts extract involves a complex interaction between epidermal also showed activity only against Mycobacterium and dermal cells, the extra cellular matrix, smegmatis and Staphylococcus aureus, while the controlled angiogenesis and plasma-derived aqueous extract showed no antimicrobial activity proteins all coordinated by an array of cytokines (Taddle & Rosas 2000). Many Scientists also and growth factors (Bhat et al., 2007). Tridax evaluated in-vitro phytochemical screening and antagonized antiepithelization and tensile strength anti-bacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic depressing effect of dexamethasone (a known leaf extract of Tridax procumbens against Bovine healing suppressant agent) without affecting mastitis isolated from Staphylococcus aureus and anticontraction and antigranulation action of in-vitro antiplasmodial activity in Tridax dexamethasone. Aqueous extract was also effective procumbens medicinal plant of South Africa in increasing lysyl oxidase but to a lesser degree (Dhanabalan et al., 2008; Cailean et al., 2004). than whole plant extract. Further it has been shown Invitro activity of methanolic extract of T. that extract of leaves of this plant also promotes procumbens inhibited promastigotes growth of wound healing in both normal and immuno Leishmania Mexicana (Causative agent of compromised (steroid treated) rats in dead space cutaneous leishmaniasis disease in the new world) wound healing model (Babu et al., 2003). The plant i.e. anti-leishmanial activity and found that it is an increase not only lysyl oxidase but also, protein and active herb against leishmaniasis (Zhelmy et al., nucleic acid content in the granulation tissue, 2009). probably as a result of increase in glycosamino Anti-Cancerous Activity:- The results of this glycan content (Nia et al., 2003). The plant not analysis revealed the fact that flower crude extract only increase lysyl oxidase but also, protein and has anti-cancer activity. The effect of anti cancer nucleic acid content in the granulation tissue, activity of traditional plant Tridax procumbens probably due to increase of glycosamino glycan flower crude aqueous and acetone extract was content (Udupa et al., 1991; Diwan et al., 1982). tested on prostate epithelial cancerous cells PC3 was determined by measuring cell viability by Antimicrobial or Antibacterial Activity:-Though MTT assay (Tiwari et al., 2004; Ravikuma et al., a number of antibiotics are available but increasing 2005). Experiment consists of cleavage of the capability of microbes to develop multi drug soluble yellow coloured tetrazolium salt MTT [3- resistance has encouraged search for new, safe and (4, 5-dimethyl –thiazole-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyl- effective bioactive agents of herbal origin. The tetrazolium bromide] to a blue coloured formazan aqueous as well as ethanolic extracts of Tridax by the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase. The procumbens plant showed antibacterial activity assay was based on the capacity of mitochondrial with special reference to nosocomial pathogens. It enzymes of viable cells to reduce the yellow may be useful for successful therapy against soluble salt MTT to purple blue insoluble formazan multidrugresistant pathogens like P. aeruginosa precipitate which is then quantified (Pai et al., 2011). The anti-bacterial activity of spectrophotometrically at 570nm (Vishnu et al., hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform and 2011; Vikram et al., 2012). methanolic extracts obtained from the aerial parts Hypotensive:-The cardiovascular effect of aqueous (leaf, flower and stem) of Tridax procumbens and extract obtained fromthe leaf of Tridax procumbens tested them against both gram positive Linn. Was investigated onanaesthetized Sprague- (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Dawley rat. The aqueous extract has ability to gram negative (Enterobacter aerogenesis) bacteria cause significant dose dependant decreases in the using the agar well diffusion method (Rizvi et al., mean arterial blood pressure. The higher dose leads 2011).Extracts of flowers and leaves were used to to significant reduction in heart rate where as lower study their capacity to control bacterial agents that dose did not cause any changes in the same. The causes urinary tract infections. Therefore, leaves of Tridax procumbens Linn. Shows traditional medicine is an important source of hypotensive effect (Salahdeen et al., 2004). potentially useful new drugs (Jadhav et al., Repellency Activity:-In other study, essential oils 2011).Tridax procumbens also possesses antifungal were extracted by steam distillation from leaves property of against three phytopathogenic fungi i.e. Tridax procumbens Linn. And they were examined Helminthosporium oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani and for its topical repellency effects against malerial Pyricularia oryzae (Acharya et al., 2010). The parasite Anopheles stephensi in mosquito cages nhexane extract of the flowers showed activity (Pareek et al., 2009; Salahdeen et al., 2004). All against E. coli. The same extract of the whole aerial essential oils were tested at three different parts was active against Mycobacterium concentrations (2, 4 and 6 %). Of these, the

