Evolutionary Psychology: an Introduction, Second Edition Lance Workman and Will Reader Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition Lance Workman and Will Reader Index More information

Index

Note: Page numbers in bold indicate items in boxes, page numbers in italics indicate illustrations and tables.

abiotic environment, 70, 73 amino acids, 42 abortion, spontaneous, 200 amygdala, 309, 310 absent fathers, 106, 151–2, 158 Anderson, John, 239–40, 243 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Anderson, John, and R. Milson, 240 (AIDS), 332 Andersson, Malte, 75 Adams, David, 19 Andrew, Richard, 307 Adams, Douglas anger, 318, 319 The Hitch-Hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, 252 antibodies, 331 adaptationism, 22, 23, 26 antidepressants, 347 and memory, 242, 243 antigens, 331 and modularity, 21 antimicrobial properties of spices, 408 see also emotions, as adaptations antipyretic, 329 adenine, 42 anxiety, 336, 335–9, 346 adoption, 188–90, 356 ‘smoke detector’ principle, 336 adrenal glands, 314 arbitrary culture theory, 98 adrenalin (epinephrine), 314 Archer, John, 224 Adult Attachment Interview, 155 Ardipithecus ramidus, 40 affective disorders, 340 Aristotle, 3 agreeableness, 369, 385 arms race, 70, 199–200, 328 aggressive behaviour, 196 artificial selection, 31–2, 32 agoraphobia, 319, 339 asexual reproduction, 67–72 agriculture, 424 asexual species, 6 Ahktar, N., and M. Tomasello, 284 Asperger syndrome, 132, 284 AIDS, 332 Atran, Scott, 427 Ainsworth, Mary, 152–5 attachment theory, 152–9 Alcock, John, 187, 209 Adult Attachment Interview, 155 Alexander, Richard, 195, 205, 209 insecure avoidant, 153, 154, 155 Alexander, Richard, and Katherine Noonan, 89 insecure resistant, 153, 154, 156 algorithms, 247 and life history theory, 153–5 Darwinian, 255–6 secure attachment, 153, 154, 155 alleles, 37 styles, 154, 158 allocation, principle of, 147 working model, 152 Allport, Gordon, 366–7 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder alphabet, 424 (ADHD), 358 see also writing attractiveness, 66, 317 altruism, 50, 84, 186, 205 Australopithecus, 40 and animals, 184, 207 autism, 132–4, 173–4, 284 see also kin altruism; reciprocal altruism autoimmune disorder, 353 Alzheimer’s, 333 autonomic nervous system (ANS), American Psychiatric Association, 348 314 see also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Averill, James, 316 (DSM-IV) Axelrod, Robert, 218

474

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88836-3 - Evolutionary Psychology: An Introduction, Second Edition Lance Workman and Will Reader Index More information

Index 475

baboons, 84–5, 85 Brown, Donald, 403, 408, 428 bacteria, 215 Buck, Ross, 302 bacterial infections, 329 Burnstein, E., C. Crandell, and S. Kitayama, bacteriophage, 215 188 Badcock, Christopher, 89 Bushnell, I. W. R., 127 Baillargeon, Renée, 119–21 Buss, David, 102, 104, 105, 107, 108, 373 apparatus, 120 mate choice criteria, 92–3, 95, 96, 97 Baker, R. R. and M. A. Bellis, 105 Buss, David, and David Schmitt, 103 Bandura, Albert, 13, 379 Buss, David, and Donald Symons, 103 Baron-Cohen, S., 130–1, 132–6, 138 Buss, David, and Heidi Greiling, 373 Barrett, Louise see Dunbar, Robin, and Louise Barrett C–F continuum, 148 Bartlett, Sir Frederick, 236, 239, 413 Cannon, Walter, 303 base-rate neglect, 247 Carey, Susan, 121, 123 ‘basic emotion theorists’, 306 Carroll, Lewis Basolo, A. L., 66 Alice through the Looking Glass, 71 Bateson, Gregory, 304 Casscells, W., A. Schoenberger, and T. Bateson, Pat, and Robert Hinde, 123 Grayboys, 250 Bateson, Pat, and Paul Martin, 381 casual sex, 102–8, 109 Bateson, Pat, M. Mendl, and J. Feaver, 150–1 and men, 107–8 Bayes theorem, 250–1 and women, 103–5 behaviour Cattell, Raymond, 369 and evolution, 72–3 cheaters, 256–7, 257, 358 behavioural ecology, 16 chemoreceptor trigger zone, 330 behavioural genetics, 24, 160–3 Chiappe, D., and K. B. MacDonald, 393–4, 396 genes and the environment, 159, 370–86, 382 childhood, 145, 146 Bell, Graham, 69–70, 71–2 chimeric face, 312–13 Bell Curve, the, 392 chimpanzees, 14, 82–3, 396 Bellis, M. A. Chisholm, James, 146–8, 157–8, 373, 382 see Baker, R. R. and M. A. Bellis Chomsky, Noam, 114, 270–5, 272, 276, 277 Belsky, Jay, 146, 154–7, 167–9, 373, 377, 382 and evolution, 274 Bentall, Richard, 362 chromosomes, 36–8, 38, 43 see also Moffit, T., A. Caspi, J. Belsky, and P. civilisation, 423, 424 Silva Clark, R. and E. Hatfield, 102 Berle, D., and E. Phillips, 337 classical conditioning, 317 Beroldi, G., 20 Cloak, F. T., 412 Binet, Alfred, 387 Clutton-Brock, Tim, 77 biological preparedness, 142 codon, 42 biophobia, 15 coefficient of relatedness (r), 52, 189 biotic environment, 70, 72 cognition, 229–62 bipedalism, 40, 89 and evolution, 229–62 bipolar depression (manic depression), 25, 322, see also computational theory of mind; 340, 346–7, 347 heuristics; memory; reasoning, conditional bipolar disorder, 340 cognitive development, and innateness, 112 birth order, 383, 384–6 see also autism; cortical plasticity; Bisson, Terry imprinting; innate modules; nativism; ‘They’re made out of meat’, 232–3 theory of mind; Williams syndrome Bloom, Paul cognitive illusions, 251 see Pinker, Stephen, and Paul Bloom common ancestor, 82 Boas, Franz, 15, 401 communication Bolhuis, J. J. symbolic, 293, 294 see Johnson, M. H., and J. J. Bolhuis technology, 422–4 Bowlby, John, 152, 153 comparative method, 81 Boyd, Robert, and Peter Richerson, 405, 428 competition, 4, 73, 426 brain injury, 142, 311 compounding, 280 Breland, Keller, 17 compromise argument, 335 Breland, Marian, 17 computational theory of mind, 233, 231–4

