Aromatherapy Journal

The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy Aromatherapy Journal

In this Issue:

● Healthy Seasonal Living: Summer Aromatherapy ● Carrier Oils for Sun Protection ● Allergies from a Mind Body Spirit Perspective ● The Neural Basis of Olfactory Aromatherapy ● Safe Essential Oils with Children ● Features on Lemongrass, Desert Sage and Jasmine and Much More!

Aromatherapy E-Journal Summer 2015.2

Aromatherapy Journal Table of Contents A Quarterly Publication of NAHA Editor’s Note...... 5 Summer 2015.2 AJ558 Understanding Allergies from A Mind Body Spirit Perspective....7 The National Association for by Elizabeth Ashley Holistic Aromatherapy, Inc. (NAHA) A non-profit educational organization Healthy Seasonal Living: Summer Aromatherapy...... 17 Boulder, CO 80309 by Miriam Carl

Adminstrative Offices Fun in the Summer Sun: Carrier Oils for Sun Protection...... 21 PO BOX 27871 by Shanti Dechen Raleigh, NC 27611-7871 Office Phone: (919) 894-0298 Fax: (919) 894-0271 End the Search for the Perfect Deodorant–Make Your Own!....27 Email: [email protected] by Andrea Butje Website: www.NAHA.org Summertime Blends from Your Aromatic Apothecary...... 31 Chief Editor by Kelly Holland Azzaro Sharon Falsetto

Assistant Editor It’s Just a Smell, What Could it Do? Kelly Holland Azzaro The Neural Basis of Olfactory Aromatherapy...... 35 by Joie Power, Ph.D. Design Curved Path Design Lemongrass...... 43 Article Submissions by Juliet Blankenspoor Please send article proposals to: Sharon Falsetto Great Desert Sage...... 47 [email protected] by Florian Birkmayer M.D. Advertising For advertising information please U.S. Grown Helichrysum italicum: How Does it Compare to email: [email protected] European Grown Helichrysum italicum?...... 51 Media Guide by Ann Harman The opinions expressed by the authors are their own and do Safe Essential Oil Use with Children: not necessarily reflect the views Newborn to Five Years Old...... 57 of the editor or of NAHA. NAHA by Amber Duncan and the editors do not accept responsiblity for the use or misuse of essential oils mentioned in Harnessing the Soul of Jasmine...... 63 these articles. The Aromatherapy by Roxana Villa Journal reserves the right to accept or reject any advertisement Interview with an Aromatherapist: Kurt Schnaubelt, Ph.D...... 67 or article submitted and does not necessarily endorse products by Sharon Falsetto advertised in this journal. NAHA Director Recipes ...... 72 © Copyright 2015 NAHA All Rights Reserved by NAHA. NAHA Market Place ...... 74 Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. COVER IMAGE: © Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) © NAHA Image Database Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 3 Your Body Needs…

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© Copyright 2015 NAHA Aromatherapy Journal Summer 2015.2 4 Editor’s Note Summer Summer is a time when everything is blooming in abundance and we have certainly been working hard to bring you articles in abundance in this issue! I want to take a moment to thank all of the writers who have taken the time to contribute to this issue, making it one of our most abundant issues to date.

Recently, we have had quite a change in our regular group of NAHA Aromatherapy Journal writers and welcome on board several new writers. Sadly, we say farewell to one of our long-time contributors, Juliet Blankespoor, who has stepped down to focus on finishing her new book on herbs – which I hope to be able to review shortly! Juliet's final article for the NAHA Aromatherapy Journal, on page 43, gives us a sneak peek at some of the information contained within her new book. We wish Juliet well with her business and the launch of her new book.

Since the last issue, one of our newest team members, Amber Duncan, has welcomed an addition to her family, a baby boy. Congratulations to Amber! You can read Amber's latest article on essential oils for babies and children on page 57.

Other new writers to welcome at this time include Roxana Villa, who will be sharing some beautiful articles about scent and perfume. In this issue, Roxana discusses Jasmine (page 63). We also welcome Dr. Joie Power who will be sharing her expertise and knowledge in this issue on The Neural Basis of Olfactory Aromatherapy (page 35), and Ann Harman, our resident expert on hydrosols. Ann's summer article discusses U.S.-grown Helichrysum italicum and how it compares to European varieties (page 51).

The summer issue of the NAHA Aromatherapy Journal also includes some great articles from NAHA Directors Shanti Dechen, Carrier Oils for Sun Protection in the Summer Sun (page 21), Miriam Carl, Healthy Summer Living (page 17) and Dr. Florian Birkmayer, Great Desert Sage (page 47). Other contributors include UK-based Elizabeth Ashley, Understanding Allergies from a Mind Body Spirit Perspective (page 7) and NAHA member Andrea Butje, End the Search for the Perfect Deodorant - Make Your Own! (page 27).

And both Kelly Holland Azzaro and myself have contributed to regular pieces which include some Summer Time Blends from Your Aromatic Apothecary (page 31) and an interview with Kurt Schnaubelt, Ph.D. (page 67), respectively. Finally, I would like to thank our NAHA Directors for sharing some of their summertime recipes with us, too (page 72).

As you can see, there is no shortage of summertime reading within the pages of the latest issue of the NAHA Aromatherapy Journal! So, pull up a deck chair, find a quiet, shady spot in the garden, or a favorite corner of your home, and lose yourself in the aromas of your surroundings for a short while – and enjoy the latest copy of the journal!

With aromatic blessings, Sharon Falsetto

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by Elizabeth Ashley

May 1987 matters worse, I am sure he was panicking that his future was slipping away with this empty Sitting in the gym at school, having just paper. Such a terrible shame. completed my English Language 16+ exam long before everyone else, (results Welcome to the cruel world of allergies and subsequently revealed I should have paid a the atopic response. I first discovered the little more attention to the questions asked) Atopic March when I was writing my book I was bored. Gazing around the room, aching the Aromatherapy Eczema Treatment and I for the last twenty minutes to pass, there had wanted to see if I could find any official were only two things I noticed besides the evidence to the long held belief that there was painfully slow minute hand of the clock. The a triangle of disorders that existed in families; only other noise over the hum of a tractor that if there was eczema in the family then it engine outside cutting the lawn was the sound was more likely that there would be asthma of the perpetual rattling of a blue asthma and hay fever too. I was more than a little inhaler belonging to the boy next to me and shocked to find that it was way more than an his incessant sniffing. This was a time long alternative medicine theory but in fact it had before scientists identified that emotions could developed into a whole discipline of orthodox affect your health but even the least empathic medicine in its own right. This branch of teenager could see that that the lawnmower psychoneuroimmunology investigates why had possibly affected that poor lad’s life there will be a developed predisposition forever, and I often get angry thinking about to certain illnesses but also that it pertains it now. What idiot booked a soccer field cut on very much to a certain personality type and the day a child, so afflicted with allergies, has is now thought to be an immune response his most important exam? to an overdriving reaction to stress.

Of course, then, we would just have thought The Atopic March it was the grass that had set off a reaction, This is the connection between eczema but not really understood why. Now we also in young children and how they are know that the fact he was in an exam, under likely to develop respiratory allergies stressful conditions and that he could see his and asthma later in their life. nemesis spraying a pretty green fountain out of the mower blades actually made his body Often (but not always) there are familial links react in a far more aggressive way. To make existing between the three illnesses. Certainly,

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 7 Understanding Allergies continued if there is one of the illnesses symptoms and the likelihood in the family, it does increase that a new illness would the chances of the child being emerge is very strong. affected. In many children, It is still not fully understood allergic eczema will eventually why some children might develop from a skin condition into outgrow their symptoms wheezing and asthma because of but the likelihood of a child the high levels of an antibody developing asthma from an called immunoglobulin E (IgE). original disease of eczema is Then, over time, this inflated level 2.14 times, more than twice may also start to begin to translate as likely. Bizarrely, amongst into allergic rhinitis too. all of these skin and nose problems, it might be 70% of patients with severe AD develop that we find that the problem may be linked to asthma, as opposed to just 20-30% of the liver. The likelihood of a child having Non those with mild eczema and only 8% of Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the general population. increasing every year, but if a child already has this atopic link then their chances of the liver During springtime in the UK tulips bloom anomaly are a lot higher. As far back as 1976 at the same time the leaves and pollen are a strong link was established between liver starting to form on the trees. Hay fever season disease and elevated levels of immunoglobulin usually follows quite quickly. But that is only E as a cause of it. Sufferers of liver disease are one allergy. The Atopic March pertains to eight times as likely to have elevated levels of allergic rhinitis so this refers to any allergy immunoglobulin E than those who do not have that will make your nose run and your eyes the disease. itch; hay fever is very often the culprit but it could just as likely be dust, cat hair or Scientists now agree that both Allergic Asthma (AA) and Atopic Dermatitis (AD) have links in feathers etc. distinct immunological abnormalities through It is known that the first five years of a child’s this expression of IgE. There is growing life is critical in terms of managing how Atopic evidence that when IgE hyper-secretes then March will unfold for a child. Understanding it activates T-cells that trigger inflammatory the levels of IgE, especially between the ages responses and over time cause the illnesses to of two to four years, gives an extremely good become chronic: indication of whether a more sinister breathing • Environmental stressors cause the body to problem might rear its ugly head in the future. activate B-cells. Any number of genetic or environmental issues might determine whether the eczema • Immunoglobulin E binds to receptors on translates into breathing problems from mast cells and basophils in tissues. pollution in children’s surroundings and • The cross linking of the receptor bound IgE even their diet; however, one thing is clear. triggers the proinflammatory mediators. The correlation between the severity of their • Itching and sneezing are triggered.

