The Bursa of Fabricius of the Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) and Its Response to Escherichia Coli Johnny Durr Hoskins Iowa State University

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Bursa of Fabricius of the Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) and Its Response to Escherichia Coli Johnny Durr Hoskins Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1977 The bursa of Fabricius of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and its response to Escherichia coli Johnny Durr Hoskins Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, and the Veterinary Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Hoskins, Johnny Durr, "The bursa of Fabricius of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and its response to Escherichia coli " (1977). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5828. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5828 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the orignal submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material, it is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR I I 77-16,959 HOSKINS, Johnny Durr, 1943- THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS OF THE TURKEY fMELEAGRIS GALLOPAVOl AND ITS RESPONSE TO ESCHERICHIA COLI. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1977 Veterinary Science Xerox UniVGrSity Microfilnns, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 The bursa of Fabricius of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and its response to Escherichia coli by Johnny Durr Hoskins A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Veterinary Pathology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major ^Jork Signature was redacted for privacy. r the Major Depgftment Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Gradiiate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1977 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Normal Growth of the Bursa of Fabricius 4 Histology of the Bursa of Fabricius 11 Immunological Review of Bursa of Fabricius 18 Identification of Escherichia coli 20 Escherichia coli Infection in Poultry 21 Microflora in Alimentary Tract of Poultry 22 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 Source and Preparation of Bacteria 23 Turkeys 24 Bursa of Fabricius Study 24 Experiment I : Normal bursa of Fabricius 24 Experiment II: Virulent Escherichia coli uptake in two-day-old poults 25 Experiment III: Avirulent Escherichia coli uptake in two-day-old poults 26 Experiment IV: Intrabursal inoculation of virulent Escherichia coli in thirty-day old poults 26 Bacterial Counts 27 Light Microscopy 28 Fluorescent Antibody Staining 28 Scanning Electron Microscopy 29 Transmission Electron Microscopy 30 iii RESULTS 31 Experiment I: Normal Bursa of Fabricius 31 Bursa of Fabricius growth 31 Histology 31 Scanning electron microscopy 55 Transmission electron microscopy 64 Experiment II: Virulent Escherichia coli Uptake in Two-Day-Cld Poults 113 Bacterial counts 113 Immunofluorescent staining of bursal tissue 113 Histopathology 119 Transmission electron microscopy 119 Experiment III: Avirulent Escherichia coli Uptake in Two-Day-Old Poults 136 Bacterial counts 136 Immunofluorescent staining of bursal tissue 136 Histopathology 144 Transmission electron microscopy 144 Experiment IV: Intrabursal Inoculation of Virulent Escherichia coli in Thirty-Day-Old Poults 161 Bacterial counts 161 Immunofluorescent staining of bursal tissue 161 Histopathology 171 Scanning electron microscopy 182 Transmission electron microscopy 182 DISCUSSION 197 Development and Morphology of Bursa of Fabricius 197 Bursa of Fabricius growth 197 Morphology 198 Bursal Response to Escherichia coli in Two-Day- Old Poults 200 Bursal Response to Intrabursal Inoculation of Virulent Escherichia coli in Thirty-Day-Old Poults 203 iv SUMMARY 205 LITERATURE CITED 208 ACKNOWLEDGtlENTS 216 1 INTRODUCTION The bursa of Fabricius in avian species is generally considered to be a central lymphoid organ in which cells with the capacity for differentiation into antibody-forming elements are generated (Warner et , 1962). It has been well docu­ mented that bursa-derived lymphoid cells migrate to secondary lymphoid organs such as spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (Linna et al., 1969; Durkin et al. , 1972)-.. The sequen­ tial, gradual appearance of immunoglobulin M-, immunoglobulin G- and immunoglobulin A- determinants on the surface of bursal lymphoid cells before and after hatching has been interpreted to represent a genetically determined, antigen-independent differentiation of immature precusor cells into immunoglobulin- bearing lymphocytes (Kincade and