Sociology Year 10 Crime

Name: ______Class: ______Teacher: ______

You will sit the following exams:

Paper 1: The sociology of families and Paper 2: The sociology of crime and education deviance and social stratification What's assessed What's assessed The sociology of families The sociology of crime and deviance The sociology of education The sociology of social stratification Relevant areas of social theory and Relevant areas of social theory and methodology Students will be expected methodology Students will be expected to draw on knowledge and to draw on knowledge and understanding of the entire course of understanding of the entire course of study to show a deeper understanding study to show a deeper understanding of these topics. of these topics. How it's assessed How it's assessed Written exam: 1 hour 45 minutes Written exam: 1 hour 45 minutes 100 marks 100 marks 50% of GCSE 50% of GCSE Questions Questions Section A has two multiple choice Section A has two multiple choice questions followed by a range of short questions followed by a range of short and extended responses. and extended responses. Section B has two multiple choice Section B has two multiple choice questions followed by a range of short questions followed by a range of short and extended responses. and extended responses.

How can you get prepared for this?

✓ Turn up to class. Every lesson you miss is the equivalent of throwing away learning time. You are responsible for catching up if you miss a lesson. ✓ Use your exercise book as a revision guide. You will have model answers, step- by-step guides for certain questions, feedback from your teacher, success criteria, marks schemes etc. in your books. They are far better revision guides than any that you pay for). ✓ Ask for help. If you would like extra revision sessions, revision resources, to go over a lesson again etc. then we will do our absolute best to help you. Do not turn up the morning of an assessment/mock exam and expect that last minute effort to translate into real results. ✓ Pay attention to your targets. The definition of madness is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result. Try to fix the things that are holding you back from the next grade before your next test. ✓ DO YOUR HOMEWORK. The best way to improve is to practise. The homework packs let you do this.

Our Spring Term Homework Programme.

Approximate Is there help? Time Where can I find it? Needed Week Homework 1: due date: 1 What is crime and how do we 1 hour Revision guide page 72 measure it? Week Homework 2: due date: 2 How do sociologists explain Revision guide pages 1 hour crime? 74.75.81 Week Homework 3: due date: 3 How do conflict theorists 1 hour Revision guide pages 76-77 explain crime? Week Homework 4: due date: 4 How does crime affect different 1 hour Revision guide pages 80-81 social groups Week Homework 5: due date: 5 How is behaviour controlled? 1 hour Revision guide pages What are current debates in the 72-73 and 84-85 study of crime and deviance?

PLEASE NOTE: The writing estimates are guidelines. If you do the minimum amount for every question, do not expect a top mark. The timings are not fluid. If you revise by pretending that you have more time than you actually do, then you are throwing away opportunities to improve.

Homework #1. DUE:

What is crime and deviance and how do sociologists measure it?

TASK #1: Read through your revision guide pages 72 and 73 and the reading given to you by your teacher TASK #2: Write 3 mark descriptions of the following: deviance, crime, historical deviance, cultural deviance and situational deviance. TASK #3: Explain 3 reasons why functionalists would argue we should trust official statistics? Use the following terms validity, reliability, agencies. TASK #4: How would labelling theorists argue that official statistics are socially constructed? Refer to ethnicity and class in your answer TASK #5: Why do Marxists and feminists argue that there is a dark figure of crime?

TASK #6: Outline two other ways of measuring crime a sociologist could use.

Stretch: use the internet to research the results of different measures of crime, how do they compare? Does this suggest that we trust what is reported in official statistics?

Defining crime and deviance

The London mayor, Sadiq Khan, gave a. warning in 2017 that funding cuts to the police were reducing law enforcement to a tipping point in London. For example, the metropolitan police no longer investigate thousands of ‘lower level crimes’ such as burglaries.

3) identify an example of a crime that might not necessarily be considered deviant as deviant by some people and explain why this is the case (4 marks)

4) Give an example of something that could be considered deviant but is not illegal and explain why this is the case ( 4 marks)

5) Discuss, with one example of crime and one example of deviance, how both concepts are socially constructed (because of time, place, etc.) (4 marks)

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Homework #2. DUE:

How do sociologists explain crime?