476 Index

computer viruses, 415–16 cytoplasm, 49 conscientiousness, 369, 385 cytosine, 42 conditioned emotional response, 317 conjunction fallacy, 247 Daly, Martin, and Margo Wilson, 45, 55, 107, CONLERN, 126 149 consilience, 27 Damasio, Antonio, 311 CONSPEC, 126 Darwin, Charles, 8–9, 31–3, 219, 305 conspecifics, 73, 123, 128 ‘A biographical sketch of an infant’, 8 contentment, 321 and birth order, 384 conventional medicine, 328 The Descent of Man, and Selection in Coolidge effect, the, 108, 108 Relation to Sex, 59 Cooper, C., 364, 390, 388 eclipsed by SSSM, 13–17 cooperation, 73, 220 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and corpus callosum, 312 Animals, 8, 302–3 corpus luteum, 200 natural selection, 1–2, 5, 29 cortical plasticity, 141–2 On the Origin of Species, 8, 32, 33 corticosteroids, 315 and sexual dimorphism, 91 cortisol, 315 and sexual selection, 58–9 Cosmides, Leda, 15, 16, 21–2, 257 Darwin, Erasmus, 4 Cosmides, Leda, and John Tooby, 16, 114, 250, The Laws of Organic Life, 3 252–3, 257, 257–8 Darwin, Major Leonard, 11 Crain, S., and M. Nakayama, 272 Darwinian algorithms, 255–6 creativity, 266 Darwinian medicine, 157, 327–8, 334, 347, 354, criticism of evolutionary psychology, 25–8 360 cross-cultural research, 24 Darwinian theory, 12, 29 crossing over, 38, 39 and racial hierarchy, 13–14 Crow, Tim, 351 Davidson, Richard, 313 cryptic oestrus, 89–90 Dawkins, Richard, 45, 411–13, 427 cultural differences, 108–9, 401–3 and recognition genes, 191 cultural display rules, 315–16 The God Delusion, 427 cultural evolution The Selfish Gene, 18, 53–5, 189, 411 and memes, 412–13 Deacon, Terrence, 291, 294–5 and progress, 410–11 deception cultural relativity, 15–17, 29 see Machiavellian intelligence cultural transmission, 15–17, 401, 407–28, deceptive box test, 129 417–19 decision making, 247–6 horizontal transmission, 424–8 errors in, 251–2 and language learning, 284 and foraging theory, 259–61 vertical transmission, 424 Dennett, Daniel, 141, 331, 413–14 cultural universals, 403, 428 Breaking the Spell, 427 culture, 15–17, 400–30 Darwin’s Dangerous Idea, 27 and animals, 420–1 deontic task, 257 development of, 424 depression, 320, 339–45, 346 dual inheritance theory, 405–7 bipolar (manic depression), 25, 340, 346–7 evoked, 405 endogenous (clinical), 339 and evolution, 401, 405–16, 428–9 and evolution, 341 gene-culture co-evolution, 407–8 evolutionary models, 341 and human behaviour, 15–17 genetic basis for, 346 i-culture, 412 increase in, 344–5 and inclusive fitness, 408, 413 and mood, 342 m-culture, 412 reactive, 339 superorganic, 401–3 and sexual selection, 345 transmitted, 405 social competition hypothesis, 342, 343 see also cultural transmission; memes; and social status, 342 memetics treatment, 347 culturegens, 408 unipolar, 340, 346 Cummins, D. D., and R. Cummins, 142 derivational morphology, 280