Cooper, 1971 and Cooper et al., 1972). Bursal function has been extended to include two types of stem cells: bursal and postbursal. Bursal stem cells are claimed to be unable to differentiate into plasma cell precusors without contact with bursal microenvironment but they can re­ store bursal morphology in cyclophosphamide-treated chickens and initiate germinal center formation in the spleen (Toivanen and Toivanen, 1973). These cells are found in the post-hatch­ ing bursa at least to the age of three weeks. Postbursal stem cells appear to be capable of further maturation into antibody- producing elements without bursal contact and do not restore the bursal morphology of the cyclophosphamide-treated chickens. 2 Postbursal cells begin to appear in the bursa at the age of two weeks and are subsequently found also in the spleen, bone marrow and thymus. The bursa also functions as a peripheral lymphoid organ (Schaffner et al., 1974). Direct contact between lymphoid elements and material actively taken up from the cloacal lumen occurs regularly within bursal follicles. This process appears to be enhanced by the existence of a pumping mechanism since the bursa undergoes rhythmic contraction by sphincter muscles which contract in synchrony with respiration, and it possesses a wall of smooth muscles which causes peristalsis-like move­ ments (Sorvari et al., 1975). This bursal function has been widely used in vaccinating chickens for infectious laryngo- tracheitis, the vent method. The development and morphology of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens have been extensively studied (Click, 1955 and Hodges, 1974). The same information for the turkey is not available. Colibacillosis is a term that has been applied to a group of diseases caused by infection with bacteria classified as Escherichia coli. Certain strains of E, coli have been isolated from infected chickens and turkeys with a variety of lesions such as enteritis, osteomyelitis, septicemia and air- sacculitis. The E. coli-septicemic form, which is characterized in turkeys as acute fulminating disease that accompanies 3 diarrhea or is dominated by upper respiratory tract infections, is an increasing problem in the turkey industry (Saif et al., 1970 and Moorhead and Saif*, 1970). The raising of turkeys in confinement rather than on range seems to be the principal management factor involved. Escherichia coli is widely distributed in nature. The microorganism is a common inhabitant of the intestinal tract of poultry and can be isolated from the litter and fecal matter of most poultry houses. Escherichia coli is isolated from the contents of the bursa of Fabricius of normal chickens and turkeys. This study was conducted with the three following objectives: (1) to describe the normal development and morphology of the bursa of Fabricius in the turkey, (2) to determine if the E. coli could pass through the bursal epithelium in view of the production of immunity, and (3) to compare the response of the
Recommended publications
  • Download PDF the Bursa of Hieronymus Fabricius Ab
    Rom J Morphol Embryol 2020, 61(2):583–585 ISSN (print) 1220–0522, ISSN (online) 2066–8279 doi: 10.47162/RJME.61.2.31 R J M E HORT ISTORICAL EVIEW Romanian Journal of S H R Morphology & Embryology http://www.rjme.ro/ The bursa of Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente: from original iconography to most recent research DOMENICO RIBATTI1), ANDREA PORZIONATO2), ARON EMMI2), RAFFAELE DE CARO2) 1)Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy 2)Department of Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy Abstract Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente (1533–1619) described the homonymous bursa in the “De Formatione Ovi et Pulli”, published posthumously in 1621. He also included a figure in which the bursa was depicted. We here present the figure of the bursa of Fabricius, along with corrections of some mislabeling still presents in some anastatic copies. The bursa of Fabricius is universally known as the origin of B-lymphocytes; morphogenetical and physiological issues are also considered. Keywords: anatomical iconography, bursa of Fabricius, Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente. Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente was born in manuscript, there is the notation “* 3. F.”, as reference 1533, he graduated in medicine at the University of for the asterisk in the text; in fact, in the figure III of the Padua, and he was a student of Gabriel Falloppius. In manuscript (Figure 1, B and C), with the letter “F” is 1565, he became a professor of anatomy and surgery represented the “vesicular in quam gallus emittis semen” in Padua.