TASK #1: Read your revision guide pages 74, 75, 81 and the reading given to you by your teacher TASK #2: Write half a page persuading a reader than crime is good for society, refer to Durkheim in your writing. Spend 15 minutes on this task. TASK #3: Outline the finding of Merton and Albert Cohen Stretch: What similarities and differences are there between their findings? TASK #4: Write a critique of the functionalists. Consider the perspective of victims, what would they agree that crime is functional? TASK #5: Write a report on Stanley Cohen’s Mods and Rockers research, you should spend at least 15 minutes on this task. Include what happened, what sociologists can learn from the event. Include the terms folk devils and deviancy amplification. TASK #6: Imagine you are writing a school report or a police report on someone who has joined a deviant subculture. Explain the reasons they joined the subculture, how they behave as a result of joining the subculture and what would motivate them to leave. TASK #7: Plan the ‘yes’ side of the essay question HFWSA that most crime is the result of deviant subcultures ______

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Homework #3 DUE: How do conflict theorists explain crime? What are the views of interactionists?

TASK #1: Read your revision guide pages 76 to 77 and the reading given to you by your teacher. TASK #2: For 3 marks each describe the following Marxist viewpoints: Law creation supports the ruling class, law enforcement supports the ruling class, capitalism is criminal and it creates crime. TASK #3: Explain how a Marxist would suggest that we overcome the problem of crime. TASK #4: To what extent is the societal reaction to a crime more significant than the crime itself? Why is labelling important? (You will need to look at interactions to do this). TASK #5: Plan model paragraphs to be used in an essay that cover the following ideas: Women commit less crime than men due to social control Women’s involvement in crime is increasing and why Stretch: Research at least 3 women who have been involved in crime. How would a sociologist explain their involvement? TASK #6: What the following YouTube clips: • London gangland: How young girls are groomed into gangs - BBC News • Is capitalism organized crime? ______

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Homework #4. DUE: How does crime affect different social groups?

TASK #1: Read your revision guide pages 80- 81 and any other reading given to you by your teacher. TASK #2: Write 3 mark descriptions for the following terms; Anomie, corporate crime, white-collar crime, material deprivation, institutional racism, status frustration. TASK #3: Describe the key ideas of Heidensohn, Dobash and Dobash and Carlen. Stretch: How could it be argued that increased criminality is a positive thing for women? What could it show? TASK #4: Describe the key ideas of Miller and explain 2 other reasons why young people are more likely to be involved in crime TASK #5: Write a model introduction and a model conclusion for an essay question that asks about the relationship between social class and crime. TASK #5: model a paragraph that suggests that the levels of criminality amongst some ethnic groups have been exaggerated. Watch the following youtube clips: Stephen Lawrence: Time for Justice (2012) Cressida Dick says Met 'transformed' since Stephen Lawrence death

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Homework #5. DUE: How is our behaviour controlled?

TASK #1: Read your revision guide pages 72 to 73, 84 to 85 and any additional reading given to you by your teachers. TASK #2: Create a detailed plan for the question- DHFSWA that prison is the best form of punishment – 12 marks TASK #3: Create a detailed plan for the question- DHFSWA that the media contributes to a more violent society – 12 marks TASK #4: Describe the difference between formal and informal social control. Choose one agency of formal and one agency of informal social control and describe how they control the behaviour of individuals and groups Stretch: How far would you agree that informal agencies of control have lost some of their power? TASK #5: Create a detailed plan for the question- DHFSWA that informal social control is the most important type of social control. – 12 marks Watch the following youtube documentaries: BBC documentary: Children of Crime - Thompson and Venables Knife crime and the role of social media - BBC Newsnight The real roots of youth violence | Craig Pinkney | TEDxBrum Does prison work [in UK]? (05Dec10) ______

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Additional questions Please complete these questions in your exercise book or on paper and attach them to your exercise book. When you have attempted the question please mark it as either Red- I could not answer it and need support Amber (orange)– I could answer it after referring to my notes Green- I could answer it without notes. Measuring crime (1)

Official crime statistics are compiled from government statistics on crime based on official sources, such as police crime statistics. Such crime statistics do not tell the full story about crime, but they do provide useful insights into changing patterns and trends in crime.

