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Japan?

Japan?

How’s Life in Japan?

How’s Life in Japan? Japan’s current -being, 2018 or latest available year CIVIC ENGAGEMENT INCOME AND WEALTH Hav ing - hold House- Voter no say in gov ernment* income hold turnout w ealth S80/S20 SOCIAL Lack of income social share ratio* CONNECTIONS HOUSING support* Housing Social affordability inter- actions Ov er- WORK-LIFE crow ding Gender rate* BALANCE gap in hours Employ- w orked* ment rate Time off Gender WORK AND w age gap* JOB QUALITY Gender gap in feeling Long hours safe in paid SAFETY w ork* Homicides* Life Negative ex pectancy affect Gap in life balance* Life ex pectancy by SUBJECTIVE satisfaction Student education HEALTH WELL-BEING (men)* Ex posure to Access Students skills in outdoor air to green w ith science pollution* space low skills* AVERAGE KNOWLEDGE INEQUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SKILLS QUALITY Note: This chart shows Japan’s relative strengths and weaknesses in well-being compared to other OECD countries. Longer bars indicate better outcomes (i.e. higher wellbeing), whereas shorter bars always indicate worse outcomes (lower well-being) – including for negative indicators, marked with an *, which have been reverse-scored. Inequalities (gaps between top and bottom, differences between groups, people falling under a deprivation threshold) are shaded with stripes, and missing data in .

Japan’s resources for future well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Natural Capital Economic Capital Social Capital

Educational Greenhouse gas … … Produced fixed assets attainment of young Trust in others emissions per capita adults … …

Financial net worth of Trust in Material footprint Premature mortality government government

Red List Index of Labour Gender parity in debt threatened species underutilisation rate politics

Note: ❶=top-performing OECD tier, ❷=middle-performing OECD tier, ❸=bottom-performing OECD tier. ➚ indicates consistent improvement; ↔ indicates no clear or consistent trend; ➘ indicates consistent deterioration, and “…”iindicates insufficient time series to determine trends since 2010. For methodological details, see the Reader’s Guide of How’s Life? 2020.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020 2 

For more information Access the complete publication, including information about the methods used to determine trends at: https://doi.org/10.1787/9870c393-en. Find the data used in this country profile at: http://oecd.org/statistics/Better-Life-Initiative-2020-country- notes-data.xlsx.

Deprivations in Japan Deprivations in selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

JAPAN

16% 14%

of the population live in relative would be at risk of falling into poverty if they income poverty had to forgo 3 months of their income

17%

of poor spend more than 40% of their income housing costs

11%

say they have no friends or family There is no data available on to turn to in times of need satisfaction with time use

Source: OECD (2020), How’s Life? 2020: Measuring Well-Being

Note: Relative income poverty refers to the share of people with household disposable income below 50% of the median; financial insecurity refers to the share of individuals who are not income poor, but whose liquid financial assets are insufficient to support them at the level of the national relative income poverty line for at least three months; housing cost overburden refers to the share of households in the bottom 40% of the income distribution spending more than 40% of their disposable income on housing costs; and low satisfaction with life and with time use refer to the share of the population rating their satisfaction as 4 or lower (on a 0-10 scale).

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between men and Gender ratios (distance from parity) for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Earnings 0.76

Feeling safe 0.77

Employment rate 0.81

Having a say in 0.82 government

Perceived health 0.92

Adult skills (numeracy) 0.96

Time off 0.98

Hours worked 0.99 (paid and unpaid)

Student skills (science) 0.99

Homicide victims 1.00

Social support 1.07

Life expectancy 1.08

Job strain 1.23

Social interactions 1.27

Long-term // 1.93 rate from suicide, // 2.62 alcohol, drugs

Men doing better OECD average Women doing better

Note: Grey bubbles denote no clear difference between men and women, defined as gender ratios within 0.03 points distance to parity.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between age groups in Japan Age ratios (distance from parity) for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year A. Younger and middle-aged people

