The Original Constituent Power Rests with the People

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The Original Constituent Power Rests with the People THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUENT POWER RESTS WITH THE PEOPLE DE WAARBORGEN VAN HET CONSTITUTIONEEL REFERENDUM IN DE FORMELE GRONDWETSHERZIENINGSPROCEDURE Aantal woorden: 44155 Yasmine Verhofstadt Studentennummer: 01309707 Promotor: Dr. Jurgen Goossens Commissaris: Prof. dr. Johan Vande Lanotte Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad master in de Rechten Academiejaar: 2017 – 2018 VOORWOORD Deze masterproef over de betrokkenheid van de burger bij de formele grondwetsherzieningsprocedure staat symbool voor het einde van mijn rechtenopleiding. Terugkijkend op deze vijf jaar vol boeiende lessen, leerrijke ervaringen en nieuwe vriendschappen, beaam ik graag dat de studententijd ‘de beste tijd van je leven’ is. Omdat mijn half decennium aan de Gentse rechtenfaculteit niet hetzelfde zou geweest zijn zonder hen, wil ik dit voorwoord gebruiken om enkele mensen in het bijzonder te bedanken. Vooreerst wil ik graag mijn ouders danken voor hun onvoorwaardelijke steun. Op studievlak, maar zeker ook daarbuiten staan ze me steeds met raad en daad bij. Des te meer bij het schrijven van deze masterproef kon ik op hen rekenen om me een extra duwtje in de rug te geven, om mee te redeneren over bepaalde aspecten van mijn onderzoek en zelfs om het eindresultaat kritisch na te lezen. Daarom, hartelijk bedankt! Daarnaast wil ik ook alle vrienden die ik tijdens mijn studietijd aan de Universiteit Gent en via het Vlaams Rechtsgenootschap leerde kennen, bedanken voor de onvergetelijke ervaringen en momenten samen. Mijn dankbaarheid gaat in het bijzonder uit naar Stefanie, Lien en Ines, niet alleen voor hun aanmoedigingen, maar ook voor de ongetwijfeld levenslange vriendschap. Ook Hanne en Nick wil ik bedanken voor de blijvende vriendschap in de soms moeilijke en vooral drukke tijden van mijn opleiding. Een bijzonder woord van dank gaat uit naar mijn promotor, dr. J. Goossens, voor zijn begeleiding tijdens het proces waarvan deze masterproef het sluitstuk is. Door zijn kritische vragen en opmerkingen tijdens brainstorm sessies daagde hij me uit om dit door mij voorgestelde onderwerp verder uit te diepen en vorm te geven. Hij bracht niet alleen de nodige bronnen en inzichten aan, hij benadrukte ook het belang van structuur en onderzoeksmethode, hetgeen inderdaad een cruciale rol speelde in het gevoerde kwantitatief onderzoek. Ook mijn commissaris, prof. dr. Johan Vande Lanotte, wil ik graag bedanken om me in het eerste jaar kennis te laten maken met het staatsrecht. Zijn kennis en enthousiasme wakkerde ook mijn interesse voor het grondwettelijke recht aan, hetgeen er uiteindelijk toe bijgedragen heeft dat ik koos voor een masterproefonderwerk bij zijn vakgroep. Met enige fierheid stel ik dan ook deze masterproef “The original constituent power rests with the People” voor. III INHOUDSOPGAVE INLEIDING 1 HOOFDSTUK 1: BEGRIPPENKADER 7 AFDELING 1. CONSTITUTIONEEL REFERENDUM: CONSTITUTIONELE COMPONENT 8 § 1. Grondwet 8 A. Formele grondwet 8 B. Materiële grondwet 8 § 2. Grondwetsherziening 9 A. Grondwetsherziening/grondwetswijziging 9 B. Formele/informele