1) Describe what is meant by police crime statistics? (3 marks)

2) What government department collates police crime statistics? (1 mark)

3) Describe the general trend in record crime between the mid-1990s and 2015? (3 marks)

4) What is meant by the dark figure (also known as the hidden figure) of crime? ( 3 marks)

5)Although official crime statistics are criticised, suggest two reasons why they are collected.

(4 marks)

6) Identify and explain one reason a crime might not be recorded by the police (4 marks)

Measuring crime (2)

Victim surveys are an alternative means of collecting data on crime to official crime statistics. Surveys like the CSEW can provide a means of estimating the size of the real level of crime in society. It is that by asking people what crimes have been committed against them, they are more likely to provide researchers with a more accurate figure of crime

1) What do the initials CSEW stand for? (1 mark)

2) Describe what is meant by the real level of crime in society (3 marks)

3) What are victim surveys? (3 marks)

4) What is a self-report study? (3 marks)

5) Identify and explain one advantage of victim-surveys (4 marks)

6) Identify and explain one advantage of using self-report study (4 marks)

The social construction of crime and deviance

Sociologists agree that crime is socially constructed: crimes reflect a particular set of values in a specific place at a specific time. For example, hogging the middle lane of a motorway was not seen as deviant until relatively recently and has now become criminalised. This reflects the socially constructed nature of crime.

1) Explain what Howard Becker meant when he said no act in its self is criminal or deviant? (4 marks)

2) Give an example of an activity that has been criminalised or decriminalised over time. (2 marks)

3) Describe an example of an activity whose criminality depends upon place ( 3 marks)

4) Describe an example of an activity where its deviant or criminal label depends on upon social situation (3 marks)

5) Describe an example of an activity where its deviant or criminal label depends upon culture (3 marks)

6) Briefly explain why deviance is more difficult to define the crime (4 marks)

Factors affecting criminal behaviour (2: Sociological)

While biological and psychological explanations of crime cannot be discounted, sociologists argue they are necessarily incomplete since they ignore social factors that may play a part in criminal activity. Such explanations, they argue, must be considered alongside sociological explanations.

1) Give an example of what sociologists mean by social factors. (1 mark)

2) Explain why inadequate socialisation is used by some sociologists to explain crime (4 marks)

3) How might criminal behaviours, especially in young people, be linked to peers? (3 marks)

4) How did Albert Cohen explain juvenile delinquency through ‘status frustration’? (3 marks)

5) How does Robert Merton explain crime with his strain theory? (4 marks)

Factors affecting criminal behaviour (3: Labelling theory)

Interactionist theories of crime, which were developed around the 1960s, are very different to structural explanations of crime. Labelling theory suggests it is more important to explore how people Come to be considered deviant, and the effect of being deviant on a person's future behaviour.

1) Which sociologist is the, most closely associated with labelling theory? (1mark)

2) With an example, explain what is meant by a Label? (4 marks)

3) What did Becker mean when he referred to deviant people as ‘outsiders’? (3 marks)

4) Why is labelling theory sometimes called social reaction theory? (3 marks)

5) What is meant by the term ‘deviant career’? (4 marks)

Social class and crime

In the UK, official crime statistics do not equate offending with the social class. However, examinations of the social background of those who are convicted of crime on magistrate and crown courts, and especially those sent to prison, suggests that rime is a working-class phenomenon. However, Marxists would point to the high level of white collar and corporate crime that is committed by middle- and upper-class people, but largely undetected and therefore not recorded.

1) Explain how official crime statistics might be inaccurate regarding social class offenders. (4 marks)

2) What did the functionalist sociologist Robert Merton mean when he explained working class crime in terms of blocked opportunities? (4 marks)

3) What is meant by white collar crime? (3 marks)

4) What is meant by corporate crime? (4 marks)

Gender and crime (1)

The official statistics of police recorded crime (PRC) show that crime is an overwhelmingly masculine behaviour. Men outnumber women in all the major crime categories and age groups. Official statistics of the most common crimes, such as burglary, robbery, drug offence, criminal damage or violence against the person, even driving convictions, are overwhelmingly male.