B-cells, are very similar in nature to the more In this case, we have the antibody well-known T-cells. They are highly specialised immunoglobulin E. Through the atopic defender cells in your immune system which connection, it is likely that the levels of IgE in recognise invaders attacking your system. They the system are already very high and so this then multiply, surround, and ideally overcome addition of new IgE triggers a mega-release of the alien intruder. what doctors call pro-inflammatory mediators to protect the site so it can heal from the Our bodies are designed in the most invasion (in exactly the same way as there is extraordinary way. It used to be thought that redness and inflammation around a cut). In when we first encountered a new bacterium, fact the response starts far earlier on, hence we would evolve a completely new set of this process is now called the Late Phase molecules to fight it. More recent thinking Response. These reactions actually started suggests that our bodies are already evolved with a stress response twenty four hours in such a way that we are actually born with earlier in the HPA axis. defences to fight every bacteria we might ever encounter and that our defences simply This axis is how the body responds to the have to recognise it and then select the right stress triggers via the: molecule to overcome it. • Hypothalamus The body does this through receptors and • Pituitary ligands. Again, we used to think of receptors • Adrenals. like keyholes and ligands being the correct key to open the cell. In essence the outcome The hypothalamus is the “big boss” of the is the same but we now recognise the action endocrine system. When it perceives danger more like wiggling against each other, it is its job to send warning messages to rather than slotting inside. Once the ligand on the pituitary to activate the flight and flight the bacterium activates a receptor on the right response. The pituitary, whose responsibility B-cell, the body can move on to round two of it is to secrete many of the hormones we use, the fight. manufactures ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone) which encourages the secretion So then, when the body perceives a reactive of stress hormones by the adrenal glands. cat hair or insidious pollen molecule it reacts These secrete adrenaline, to help us respond in the same way as it might to the Ebola virus. quickly to danger, noradrenaline, that It despatches a B-cell to send it on its way, continues to keep us alert, and also cortisol. and most importantly the B-cell will recruit an army of T-cells. It will also remember the “bad guy” too and it will be able to react in the same way every time. With the help of T-cells, B-cells then make proteins called antibodies. These stick to the surface of the cells and alert the rest of your body to the presence of an intruder.

youngsters who had AA, and the findings were the same, blunted cortisol response. And on further investigation, also low levels of ACTH. This showed them that the atopic reaction was indeed related to some part of the HPA axis and the low levels of ACTH helped them to identify that the problem was most likely to come from the pituitary gland. More interestingly, the subjects with AD had increased levels of IgE and eosophils but not of cortisol.

This revelation about the HPA axis creates quite a shift in our understanding about allergies. That is to say that allergies are in fact a certain type of immune profile that triggers allergic inflammation. But the most interesting aspect is yet to come. Twenty four hours after the stress test, it was observed that each of the skin conditions of the Atopic Cortisol is a natural anti-inflammatory, and it Dermatitis (AD) subjects had worsened is supposed to regulate the effects of the other demonstrating the deleterious effects of the stress hormones. It regulates blood sugar, fat, stress on an allergic symptom. protein and carbohydrate production amongst many other things. The problem is, if secreted Animal research has some interesting insights for long enough, cortisol will actually turn to offer us too. Studies into baby rats show on its own axis and becomes inflammatory that their inflammatory response kicks into to a great many processes. It takes and takes gear when there is a change in the maternal from the adrenal gland until the adrenals are behavior which will cause them their own entirely fatigued and they then have to steal rodent brand of stress. When the mother energy from other organs to function...albeit at licked and groomed them more, baby rattus a far less effective level. had clear inflammatory changes observed. The more over bearing the mother became, the Tests were carried out on a series of youngsters more pronounced the inflammatory responses who had AD. They were given the Triers were. This ties in very neatly with the common test, which is a series of mental arithmetic response you will hear from mothers of allergic questions. Interestingly those with AD showed children: “I have to be so careful. He is such a a blunted cortisol response; that is they did sensitive child.” not secrete as much as they should have done. The researchers wanted to know, is There might be more to that statement than this relevant only to AD or to other allergies meets the eye. Thanks to a technique called too? So they repeated the same test with semeiometry, we are able to gain new and

© Copyright 2015 NAHA Aromatherapy Journal Summer 2015.2 10 Understanding Allergies continued intriguing insights into the atopic psychology. A very clear psychological profile of the allergic Semeiometry was originally devised as rhinitis sufferer began to emerge. They had a means of allowing doctors to better very strong attachments to family values. understand their patients without asking them Words that came high on their “likes” scale direct questions. The tests involved asking a were nurture, frankness, honest and series of very ordinary words and asking the politeness. These were accompanied by very subjects if they like or do not like them. strong societal values: justice, family, faith, (Scale: -3, -2, -1-, 0, +1, +2, +3 were all words that seemed to float to the top. strongly dislike through to strongly like) These were ideals that seemed to keep them in harmonious accord with others. In 1993 Marion Merel Dow asked the Gallup society SOFRES to undertake a study of They seemed to be very heavily invested in French citizens aged 15+. They sent out sensual values. Words that triggered a like 20,000 letters and received 17,084 replies. response were open, emotion, sensuous, 1,833 of those were from allergic patients. The delicate, present, sweet, which seemed to statistical analysis revealed a very interesting illustrate their desire for freedom. emergence of three very distinct allergic By contrast there was an overwhelming desire personality profiles. to reject values that seemed to imply conflict: The asthmatic person tended to be betray, war, lie, rifle, detachment, regressive and in need of protection. He metallic and soldier all elicited strong behaved as if he were very frightened of negative associations. The test showed adult life. that in contrast to the call to arms of other personalities, the allergic rhinitis sufferer The allergic rhinitis sufferer by contrast prefers to invest in values that provoked them had a much more adult outlook on life. to exaggerated emotions: adore, wish, God, He tended to be far more sensual and religious and cry. harmonious, and he aspired more to an independence of spirit. Most interesting was the survey showed that these people seemed to gravitate to certain Patients with atopic eczema were described professions too–such as housewives, public as exhibiting feminine and maternal servants and private employees. Later papers traits, but were largely narcissistic in their have taken the findings further to assert that view of life and were fearing of power. atopic people in general are more intelligent, more timid, suspicious, anxious, tense and just In 2005, a Greek study took this further to less emotionally stable somehow. try to understand the profile of a rhinitis sufferer more fully. They undertook another It is now very well accepted that allergic semeiometic profile, this time of adults on the symptoms can be affected by several island of Crete. This was a far smaller sample psychological factors or by stress. Studies show of 113 people. Using a skin prick test they were that introverted people have a far worse time able to evaluate that 61% were allergic and with their allergic responses than extroverted 39% were non allergic. people do. They experience greater degrees

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 11 Understanding Allergies continued of depression and anxiety than their outgoing considered by psychoneuroimmunologists to counterparts. People with affective disorders be the molecule of negative expectation) also have a far higher prevalence of atopy than might actually decrease the threshold of the general population. Those prone to clinical itching and so might explain the link between depression also suffer more from allergies than pruritis and depression, but the theory has not the general public. yet been adequately tested to say whether this is true. Nevertheless we do have quite a good Women with perennial allergic rhinitis have picture of what our sneeze-y client might be been found to have poorer psychological like even before they come through the functionality than non-allergics. Analyses door now. Personality Profiles (MMPI) demonstrate allergic sufferers score significantly higher on Allergies and Aromatherapy the Hypochondriasis and Social Introversion Does all of this research help us to know how scales and significantly lower on the to help people in the context of aromatherapy? Correction and Ego Strength scales. In studies of non-psychiatric populations males with Certainly it does, as long as we approach allergic rhinitis have been found to exhibit each person with open mindedness, smiling as confirmations come up of our theories higher scores of paranoia, depression and rather than imposing them on the client at the social introversion. start. It is important to use these studies and Authors of a recent paper hypothesized that evidences as a map to help us, rather than as the elevated levels of the central corticotrophin a signpost indicating we have already reached factor (CRF1) which has been found to that conclusion. be elevated in depressed patients (and is We now know that underneath that surface of allergic reaction are many more layers for Aromatherapy Recipe for Allergic Attack us to peel away. One single bottle of essential oil, absolutely will not do the job. It has to be Ingredients: a structured, multifaceted approach that will 1/2 oz sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil take time. Yes, you can soothe the symptoms Essential Oils: very well and extremely quickly. I served my 1 drop yarrow (Achillea millefolium) apprenticeship in my mother’s aromatherapy 2 drops Roman chamomile business The Apothecary, travelling around (Anthemis nobilis) flower and agricultural shows in the 1990’s and hundreds of times I saw hay fever symptoms 2 drops frankincense (Boswellia serrata) recede in less than five minutes...but the allergy was still there. They would have to Rub the blend over the cheekbones during come back for another pot of cream or suffer an attack. Suitable for children or adults of all ages. If irritation occurs, discontinue use. again. Now we know more about the illness, it Avoid use during pregnancy and with young is possible to bring about even greater effects, children. but again you will need to see your client over a period of weeks.

(Commiphora myrrha) essential oil, but given the slightly needier psychological profile here, I would choose frankincense (Boswellia serrata) essential oil to plump up the confidence a bit, liberate any respiratory constriction, and flush out the sinuses at the same time.