    [Show full text]
  • STAGES in the DEVELOPMENT of TRACHEOTOMY ADEBOLA, S.O OMOKANYE, H.K, AREMU, S.K Dept
    STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRACHEOTOMY ADEBOLA, S.O OMOKANYE, H.K, AREMU, S.K Dept. Of Otorhinolaryngology, UI,T.H, Ilorin, Kwara State. Correspondence: Dr Adebola, S.O, Dept of ORL, UITH,Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Email address: [email protected] ABSTRACT Tracheostomy refers to a surgical procedure of distinguished historical evolution. It spans various periods, each having specific contributions to what obtains presently. Every resident doctor is encouraged to acquire the skill required for this live-saving procedure. INTRODUCTION Tracheostomy is one of the oldest operations, whose indications and methods of the operative technique have been reported since ancient times. The word „tracheostomy‟ is derived from two Greek words, tracheo and oma meaning „I cut trachea‟. It refers to a surgical procedure which involves an opening between the trachea and the skin surface of the neck in the midline, with the creation of a stoma1. The word tracheostomy first appeared in print in 1649, but was not commonly used until a century later when it was introduced by the German surgeon Lorenz Heister in 1718 2. The procedure has been given several different names, including pharyngotomy, laryngotomy, bronchotomy and tracheotomy. In Greek and Roman medicine, the operation was initially called laryngotomy or bronchotomy. The evolution and adaptation of tracheostomy, can be divided into 5 periods, according to McCIelland3 .The period of the Legend (2000BC to AD 1546); the period of Fear (1546 to 1833) when the operation was performed only by a brave few, often at the risk of their reputation; the period of Drama (1833 to 1932) during which the procedure was generally performed only in emergency situations on acutely obstructed patients; the period of enthusiasm (1932 to 1965) when the dictum, „if you think tracheostomy, then do it,‟became popular; the period of rationalization, (1965 to the present) when the relative merits of intubation versus tracheostomy were debated.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Tables of contents 3 Table of contents Foreword 7 Jan Van den Tweel, Gabriella Nesi Introduction 9 Fabio Zampieri, Alberto Zanatta, Cristina Basso, Gaetano Thiene First Part | Andreas Vesalius, 500 years later Some notes on Vesalius and the sixteenth-century anatomy 13 Massimo Rinaldi Andries van Wesele (Andreas Vesalius). His ancestors, his youth and his studies in Louvain 31 Inge Fourneau The frontispiece of Vesalius’ Fabrica 45 Andrea Meneghini Anatomical cultures based on the act of seeing 61 Gianni Moriani Andreas Vesalius’ epistemological revolution 89 Fabio Zampieri The concept of cardiovascular system in the Vesalius’ mind 135 Gaetano Thiene, Cristina Basso, Alberto Zanatta, Fabio Zampieri 4 Tables of contents Second Part | International Meeting on the History of Medicine and Pathology Section One | HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY A short history of cardiac surgery 151 Ugo Filippo Tesler The human Thymus: from antiquity to 19th century. Myths, facts, malefactions 179 Maria Teresa Ranieri, Mirella Marino, Antiquarian medical books in the 1650s 191 Vittoria Feola Surveillance of mortality in the General Hospital in Vienna in the 19th Century 213 Doris Hoeflmayer Nineteenth century Western Europe: the backdrop to unravelling the mystery of leukaemia 221 Kirsten Morris History of modern medicine and pathology: “A curious inquest” 235 Pranay Tanwar, Ritesh Kumar The Hapsburg Lip: a dominant trait of a dominant family 243 Rafael Jimenez Pathologists and CHD. History of the seminal contributions of pathologists to the understanding
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Hematopoietic, Endothelial, and Perivascular Cells from Human Embryonic and Fetal Stem Cells
    DEVELOPMENT OF HEMATOPOIETIC, ENDOTHELIAL, AND PERIVASCULAR CELLS FROM HUMAN EMBRYONIC AND FETAL STEM CELLS by Tea Soon Park B.S, Ajou University, 1999 M.S, Ajou University, 2001 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Swanson School of Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2008 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SWANSON SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING This dissertation was presented by Tea Soon Park It was defended on July 18th, 2008 and approved by Albert D. Donnenberg, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Surgery Johnny Huard, Ph.D., Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Bioengineering Bradley B. Keller, M.D., Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Bioengineering Charles Sfeir, Ph.D., D.M.D., Professor, Department of Bioengineering Dissertation Director: Bruno Péault, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine ii Copyright © by Tea Soon Park 2008 iii DEVELOPMENT OF HEMATOPOIETIC, ENDOTHELIAL, AND PERIVASCULAR CELLS FROM HUMAN EMBRYONIC AND FETAL STEM CELLS Tea Soon Park, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2008 Studies of hemangioblasts (a common progenitor of hematopoietic and endothelial cells) during human development are difficult due to limited access to early human embryos. To overcome this obstacle, the in vitro approach of using human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and the embryoid body (hEB) system has been invaluable to investigate the earliest events of hematopoietic and endothelial cell formation. Herein, firstly, optimal culture conditions of hEB were determined for differentiation of hESC toward hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages and then different developmental stages of hEB were characterized for angio-hematopoietic cell markers expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Intraembryonic Hematopoiesis 795 Incubated for 20 Minutes with FITC-Anti-CD34 Mab on Ice