grondwetswijziging 10 C. Constitutionele/onconstitutionele grondwetswijziging 10 § 3. Conclusie: theorie van de primary constituent power 12 AFDELING 2. CONSTITUTIONEEL REFERENDUM: REFERENDUM COMPONENT 13 § 1. Soevereiniteit 13 A. Volkssoevereiniteit 14 B. Nationale soevereiniteit 15 C. Conclusie bij soevereiniteit 15 § 2. Democratie 16 A. Directe democratie 16 B. Representatieve democratie 17 C. Combinaties: semidirecte democratie en participatieve democratie 17 1. Uitdieping semidirecte democratie 18 1.1. Petitierecht 18 1.2. Volksinitiatief 19 1.3. Referendum 19 D. Conclusie bij democratie 24 AFDELING 3. CONCLUSIE: CONSTITUTIONEEL REFERENDUM 24 HOOFDSTUK 2: BESPREKING VAN HET KWANTITATIEF ONDERZOEK 27 AFDELING 1. REALISATIE VAN DE DATABASE 27 § 1. Selectie van de onderzoekseenheden 28 A. Nuancering bij het gebruik van Constitute Project 30 B. Nuancering bij de bijlagen 30 § 2. Selectie van het classificatiesysteem 30 A. Classificatiesysteem voor grondwetsherzieningsprocedures van R. ALBERT 31 1. Fase 1: single- of multi-track systeem 32 2. Fase 2: comprehensive, restricted of exceptional model 32 3. Fase 3: vijf specificaties 33 3.1. Meerderheid 33 3.2. Materiële beperking 34 3.3. Temporele vereiste 34 3.4. Verkiezingen 34 3.5. Verdedigingsmechanisme 34 B. Herwerking van R. ALBERT’s classificatiesysteem 35 VII 1. Herwerking: single- of multi-track systeem 35 2. Herwerking: comprehensive of entrenched model 35 3. Bijkomend citerium: optionaliteit van het referendum 36 4. Herwerking: specificaties 36 4.1. Initiatief 36 4.2. Termijnregeling 37 4.3. Controle 37 4.4. Financieel toezicht 38 4.5. Niet-amendeerbaarheid en non-referendabiliteit 38 4.6. Quorum en Meerderheid 39 5. Bijkomende criteria: incorporatie van het referendum in grondwetsherzieningsprocedure 41 5.1. Exclusieve beslissingsbevoegdheid/vetorecht 41 5.2. Verplicht/niet verplicht onderdeel van de grondwetsherzieningsprocedure 42 6. Nieuw ontwikkeld classificatiesysteem 42 6.1. Bijkomend criterium: procedure 43 6.2. Schematisch overzicht van het nieuwe classificatiesysteem 43 AFDELING 2. BEVINDINGEN BIJ HET KWANTITATIEF ONDERZOEK 44 § 1. Overzicht van het gebruik van het constitutioneel referendum 44 § 2. Globale kenmerken bij de grondwetherzieningsprocedure 46 A. Comprehensive of entrenched model 46 B. Single- of multi-track systeem 47 C. Vier mogelijke modellen voor de grondwetsherzieningsprocedure 48 D. Optionaliteit van het referendum 50 § 3. Specifieke kenmerken van de grondwetsherzieningsprocedure 50 A. Initiatief 50 1. Categorieën van initiatiefnemers 50 2. Gebruik van het burgerinitiatief 54 2.1. Geen burgerinitiatief 55 2.2. Burgerinitiatief 56 B. Termijnregeling 57 1. Gebruik van temporele regels 57 2. Verschijningsvorm van de termijnregeling 58 3. Mogelijke momenta voor de termijnregeling 59 3.1. Momentum bij wachttermijn 61 3.2. Momentum bij opvolgtermijn 62 § 4. Specifieke kenmerken in verband met het constitutioneel referendum 63 A. Controle 64 1. A priori controle 64 1.1. Overzicht van het gebruik van de a priori controle 64 1.2. Materieel toepassingsgebied van de a priori controle 65 1.3. Inhoud van de a priori controle 66 1.4. Bevoegd orgaan voor a priori controle 68 2. A posteriori controle 70 2.1. Overzicht van het gebruik van de a posteriori controle 