Layer Two – Soothe the Stress For all of my clients, I find keeping a mood diary is useful. It helps me to track symptoms and moods outside the person’s own perceptions of themselves. Hopefully the stress will be acute, ephemeral and fleeting, but for the most part I find that it is usually chronic and potentially the allergy is merely one aspect of a whole myriad of symptoms I refer to as yin Steps for Helping Allergies with disease, where the body is worn out, exhausted Essential Oils and has lost its aggressive yang balance. Layer One – Calm the Symptoms I have found that the most effective way to In my opinion, the best anti-allergenic help these symptoms is to initially kickstart the essential oil that you will find is melissa HPA axis with Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) (Melissa officinalis). At the moment, the essential oil. It is an adaptogen and resets the essential oil that I have in my essential oil body to the “factory settings”–before the stress box is melissa (true) because of the delicate attack took place. nature of a little boy I help who has epilepsy. However, for the most part, I have found Aromatherapy Back and Shoulders melissa (natural identical type) to be just as Massage Recipe effective for helping allergies. Ingredients: For the itching and scratching, I find going 1/2 oz evening primrose (Oenthera biennis) oil back to basics is fine with true lavender Essential Oils: (Lavandula angustifolia) and Roman 3 drops geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) essential oils. 1 drop Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) For really bad onslaughts of symptoms, I 1 drop vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) might try German chamomile (Matricaria recutica) or even yarrow (Achillea millefolium) Massage the blend over the back and shoulders essential oil. to soothe the stress. Avoid use during pregnancy and with young children. If irritation occurs, For sinus conditions I would normally opt discontinue use. for the decongestant properties of myrrh

To put a rocket of dynamite under the worn Aromatherapy Recipe to Cleanse the Liver out body while stroking away the stress, I would opt to use the yang energy of vetiver Ingredients: (Vetiveria zizanioides) essential oil. 2 oz borage (Borago officinalis) or evening Layer Three – Cleanse the System primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil Essential Oils: 2 drops carrot (Daucus carota) Aromatherapy Recipe to Cleanse the System 1 drop rosemary In this recipe, both mandarin (Citrus reticulata) (Rosmarinus officinalis var. limonene) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential 2 drops Maroc chamomile (Ormenis multicaulis) oils help to support the adrenal glands. Nutmeg 1 drop peppermint (Mentha x piperita) (Myristica fragrans) essential oil helps to supercharge the pituitary gland and to balance 2 drops blue gum eucalyptus ACTH and cortisol. (Eucalyptus globulus) 4 drops ginger (Zingiber officinale) Ingredients: 1/2 oz white lotion (fragrance-free). Contraindications: Do not use with epilepsy and Alternatively, borage (Borago officinalis) or in cases of high blood pressure. Avoid use during evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil work pregnancy and with young children. If irritation rather nicely. occurs, discontinue use. Essential Oils: 2 drops of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) our self-esteem, our feelings about security... 2 drops geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) this would very much also fit with the idea of 1 drop nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) been a bit too over protected and smothered. A person has never really found their feet. Again, Massage lotion or oil daily into the wrists. Avoid use during pregnancy and with young children. this indicates the use of vetiver (Vetiveria If irritation occurs, discontinue use. zizaniodes) essential oil because of how effectively it pulls the energy of the chakras back down to the root chakra to ground it. Level Four – Ease the Spirit You can almost guarantee the sensitive allergic It is worth checking how a person’s chakras are client has been smothered by his family and performing. This slightly floaty ethereal, life- probably teased, or even been bullied, in the is-lovely approach is usually indicative of an outside world (or actually it might be more over performing crown chakra with an under correct to say that he perceives that he has developed root chakra. In fact the mirror been which is very much an aspect of yin image of the same dysfunction is paranoia; disease). It is now entirely appropriate to there is too much going on in your head, with look to see just how much their mother is no sense of grounding happening to balance it. annoying them, because the central nervous Since the root chakra is where we establish our system is absolutely locked into the sensitivity sense of identity in the first seven years of life, of allergens. Are they sad and depressed or

Aromatherapy Recipe to Ease the Spirit

In this recipe, bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil may help to lift a person’s spirit, vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides) essential oil may encourage them to stand up for themselves, and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil may help them to just like who they are a bit more. Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) © NAHA Image Database

Ingredients: Hellhammer, A. B.-K. (2001). Psychobiological Aspects of Atopic Dermatitis: An Overview. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1/2 oz rosehip (Rosa rubiginosa) oil Kirshbaum, A. B., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2003). Endocrine and Essential Oils: Immune Responses to Stress in Chronic Inflammatory Conditions. New York Academy of Sciences. 3 drops of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) N Gelis, E. P. (2007, 09). Investigation of the relationship between 1 drop vetiver (Vetiveria zizaniodes) allergic rhinitis and personality traits using semeiometry. Retrieved 04 09, 2015, from Pubmed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ 1 drop thyme (Thymus vulgaris) articles/PMC2658797/ N Gelis, E. P. (2007, 09). Investigation of the relationship between allergic rhinitis and personality traits using semeiometry. Retrieved 04 10, 2015, from Pubmed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ Mix the blend in a rollerball bottle and apply to articles/PMC2658797/ the insides of the wrist or the back of the neck. Science Museum. (Unlisted). Who am I? Retrieved 04 10, 2015, Avoid use in pregnancy and with young children. from Science Museum.org.uk: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/ If irritation occurs, discontinue use. Avoid using WhoAmI/FindOutMore/Yourbody/Whatdoesyourimmunesystemdo/ Howdoesyourimmunesystemwork/WhatdoT-andB-cellsdo.aspx before going out into sunlight as bergamot is Spergel JM1, P. A. (2013, 12 03). Atopic dermatitis and the atopic photo-toxic. march. Retrieved 04 10, 2015, from Pubmed: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/14657842 Tao Zheng, c. a. (2011, 02 14). The Atopic March: Progression from even wishing for an entirely different life all Atopic Dermatitis to Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma. Retrieved 04 10, 2015, from Pubmed: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ together? PMC3062798/ Γκέλης, Ν. Δ. (2007, 12 14). The special psychological characteristics Looking after an allergic sufferer is, in the of the otorhinolaryngological allergic patients. Retrieved 04 10, 2015, from University of Crete Library Repository: http:// truest sense of the word, a very sensitive issue. elocus.lib.uoc.gr/dlib/e/5/8/metadata-dlib-ca30a29bc4cc62c33 1ef17f68a2d7267_1254902716.tkl?search_type=simple&search_ The gentleness combination of plant medicine help=&display_mode=overview&wf_step=init&show_ and a calm, understanding therapist makes a hidden=0&number=10&keep_number=&cclterm1=&cclterm2=&cclte rm3=&cclterm4=&cclterm5=&ccl potent combination of care. About Elizabeth Ashley: References: Allergy UK. (2012, 03). The Allergic March. Retrieved 04 Elizabeth Ashley completed her aromatherapy 10, 2015, from AllergyUK: https://www.allergyuk.org/ training in 1993 with the Jill Bruce School of causes-and-risks-of-allergy/the-allergic-march American Academy of Allergic Asthma and Immunology. (2015). Aromatherapy and she holds an Advanced Atopic March - Dictionary Definition. Retrieved 04 10, 2015, from Diploma of Aromatherapy. She is the author of American Academy of Allergic Asthma and Immunology : http://www. aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-dictionary/atopic- The Secret Healer series of books available on march.aspx e-book and in paperback on Amazon. Ashley, E. (2014). The Aromatherapy Eczema Treatment. Build Your Own Reality. To learn more about Elizabeth, visit her E Van Epps, G. H. (1976). Liver disease--a prominent cause of serum website at www.thesecrethealer.com or e-mail IgE elevation. Retrieved 04 10, 2015, from Pubmed: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1538400/ her at: [email protected]

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Following the rains of spring, which help to (Olea europea) oil for a delicious salad. Lightly prepare the earth, the abundant sunshine of cooked food is beneficial. Stir-frying is a nice summer allows nature to flourish. way to lightly cook vegetables.

Summer is associated with the Staying hydrated is essential. I Fire element in the Chinese like to add fresh mint (Mentha Five Element theory. The Fire x piperita) and slices of lemon element is associated with (Citrus limon), orange (Citrus creativity, intuition, and motion. sinensis), and lime (Citrus The corresponding color is red aurantifolia) to a pitcher of water. and the emotion is joy. This is While staying cool is important, the most yang time of year: a avoid iced drinks which can time of expansion, action, and weaken the digestion. outward movement. Similarly, in Summer is the perfect time for Ayurveda, summer is associated outdoor exercise, gardening, with Pitta; energy that is fiery and intense. playing sports, getting together with friends, Staying cool, both environmentally and and taking hikes in nature. Instead of staying emotionally, will help you to feel more inside and feeling shy, try your best to get in balance. outdoors and meet new people. Let yourself play instead of being overly serious. At midday, Diet and exercise are important to keep come inside and take a nap or some quiet time the Fire element and Pitta balanced. Avoid to avoid overexposure to the sun. Wearing heavy foods that will make you feel sluggish. cotton clothing will also help you to stay cool. Eat plenty of cool, light foods such as fruits and vegetables. Try fresh basil (Ocimum Making time for relaxation is highly beneficial basilicum), sliced tomatoes (Solanum because summer can be a time of high lycopersicum), sea salt, pepper (Piper excitement, lots of activity, late nights, and nigrum), and balsamic vinegar with olive overexertion. Alternate nostril breathing

(Nadi Shodhan Pranayama), meditation, journaling, and yoga can all be helpful. A leisurely stroll in the cool evening air is refreshing and soothing and will help pacify Pitta. I enjoy dabbing on my favorite botanical perfume or aromatherapy blend and going for a walk around twilight as I reflect on my day. Moonlit walks are also beautiful and restorative.

Summer is the manifestation of all that we have been cultivating during spring. The seeds we planted are now coming up to blossom. The areas of our lives that we have been cultivating will now be abundant and flourishing. Live your passion, be a joyful participant in the world, and enjoy the warmth of the summer sun!

A few of my favorite essential oils for summer are: Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) – The perfect all-around oil for summer. Cooling, Cooling Summer Gel soothing, and antiseptic. Excellent for sunburn and bug bites. Helpful for easing insomnia. This gel cools both the body and the mind. It can be helpful for sunburn, irritability, overthinking, Blue Tansy (Tanacetum annuum) – Calms sore muscles, stress, and headaches. moodiness and irritability. Relaxes tension. Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) – 2 oz Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) gel A gentle, calming oil for the excitement of 1 Tsp Rose (Rosa damascena) hydrosol summer. Its sedative qualities help to promote 2 drops Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) restful sleep. essential oil Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) – Cools the 20 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) body and helps to relieve muscular pain due to essential oil overexertion. Invigorating for hot, hazy days. 3 drops Roman Chamomile Remember that a little peppermint goes a (Chamaemelum nobile) essential oil long way! Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) – Energetically Combine all of the ingredients and whisk them together. Pour into amber or blue glass jars. grounding and cooling. Promotes deep Apply a small amount of the gel to body as relaxation and soothes an overactive mind. needed. Evokes a feeling of being held and supported.