Employment rate // 0.54

Earnings 0.83

Having a say in government 0.85

Job strain 0.90

Adult skills (numeracy) 0.95

Feeling safe 0.98

Social support 1.04

Long-term unemployment rate // 1.41

Social interactions // 1.45

Middle-aged people doing better OECD average Younger people doing better

B. Younger and older people

Employment rate 0.61

Earnings 0.84

Feeling safe 0.86

Having a say in government 0.87

Long-term unemployment rate 0.88

Job strain 0.90

Adult skills (numeracy) 1.01

Social support 1.06

Social interactions // 1.45

Older people doing better OECD average Younger people doing better

Note: Age ranges differ according to each indicator and are only broadly comparable. They generally refer to 15-24/29 years for young people, 25/30 to 45/50 years for the middle-aged and 50 years and over for older people. See How’s Life? 2020 for further details. Grey bubbles denote no clear difference between age groups, defined as age ratios within 0.03 points distance to parity.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between people with different educational attainment in Japan Education ratios (distance from parity) for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Job strain // 0.41

Having a say in 0.66 government

Perceived health 0.73

Earnings 0.77

Feeling safe 0.87

Social support 0.99

People with tertiary education doing better OECD average People with upper secondary education doing better

Note: Grey bubbles denote no clear difference between groups with different educational attainment, defined as education ratios within 0.03 points distance to parity.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Inequalities between top and bottom performers in Japan Vertical inequalities for selected indicators of current well-being, 2018 or latest available year

Household income of the top 20% relative to the bottom 20% Share of wealth owned by the top 10%, percentage

12 90

80 10 70

8 60 51.7 6.2 50 6 5.4 41.0 40

4 30

20 2 10

0 0

Earnings of the top 10% relative to the bottom 10%, PISA score in science of the top 10% relative to the bottom 10% full-time employees 6 2

1.67 1.59 5

4 3.4

2.8 3 1

2

1

0 0

Life satisfaction scores of the top 20% relative to the bottom 20% Satisfaction with time use scores of the top 20% relative to the bottom 20% 4 4

3 3 2.78

2.1

2 2

1 1

0 0

Note: For all figures, countries are ranked from left (most unequal) to right (least unequal).

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Trends in current well-being since - I

Household income (household net adjusted disposable income, Average USD at 2017 PPPs*, per capita) OECD JPN ~ 28 000 ~29 000

Household wealth Average (median net wealth, USD at 2016 PPPs) OECD JPN ~162 000 ~186 000

Income andIncome Wealth S80/S20 income share ratio (the household income for the top 20%, Inequality divided by the household income for the OECD bottom 20%) JPN 6.2 5.4

Housing affordability (share of disposable income remaining after Average housing costs) JPN OECD 78.2 79.2

Housing Overcrowding rate (share of households living in overcrowded Inequality conditions) OECD JPN 12 2

Employment rate (employed people aged 25-64, as a share of Average the population of the same age) OECD JPN 76.5 82.8

Gender gap (difference between male and female median Inequality expressed as a share of male wages) JPN OECD 24.5 12.9

Work and Job Quality

Long hours in paid work (share of employees usually working 50+ Inequality No data available for Japan. hours per week)

Life expectancy (number of years a newborn can expect to Average

Health live) OECD JPN 80.5 84.2

Note: The snapshot depicts data for 2018, or the latest available year, for each indicator. The colour of the circle indicates the direction of change, relative to 2010, or the closest available year: = consistent improvement, = consistent deterioration, = no clear trend, and white for insufficient time series to determine trends. The OECD average is marked in black. For methodological details, see the Reader’s Guide of How’s Life? 2020. * = .

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020

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Trends in current well-being since 2010 in Japan - II

Student skills in science Average

Skills (PISA mean scores) OECD JPN 489 529

Knowledge and

Exposure to outdoor air pollution Inequality (share of population > WHO threshold) Quality JPN OECD 80.6 Environmental 62.8

Life satisfaction Average Na data available for Japan. (mean value on a 0-10 scale)

Negative affect balance (share of population reporting more negative Inequality

Subjective Well-being Subjective than positive feelings and states yesterday) OECD JPN 13 9

Homicides Average (per 100 000 population) OECD JPN 2.4 0.2

Safety Gender gap in feeling safe (percentage difference that women feel less Inequality safe than men when walking alone at night) JPN OECD -19.5 -16

Time off (time allocated to leisure and personal care, Average

Balance Work-life Work-life hours per day) JPN OECD 14.1 15

Social interactions Average (hours per week) JPN OECD 2 6

Lack of social support (share of people who report having no friends

Social Connections Social Inequality or relatives whom they can on in times JPN OECD of trouble) 11 8.6

Voter turnout Average

Civic Civic (share of registered voters who cast votes) JPN OECD Engagement 53 69 Note: See note on page 7.

HOW’S LIFE? 2020 © OECD 2020