    Development 126, 793-803 (1999) 793 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1999 DEV2372 Emergence of intraembryonic hematopoietic precursors in the pre-liver human embryo Manuela Tavian*, Marie-France Hallais and Bruno Péault Institut d’Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du CNRS, UPR 9064, 49bis avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 3 December 1998; published on WWW 20 January 1999 SUMMARY Hepatic hematopoiesis in the mouse embryo is preceded by arteries and embryonic liver from 21 to 58 days of two hematopoietic waves, one in the yolk sac, and the other development. The chronology of blood precursor cell in the paraaortic splanchnopleura, the presumptive aorta- emergence in these distinct tissues suggests a pivotal role in gonad-mesonephros region that gives rise to prenatal and the settlement of liver hematopoiesis of endothelium- postnatal blood stem cells. An homologous intraembryonic associated stem cell clusters, which emerge not only in the site of stem cell emergence was previously identified at 5 dorsal aorta but also in the vitelline artery. Anatomic weeks of human gestation, when hundreds of CD34++ Lin− features and in vitro functionality indicate that stem cells high-proliferative potential hematopoietic cells border the develop intrinsically to embryonic artery walls from a aortic endothelium in the preumbilical region. In the presumptive territory whose blood-forming potential exists present study, we have combined immunohistochemistry, from at least 24 days of gestation. semithin section histology, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and blood cell culture in an integrated study of Key words: Hematopoietic stem cell, Hematopoiesis, Human, Yolk incipient hematopoiesis in the human yolk sac, truncal sac, Liver INTRODUCTION ventral mesoderm, a YS equivalent, is transitory and does not supply the adult with full hematopoietic potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Galileo in Early Modern Denmark, 1600-1650
    1 Galileo in early modern Denmark, 1600-1650 Helge Kragh Abstract: The scientific revolution in the first half of the seventeenth century, pioneered by figures such as Harvey, Galileo, Gassendi, Kepler and Descartes, was disseminated to the northernmost countries in Europe with considerable delay. In this essay I examine how and when Galileo’s new ideas in physics and astronomy became known in Denmark, and I compare the reception with the one in Sweden. It turns out that Galileo was almost exclusively known for his sensational use of the telescope to unravel the secrets of the heavens, meaning that he was predominantly seen as an astronomical innovator and advocate of the Copernican world system. Danish astronomy at the time was however based on Tycho Brahe’s view of the universe and therefore hostile to Copernican and, by implication, Galilean cosmology. Although Galileo’s telescope attracted much attention, it took about thirty years until a Danish astronomer actually used the instrument for observations. By the 1640s Galileo was generally admired for his astronomical discoveries, but no one in Denmark drew the consequence that the dogma of the central Earth, a fundamental feature of the Tychonian world picture, was therefore incorrect. 1. Introduction In the early 1940s the Swedish scholar Henrik Sandblad (1912-1992), later a professor of history of science and ideas at the University of Gothenburg, published a series of works in which he examined in detail the reception of Copernicanism in Sweden [Sandblad 1943; Sandblad 1944-1945]. Apart from a later summary account [Sandblad 1972], this investigation was published in Swedish and hence not accessible to most readers outside Scandinavia.
    [Show full text]
  • Incomplete Restoration of the Bursa-Dependent Immune System
    Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 957-961, March 1974 Incomplete Restoration of the Bursa-Dependent Immune System After Transplantation of Allogeneic Stem Cells into Immunodeficient Chicks (bursa of Fabricius/cell cooperation/cyclophosphamide/germinal centers/ histocompatibility antigens) PAAVO TOIVANEN, AULI TOIVANEN, AND TAPANI SORVARI Departments of Medical Microbiology, Medicine and Pathological Anatomy, Turku University, 20520 Turku, Finland Communicated by Robert A. Good, November 5, 1973 ABSTRACT Transplantation of allogeneic cells from The experiments to be described ill this paper indicate that bursa of Fabricius into cyclophosphamide-treated, im- munodeficient chicks resulted in immunological tolerance tranlsplantation of allogenieic stem cells into immun-odeficient to donor line skin grafts; graft-versus-host disease did not chicks results only in an incomplete restoration of the B im- occur. Allogeneic bursal stem cells taken from 3-day-old mune system even though GVH disease can be avoided. donors induced restoration of bursal morphology, of antibody formation to Brucella abortus and of occurrence of pyroninophilic cells and immunoglobulin-bearing cells MATERIALS AND METHODS in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. Secondary response to Experimental Design. Chicks treated with CY develop a sheep red blood cells and production of germinal centers were not restored. Transplantation of histocompatible permanllet severe hypogammaglobulinemia and atrophhy of bursal stem cells resulted in a complete reconstitution of the bursa (6, 7, 9). In this study, CY-treated 3-day-old chicks the bursa-dependent lymphoid system, both in function were transplanted with allogeneic bursa cells from 3-day-old and in morphology. Allogeneic postbursal stem cells taken donors (bursal stem cells) or from 10-wk-old donors (post- from the bursa of 10-week-old donors had a reconstitutive bursal stem cells).