Clary Sage (Salvia sclarea) – Draws us to Mojay, Gabriel. Aromatherapy for Healing the Spirit: Restoring Emotional and Mental Balance with Essential Oils. Rochester, VT: a center of calm and reawakens the senses. Healing Arts, 1999. Print. Helpful for muscular cramps and aches as well Morgan Griffin, R. “Summer-depression.” Tips for Summer as headaches. Depression. WebMD, n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2015 Basil ct. linalool (Ocimum basilicum) – Helpful About Miriam Carl: for muscle cramping and indigestion. Miriam Carl is a Certified Aromatherapist Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) – Disinfects and owner of Kindred Earth Botanicals, small cuts and scrapes that arise from outdoor an aromatherapy consulting business that sports and activities. Helps to clear the head, provides custom tailored blends, body care supports immunity, and prevents exhaustion. products, education, and seasonal wisdom. Her goal is to guide clients through an Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) – Cooling, refresh- exploration of healing on all levels with ing and emotionally uplifting. Pacifies Pitta. integrity, compassion, and kindness. Miriam is Neroli (Citrus aurantium var. amara) – Eases the NAHA Regional Director for Illinois. anxiety that can arise from the high energy levels of summer. To learn more about Miriam, please visit her website at: www.kindredearthbotanicals.com Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) – or email her at [email protected] Energetically cool and moist. Clears heat and inflammation. Emotionally balancing and helpful for anxiety. Eases frustration and irritability. Rose (Rosa damascena) – Deeply soothing and nurturing. Excellent for skincare. Pacifies Pitta. Make sure that you dilute appropriately any of the above essential oils in carrier oil or lotion base before applying them to the skin. Try some of the above plants in hydrosol form! Hydrosols are light, aromatic waters that are extremely gentle. Try neroli or rose hydrosol for a refreshing facial mist.

References: Beinfield, Harriet, and Efrem Korngold. Between Heaven and Earth: A Guide to Chinese Medicine. New York: Ballantine, 1992. Print. Fitzsimmons, Judith. Seasons of Aromatherapy. Berkely: Conari, 1998. Print. Haas, Elson M. Staying Healthy with the Seasons. Berkeley: Celestial Arts, 2003. Print. Holmes, Peter. Clinical Aromatherapy Using Essential Oils for Healing Body & Soul. Cotati, CA: Tigerlily, 2001. Print. Lind, Eva-Marie. Aromatiques: A Sensualist’s Guide to Aromatic Oils. San Francisco: Soma, 2002. Print.

Clinical Aromatherapy Healing Courses & Products Online and Distance AROMATIC MEDICINE Learning Courses Integrated Advanced Essential Oil Therapeutics Recognized School: NAHA for Common Clinical Conditions Approved CEU Provider: NCBTMB 8-day in-class Advanced Diploma Course with Mark Webb BSc,MASCC (Australia) $25 DISCOUNT for any 50 hour Clinical Aromatherapy hosted by the Heal Center Atlanta and Gabriel Mojay, Institute of Traditional Herbal Medicine & Aromatherapy (ITHMA) London Level 1 or 2 courses! Use discount code SUMFUN Sat-Tues, October 10-13, 2015 at our on-line enrollment. Thurs-Sun, March 17-20, 2016 Valid through August 1st, 2015. Heal Center Atlanta Discover more at: 404.303.0007 www.learnaroma.com www.healcenteratlanta.com [email protected] 888-276-6278

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by Shanti Dechen CCAP, CAI, LMT

We all want to enjoy the beauty and warmth of from 10am to 3pm the sun during the brightest days of summer. when UV rays are the In recent years, not only has it come to “light” strongest; this will vary by the season, location, that that we need vitamin D from the sun, but and time of day. Sunburned skin doesn’t just that the sun’s rays can be very damaging to our feel awful; it can cause permanent damage skin. The good news is that natural carrier oils over time. can make highly effective sunscreen that is not The sunlight that reaches us is made up of two only high in sun protection factor (SPF), but types of harmful rays: long wave ultraviolet great for the skin in other ways. Learn all the A (UVA) and short wave ultraviolet B (UVB). ways that natural carrier oils and essential oils Basically, UVA rays can age us and UVB can become part of your summer fun and skin rays can burn us. Overexposure to either can safety in this article. damage the skin. How the Skin is Protected From the Sun USE A NATURAL SUNSCREEN: Nature The skin is protected from sunburn in a has provided us with a whole host of natural variety of ways; remember these points to ingredients that give sun protection factor prevent sunburn: (SPF). Plants are exposed to the sun every day of every year, and so have evolved to produce KEEP HYDRATED: Suggestion: Drink three to pigments, phytochemicals and nutrients that five quarts of water a day. protect them from sun damage. Many liquid MOISTURIZE THE SKIN: All body butters carrier or base oils used in aromatherapy and carrier oils help the skin to retain water blends are extracted from fruit and vegetable and they also help the body to create vitamin D seeds. Their penetrating properties and from the sun’s damaging UVB rays. nutrients, as well as their natural content of tocopherols, carotenoids and essential fatty ANTIOXIDANTS: All unrefined oils contain acids, make them highly valuable. There are vitamin E, and those particularly high in several natural-based sunscreen lotions that vitamin E are traditionally considered to be include the carrier oils of almond (Prunus “sun protecting.” Tocopherols, e.g., vitamin E, dulcis), avocado, (Persea americana) coconut repair free radical damage to the skin. (Cocos nucifera), olive (Olea europaea), and BLOCK UVA AND UVB RAYS: Clothing, sun sesame (Sesamum indicum), which have been hats, and shade best limit your sun exposure reported to have UV filters.

Chemicals in Sunscreens sunscreen. Many vegetable oils, such as olive (Olea europaea) oil and jojoba (Simmondsia Why use carrier oils as a natural sunscreen? chinensis), are already popular for both Because typical commercial sunscreens may cosmetic and medicinal purposes. contain one or more of these potentially For best results always choose carrier oils that dangerous chemicals: are unrefined, cold pressed, unfractionated, • Paraamino benzoic acid and organic. • Octyl salicyclate Several carrier oils have shown • Avobenzone extremely positive results in studies • Oxybenzone to provide SPF protection when applied to skin: • Cinoxate • Padimate Red Raspberry Seed Oil (Rubus idaeus) SPF 28 – 50 • Odioxybenzone

• Sulisobenzone Red Raspberry This oil is one of the most popular • Trolamine salicyclate (Rubus idaeus) oils for SPF and can have a range of 28 –50 (depending on the quality of the oil). Red • Menthyl anthranilate raspberry seed oil is actually a close equivalent Octocrylene • of the protection you would receive from • Phenylbenzimidazole Homosalate. Titanium Dioxide, which is found in most mineral sunscreens. The essential fatty acids Dioxybenzone and oxybenzone are two of the and host of antioxidants in this oil are also most powerful free radical generators known great for other skin healing purposes including to man. Other chemicals on this list have eczema and psoriasis. Red raspberry seed oil been connected to conditions like cancer and protects against UVA & UVB rays and contains hormonal imbalance. significant anti-inflammatory properties.

Zinc oxide is another popular natural Carrot Seed Oil ingredient in sunscreens, but researchers at (Daucus carota) SPF 38 – 40 Missouri State University recently found that when exposed to sunlight, zinc oxide may According to a study published in create free radicals, destroy cells, and Pharmacognosy Magazine in 2009, products increase the risk of skin cancer. And your skin containing carrot seed oil have a natural SPF cannot make vitamin D when you use zinc of between 38 and 40. Carrot seed oil is highly oxide sunscreen. valued for skin care. It is used in skin care products to nourish, tighten, revitalize, and Carrier Oils as a Sunscreen rejuvenate skin. Carrot seed oil is calming and appropriate for irritated skin. Carrier or base oils are the fats extracted from seeds, nuts, grains, vegetables and fruits. They Note: This refers to the carrier oil, not the can serve as an effective base for a homemade essential oil.

A, B, D, lecithin, potassium, proteins, and fatty acids. Although the oil is mono-unsaturated, it is not stable when used for cooking at high temperatures. It is excellent in skin care applications for dry, dehydrated, climate-parched, damaged, undernourished, mature skin, eczema, and diaper rash because of its nourishing, softening, and restorative qualities.

Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera) (SPF 2 – 8) An ideal choice for general skin moisturizing as it serves as a protective layer, helping to retain Wheat Germ Oil the moisture in your skin. This mild oil is light (Triticum vulgare ) SPF 20 and non-greasy and it is suitable for sensitive, Wheat germ oil is packed with vitamins and dry, itchy, inflamed, and irritated skin. minerals, mostly vitamin E, K and B. It acts Hemp Seed Oil (Cannabis sativa) (SPF 6) as free radical preventer while protecting Hemp seed oil may be added to any body care you from the sun. Wheat germ oil is used or cosmetic product, including creams, lotions, to regenerate skin tissues; it promotes skin facial or body oils, massage oils, shampoo, elasticity, formation of skin cells, improves conditioner, shaving products, lip balm, and blood circulation, and helps to relieve soap. In hair care products, hemp seed oil symptoms of dermatitis. increases elasticity, manageability, and shine. Note: Those with wheat or gluten allergies Hemp oil has valuable Super Omega-3 (SDA) should not use wheat germ oil, either and Super Omega-6 (GLA), and is loaded with externally or internally. all twenty amino acids.