Index 477

Derryberry, D., and D. M. Tucker, 320 definitions of, 299–300 determinism, 26 evolution of, 299–301 development 112–44, 145–81 functional explanations, 317 cognitive, 112–44 innate biological organisation of, 314 and life history theory, 146–59 and motivation, 301 social, 145–81 negative, 318 developmental flexibility, 108 neuroimaging, 306, 309 developmental plasticity, 386 positive, 320 developmental theory, 115 products of society, 316 DeVore, Irv see also amygdala; lateralisation; limbic see Tooby, John, and Irv DeVore system; orbitofrontal cortex; universal Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), emotions 348, 354, 355 empathizing 134–6 Diamond, Jared, 422–4 Empedocles, 3 diathesis, 357 emulation, 421 diet, 85–7 endocrine glands, 314 differential reproductive success, 5 endogenous (clinical) depression, 339 diploid, 37 environment diseases abiotic (physical), 70, 73 epidemic, 422 adverse, 357 genetic, 333–4 biotic (living), 70, 72 late onset, 333 parental, 159–63 testing for, 252 shared, 161–2, 169 see also infections unique (non-shared), 161–2, 162, 167 disgust, 337 Environment of Evolutionary Adaptation disintegration of communities, 344 (EEA), 1, 25, 364, 393 displacement, 265 epigenesis, 116, 117, 407 display rules, 315–16 epigenetic landscape, 116, 117 diversity, 242 epigenetic rules, 407–8 division of labour, 88, 424 ethnocentrism, 218 dizygotic (non-identitical) twins ethology, 16 see twins, non-identical etiology, 328 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 42–3, 43 eugenics, 11–12 domains module, 256 eugenics societies, 11, 12 actual domains, 174, 256 Eurasian domination, 422–4 proper domains, 174, 256 evaluation methods, 23–5 domesticated animals, 422–4, 423 Evans, J. St. B. T. dopamine, 351, 378 see Manktelow, K. I., and J. St. B. T. Evans; Down’s syndrome, 132 Pollard, P., and J. St. B. T. Evans Draper, Patricia, and Henry Harpending, evolution 151–2 and behaviour, 72–4 Dunbar, Robin, 291–3 biological, 405 Dunbar, Robin, and Louise Barrett, 199 and Chomsky, Noam, 274 and culture, 401, 405–16 Eagly Alice, 94–5 and depression, 341 Eagly, A. H., and W. Wood, 95 of human species, 40–1, 41 Ebbinghaus, Herman, 236 and illness, 360 egg production, 45 of language, 351 Ekman, Paul, 303, 315, 316, 318 and memory, 236–47 Ekman, Paul, and Wallace Friesen, 305–6 and personality, 372–3, 373 Ellis, Lee, 15 and schizophrenia, 351 embedded figure tests, 133 and sexual selection, 183 emotional experience, 304 evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS), 217 emotional expression, 304 evolutionary psychology emotions criticism of, 25–8 as adaptations, 304, 318, 319, 320 origins of, 1–2 chemistry of, 314 principles of, 22

478 Index

evolutionary psychopathology, 327–8 founder effect, 47 see also anxiety; Darwinian medicine; Fox, R., 20 depression; immune system; mental illness; FOXP2 gene, 279 personality disorders; psychiatric Frederickson, Barbara, 318, 320–1 problems; schizophrenia; social Freeman, Derek, 304, 404 competition hypothesis free riders, 220–1, 256–7 evolutionary theory free will, 237–8 and personality disorders, 354 frequency dependent selection, 365, 376 sexual selection, 183 Freud, Sigmund, 17, 301–3 and social psychology, 182–3 Fridlund, A. J., 297 evolved cheater strategy hypothesis, 357 Friesen, Wallace Ewald, Paul, 332 see Ekman, Paul, and Wallace Friesen Expected Information Gain (EIG), 258–9 frontal lobes, 310 extra-marital sex, 103, 104 frugivorous, 83 extraversion, 367, 369, 385 eyes test, the, 131 Gage, Phineas, 311 Eysenck, Hans, 367–8, 368 brain damage, 311 Gall, Franz Joseph, 21, 114 face recognition, 125–8, 126, 127, 140 Galton, Francis, 9, 9–10, 11 facial expressions, 305–6, 304 gambler’s fallacy, 249 as social tools, 316 game theory, 214 facultative traits, 381 gametes, 34 false belief tasks Gardener, Martin, 416 Sally-Anne, 131 Gardner, Howard, 389 false beliefs, 129–30 gathering hypothesis, 87 families Gaulin, S. J. C., and D. H. McBurney, 391 and inclusive fitness, 195, 202–3 ‘gavagai problem’, 269 and parental investment, 195–6 gene flow, 47 Fantz, R. L., 125, 126 general intelligence (g), 388–9, 396 Faris, Ellsworth, 10, 402 genes faster evolution, 69 5-HTT, 378 father absence, 106, 151–2, 158 and chromosomes, 36–8 fear, 318 D4DR, 378 Feaver, J., 150–1 discovered, 33–5 female choice, 59 and DNA, 42–5 and male adornment, 60, 63–7 dominant, 34 and male behaviour, 74 expressed, 39 and male–male competition, 76–8 FOXP2, 279 and male reproductive success, 74–6 linkage, 38 female–female competition, 77–8 mutation, 39 Fertile Crescent, the, 424 and personality, 377–9 fertility, 95–7 recessive, 34 Fisher, Ronald, 60–1, 65, 66, 69, 251 replicator, 54 fission, 67 segregated, 37 fitness, 11, 33, 146, 319, 336 transmission of, 38–9 components of (reproduction), 147 vehicle, 54 current reproductive fitness, 148 genes and the environment future reproductive fitness, 148 active interactions, 162 and offspring, 151 passive interactions, 162 reproductive effort, 147 reactive/evocative interactions, somatic effort, 147 162 see also inclusive fitness genetic diseases, 333–4 Flinn, Mark, 199 genetic drift, 47 Fodor, Jerry, 277 genetic engineering, 12 The Modularity of Mind, 21 genetics, 5–7, 31 foraging theory, 259–61 molecular, 49 foramen magnum, 40 genotype, 34, 412