1) Give two reasons why official crime statistics might underestimate the real level of female offending. (2 marks)

2) Explain how socialisations might account for gender differences in offending. (3 marks)

3) How might ‘bedroom culture’ be viewed as a reason for less female offending? (3 marks)

4) How are females subject to more social control than males resulting in less crime? (4 marks) Social class and crime

Gender and crime (2)

Frances Heidensohn has extensively researched gender and crime and argues that sociological theories of crime reflect ‘malestream criminology’, which either renders female crime invisible or make stereotypical assumptions about females. However, she found that courts often teat females more leniently than males and maybe more reluctant to convict women unless they come across a ‘bad woman’; when they are more likely to be treated very harshly.

1) What is meant by the term ‘chivalry thesis’ and how does this explain lower levels of recorded female crime? (3 marks)

2) In terms of trends, what happened to male and female offending between 2002 and 2014? (3 marks)

3) What behaviour might contribute to females being seen as ‘bad women’ in court? (3 marks)

4) What does Pat Carlen mean by females being controlled by ‘class deal and ‘gender deal’? (4 marks)

Ethnicity and Crime

Labels of ethnicity (such as Caribbean, Bangladeshi, etc.) are used generally and in a reductionist way because It assumes that everyone in that group shares the same characteristics. There are never discussions about white people as a group and crime and we should respect the diversity that also exists in all ethnic groups.

1) Which two ethnic groups of males tend to be over-represented in official crime statistics? (2 marks)

2) Why is just focusing upon ethnicity when looking at crime potentially misleading? (3 marks)

3) Why might racial stereotyping by the police result in higher arrest rates for some ethnic groups? (3marks)

4) How do the media contribute to the stereotyping and labelling of some ethnic groups? (3 marks)

5) What is institutional racism? (4 marks)

Age and Crime

The US functionalist Albert K Cohen was influenced by Robert Merton's ‘strain theory’ in the development of his work on delinquent subcultures. Cohen accepted that Merton's strain theory could explain material crime, but it was less than helpful in explaining non-material crimes such as vandalism. Such acts, he claimed, were linked to what he called status frustration, which resulted from feelings of failure and inadequacy.

1) According to official statistics, which age group is most associated with crime? (1 mark)

2) Explain why this age group would be subject to negative stereotypes by the police. (3 marks)

3) How does Cohens concept of status frustration explain juvenile delinquency? (3 marks)

4) How does Walter Miller explain juvenile crime? (3 marks)

5) What can the concept of ‘edge work’ explain about many acts of crime and delinquency? (4marks)

Informal social control

Functionalist sociologists see society as being composed of a set of shared core values. Therefore, when explaining deviant and criminal behaviour, their focus is to explain why some people do not conform through explaining failings in mechanism of informal and formal social control.

1) What is meant by informal social control (2 marks)

2) Explain what is meant by sanctions. (2 marks)

3) Explain why the family is such an important promoter of informal social control. (2 marks)

4) Explain why peer groups are very influential in determining our behaviour. (3 marks)

5) How does Heidensohn explain female conformity in male-dominated patriarchal societies? (4 marks)

Formal social control formal social control is where people's behaviour is controlled through the formal rules created by the organisations that exist to enforce order, for example, the police, courts and legal system.

1) What is the main agency of formal social control? (1 mark)

2) Which ministerial department of the government is responsible for law and order? (1 mark)

3) Which ministerial department of the government has responsibility for courts, prisons and probations services? (1 mark)

4) What is the purpose of formal rules? (3 marks)

5) What is the role of the criminal justice system? (3 marks)

6) What is the purpose of laws according to the functionalist perspective? (3 marks)

7) What is the purpose of laws according to the Marxist perspective? (3 marks)

Treatment of young offenders

The Youth Justice Board is responsible for dealing with young offenders. If their punishment is to be held in custody, then those aged under 15 will be usually be placed in a secure children's home (SCH) and those over 15 placed in either a Young Offender Institute (YOI) or Secure Training Centre (STC).