Other valuable carrier oils with lesser Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) (SPF 4) SPF factors: Actually a natural yellow liquid wax from the bean of an evergreen desert plant, jojoba is Almond, Sweet Oil (Prunus dulcis) (SPF 5) very close in nature to the human sebum, an Almond oil has a high presence of mono- and excretion from around the hair follicles. Jojoba polyunsaturated fatty acids. The properties has replaced sperm whale oil in cosmetics, of these components are demonstrated in the creams, mascara, and lipstick for more than a oil’s protecting, nourishing, softening, and century now. It is useful in cases of inflamed lubricating effects on the skin. Almond oil skin, psoriasis, eczema, acne, and it is is ideal for chapped, dry, and irritated skin, beneficial for hair care. soothing and relieving soreness, itching, and Macadamia Oil (Macadamia integrifolia) inflammation. (SPF 6) Macadamia oil is high in palmitoleic Avocado Oil (Persea americana) acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid that acts (SPF 4 –10) This carrier oil is high in vitamins upon the body as an antioxidant, preventing

All-Natural Sunscreen

This recipe makes 8-oz. You will need an 8-oz glass jar or BPA-free plastic bottle with a flip top. The final product is thick like body butter. Use less beeswax to formulate a more liquid product.

Ingredients: Directions for Making: 1 cup raw Shea Butter (Butyrospermum parkii) In a double boiler, over low heat, melt the shea OR Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera) butter OR coconut oil, together with the beeswax. 4 TBSP grated Beeswax When melted, add the other carrier oils to the same 4 TBSP Carrot Seed Oil (Daucus carota) temperature. 4 TBSP Red Raspberry Seed Oil (Rubus idaeus) Remove from heat and allow the mixture to cool 4 TBSP Wheat Germ Oil (Triticum vulgare) slightly prior to adding the essential oils. 2 TBSP Macadamia Oil (Macadamia integrifolia) Add the essential oils. Pour the mixture into a glass 2 TBSP Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) jar or BPA-free plastic bottle with a flip top. Allow ½ TBSP Vitamin E, 5,000 IU the mixture to cool and harden by leaving the jar Essential Oils: or bottle on the counter top. When cool, seal the 15 drops Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) container and label it.

10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) The shelf life of the blend, when stored in a cool 15 drops of Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) cupboard, is 30 days; refrigerate to extend shelf life.

Precautions: NOTE: Angelica root (Angelica archangelica), basil Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) and lavender (Lavandula (Ocimum basilicum), melissa (Melissa officinalis), angustifolia) essential oils are not advised while lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) and all citrus pregnant. Use a lower dilution (1%) of the essential essential oils are photosensitive, and are not oils for children -- no more than six drops per one oz. advised in a sunscreen product.

© Copyright 2015 NAHA Aromatherapy Journal Summer 2015.2 24 Carrier Oils for Sun Protection continued deterioration of cell membranes. and plants. They have three distinct modes of Palmitoleic acid is not commonly found in action: Physiological (e.g., anti-inflammatory other oils, yet it is found in human sebum that effects), psychological (e.g., aromatherapy) acts as a protective agent and slows down the and cosmetic (e.g., preservative effects because aging process. of antibacterial or antioxidant properties). They also have corresponding benefits. Olive Oil (Olea europaea) (SPF 2-8) This oil Essential oils are a perfect combination to may be too heavy in viscosity to be suitable for mix with carrier oils to mitigate the damaging a massage oil; it may be used in small amounts effects of sunburn. and added to blends. Applications of olive oil include: hair care, cosmetics, salves, rheumatic NOTE: Essential oils are not sunscreens! conditions, and skin care products. References: Missouri State University News and Events website,: Sunscreen Ingredient Sesame Seed Oil (Sesamum indicum) May Pose Skin Cancer Risk, Researchers Find: http://news.mst. (SPF 4) Sesame seed oil is rich in vitamins and edu/2012/05/sunscreen_ingredient_may_pose/ minerals, containing vitamins A, B complex, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health website, In calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. A high vitro Sun Protection Factor Determination of Herbal Oils Used in Cosmetics: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140123/ content of vitamin E gives this oil excellent Happyzine website, The Good News About Nature’s SPF Protection, stability; some of its other components give it Joel Le Blanc: http://happyzine.co.nz/2012/01/18/ an antioxidant effect. Sesame oil is beneficial the-good-news-about-natures-spf-protection-by-joel-le-blanc/ as a natural moisturizer for dry skin, psoriasis, Coola website, Coola’s Sun Science Lesson: http://www.coolasuncare. eczema, as well as protecting the skin from com/sun-science/uva-vs-uvb Dechen, Shanti, Clinical Aromatherapy Level 1: Lesson 8: Carrier Oils, harmful UV rays, adding warmth, and Crestone, CO, 2015. suppleness to the body. About Shanti Dechen: Shea Butter (Butyrospermum parkii) Shanti Dechen, CCAP, CAI, LMT is the (SPF 3–6) Shea butter is especially known for founder and director of Aroma Apothecary its cosmetic properties as a moisturizer and Healing Arts Academy, a Certified Clinical emollient. It is also a known anti-inflammatory Aromatherapist, a clinical health practitioner agent that enhances cell regeneration. Shea and has been a certified massage therapist butter is effective in addressing the following since 1979. She has a university background conditions: aging skin, fading scars, eczema, in healing and the sciences—including over burns, rashes, acne, severely dry skin, 15,000 hours of extensive holistic training, blemishes, dark spots, skin discolorations, in addition to a certification in bodymind chapped lips, stretch marks, wrinkles, and therapies. Shanti is the NAHA Regional psoriasis. Director for Colorado. Essential Oil Recipes for Sunscreen To learn more about Shanti, please visit her Essential oils are highly concentrated and website at: www.learnaroma.com or email her powerful oils that are extracted from flowers at [email protected]

by Andrea Butje

The search for a natural deodorant that works Natural Deodorant Cream can be both confusing and frustrating. Take a walk down the natural deodorant section of This recipe is so easy to make! I think this is your nearest health food store, and you’ll find one of the reasons it’s so popular. I recommend a lot of options. You could spend hours just making it every three months so you always have reading the ingredients of each one, and even a fresh jar. then, it can be hit or miss to find something Ingredients: that works for you. Our body chemistry responds differently to different ingredients. 1 oz organic unrefined coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) I have a few important requirements when it 1 Tbsp arrowroot powder* comes to deodorant: (Maranta arundinacea) • It has to feel good. I don’t want anything 1 Tbsp French green clay sticky going under my arms. 18 drops of essential oil • It has to be organic. (see next page for suggestions) • It has to smell good. Supplies: • It has to work! One 2-oz glass jar with a lid Sound like a tall order? I’ll admit, I did A small bowl for mixing have some trouble finding a natural, organic A glass stir rod deodorant that met all my requirements. That’s why I started experimenting with my own recipes. I’m happy to say I came up with Combine the coconut oil, green clay, and arrowroot powder in the small bowl. Stir these ingredients one that works well for me, even in very hot together with a glass stir rod. Add the essential weather. I live in Florida, and it gets quite hot oils. Stir again. and humid here. I’ve since shared this recipe Apply a small amount of the blend under your arm with friends and it’s got great results, so I’m to make sure it feels good. Most people respond excited to share it with you here. very well to it, but it’s always important to test to make sure. You can use the tips of your fingers or I love how customizable this deodorant recipe a cotton round to apply the deodorant. is. The coconut oil has a slight tropical aroma— *If you don’t have arrowroot powder, you can perfect for summer—and you can add essential use baking soda as a substitute. It has the same thickening effect on the blend. However some oils to make the scent your own. I suggest people may find it irritating which is why I prefer adding your essential oils drop by drop so you to use arrowroot powder. can make sure that you like the aroma.

Tea Tree & Witch Hazel Spray-On Deodorant

This recipe is easy to make and use with no mess. You can carry it in your purse or gym bag so you’ll have it if you’re out and about and need to freshen up. It’s so nice to have on hand during a hot summer. You can spray it under your arms and all over your body, concentrating on areas where you sweat the most. It’s safe for clothes.

If you prefer not to use essential oils topically, you’re in luck—there are no essential oils in this Essential Oil Blend Recipes to Use: recipe. It just calls for hydrosols and aloe vera gel. Summer Citrus* 4 drops Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi) Ingredients: 8 drops Green Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) ½ oz Aloe Vera gel (Aloe barbadensis) 6 drops Lemon (Citrus limon) ¼ oz Witch Hazel hydrosol * This blend is well below the phototoxic levels (Hamamelis virginiana) for lemon and grapefruit. ¼ oz Tea Tree hydrosol (Melaleuca alternifolia) Supplies: Rose Garden 5 drops Rose Otto (Rosa damascena) One 1-oz spray bottle 5 drops Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii var. motia) Blend the ingredients together and pour into the 8 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) bottle. You’ll need to shake this recipe before every use. I suggest making a fresh bottle every Flower Power month. If you go through a lot of it, you can 6 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) multiply the recipe to make a bigger bottle. 12 drops Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) Tea Rose Enjoy your summer and keep smelling sweet! 8 drops Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) About Andrea Butje: 5 drops Rose Otto (Rosa damascena) Andrea Butje, founder of Aromahead 5 drops Palmarosa Institute, has been teaching aromatherapy (Cymbopogon martinii var. motia) since 1995 and has an international reputation Sweet Earth for her work with essential oil distillers. 6 drops Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) Aromahead Institute’s online classes are in- 4 drops Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides) depth, easy to use, and dynamic, all taught in 8 drops Neroli or Petitgrain (Citrus aurantium a beautiful, well-organized online classroom. var. amara) Andrea is the author of the best-selling book, I Don’t Care How It Smells If It Works Essential Living: Aromatherapy Recipes 7 drops Cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica) for Health and Home. To learn more about 11 drops Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Andrea, please visit www.aromahead.com.