Index 479

Gigerenzer, G., 253 heterozygous advantage, 333 Gigerenzer, G., and K. Hug, 257 heterozygous organism, 34 good genes, 66 heuristics, 247 Gopnik, Myrna, 278, 282 base-rate neglect, 247–9 Gordon, Peter, 281 representativeness bias, 247–9 gossip, 291–3 ‘heuristics and biases’, 251 Gould, Stephen Jay, 19, 89 Hinde, Robert, 19 Gould, Stephen Jay, and Richard Lewontin see also Bateson, Pat, and Robert Hinde ‘The spandrels of San Marco’, 23 Hirsh-Pasek, Katherine, and Roberta grammar, 264–6, 274 Golinkoff, 272 errors in, 274 HIV, 332 genes, 275–84 Hoffman, M. L., 135, 167 tense marking, 283 hominids, 40, 87 grammar gene, 283 Homo erectus, 41, 48 Grandin, Temple, 137 and language, 288 social rules, 173–4 Homo habilis, 40 Great Chain of Being (scala naturae), The, 3 Homo sapiens, 41, 48–9 Greenberg, Joseph, 290 and language, 288, 286 Gregory, Richard, 279 homologous expressions, 307 Griggs, R. A., and J. R. Cox, 255 homologous pairs, 36 grooming, 291–3 homozygous condition, 333 Groundhog Day, 236 homozygous organism, 34 group selection, 47–50, 170, 383–4 honest signals, 65, 295 group size, 292 horizontal transmission, 424–8 group socialisation theory, 163, 163–7, 377, 426 human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), 200 and environmental influence, 163–4 Human Genome Project, 36, 44–5 evaluation of, 165–7 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), 332 and evolutionary psychology, 164–5 human placental lactogen (hPL), 200 and personality, 377 hunter-gatherers, 24, 85, 87, 210, 394 group-splitting hypothesis, 352–3 hunting, and women, 88 guanine, 42 hunting hypothesis, 87, 88 Huntington’s chorea, 333 habituation procedures, 119, 119–21 hysteria, 303 Haeckel, Ernst, 13, 401 Haidt, Jonathan, 171–2, 175 idea diffusion, 403 Haidt, J., and C. Joseph, 174–6, 175 illness, and evolution Haig, David, 199–200 see psychiatric problems Haines, S., and J. Gould, 66, 76 illusions Hamilton, William, 18, 64, 322 cognitive, 251 and inclusive fitness, 50–2, 188 moral, 171 and kin altruism, 183–7, 188 visual, 234–5, 235 Hamilton–Zuk theory, 65, 66 imitation, 417–19 handicap hypothesis, 63 immune system, 331, 353 hardware implementation, 233 imprinting, 123–4, 128 Hare, Robert, 376 critical period, 123 harem territories, 77 sensitive period, 123 Harris, Judith, 163–7, 373, 377, 386, 426 inclusive fitness, 52, 188, 225 The Nurture Assumption, 163 and adoption, 188, 189 Harris, Marvin, 211 and culture, 408, 413 Hauser, Marc, 121, 176–9, 177–8 direct fitness, 185 Heider, Fritz, and Mary Simmel, 427 and families, 195, 202–3 Heinen, Joel indirect fitness, 185 see Low, Bobbi, and Joel Heinen and kin altruism, 183–7 heritability, 5, 45–7, and love, 321 and personality, 364, 370, 379, 381, 382 and parent–offspring conflict, 196 Herrnstein, Richard and puberty, 199, 201 The Bell Curve, 392 independent assortment, 37