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in essential oils of Tridax exhibited relatively high al., 2001). Antioxidant properties have also been repellency effect (> 300 minutes at 6 % found in this plant (Ravikumar et al., 2005). concentration) and concluded that tridax are Corolla is yellow in colour. (Saraf et al., 1991) promising as repellents at 6 % concentration have investigated hair growth promoting activity of against An. stephensi (Rajkumar & Jebanesan, Tridax procumbens. Various phytochemicals 2007). present in Tridax procumbens are responsible for Antidiabetic :-Madhumeha another name of the medicinal value of the plant (Diwan et al., diabetes in which patient passes sweet urine and 1989). When these microbial factors are exhibits sweetness allover the body in the form of conductive, impaired host defenses set the stage for sugar, i.e., in sweat, mucus, urine blood, etc. from enacting the chain of events that produce wound ancient time various herbs were practically used for infection. The usual pathogens on skin and mucosal lowering of blood glucose level as such or in juices surfaces are gram-positive notably Staphylococci form. Aqueous and alcoholic extract of leaves of however gram-negative aerobes and anaerobic Tridax showed a significant decrease in the blood bacteria contaminate skin in the groin areas glucose level in the model of all oxaninduced (Baquero, 1997). In Ghana, medicinal plants used diabetes in rats (Vyas et al., 2004). The knowledge to treat malaria include Tridax procumbens of diabetes mellitus, as the history revels, existed (Compositae) and Phyllanthus amarus with the Indians since from prehistoric age. Euphorbiaceae, Schum. & Thonn.Similarly the Madhumeha another name of diabetes in which a latter is commonly used in Southeastern Nigeria for patient passes sweet urine and exhibits sweetness the treatment of malaria-related symptons (Traore allover the body in the form of sugar, i.e., in sweat, et al., 2008). mucus, urine blood, etc. from ancient time various herbs were practically used for lowering of blood Anti-Urolithiatic Activity:- Ethanolic extract glucose level as such or in juices form. Aqueous of Tridax procumbens L. was also used for treating and alcoholic extract of leaves of Tridax showed a kidney stone disorders. It was evaluated against significant decrease in the blood glucose level in 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol and 2% w/v ammonium the model of alloxan-induced diabetis in rats chloride induced calcium oxalate urolithiasis and (Bhagwat et al., 2008). The oral administration of hyperoxaluria induced oxidative stress in male acute and sub chronic doses of 50 % methnol albino rats. Treatment with the extract was able to extract of T. procumbens significantly reduces reduce caluculogenesis induced urinary excretion fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. This and renal deposition of calcium oxalate and plant material does not affects the sugar levels in resultant lipid peroxidation, indicating it’s normal rats (Pareek et al., 2009; Salahdeen et al., antiurolithiatic and antioxidant effects (Sailaja et 2004). Anti diabetic activity of leaf extract of al., 2011; Ingeborg et al., 1998). Tridax plants have been reported (Bhagwat et al., 2008). The leaves are reported to be employed in Anti-Inflammatory Activity:- Tridax procumbens bronchial catarrh, dysentery or diarrhea and fore possess significant anti-inflammatory activity as its storing hair. An aqueous extract of plant produces action influences exudates leucocytes migration, rat reflex tachycardia and showed a transient paw oedema and granuloma tissue. The anti- hypotensive effect on the normal blood pressure inflammatory action of T. procumbens may (W.O.I., 1976). The crushed leaves are applied to possibly be due to corticotrophic influence as arrest bleeding in bruises and cuts. Leaves are also evident from increase in weight (Diwan et al., used for the treatment of bronchial catarrh, 1989). The most active fraction of T. procumbens dysentery, diarrhoea and for the restoration of hairs was ethyl acetate (ETA) fraction and was found to (Gaikwadi et al., 2003). Leaf extracts can be used contain moderate polar natural products: alkaloids to treat infectious skin diseases in folk medicines. It and flavonoids as earlier reported. These bioactive is well known aurvedic medicine for liver disorders natural principles have been implicated in besides gastritis and heart burn (Tiwari et al., 2004; counteracting reactive oxidative species (ROS) Glover et al., 2000). The leaf juice possesses indicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation and antiseptic, insecticidal and antiparasitic properties. related ailments in biological systems (Nia et al., It is also used to check hemorrhage from cuts, 2003). bruises and wounds (Suseel et al., 2002). The juice of leaves has been found to remove subcutaneously Hemostatic Activity:-Various extract of the leaves harvested granuloma tissue formed on dead space of Tridax procumbens were screened for wound in rats at 4 days interval up to 32 days of hemostatic activity by studying the clotting time of wounding. Tridax procumbens has been 10 human volunteers employing Lee- extensively used in Indian traditional medicine for White’smethod performed in vitro. Out of the wound healing, as anticoagulant, antifungal and ethanolic extract, fresh leaf and petroleum extract; insect repellent; in diarrhoea and dysentery (Ali et Ethanolic extract showed positive activity

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-8, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