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PAIN BREAST HEALTH Pierre Franchomme presents the latest molecular Nadine Artemis will suggest regenerating essential biology to influence different cellular signaling oil strategies that release excess estrogen, encourage pathways to manage or ameliorated pain with es- lymph drainage and strengthen connective tissue. sential oils. UNLIMITED POSSIBILITIES LYMES DISEASE SAFETY Linda-Anne Kahn explains how aromatherapy is Robert Tisserand reviews the safety data most integrated into the treatment of this condition. pertinent for the personal and professional use of essential oils. THYMUS GLAND AND LIFE ENERGY Valerie Cooksley reports how the essential oil CANCER PREVENTION stimulates the gland and improves the will to get Ajaikumar Kunnumakkara explainst how powerful well. the anti-tumor capacities of plant secondary metabolites such as Essential Oils really are. CHILDBIRTH Pam Conrad explores the benefits of essential TERPENE BIOSYNTHESIS oils for childbirth reviewing the results from a Bernd M Lange’s presentation is a most interesting comprehensive study with over 1000 women. introduction to the revolutionary ways systems biology approaches the complex processes of life. PET WELLNESS Nancy Brandt will introduce a first aid kit for pets LYMPHEDEMA and show how essential oils keep our companion Veronica Yap has revolutionized the care of this animals healthy throughout all stages of their lives. debilitating condition by developing an essential oil protocol to self manage this condition at home. MORE PRESENTATIONS TBA!

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Below, I share some cooling and hydrating botanical blends you can BOTTOM: Spearmint (Mentha spicata) make for summer time body skin care and travel use. Enjoy! © NAHA Image Database

Chill Out! Body Mist Spray Too Much Fun in the Sun Blend

This scrub can be useful for those who work and play This slightly cooling blend can be useful for relief outdoors, dig in gardens, when handling animals and from too much time in the heat. Whether it be from more. Use this scrub to exfoliate and stimulate the skin. sun exposure, a day hiking or gardening, or too much partying, this blend can help to decrease heat Ingredients: exhaustion, headache, nausea, fatigue, and sore 4-oz. glass mist spray bottle muscles. 2 ounces Distilled Witch Hazel Ingredients: (Hamamelis virginiana) 2-oz. bottle with pump or mist spray top 2 ounces Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) 1 ounce Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Hydrosol 1 ounce Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Hydrosol Essential Oils: Essential Oils: 8-10 drops Clary Sage (Salvia sclarea) 6-8 drops Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) 4-6 drops Spearmint (Mentha spicata) 4-6 drops Spearmint (Mentha spicata) 4-6 drops Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) 4-6 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Mix all ingredients together. Shake well before each use. Store in refrigerator for extra cooling application. Mix all ingredients together. Keep out of reach of children and pets. Divide blend into 4 one ounce bottles for use when traveling. Shake well before each use. Keep out of reach Application: Mist spray topically onto body skin as of children and pets. need to keep cool during hot summer days and nights, Application: Apply small and during hot flashes. This blend is also useful as amount of blend topically a natural underarm deodorant and foot spray. If as needed. If irritation irritation occurs discontinue use. occurs discontinue use.

Happy Traveler Kit Jet Lag/Travel Sickness Relief Blend

The following blends can be useful when Ingredients: traveling for issues that may arise due to 1-oz. travel size bottle with pump or mist spray top jet lag, motion sickness, difficulty sleeping, 1 ounce Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) anxiety and stress. There is even a suggested Essential Oils: blend to use for bed bugs, which you don’t 4-6 drops Spearmint (Mentha spicata) want to hitch a ride back home in your 6-8 drops Bergamot suitcase! (Citrus aurantium subsp. bergamia) 2-4 drops Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides) Restful Sleep Blend

Mix all ingredients together. Shake well before each Ingredients: use. Keep out of reach of children and pets. 1-oz. travel size bottle with pump or mist spray top Application: Apply small amount of blend topically 1 ounce Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) during the day as needed. Place blend on a tissue Essential Oils: for inhalation during travel. If irritation occurs 4-6 drops Roman chamomile discontinue use. To avoid photo-reactive issue, avoid direct exposure to the sun or tanning bed for 12 hours (Chamaemelum nobile)* after application of blend, or use Furocoumarin-Free 2-4 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) bergamot essential oil. 4-6 drops Sweet Marjoram (Origanum marjorana) 4-6 drops Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) Bed Bug Linen and Suitcase Spray

Ingredients: Mix all ingredients together. Shake well before each use. Keep out of reach of children and pets. 1-oz. travel size mist spray bottle ½ ounce Distilled Witch Hazel Application: Apply small amount of blend topically (Hamamelis virginiana) before bedtime. If irritation occurs discontinue use. ½ ounce Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Hydrosol *If there are known allergies to chamomile substitute Essential Oils: with petitgrain or neroli (Citrus aurantium var. amara) 8-10 drops Lemon (Citrus limon) 8-10 drops Niaouli (Melaleuca viridiflora) Because I tend to get motion sickness, I love 6-8 drops Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus radiata) to use the following blend to inhale when traveling by car along the winding and hilly back country roads. Even simple inhalation Mix all ingredients together. Shake well before each use. Keep out of reach of children and pets. of a few drops of bergamot (Citrus bergamia) essential oil on a tissue brings me great relief if Application: Mist spray blend onto bed linens and towels, as well as the flooring around the bed and I get a bit queasy. I have used this same blend into your suitcase. Keep suitcase and clothing off the with success for one of my dogs that used to floor. You can also use this mist spray to help disinfect get car sick. a hotel bathroom and freshen stale air.

Hydrosol Ice Cubes:

Pour hydrosol into ice cube trays and freeze. I like to use lavender (Lavandula angustifola) for its well-rounded use and applications.

Applications: Place an ice cube in a wash cloth and apply the cloth to back of neck and chest area to keep cool while outdoors, or apply to bug bite or itching rash.

Use 6-8 cubes in an ice pack bag for use during headaches exasperated by heat and a day in the sun.

Hydrosol ice cubes can be used topically to help dogs and horses with hot spots caused by pollen allergies, insect bites and for use when overheated.

Pack your summer time blends into a zip- for the National Association for Holistic top baggie and place into a clear makeup Aromatherapy (NAHA). Kelly has over travel type tote bag. Label all bottles clearly twenty five years of professional experience with name, ingredients and use. Make sure in holistic aromatherapy, massage and lids are tightly closed. When traveling by air energy therapies for both people and their be sure to check the TSA (Travel Security pets. She offers National Certification Board Administration) travel guidelines for bottled for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork liquid size requirements. (NCBTMB) Continuing Education Units (CEU) approved classes and offers a 300+hr Animal About Kelly Aromatherapy Practitioner Certification Holland Azzaro: Course(sm). Kelly is the Founder and Director Kelly Holland of The Holistic Animal Association-‘Supporting Azzaro is a the Holistic Healing Arts for People and Registered Their Animal Friends.’ Her articles have been Aromatherapist, published in Massage Magazine, Holistic Dog Certified Clinical Magazine, Dogs Naturally Magazine, Vita Aromatherapy Danzare Journal and NAHA’s Aromatherapy Practitioner, Animal Journal, as well as numerous blogs. Aromatherapy Practitioner, Kelly, and her husband, Marco, who is Certified Bach Flower Practitioner, Licensed a Licensed Acupuncturist and Qigong Massage Therapist, Massage Cupping Practitioner, have a Holistic Healing Center in Specialist and Reiki Practitioner. Kelly the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. has served as NAHA Vice President and To learn more, please visit our websites at: President and is the current Public Relations www.ashitherapy.com and and Aromatherapy Journal Manager www.holisticanimalassociation.com

Join Dr. Joie Power, Ph.D. in this series of courses designed for nurses, massage therapists and other licensed healthcare practitioners. The course offers 200 hours of training in three sequential levels plus an optional post-graduate mentoring experience. Licensed practitioners who complete all three levels will receive the school’s certification and diploma in Clinical Aromatherapy. Non-licensed persons may also apply for admission and those who complete all three levels will receive the school’s certificate in Practical Aromatherapy. For more info contact Dr. Power at [email protected]

www.High landsN atura lHea ling Dr. Joie Power recommends: .c om Outstanding Professional www.ArtisanEssentialOils.com Education in Complementary and Alternative Medicine for True Therapeutic Quality Essential Oils

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by Joie Power, Ph.D.

Introduction: Aroma exert their therapeutic effects and Therapy vs. Aromatherapy: there are two main physiological What’s the Difference? pathways through which they can at least theoretically do this: The term “aromatherapy” implies they can be absorbed through a “therapy” based on “aroma,” the tissues of the body into the but is that what essential oils bloodstream when delivered actually deliver? The answer is orally, topically or by inhalation, “sometimes, but not always,” or, they can activate the receptors because essential oils can act of the olfactory nerve when on us in more than one way. inhaled. In many practical Sometimes aromatherapy is applications of essential oils in “aroma therapy” – a therapeutic intervention aromatherapy, both pathways may operate at based on the effects that odor molecules exert on the brain by activating olfactory the same time. receptors - and sometimes it is not. When it For convenience, I call the first pathway the is, I call it “olfactory aromatherapy.” The term “blood pathway” and the second the “nerve “aromachology” has also been proposed by the pathway.” Essential oil constituents acting Sense of Smell Institute to refer to the study through either pathway have been found to of the olfactory effects of essential oils and to exert effects on mood, behavior and memory differentiate the scientific approach to those as well as autonomic, immune and endocrine effects from the practice of aromatherapy, function in what has been described as a which has been criticized by some for lack of a “pharmacological” (drug-like) fashion7; in scientifically rigorous basis. I prefer the term other words, through the ability of individual “olfactory aromatherapy.” odor molecules to interact with the nervous Many aromatherapists speak of three “routes” system in a way that exerts distinctive, through which the constituents of essential reproducible effects that are specific to each oils exert their effects - the oral route, the odor molecule, just as the conventional drugs topical route and the inhalation route - but used in medicine exert specific, reproducible these are really methods of delivery rather effects that are unique to each drug. The than physiological routes of action. Essential key here is “reproducibility”: an essential oil constituents sometimes act directly on oil component that is exerting drug-like pathogens and body tissues at their sites of actions on the nervous system will reliably application but in many cases they need to exert the same effects whenever it is given at move more deeply into the body in order to the same dose. When we speak of essential