70 2.2. Materieel toepassingsgebied van de a posteriori controle 71 B. Financieel toezicht 72 C. Niet-amendeerbaarheid en non-referendabiliteit 73 1. Uitgesloten onderwerpen voor amendement 75 1.1. Republikeinse staatsinrichting 76 1.2. Herverkiezing president en lopende legislatuur 76 1.3. Godsdienst/seculariteit 76 1.4. Fundamentele rechten, plichten en vrijheden/democratie 77 1.5. Grondwetsherzieningsprocedure 78 VIII 2. Uitgesloten onderwerpen voor referendum 79 D. Quorum/meerderheid 81 1. Aandeel van de drie modellen 82 1.1. Dubbele meerderheid 84 1.2. Opkomstmodel 85 1.3. Uitkomstmodel 86 § 5. Incorporatie van het referendum in de grondwetsherzieningsprocedure 90 A. Exclusieve beslissingsbevoegdheid/vetorecht voor de burger 90 1. Veto/drukkingsmiddel 91 2. Twee procedures en twee gewichten 92 B. Verplicht/niet verplicht onderdeel van de grondwetsherzieningsprocedure 93 1. Uitdieping van de optionaliteit aan de hand van het entrenched model 94 HOOFDSTUK 3: THEORETISCHE BENADERING EN DE RESULTATEN UIT HET KWANTATIEF ONDERZOEK 101 AFDELING 1. GLOBALE KENMERKEN BIJ DE GRONDWETSHERZIENINGSPROCEDURE 101 § 1. Vier mogelijke modellen voor de grondwetsherzieningsprocedure 101 A. Theoretische benadering 101 B. Vergelijk tussen onderzoeksresultaten en theorie 102 AFDELING 2. SPECIFIEKE KENMERKEN VAN DE GRONDWETSHERZIENINGSPROCEDURE 103 § 1. Initiatief 103 A. Theoretische benadering 103 B. Vergelijk tussen onderzoeksresultaten en theorie 105 § 2. Termijnregeling 106 A. Theoretische benadering 106 B. Vergelijk tussen onderzoeksresultaten en theorie 108 AFDELING 3. SPECIFIEKE KENMERKEN IN VERBAND MET HET CONSTITUTIONEEL REFERENDUM 108 § 1. Controle 109 A. Theoretische benadering 109 B. Vergelijk tussen onderzoeksresultaten en theorie 110 1. A priori controle 110 2. A posteriori controle 110 § 2. Financieel toezicht 111 A. Theoretische benadering 111 B. Vergelijk tussen onderzoeksresultaten en theorie 112 § 3. Niet-amendeerbaarheid en non-referendabiliteit 113 A. Theoretische benadering 113 1. Uitsluiting voor amendement 113 2. Uitsluiting voor referendum 114 B. Vergelijk tussen onderzoeksresultaten en theorie 115 1. Uitgesloten voor amendement 115 2. Uitgesloten voor referendum 115 § 4. Quorum/meerderheid 116 A. Theoretische benadering 116 B. Vergelijk tussen onderzoeksresultaten en theorie 117 AFDELING 4. INCORPORATIE REFERENDUM IN DE GRONDWETSHERZIENINGSPROCEDURE 118 § 1. Exclusieve beslissingsbevoegdheid/vetorecht voor de burger 118 A. Theoretische benadering 118 IX B. Vergelijk tussen onderzoeksresultaten en theorie 119 § 2. Verplicht/niet-verplicht onderdeel van de grondwetsherzieningsprocedure 119 A. Theoretische benadering 119 B. Vergelijk tussen onderzoeksresultaten en theorie 120 BESLUIT 121 BIBLIOGRAFIE 127 WETGEVING 127 RECHTSLEER 127 ANDERE BRONNEN 132 BIJLAGEN 133 BIJLAGE 1: OVERZICHT VAN HET GEBRUIK VAN CONSTITUTIONELE REFERENDA ALS ONDERDEEL VAN DE GRONDWETSHERZIENINGSPROCEDURE 133 BIJLAGE 2: FORMELE GRONDWETSHERZIENINGSPROCEDURES MET CONSTITUTIONEEL REFERENDUM 140 BIJLAGE 3: UITGESLOTEN ONDERWERPEN IN DE GRONDWETSHERZIENINGSPROCEDURE 209 BIJLAGE 4: OVERZICHT VAN DE FIGUREN 211 BIJLAGE 5: DATABASE 212 X INLEIDING ONDERWERP VAN DE MASTERPROEF 1. Met deze masterproef
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