480 Index

indicative task, 257 Kant, Immanuel infanticide, 149 Anthropology, 4 infections Karmiloff-Smith, Annette, 140–1 bacterial, 329 modularisation, 126 viral, 330 Kellog, Donald infectious diseases, 328–9 and Gua, 418 inflectional morphology, 278, 279, 280 Kellogg, Winthrop, and Luella, 417 information transfer, 291 Kenrick, Douglas, 344 informavores, 259 see also Simpson, Jeffry, and Douglas inheritance of acquired characteristics, 5 Kenrick inherited traits, 7–8 kin altruism, 52, 185, 197, 225 blend model, 7–8 and adoption, 188–90 innate modules, 112, 114, 123, 142 and inclusive fitness, 183–7 competencies, 114, 115 and self-sacrifice, 187–8 developmental disorders, 114 kin recognition, 191 and theory of mind, 132–7 mechanisms, 191 and Williams syndrome, 137–40 Klein, S. B., L. Comides, J. Tooby, and S. instincts, 10–13 Chance, 240 instructed learning, 421 Klein, S. B., J. Loftus, and J. F. Kihlstrom, 241 intelligence, 387–97 Koss, Mary, 28 and evolution, 389–91 Kroeber, Alfred, 402 g (general intelligence), 388–9 !Kung San, 209–11, 210 and genes, 395 heritability, 364 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 5 measurement of, 387–9 Lange, Carl, 303 multiple intelligences see also James–Lange theory of emotions and race, 392–3 language, 263–98 inter-hemispheric transfer, 312 and animals, 263–4, 276–7 interest, 321 and cultural transmission, 421 Internet, 415–16 definition of, 265–6 intersexual selection, 59, 345 evolution of, 288–91, 351 intrasexual selection, 59, 78, 345 families, 289 introversion, 367, 369, 385 gene, 279 IQ (Intelligence Quotient), 388 lateralisation, 351 and race, 392–3 learning, 268–74, 284 tests, 388–9, 395 and life history theory, 285–7 Izard, Carroll, 300, 306 and natural selection, 266–7, 274–5, 277, 283, 284, 291–6 James, Oliver organ, 274 They F*** You Up: How to Survive Family processing, 140, 267 Life, 160 and sexual selection, 295 James, William, 10–12, 301–3 social origins of, 291–6 ‘What is an emotion?’, 301 and word order, 273 James–Lange theory of emotions, 303 see also learnability argument; social contract Jamison, Kay Redfield, 346 hypothesis; social grooming hypothesis; Jenson, Arthur, 392 specific language impairment (SLI) Johnson, M. H., and J. J. Bolhuis, 124 language organ, 113, 273, 274–5, 276–7, 280, Johnson, M. H., and J. Morton, 125–6, 134 281, 283 stimuli, 126 languages Johnson-Laird, Philip, and Keith Oatley, 306 Dene Caucasian, 290 Jones, Sir William, 288 Indo-European, 289, 424 joy, 321 Nostratic, 290 Proto-Indo-European (PIE), 289 K-selection, 148, 193, 193 late onset diseases, 333 Kagan, Jerome, 165 lateralisation, 312–13, 351–2 Kahneman, Daniel language, 351 see Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman Leakey, Richard, 19

Index 481

learnability argument (argument from the preferences, 93, 93–105, 109 poverty of the stimulus), 262 see also Coolidge effect; male parental LeDoux, J. E., 323 investment; polygyny; provisioning Lehman, H. C., 425 hypothesis; sexual dimorphism; sperm Leonard, Laurence, 282 competition leucocyte endogenous mediator (LEM), 329 mate guarding, 85 levels of explanation, 233 materialism, 8 Levy, Robert, 319 mathematical and computational modelling, 25 Lewontin, Richard, 19 mating strategies, 91–3, 92, 100–3, 294, 295 see also Gould, Stephen Jay, and Richard Maynard-Smith, John, 52, 68, 214 Lewontin kin selection, 186 Libet, B., 237–8 McElroy, Wendy, 28 life history theory, 146–8 McGuire, Michael, and Alfonso Troisi, 356, and attachment theory, 153–9, 405 357, 358, 359, 360 and development, 145, 146–59 McGuire, Michael, Michael Raleigh, and and language, 285–7 Alfonso Troisi, 341, 343 and play, 150–1 Mead, Margaret, 13, 304, 402, 402–3, 404 lifetime reproductive success, 33 Coming of Age in Samoa, 402–3 limbic system, 309, 310 Mealey, Linda, 356, 373 Lively, Curtis, 71 Medical Hypotheses, 23 Locke, J. L. and B. Bogin, 285–7 medicine locus, 36 see conventional medicine; Darwinian Lorenz, Konrad, 123–4, 124 medicine love, 321 meiosis, 37 Low, Bobbi, and Joel Heinen, 209 memes, 409–16 Lumsden, Charles, and E. O. Wilson, 407–9 and cultural evolution, 412–13 Luria, A., 245 and genes, 413–14 lymphocytes (white cells), 331 memetics, 409–16, 415–16 memory, 239, 315, 413 Maccoby, Eleanor, 159 and categorisation, 242–3 Machiavellian intelligence, 128–9 derived, 241 ‘Machiavellians’, 343–4 episodic, 240 macrophages, 331 and evolution, 239–47 major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 191 fallible, 243–6 male adornment function of, 239–40 and female choice, 60, 63–7 inceptive, 241 male behaviour and information retrieval, 240 and female choice, 74 semantic, 240 male characteristics, 64 and stereotypes, 242–3 male choice, 90 Mendel, Gregor, 6, 7–8, 33–5, 150–1, 412 male–male competition, 78 colour dominance in pea plants, 35–6 and female behaviour, 76–8 ‘Versuche über Pﬂanzenhybriden’ male parental investment (MPI), 89, 160 (‘Experiments in Plant Hybridisation’), 7 male reproductive success Mendelian variation, 39 and female choice, 74–6 Mendel’s laws of genetics, 36, 37 manipulation modiﬁcations to, 36–9 see Machiavellian intelligence mental age, 388 Manktelow, K. I., and J. St. B. T. Evans, 255 mental illness, 327, 334 Manktelow, K. I., and D. E. Over, 257 see also psychiatric problems Markman, Ellen, 269–70 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), 42 Marr, David, 234–5 Miller, Geoffrey, 295–6 levels of explanation, 233 Miller, George, 259 Martin, Paul, 347 Milson, R. mass communication, 344 see Anderson, John, and R. Milson mate choice, 81–2 mind viruses, 415–16 criteria, 92 mindreading origins of, 82–5 see theory of mind