    [Show full text]
  • The Structure of Bursa of Fabricius in the Long-Legged Buzzard (Buteo Rufinus): Histological and Histochemical Study
    Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2015, 65 (4), 510-517 UDK: 598.279.23-144 DOI: 10.1515/acve-2015-0043 Research article THE STRUCTURE OF BURSA OF FABRICIUS IN THE LONG-LEGGED BUZZARD (BUTEO RUFINUS): HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY KARADAG SARI Ebru1, ALTUNAY Hikmet2, KURTDEDE Nevin2, BAKIR Buket3* 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey; 2Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; 3Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey (Received 13 April; Accepted 18 September 2015) The bursa of Fabricius (BF) is a lymphoepithelial organ found only in birds. Differences in morphology of BF could play an important role in immune response. The objective of this study was to investigate the histological and histochemical characteristics of the bursa of Fabricius in the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufi nus). The material for the study comprised bursa samples obtained from three long-legged buzzards with permission of the General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks (Ankara, Turkey). Briefl y, interfollicular epithelium (IFE) was shown to be columnar in shape and not to contain goblet cells. Reticular fi bers were located in interfollicular septae. Each lymphoid follicle in the bursa of Fabricius in the long-legged buzzard was remarkably linked to the follicle associated epithelium (FAE). Namely, FAE has been reported to stimulate antibody production by transferring antigens to the medulla and have a leading role in developing of local immune response. Among the others, the species- specifi c differences in bursa of Fabricius morphology of long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufi nus) also might support the continuity of this species in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayo Foundation House Window Illustrates the Eras of Medicine
    FEATURE HISTORY IN STAINED GLASS Mayo Foundation House window illustrates the eras of medicine BY MICHAEL CAMILLERI, MD, AND CYNTHIA STANISLAV, BS 12 | MINNESOTA MEDICINE | MARCH/APRIL 2020 FEATURE Mayo Foundation House window illustrates the eras of medicine BY MICHAEL CAMILLERI, MD, AND CYNTHIA STANISLAV, BS Doctors and investigators at Mayo Clinic have traditionally embraced the study of the history of medicine, a history that is chronicled in the stained glass window at Mayo Foundation House. Soon after the donation of the Mayo family home in Rochester, Minnesota, to the Mayo Foundation in 1938, a committee that included Philip Showalter Hench, MD, (who became a Nobel Prize winner in 1950); C.F. Code, MD; and Henry Frederic Helmholz, Jr., MD, sub- mitted recommendations for a stained glass window dedicated to the history of medicine. The window, installed in 1943, is vertically organized to represent three “shields” from left to right—education, practice and research—over four epochs, starting from the bot- tom with the earliest (pre-1500) and ending with the most recent (post-1900) periods. These eras represent ancient and medieval medicine, the movement from theories to experimentation, organized advancement in science and, finally, the era of preventive medicine. The luminaries, their contributions to science and medicine and the famous quotes or aphorisms included in the panels of the stained glass window are summa- rized. Among the famous personalities shown are Hippocrates of Kos, Galen, Andreas Vesalius, Ambroise Paré, William Harvey, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Giovanni Battista Morgagni, William Withering, Edward Jenner, René Laennec, Claude Bernard, Florence Nightingale, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, Theodor Billroth, Robert Koch, William Osler, Willem Einthoven and Paul Ehrlich.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Control of B Lymphocyte Development in the Bursa of Fabricius P
    Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis, 2003, 51, 389–398 PL ISSN 0004-069X Review Dynamic Control of B Lymphocyte Development in the Bursa of Fabricius P. E. Funk and J. L. Palmer: B Cell Development in the Bursa PHILLIP E. FUNK and JESSICA L. PALMER1* Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA Abstract. The chicken is a foundational model for immunology research and continues to be a valuable animal for insights into immune function. In particular, the bursa of Fabricius can provide a useful experimental model of the development of B lymphocytes. Furthermore, an understanding of avian immunity has direct practical application since chickens are a vital food source. Recent work has revealed some of the molecular interactions necessary to allow proper repertoire diversification in the bursa while enforcing quality control of the lymphocytes produced, ensuring that functional cells without self-reactive immunoglobulin receptors populate the peripheral immune organs. Our laboratory has focused on the function of chB6, a novel molecule capable of inducing rapid apoptosis in bursal B cells. Our recent work on chB6 will be presented and placed in the context of other recent studies of B cell development in the bursa. Key words: bursa of Fabricius; B lymphocytes; apoptosis; intracellular signaling. Introduction mans systems, the chicken remains a viable and inter- esting model to understand immunity. The chicken is The immune system is charged with defending the an excellent model to use in studying B lymphocyte body against a wide and constantly changing array of development because it has an organ, the bursa of Fab- potential pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • From Lhe Deparlmenls of Pathology And
    ONTOGENY OF BURSAL FUNCTION IN CHICKEN III. IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL FOR HUI~{ORAL IMMUNITY* BY PAAVO TOIVANEN,:~ AULI TOIVANEN,§ A~'O ROBERT A. GOODII (From lhe Deparlmenls of Pathology and Microbiology, Universily of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and the Departments of Medical Microbiology and Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland) (Received for publication 20 October 1971) During our studies on the progenitor or stem cell responsible for humoral immunity (1, 2) it became evident that the organ distribution of the stem cell does not parallel the distribution of immunocompetent cells. In the present work, we have studied the occurrence of immunocompetent cells in different chicken tissues during different stages of ontogeny. For this purpose, immunoeompetent cells for humoral immunity are considered those cells which react with antigens and produce antibodies, without defining how many cell types are involved. Previously, different methods have been applied to studies of the immunocompetent cells in avian tissues. Studies by several investigators (3-5) have demonstrated that spleen cells of immunized adult and young chickens adhere and lyse sheep red blood cells (SRBC), ~ whereas cells taken from bursa of Fabricius are inactive in this respect. The earliest studies on antibody response by transferred cells suffered from allogeneic rejection (6, 7). To avoid such rejection, newly hatched and embryonic recipients have been used to demonstrate antibody production by spleen, bone marrow, and thymus cells from immunized and normal donors (8-16). In these models, however, the transplanted cells induced a graft-vs.-host reaction in the young recipients. Graft-vs.-host reactions were also obtained when hormonally bursectomized recipients were used (13, 17).
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Review of Tracheostomy O Rajesh, R Meher
    The Internet Journal of Otorhinolaryngology ISPUB.COM Volume 4 Number 2 Historical Review Of Tracheostomy O Rajesh, R Meher Citation O Rajesh, R Meher. Historical Review Of Tracheostomy. The Internet Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2005 Volume 4 Number 2. Abstract Tracheostomy is a life saving procedure done to establish airway in-patients with upper respiratory tract obstruction. It requires an opening to be made in anterior wall of trachea and a tube is inserted through the opening to allow passage of air and removal of secretions. Instead of breathing through the nose and mouth, the patient now breathes through the tracheostomy tube. If we look into history, the tracheotomy is one of the oldest surgical procedures, which was dreaded with complications until 19th century when procedure was understood clearly and indications properly defined. Authors review the history of tracheostomy from ancient period to the present era of surgical advancement. THE ORIGIN OF THE TERM TRACHEOSTOMY from 1500 BC to 1500 AD) begins with references to The word tracheostomy is derived from two words meaning incisions into the “wind pipe” in the Ebers Papyrus. The I cut trachea in Greek The procedure has been given several Rig-Veda a Hindu text circa 2000 BC describes spontaneous different names, including pharyngotomy, laryngotomy, healing of a tracheotomy incision. The first instance of bronchotomy, tracheostomy and tracheotomy. In Greek and tracheotomy was portrayed way back in 3600 BC on Roman medicine, the operation was initially called Egyptian artifacts by engravings in Abydos and Sakkara laryngotomy or bronchotomy. The word tracheotomy first regions of Egypt depicting tracheostomy.
    [Show full text]