1) What is the criminal age of responsibility in England and Wales? (1 mark)

2) What is a referral order? (3 marks)

3) Suggest two reasons why young offenders should be locked up. (3 marks)

4) What conclusion might be drawn from the high levels of recidivism (repeat offending) of young offenders after being locked up? (3 marks)

5) Explain how Albert Cohen's ideas of delinquent subcultures support the view that young offenders should be educated rather than punished. (3 marks)

The prison system

Norway has one of the lowest prison populations in the world, with just 75% per 100,000 people in comparatively open prisons (the figures for the USA is 707 people in every 100,000 people). In addition, Norway has one of the lowest recidivism rates in the world at just 20%. The USA has one of the highest rates of recidivism with 76.6% of prisoner's re-arrested within five years.

1) What is meant by being rehabilitated by the prison system? (2 marks)

2) Briefly outline the purpose of the prison system (3 marks)

3) Suggests two alternatives to a prison sentence (2 marks)

4) Suggest two advantages of not sending someone convicted of a crime to prison (2 marks)

5) Briefly outline the purpose of the probation service (4 marks)

Violent crime and sentencing

In 2012 several new criminal offences came into force in England and Wales, such as aggravated possession of a knife. In addition, tougher prison sentences were introduced for violent crimes with the ‘two strikes’ rule stipulating a mandatory life sentence for anyone committing a second serious violent or sexual crime.

1) Which age group fears violent crimes the most (1 mark)

2) Which group is most likely to be a victim of violent crime? (1 mark)

3) How does the two-strike rule increase the punishment of violent offenders? (2 marks)

4) How is the punishment different for offenders of violent crimes when the two strikes rule does not apply? (3 marks)

5) How do the recorded levels of crime compare with the worry about crime? (3 marks)

6) Outline two reasons why violent criminals should be given longer sentences. (4 marks)

Media reporting of crime

The mass media tends to sensationalise crime. Research by Ditton and Duffy found that 40% of media reports on crime focused on violent or sexual crimes, despite the fact that these crimes account for only 3% of all crimes recorded by the police.

1) What is the mass media? (2 marks)

2) What are news values? (2 marks)

3) What did Stan Cohen mean by the term ‘folk devil’? (3 marks)

4) What is deviancy amplification? (3 marks)

5) Explain the process of how the media can generate moral panics. (4 marks)

Functionalist theories of crime

The functionalist explanation of crime derives from the work of Emile Durkheim and his concept of anomie. Functionalism is a consensus structuralist theory that was developed particularly in the USA in the mid- twentieth century. Its ideas dominated the sociology of crime until challenged by Marxism and labelling theory around the 1960s.

1) What is meant by the term ‘consensus’? (1 mark)

2) What did Durkheim mean by the term ‘collective conscience’? (2 marks)

3) How does anomie as defined by Merton contribute to criminal activity? (3 marks)

4) Explain one reason why crime could be viewed as functional to society. (3 marks)

5) Provide two criticisms of the functionalist perspective on crime. (4 marks)

Marxist theories of crime

Marists see crime in the context of the capitalist system. For example, the early Dutch Marxist Willemstad Bonger argued that since the capitalist system is based on greed, selfishness and exploitation it was hardly surprising that crime has become an endemic characteristic of such a society.

1) What is the capitalist system? (2 marks)

2) What point is made by Marxists with regards to law enforcement? (2 marks)

3) According to some Marxists, how might relative deprivation lead to crime? (2marks)

4) According to Marxists, in whose interest are laws created and how? (4 marks)

5) Provide two criticisms of the Marxist perspective on crime. (4 marks)

Alternative theories of crime

Interactionist theory of crime is commonly known as labelling theory. It was developed by sociologists like Howard Becker in the 1960s and is very different to the structural theories of functionalism and Marxism. It suggests that it is more important to explore how people come to be considered deviant and the effect of being labelled deviant on a person's future behaviour.

1) What is meant by the term ‘structural theory’? (2marks)

2) Briefly outline how labelling theory explains crime. (2marks)

3) Provide two criticisms of the interactionist perspective (labelling theory) on crime. (4 marks)

4) Give three reasons why feminist sociologists like Frances Heidensohn accuse the sociology of crime of being patriarchal. (3 marks)