482 Index

minimal information, 223 Nazi Germany minimal intergroup discrimination, 224 sterilisation and, 12 Mischel, Walter, 371 Neanderthals mitochondria, 49 and language, 288 mitosis, 37 Nesse, Randolph, 299, 300–1, 320, 334 modifier gene, 39 Nesse, Randolph, and George Williams, 336, modularity, 21–2, 29 344, 347 teeming, 174 neuroconstructivism, 141–2 modularisation, 126 neuroimaging, 306, 309 Moffit, T., A. Caspi, J. Belsky, and P. Silva, 156 neuroticism, 367, 368, 385 molecular clock, 49 niche fitting, 365, 383 molecular genetics, 49 Noonan, Katherine money, 214 see Alexander, Richard, and Katherine monogamy, 91, 104, 107 Noonan monozygotic (identical) twins Norberg, R. Å., 65 see twins, identical normal distribution curve, 335 mood, 342, 346 nucleotide, 42 moral development, 169 nurture, 112–13 moral illusions, 171–2 ‘moralists’, 343–4 Oaksford, Mike, and Nick Chater, 257–9 morality, 109 Oatley, Keith evolutionary function of, 170–6 see Johnson-Laird, Philip, and Keith Oatley origins of, 172 obligate parthenogens, 67 and theory of mind, 173 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 337–8 universality of, 176–9 oestrus, 88 morals offspring of autonomy, 171 quality or quantity, 148–9 of community, 171 openness to experience, 385 of divinity, 171 optimal data selection, 257–9 morning sickness, 330, 360 orbitofrontal cortex, 309–10, 310, morpheme, 280 origins of evolutionary psychology, 1–2 morphological (physical) characteristics, ostensive communication (ostension), 269, 270 72 osteoarthritis, 333 Morton, J. out-of-Africa hypothesis, 48, 351 see Johnson, M. H., and J. Morton Muller, Hermann, 69 pair bonds, 88, 88–9, 90 Muller’s ratchet, 69 paleoanthropology, 40 multi-level selection theory, 51 Palmer, Craig multiple intelligence (MI), 389–90 see Thornhill, Randy, and Craig Palmer multi-regional hypothesis, 48 panic, 319 Murray, Charles parameters, 274 The Bell Curve, 392 paranoid schizophrenia, 353 mutual exclusivity assumption, 270 parasite theory, 64–5, 70 parasites, 97 Nagell, K., K. Oguin, and M. Tomasello, 419, parent–offspring conflict, 196–8 421 and inclusive fitness, 196 Nash, John, 214 at puberty, 199–201, 202 Nash equilibrium, 214 Trivers’ model, 198 nativism, 112–13 at weaning, 197–8 natural selection, 1–2, 3, 22, 32–3 in the womb, 199–200 and behaviour, 188 parental investment, 61–3, 62, 95, 99, 192–5, and language, 266–7, 262, 283, 284 196–8 and morality, 170 and families, 195–6 and survival of the fittest, 33 of spiders, 194 natural world, 2 parental manipulation, 196 naturalistic fallacy, the, 393 parenting, 159–69 nature/nurture debate, 112, 160–3, 370–2 parthenogenesis, 67

Index 483

particular inheritance, 6, 34 Popper, Karl, 254 pathogenesis, 328 Prader-Willi syndrome, 138 Pavlov, Ivan, 15 preparedness theory, 317 peak productive age, 425 Price, John, 342, 343, 345 peer groups, 163–7 primate evolutionary tree, 83 see also group socialisation theory priming, 240 Perner, J., S. Leekam, and H. Wimmer, 129 principles of evolutionary psychology, personality, 45, 364, 365–87 22 ‘Big Five’ Personality Theory, 368, 369 ‘prisoner’s dilemma’, 214, 214–17, 215 birth order and, 383 ‘iterated prisoner’s dilemma’, 217 Cattell’s 16 personality factors, 369 Philip Zimbardo’s prison simulation Eysenck, 367–8, 368 experiment, 225 factor, 367 proband, 349 genes and, 377–9 Profit, Margie, 330, 360 heritability, 364, 370, 379, 380, 382 progesterone, 200 personality disorders, 354–60 promiscuity, 102, 103, 106, 107 antisocial personality disorder (APD), 356–7 proteins, 43 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder prototypes (ADHD), 358 see stereotypes clusters, 355 provisioning hypothesis, 86, 86, 92 and evolutionary theory, 354, 373, 376 and anatomical features, 90 histrionic personality disorder (HPD), 357–8 proximate causation, 186 rate of, 358 proximate explanations, 2, 29 social navigation, 359 psychiatric problems, 334 person-situation debate, the, 371 and evolution, 334 phase theories, 116 see also anxiety; depression; mental illness; phenotype, 34, 353 personality disorders; schizophrenia phenotype switching, 381 psychometrics, 9 phobia, 296 psychopath, 356–7, 373, 376, 382 phonemes, 268 primary, 373, 376 phrenology, 21 secondary, 373, 382 physics, learning, 117–23 psychopathic exploitation, 356 expectations, 122 psychopathology, 327 object permanence, 118–22 Piaget, Jean, 114–15, 118–19 Quine, W. V. O. Piaget’s theory, 115, 116, 120 ‘gavagai problem’, 269 Pinker, Steven, 8, 26, 114, 167, 190, 373, 380, 386 The Blank Slate, 141, 386 r, coefficient of relatedness, 52 Pinker, Steven, and Paul Bloom r–K continuum, 148 Natural Language and Natural Selection, 266–7 r-selection, 148, 193 Planck, Max, 425 race and IQ, 392–3 Plato racism, 13–14, 19 The Republic, 11 raffle analogy, 69 play, and life history theory, 150–1 Ramachandran, V. S., 23 pleiotropy, 39, 375 rape, 26, 27–8 pleiotropy argument, 334, 375 rarity assumption, 258–9 Pleistocene ancestors, 211 reactive depression, 339 Plomin, Robert, 364, 365, 379, 392 reasoning, 247–54 political correctness, 19–20 conditional, 254–9 politically incorrect, 27 evaluation of theories, 253 political organisation, 424 evolutionary explanations of, 251 Pollard, P., and J. St. B. T. Evans, 255 logical, 254–9 polyandry, 91 reasoning tasks polygamy, 100, 107 deontic, 257 polygenic, 39 indicative, 257 polygyny, 74, 87, 91, 101 selection, 254, 254, 255 and the Yanomamö, 212, 213 under-age drinking, 255