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 35 It’s Just a Smell continued oils that have come to be characterized in The psychological mode of action is also at the literature and in practice as anxiolytics, work when odors exert idiosyncratic effects antidepressants, or stimulants, for example, that are determined by the smeller’s moods we are speaking of effects that arise from or by whether the aroma is perceived by the this drug-like mode of action. One difference smeller as pleasant or unpleasant. Studies that between drugs and essential oils acting in a support the psychological theory of odorant drug-like fashion through the blood pathway effects include those showing that things and inhaled essential oils acting in a drug-like like prosocial behavior, productivity, goal- fashion through the nerve pathway is that in setting and work efficiency are enhanced in the former case effects are produced because experimental subjects exposed to odors that of receptor binding at sites of action while in they perceive as pleasant1 while those exposed the latter they are produced through action to odors that are perceived as unpleasant potentials that are generated when they bind have more “negative” effects, such as reduced to olfactory receptors. tolerance for frustration16. As Herz points out, studies in this area suggest that the behavioral In addition to acting in a drug-like fashion responses evoked by pleasant vs. unpleasant through either pathway, essential oil odors are correlated with changes in mood and components acting through the nerve pathway only odors perceived by a smeller as pleasant can also exert effects on all of these same are able to improve mood, decrease anxiety parameters (mood, behavior, etc.) in what and exert positive effects on pain perception; has been described as a “psychological” odors that are perceived as unpleasant by the fashion.7 One way in which odor molecules smeller exert worsening effects on mood and can acquire the ability to operate through the pain perception7. nerve pathway in a psychological fashion is through classical conditioning: when exposure Other studies supporting a psychological to a specific odor is paired with an emotionally mode of action for odorants acting through charged event (often an event that is traumatic the nerve pathway have looked at the issue in some way) then later exposure to that odor of expectations and have shown that when can elicit the same emotional and physiological experimental subjects are told that an odor reactions that were experienced during the will have a specific effect then the expectation original event. This happened with a patient of of that effect can play a determining role in mine who felt nervous every time she got near the actions exerted by that odor3. One study her new boss – eventually, she realized that has found, however, that expectations only this man was wearing the same cologne that influence effects at lower nasal concentrations her abusive father had worn and it was that of an odorant12. While a few herbalists feel odor that was making her feel anxious. The that direct inhalation of essential oils from cologne that provoked such intense anxiety in fresh or dried plant material will produce my patient would not do that to someone else the same results as inhalation of distilled unless they had had similar past experiences essential oils, thereby eliminating the need for with it because that odor is not intrinsically use of distilled oils, these results suggest that anxiety-provoking through drug-like actions. this may not be the case, since higher nasal

© Copyright 2015 NAHA Aromatherapy Journal Summer 2015.2 36 It’s Just a Smell continued concentrations of essential oil constituents of the effects that are produced when specific would be expected to result from inhaling brain regions exposed during the surgery are distilled oils, especially in undiluted form. stimulated with a weak electrical current. Such stimulation temporarily “turns off” the area It is clear that the effects that can be elicited that is stimulated and this by inhaled odorants acting helps the neurosurgeon through the nerve pathway avoid cutting out something depend, ultimately, on that is vital to the patient’s potentially complex functional capacities. In interactions between drug- addition, these procedures like effects and psychological have been important to effects and this may be at our understanding of how least one reason that studies the brain works since even on the actions exerted by today there are few other inhaled essential oils have ways in which we can obtain shown mixed results. such direct information in real time about the The aromatherapeutic effects that can roles played by different brain regions. be realized through both drug-like and The neurosurgeon that I worked with in psychological modes of action and that come the operating room, Dr. Herman Flanigin, into play when essential oils are inhaled occur had studied with the famous Canadian because of the close anatomical and functional neurosurgeon Dr. Wilder Penfield. Dr. associations between the olfactory system and Penfield and his colleagues had pioneered brain regions involved in regulating emotional the use of stimulation studies and in 1954, response, memory and learning and, through Penfield and Jasper made a major advance projections from these regions, autonomic, in the understanding of the olfactory system immune and endocrine function. We will by reporting their findings that electrical examine these connections, which form the stimulation of the paired bulbs at the neural basis of olfactory aromatherapy, in base of the frontal lobes produced odor greater detail below. hallucinations15. As well as representing an Early Work on Olfactory-Limbic System important advance in our understanding of Connections how the olfactory system works, Penfield and Jaspers' findings paved the way for further In the early 1980’s I was asked to assist in investigations into the links between the conducting intraoperative brain mapping olfactory system and other neural systems procedures at the Medical College of and, eventually, the links between the sense of Georgia, where I completed my internship smell, emotions and memory. in neuropsychology and then became an Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery. In these Together with a handful of other neurosurgical procedures, unanaesthetized patients remain teams around the world, Dr. Flanigin fully awake during lengthy neurosurgical and I carried on with Dr. Penfield’s work, interventions so that observations can be made including intra-operative and pre-operative

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 37 It’s Just a Smell continued depth electrode stimulation studies. In our are “wired” these three things are nearly procedures, we often observed that stimulation inseparable at a functional level and our in areas near the olfactory tract and generally everyday experiences and reactions are considered to be within the limbic system can constantly colored and shaped by the fact that also produce hallucinated odor experiences odors have a powerful ability to elicit and even and other teams reported similar findings9. affect emotion, thought and behavior and We also found that when our electrical to exert powerful influences on our moods, currents entered the amygdala, a key reactions, physiology and even on many of the component of the limbic system, attacks of choices that we make. rage could be provoked. The amygdala receives How Odors Exert Effects on Mood, direct input from the olfactory tract and this Thought and Behavior: The Neural Basis is a key route through which odors can affect of Olfactory Aromatherapy mood and emotional responses. In order for odorants to exert effects through Taken as a whole, these findings helped the nerve pathway they must activate the to establish the limbic system’s role in the olfactory receptors which are found on the expression and regulation of emotions and primary olfactory neurons that live in the nasal highlighted the functional link between epithelium located high up in the nasal cavity. odors and emotions. Through the use of an The issue of what concentrations of odor innovative technique that we developed for molecules are needed to effectively activate cooling and shutting down the hippocampus the receptors is a complex one and varies from during brain surgery, Dr. Flanigin and I were odorant to odorant but experience suggests also able to show that disabling a functionally that we can often achieve therapeutic effects intact hippocampus results in deficits in through the nerve pathway with inhalation recent memory5,6.. Like the amygdala, the of just a drop or two of distilled essential oil hippocampus is a component of the limbic administered in the usual ways. system and it is also tied to the olfactory system. Our findings helped to clarify the role of the hippocampus in memory functions and provided further evidence of the close anatomical connections between areas related to smell, emotion and memory.

The experience of seeing first-hand the effects of direct stimulation or cooling of the living brain of a conscious human being is something that makes a very strong impression and for me that impression was of the profound and inextricable link between olfaction, emotion and memory. Because of the way in which our brains

The olfactory receptors are the gateway to a “signature” of activated neurons is maintained rapid transit system that carries odor signals as the action potentials that are generated by into the old limbic regions of the brain, that odor when it binds to its receptors are including the amygdala, the hypothalamus and carried deeper into the olfactory system and the hippocampus. There are only two synapses it determines, in essence, where those signals between the olfactory receptors and the ultimately go within the olfactory system. amygdala and only three between the receptors In my opinion, this is probably the primary and the hypothalamus and hippocampus. reason that different odor molecules are able These regions are responsible for regulating to elicit those distinctive, reproducible, drug- mood and behavior, among other things, and like effects; they send action potentials (nerve are involved in memory and learning. signals) to different destinations within and Through the hypothalamus, olfactory signals outside of the olfactory system and those are able to move into other areas where they action potentials, in turn, influence the release influence autonomic, endocrine and immune of neurotransmitters and other “messengers” function. These connections are ultimately the at their target sites. basis for both the drug-like and psychological This issue of where olfactory signals go is effects of odor molecules acting through the important because in neuroscience we look at nerve pathway. what is known about the specific functions of Olfactory coding begins with the olfactory the areas that receive those signals in order receptors themselves. Humans probably have to understand the kinds of effects that can be about forty million primary olfactory neurons produced by signals that arrive there; the logic (estimates vary widely) and these can be here is that if a neural signal can reach an area classified into about 350 different types based it can influence the function of that area. on the type of receptors they have. Each type The action potentials that are generated of primary olfactory neuron responds to only when an odor molecules binds to an olfactory one or, at best, a few types of odor molecules. receptor go directly to the olfactory bulbs on In addition, these neurons exhibit different the underside of the frontal lobes of the brain. concentration thresholds for the specific odor This means that there is only one “synapse” molecules that bind to them; this is probably (the point where one neuron connects with at least one of the reasons why the qualitative another) between the olfactory receptors and perception of an odor can change in response the brain and this is something that is unique to its concentration and it may also explain to the olfactory system because all other why some inhaled essential oils seem to have sensory signals must pass through multiple dose-specific effects. synapses before actually reaching the brain.