(Bhagwat et al., 2008). As the ethanolic extract of (Compound 6), Pentadecane (Compound 7), - the leaves of T. procumbens reduces the clotting Sitosterol (Compound 8), Stigmasterol(Compound time uniformly in the blood samples of all the 9), -Daucesosterol (Compound 10), Bis-(2β- subjects, it can be suggested that the same ethylhex yl)-phthalate(Compound 11).Compound possesses hemostatic activity, thus affecting 1,Compoundβ 2,Compound 3 and Co mpound 4 haemostasis (Maurya et al., 1995). were new compounds (Pathak et al., 1991; Gaikwadi et al., 2003; Suseel et al., 2002; Hypoglycemic and Antihyperglycemic Activity:- Abubakaret et al., 2012; Ssanna et al., 2005; Ali et Tridax procumbens has been widely used in al., 2001; Sunil et al., 2012; Chitra et al., 2011; various medicines and is also reported to possess Singh K., & Ahirwar V., 2010; Jude et al., 2009). the property of lowering blood sugar (Bhagwat et Conclusion:- al., 2008). The oral administration of aqueous, alcoholic and petroleum ether extracts of T. Tridax procumbens Linn. (Compositae) is a weed procumbens leaves on Wistar rats at a dose level of found throughout India, it is native of tropical 200mg/kg orally administered for 7 days America and naturalized in tropical Africa, Asia, significantly decreases the blood glucose level in and Australia. This plant widely distributed and it’s the model of alloxan- induced diabetes in rats and each and every part having noble pharmacological petroleum ether extract exhibits a very weak anti- activities like hepatoprotective activity, diabetic activity. It also proves the traditional claim antiinflammatory, wound healing, antidiabetic with regard to T. procumbens for its anti-diabetic activity, hypotensive effect, immunomodulating activity (Pareek et al., 2009). property, bronchial catarrh, dysentery, diarrhea and 4.2.2 Separation of Chemical constituents to prevent falling of hair, promotes the growth of The antibacterial activity of the plant parts extracts hair, and antimicrobial activity against both gram- (stem, root, leaf, flower and whole plant) of Tridax positive and gram-negative bacteria Tridax procumbens L. was studied against Escherichia procumbens The plant product over synthetic coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgarise compound is the need in treatment of diseases.Plant (Gram-negative), Bacillus subtilis and based antimicrobials have enormous therapeutic Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) by the agar potential as they can serve the purpose with no or well diffusion method. The ethanol and methanolic lesser side effects due to an array of secondary extracts displayed broad spectrum activity against metabolites T. procumbens may have a short shelf- all the test organisms but root extracts of life due to its high moisture content. Dehydration chloroform and Petroleum ether showed no activity would increase the relative concentrations of the against Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial other food nutrients and improve the shelf- activity of the extracts was compared to the drug life/preservation of the T. procumbens .Then Tetracycline. The minimum inhibitory moisture content of food is an index of water concentration (MIC) of the ethanol and methanol activity and is used as a measure of stability and extracts of leaf and whole plant determined by the susceptibility to microbial contamination. This agar dilution method ranged between 1.96-19.5 and plant also used as bioadsorbent for removal of Cr 1.96 with that of Staphylococcus aureus being the (VI) from the industrial wastewater (summarized in least (Sathya et al., 2012). Phytochemical screening Table). Therefore, there is huge room for research of the plant revealed the presence of tannins, in direction of more pharmacological activities of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins (Aniel et al., plant and to elucidate the mechanism of action of 2010). same in future. Application silica gel,RP-18,Diaion HP- 20,Sephadex LH-20,MCI-gel C HP-20,Toyopearl HW-40 isolation fillers and isolation techniques, REFERENCE:- combined with the modern spectrum analysis 1. Acharya Sandeep, Srivastava R.C., 2010. methods(1D,2D NMR,IR,MS) and chemistry Antifungal property of Tridax procumbens L. method, obtained 15 compounds,11 compounds against three phytopathogenic fungi. Journal of Pharma Science and Research, 2, 258-263. structures were determined, they were:8,3′- 2. Ali M., Ravinder E., Ramachandran R., 2001. Dihydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxy-6-O-β-D- A new flavonoid from the aerial parts of Tridax glucopyranoside flavonol(C ompound 1),8,3′- procumbens. Fitoterapia, 72, 313–315. Dihydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxy-6-O-β-D- 3. Amal M.Y.M., Ahmed I.K., Mahmoud A.S., glucopyranoside, flavonol-6″-acetate(Compound 2009. Isolation, structural elucidation of 2),8,3′-Dihydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxy-6-O-[α-L- flavonoid constituents from Leptadenia rhamnopyran osyl-(1 2)]- -D-glucopyranoside pyrotechnica and evaluation of their toxicity flavonol(Compound 3),6,8,3 -Trihydroxy-3,7,4 - and antitumor activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical Biology, 47, 539–552. trimethoxy-flavone(Compound→ β 4),Apigenin-7-O- - D-glucoside(Compound 5), ′ Pentadnecanate′ β Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 315

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