484 Index

reciprocal altruism, 52–3, 206, 225, 256–7 serotonin, 343, 378 and animals, 206, 207 Seville Statement on Violence, 19–20 and blood donation, 209 sex differences and emotions, 320, 322 in cognitive style, 133–6 and human evolution, 206–9 sexism, 19 and ‘prisoner’s dilemma’, 214–16 sexual dimorphism, 91, 100 and social behaviour, 356, 358 sexual partners, 104 and stone-age cultures, 209 sexual reproduction, 67–72 recognition genes, 191–2 sexual selection, 58, 85 recombination, 38, 39 and depression, 345 Red Queen hypothesis, 70–2, 71, 374 evolutionary theory, 183 reductionism, 27 and language, 294–6 religion, 426–7 and natural selection, 60 Renfrew, Colin, 289 see also female choice; parasite theory; replication, 43 parental investment; Red Queen representation and algorithm, 233 hypothesis; tangled bank theory representativeness bias, 247 sexy sons hypothesis, 105 reproductive strategy in women, 106 Shankman, Paul, 404 reproductive suppression mechanism, 201 Shavit, V., C. S. Fischer, and Y. Koresh, 187 reproductive value, 96 Sherif, Muzafer, 222 resource extraction, 105 short-term relationships ribosomes, 42 see casual sex Richerson, Peter Shweder, Richard, 171 see Boyd, Robert, and Peter Richerson sickle-cell anaemia, 333 Ridley, Matt, 54, 65, 72, 214, 331 Silk, Joan, 189 right hemisphere hypothesis, 312 Simner, M. L., 135 Robbers’ Cave experiment, 222, 223 Simon, Theodore, 387 Rosch, Eleanor, 242 Simpson, Jeffry, and Douglas Kenrick, 182 Rozin, Paul, 171 Singer, Peter, 209 Ruffman, T., 131 Skinner, B. F., 15, 379 runaway selection, 61 Slater, Peter, 191, 206 Slobodchikoff, C., 264 sadness, 319–20 Smith, Martin, 195 Sahlins, Marshal ‘smoke detector’ principle, 336 The Use and Abuse of Biology, Snyder, A., 137 188–9 Sober, E., 51 Sally-Anne task, 131 social behaviour, 182, 205, 226 Samuels, R., S. Stich, and M. Bishop, 253 see also inclusive fitness; kin altruism; Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 276 parental investment; parent–offspring Scarr, S., and R. A. Weinberg, 393 conflict; reciprocal altruism; Schacter, Daniel xenophobia seven sins of memory, 243–6, 244 social competition hypothesis, 342, 343 schizophrenia, 348–54, 350 social contract hypothesis, 294–5 categories of, 349 social contracts, 256–7, 294 diathesis-stress model, 350 social development, 145–81 and evolution, 351 see also attachment theory; behavioural group-splitting hypothesis, 352–3 genetics; environment, shared; hereditary studies of, 350 environment, unique; group socialisation paranoid, 353 theory; life history theory Schmitt, David social grooming hypothesis, 291–3 see Buss, David, and David Schmitt social groups, 128, 205 self-concept, 219 group formation, 222, 223 self-sacrifice, 187–8 and prejudice, 218–25 and inclusive fitness, 187 social module, 134–6 selfish gene, the, 53–5 social-psychological rating scales, 188 see also Dawkins, Richard social psychology, 182 sensory bias, 66 and evolutionary theory, 182–3

