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The Bursa of Fabricius of the Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo) and Its Response to Escherichia Coli Johnny Durr Hoskins Iowa State University

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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1977 The bursa of Fabricius of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and its response to Escherichia coli Johnny Durr Hoskins Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, and the Veterinary Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Hoskins, Johnny Durr, "The bursa of Fabricius of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and its response to Escherichia coli " (1977). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5828. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5828 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR I I 77-16,959 HOSKINS, Johnny Durr, 1943- THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS OF THE TURKEY fMELEAGRIS GALLOPAVOl AND ITS RESPONSE TO ESCHERICHIA COLI. Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1977 Veterinary Science Xerox UniVGrSity Microfilnns, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 The bursa of Fabricius of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and its response to Escherichia coli by Johnny Durr Hoskins A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Veterinary Pathology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major ^Jork Signature was redacted for privacy. r the Major Depgftment Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Gradiiate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1977 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Normal Growth of the Bursa of Fabricius 4 Histology of the Bursa of Fabricius 11 Immunological Review of Bursa of Fabricius 18 Identification of Escherichia coli 20 Escherichia coli Infection in Poultry 21 Microflora in Alimentary Tract of Poultry 22 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 Source and Preparation of Bacteria 23 Turkeys 24 Bursa of Fabricius Study 24 Experiment I : Normal bursa of Fabricius 24 Experiment II: Virulent Escherichia coli uptake in two-day-old poults 25 Experiment III: Avirulent Escherichia coli uptake in two-day-old poults 26 Experiment IV: Intrabursal inoculation of virulent Escherichia coli in thirty-day old poults 26 Bacterial Counts 27 Light Microscopy 28 Fluorescent Antibody Staining 28 Scanning Electron Microscopy 29 Transmission Electron Microscopy 30 iii RESULTS 31 Experiment I: Normal Bursa of Fabricius 31 Bursa of Fabricius growth 31 Histology 31 Scanning electron microscopy 55 Transmission electron microscopy 64 Experiment II: Virulent Escherichia coli Uptake in Two-Day-Cld Poults 113 Bacterial counts 113 Immunofluorescent staining of bursal tissue 113 Histopathology 119 Transmission electron microscopy 119 Experiment III: Avirulent Escherichia coli Uptake in Two-Day-Old Poults 136 Bacterial counts 136 Immunofluorescent staining of bursal tissue 136 Histopathology 144 Transmission electron microscopy 144 Experiment IV: Intrabursal Inoculation of Virulent Escherichia coli in Thirty-Day-Old Poults 161 Bacterial counts 161 Immunofluorescent staining of bursal tissue 161 Histopathology 171 Scanning electron microscopy 182 Transmission electron microscopy 182 DISCUSSION 197 Development and Morphology of Bursa of Fabricius 197 Bursa of Fabricius growth 197 Morphology 198 Bursal Response to Escherichia coli in Two-Day- Old Poults 200 Bursal Response to Intrabursal Inoculation of Virulent Escherichia coli in Thirty-Day-Old Poults 203 iv SUMMARY 205 LITERATURE CITED 208 ACKNOWLEDGtlENTS 216 1 INTRODUCTION The bursa of Fabricius in avian species is generally considered to be a central lymphoid organ in which cells with the capacity for differentiation into antibody-forming elements are generated (Warner et , 1962). It has been well docu­ mented that bursa-derived lymphoid cells migrate to secondary lymphoid organs such as spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (Linna et al., 1969; Durkin et al. , 1972)-.. The sequen­ tial, gradual appearance of immunoglobulin M-, immunoglobulin G- and immunoglobulin A- determinants on the surface of bursal lymphoid cells before and after hatching has been interpreted to represent a genetically determined, antigen-independent differentiation of immature precusor cells into immunoglobulin- bearing lymphocytes (Kincade and Cooper, 1971 and Cooper et al., 1972). Bursal function has been extended to include two types of stem cells: bursal and postbursal. Bursal stem cells are claimed to be unable to differentiate into plasma cell precusors without contact with bursal microenvironment but they can re­ store bursal morphology in cyclophosphamide-treated chickens and initiate germinal center formation in the spleen (Toivanen and Toivanen, 1973). These cells are found in the post-hatch­ ing bursa at least to the age of three weeks. Postbursal stem cells appear to be capable of further maturation into antibody- producing elements without bursal contact and do not restore the bursal morphology of the cyclophosphamide-treated chickens. 2 Postbursal cells begin to appear in the bursa at the age of two weeks and are subsequently found also in the spleen, bone marrow and thymus. The bursa also functions as a peripheral lymphoid organ (Schaffner et al., 1974). Direct contact between lymphoid elements and material actively taken up from the cloacal lumen occurs regularly within bursal follicles. This process appears to be enhanced by the existence of a pumping mechanism since the bursa undergoes rhythmic contraction by sphincter muscles which contract in synchrony with respiration, and it possesses a wall of smooth muscles which causes peristalsis-like move­ ments (Sorvari et al., 1975). This bursal function has been widely used in vaccinating chickens for infectious laryngo- tracheitis, the vent method. The development and morphology of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens have been extensively studied (Click, 1955 and Hodges, 1974). The same information for the turkey is not available. Colibacillosis is a term that has been applied to a group of diseases caused by infection with bacteria classified as Escherichia coli. Certain strains of E, coli have been isolated from infected chickens and turkeys with a variety of lesions such as enteritis, osteomyelitis, septicemia and air- sacculitis. The E. coli-septicemic form, which is characterized in turkeys as acute fulminating disease that accompanies 3 diarrhea or is dominated by upper respiratory tract infections, is an increasing problem in the turkey industry (Saif et al., 1970 and Moorhead and Saif*, 1970). The raising of turkeys in confinement rather than on range seems to be the principal management factor involved. Escherichia coli is widely distributed in nature. The microorganism is a common inhabitant of the intestinal tract of poultry and can be isolated from the litter and fecal matter of most poultry houses. Escherichia coli is isolated from the contents of the bursa of Fabricius of normal chickens and turkeys. This study was conducted with the three following objectives: (1) to describe the normal development and morphology of the bursa of Fabricius in the turkey, (2) to determine if the E. coli could pass through the bursal epithelium in view of the production of immunity, and (3) to compare the response of the
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