Index 485

metatheory, 183 technology, 422–4 minitheories, 183 communications, 425 social relations, 216 testis size, 101 social rules, 173–4 testosterone, 315, 375 social status, 342, 343 tests Social Text, The, 23 deceptive box, 129 socialisation, 146, 196 embedded figure, 133 Society for Research in Child Development, eyes test, the, 131 163 ‘Wug’, 278, 278, 281, 284 sociobiology, 15, 16, 18–19, 19–20, 29, Thales, 3 226 theory of mind, 128–37, 419 controversy, 404 computational, 231–4, 233 Sociobiology Study Group, The, 19 development of, 130–2 sociopath, 356 and experience, 131–2 Sokal, Alan and false beliefs, 129–30, 130–1 ‘Transgressing the boundaries: Towards a innate modules, 132–3 transformative hermeneutics of quantum and morality, 173–4 gravity’, 23 Thorndyke, E. L., 417 Spearman, Charles, 388 Thornhill, Randy, and Craig Palmer, 26, 27–8 specialisation of labour, 424 Thurstone, Louis, 388 specific action tendencies, 319–20 thymine, 42 specific language impairment (SLI) , 275–83, time-lag argument, 335, 338 282, 283 tit-for-tat (TFT), 217–18 Spelke, Elizabeth, 122, 123 Tomasello, Michael, 283–4, 417 principles held by infants, 122 see also Ahktar, N., and M. Tomasello; Sperber, D., 174, 256 Nagell, K., K. Oguin, and M. Tomasello sperm competition, 101, 102 Tomasello, Michael, A. C. Kruger, and H. H. sperm production, 102 Ratner, 421 stage theories, 116, 130 Tooby, John, 15, 16, 21–2 Standard Social Science Model (SSSM), 13, see also Cosmides, Leda, and John Tooby 15–17, 29, 98, 392–3 Tooby, John, and Leda Cosmides, 391, 405 and emotions, 304, 316 Tooby, John, and Irv DeVore, 86 states, psychological, 365 trait variation argument, 335, 339 stereotypes, 218, 219, 222 traits, psychological, 365 and memory, 242–3 transcription, 43 sterilisation, 12 transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), 43 Sternberg, Robert, 389 Trivers, Robert, 103, 107, 183, 320 Stevens, A., and J. Price, 337–8, 352–3 and parent–offspring conflict, 196–8, 199 stimulus enhancement, 417 and parental investment, 61–3, 95, 99, 192, strange situation, 152–3 196–8 substrate neutrality, 231 and reciprocal altruism, 18, 52–3, 206–9, 320, Sulloway, Frank, 373, 383, 384–6 322, 358 Sumner, William Graham Troisi, Alfonso Folkways, 218 see McGuire, Michael, and Alfonso Troisi; symbolic communication, 293, 294 McGuire, Michael, Michael Raleigh, and Symons, Donald, 403 Alfonso Troisi see Buss, David, and Donald Symons Tulving, Endel, 240 systemizing, 134–7 Turing, Alan, 230, 231 Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman, Tager-Flusberg, H., and K. Sullivan, 139 247–50, 248 Tager-Flusberg, H., A. Boshart, and S. twins, 161, 379, 380, 392 Baron-Cohen, 138 identical, 24, 46, 356, 379, 380, 392 Tajfel, Henri, 223 non-identical, 46, 379, 380 Tajfel’s experiment, 224 Tallal, Paula, 281 ultimate causation, 186 tangled bank theory, 70, 71 ultimate explanations, 2, 29 taxonomic assumption, 269 under-age drinking task, 255

486 Index

unipolar depression, 340, 346 whole object assumption, 269 unipolar disorder, 340 Williams, George, 68, 69, 334 United States Adaptation and Natural Selection, 50 sterilisation and, 12 see also Nesse, Randolph, and George universal emotions, 301–4 Williams criticism of, 316 Williams syndrome, 137–40, 139, 141 evaluation of, 323–4 and mental modules, 138–40 rejection of, 304 Wilson, David Sloan, 51, 426 Universal Grammar (UG), 270–4 Wilson, E. O., 18, 19, 29, 221 urban myths, 415 poster, 19 Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, 18, 19–20, valence hypothesis, 313 221 van Hooff, J., 307 see also Lumsden, Charles, and E. O. Wilson Van Valen, Leigh, 70, 71 Wilson, Margo variance, 251 see Daly, Martin, and Margo Wilson verb islands, 284 Wimmer, H. veriﬁcation module, 337–8 see Perner, J., S. Leekam, and H. Wimmer vertical transmission, 424 Wimmer, H., and M. Hartl, 130 violence, 19–20 women viral infections, 330 as hunters, 88 viscera, 303 reproductive strategy, 106 visual self-knowledge, 105–7 illusions, 165, 234–5, 235 see also female choice perception, 234–5 Workman, L., S. Peters, and S. Taylor, 313 vocabulary, 266 World Health Organization (WHO), 348 von Frisch, Karl, 263, 266 Wright, Robert, 169, 172 von Hagens, Gunther writing, 424 ‘Bodyworlds’ exhibition, 170–1 ‘Wug’ test, 278, 278, 281, 284 Wynn, T., 288 Waddington, C. H., 116 Wynne-Edwards, Vero Walsh, A., 107 Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social warfare, 218–19, 221 Behaviour, 47–50 Wason, Peter selection task, 254–5, 255, 256–7, 257 xenophobia, 218, 221, 222 Watson, J. B., 15, 112–13 wealth, 422–4 Yanomamö, 208, 211–13, 212 ‘weather forecasting’ in personality development, 380 Zahavi, Amotz, 63, 295 Wegner, D., 238 Zimbardo, Philip Wells, S., 210 prison simulation experiment, 225 White, Tim, 40 Zuk, Marlene, 64, 66 white cells (lymphocytes), 331 see also Hamilton–Zuk theory Whiten, Andrew, and Richard Byrne, 129 zygote, 37