Because of the specificity of olfactory receptors The fibers that originate from the second order in respect to the types of odor molecules neurons in the olfactory bulbs become the that can bind to them, any odor activates a olfactory tracts. The olfactory tracts on either distinctive mosaic of primary olfactory neurons side of the brain are readily visible when you that is unique to that odor. This unique remove a brain from the skull and can be seen

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 39 It’s Just a Smell continued lying on the bottom of the brain. The olfactory Another very important projection site for tract ultimately dives more deeply into the the olfactory tract is the olfactory tubercle. brain and divides into five branches that carry It projects to the amygdala and orbitofrontal olfactory signals to areas collectively referred cortex and regulates the release of dopamine, to as the primary olfactory cortex. the so-called “pleasure chemical,” in response These areas include: to both odors and sounds and hence plays • the anterior olfactory a role in determining choices that are nucleus influenced by odor cues, such as mating • the pyriform cortex behavior. It is also possibly involved in the establishment of addictive behaviors. • the entorhinal cortex • the olfactory tubercle The destinations to which olfactory signals travel indicate that they • parts of the amygdala. potentially have the ability to exert some While all of these very important effects and numerous studies projection areas play a have, in fact, shown that inhalation of essential role in the processing of olfactory signals, oils is capable of producing alterations in the pyriform cortex is the major target of mood, behavior, cognition and physiological projections from the olfactory bulb and is an functioning2, 4, 7, 10, 13. Since these studies were important relay area for odor signals bound for not generally designed to control for effects of other brain regions. Neurons in the pyriform inhaled essential oils acting through the Blood cortex project to both the orbitofrontal Pathway they don’t provide rigorous evidence cortex, which has a role in decision making for olfactory effects (even though some of the and the regulation of emotional expression, authors attribute their results to such effects), and to areas of the limbic system, including but they are representative of what kinds of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and actions can at least theoretically be produced hippocampus. From an aromatherapist’s by olfactory stimulation alone. perspective these are some of the most important connections in the olfactory system Summing up the findings from studies cited because they potentially enable odors to here and many others too numerous to influence cognitive, emotional, endocrine and cite, it can be concluded that because of the anatomical connections between the olfactory immune function8,10, 11. Many important effects receptors and the limbic, autonomic, immune are exerted through the pyriform cortex’s and endocrine systems inhaled essential oils connections to the hypothalamus because it are at least theoretically able to exert a wide is through this route that action potentials range of actions solely through stimulation of initiated at the receptors gain access to the the olfactory nerve and have the potential to: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis • affect mood and behavior and are able to affect the production of stress hormones and other markers of stress that • exert anxiolytic effects arise when the axis is activated by the Fight or • decrease agitation and aggression Flight response14,17, 18. • affect arousal and alertness

• affect cognitive performance Kuroda, K., Inoue, N. et al. (2005). Sedative effects of the jasmine tea odor and (R)-(−)-linalool, one of its major odor components, • induce relaxation or sleep on autonomic nerve activity and mood states. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 95 (2-3), 107-114. • affect the perception of pain signals Lim, W. C., Seo, J. M. et al. (2005). Stimulative and sedative effects of essential oils upon inhalation in mice. Archives of Pharmacal • affect sex drive Research, 28 (7), 770-774. • improve immune function Lorig, T. S. & Roberts, M. (1990). Odor and cognitive alteration of the contingent negative variation. Chemical Senses, 14, 525-536. • affect endocrine function, especially stress Moss, M., Cook, J., et al. (2003) Aromas of rosemary and lavender hormones. essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113 (1), 15-38. By understanding the neural basis for the Nakamura, A, Fujiwara, S. et al. (2009). Stress repression in demonstrated actions of inhaled essential restrained rats by (R)-(−)-linalool inhalation and gene expression profiling of their whole blood cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food oils it is possible to speculate that there Chemistry, 57 (12), 5480-5485. are potentially many applications for Penfield, W. & Jasper, H. (1954). Epilepsy and the Functional aromatherapy in the treatment of mood and Anatomy of the Human Brain. Oxford, England: Little, Brown & Company. behavioral disorders and some neurological Rotton, J. (1983). Affective and cognitive consequences of malodorous diseases. In my own practice I have capitalized pollution. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 4, 171-191. on my understanding of the olfactory system Spiers, J. G., Chen, H-J. C., et al. (2014) Stress alleviating plant- derived ‘green odors’: behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine by using inhaled essential oils in managing perspectives in laboratory animals. Phytochemistry Reviews, DOI, some cases of agitation, mood disorder, 10.1007/s11101-014-9371-3. Toda, M. & Morimoto, K. (2008). Effect of lavender aroma on salivary learning problems, panic attacks, seizures and endocrinological stress markers. Archives of Oral Biology, 53 (10), stress-related problems. 964-968.

References: About Dr. Joie Power: Baron, R. A. (1997). The sweet smell of helping: effects of pleasant Dr. Joie Power is a retired neuropsychologist ambient fragrance on prosocial behavior in shopping malls. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 498-503. and former assistant Professor of Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz, L. et al. (1993) Fragrance compounds Neurosurgery at the Medical College of and essential oils with sedative effects upon inhalation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 82 (6), 660-664. Georgia. She has over twenty-five years of Campenni, C. E., Crawley, E. J. et al. (2004). Role of suggestion in clinical and research experience in both in- odor induced mood change. Psychological Reports, 94, 1127-1136. patient and out-patient settings. During that Diego, M. A., Jones, N. A. (1998) Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. time, she has been a student and practitioner International Journal of Neuroscience, 96 (3-4), 217-224. of alternative healing methods including Flanigin, H, Schlossberg, A., Power, J. & Smith, J. (1985). Evaluation of memory function by localized intraoperative cooling. Epilepsia, 26 aromatherapy, herbal medicine, Chinese (5), 543 Medicine, and other energetic healing systems. Flanigin, H., King, D. et al. (1986) Methods of memory function localization by depth electrode stimulation and intraoperative cooling. She is the director of the Highlands School International Conference on the Surgical Treatment of Epilepsy, February 21-24, 1986, Palm Springs, Ca. of Natural Healing, where she currently Herz, R. S. (2009). Aromatherapy facts and fictions: a scientific offers courses in aromatherapy. She is a analysis of olfactory effects on mood, physiology and behavior. International Journal of Neuroscience, 119, 263-290. consultant for Artisan Aromatics Essential Komiya, M., Takeuchi, T. et al. (2006). Lemon oil vapor causes an Oils and a well-known writer in the fields of anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice. aromatherapy and alternative healing. For Behavioral Brain Research, 172 (2), 240-249. Kumar, G., Juhasz, C. et al. (2012). Olfactory hallucinations elicited more information visit Dr Joie Power’s website by electrical stimulation via subdural electrodes: effects of direct at: www.artisanessentialoils.com or email stimulation of olfactory bulb and tract. Epilepsy and Behavior, 24 (2), 264-268. her at: [email protected]

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Botany Information clay soils that are amended with

Alternative Names: organic matter. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) © NAHA Image Database Fevergrass, herba de limón Size: 3’ - 6’ tall; 2’ - 4’ wide. (Spanish). Propagation: Typically grown Botany: Lemongrass is a from division, rather than seed. veritable botanical fountain Dig up individual stems or small with its cascading strands of clumps from the mother plant, aromatic, lime-green leaves. It cut off the tops, and plant out the lends a tropical flair to the herb remaining 8”-10” long bases. Take garden and ornamental herb care to not plant the stems too containers alike. Lemongrass tea is widely deep. You can often obtain pieces used throughout the tropics as a home remedy of lemongrass stem, with attached roots, from for insomnia, anxiety, fevers and colds and flu. Asian grocers. These can be directly planted The pale yellow stem core is a popular spice in in pots or encouraged to root in a glass of Southeast Asian cuisine, featured prominently water before planting. When starting from in many Thai curries and soups. seed, sow shallowly. Germination takes two to three weeks at 70 °F. Low germination rates Clumping Tender Herbaceous are common. Most of the lemongrass seed Perennial: Native to south India and Sri in commerce is C. flexuosus, and I suspect Lanka; cultivated throughout the tropics as a that much of the seed sold as C. citratus is medicinal and culinary herb. mislabeled, and is actually C. flexuosus as well. C. citratus is typically sold as a plant, rather Zones: Deciduous perennial Zones 8—9; than seed, because its flowering is erratic evergreen grass in Zones 10—11; grown as an and many of its seeds are infertile. Malabar annual or potted plant in colder regions; full lemongrass (C. flexuosus), also called East sun to partial shade. Indian lemongrass, has similar medicinal and Soil: pH 5-7.8; prefers fertile, moist, yet culinary uses as C. citratus, and is considered well-drained loam but will grow in sandy or interchangeable as an herb.

Cultivation: Lemongrass is a prominent tropical culinary and medicinal herb and is widely planted outside its native range both on a commercial scale (primarily for its essential oil) and in home gardens. In the subtropics, light freezes cause the foliage to die back over the winter and re-emerge in spring. In frost-free areas, lemongrass reaches dramatic proportions of 6’ in height and 4’ wide. Once lemongrass is established, its compact form keeps weeds at bay. The leaves have jagged edges, so take care when harvesting or caring for the plants. Lemongrass can be harvested repeatedly throughout the growing season. Depending on your climate you may be able to obtain three to five cuttings.

Even though lemongrass is typically grown from division, the seeds aren’t too tricky to germinate. Like most folks, I had always grown lemongrass from dividing the roots, so the first time I planted it from seed, I fancied myself some sort of greenhouse alchemist, and took great delight in the miraculous sight of emerging tiny grass blades. It takes longer to establish harvestable plants when starting from seed. See my notes Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) © NAHA Image Database in the propagation section on species identity with purchased seed. of other plants. Rows of lemongrass are inter-planted in Australian fruit orchards to Lemongrass is often planted around minimize pest challenges while providing an outdoor spaces in the hope that it will repel extra source of income. The vegetation also mosquitoes, but I think the idea somewhat serves as an insecticidal and antimicrobial fanciful, as the breeze doesn’t release enough mulch. of the essential oil to deter hungry, persistent bloodsuckers. However, I think it is effective In the temperate world, lemongrass can to burn lemongrass essential oil in a diffuser be grown as an annual in the ground or in or add the oil to a natural insect repellent containers. It can then be coddled indoors blend. In the garden, lemongrass is planted as over the winter as a potted plant, preferably a companion plant to deter pests; its essential in a south-facing window. When my aim is to oil repels insects while masking the scents overwinter the plant, I place it in a medium

© Copyright 2015 NAHA Aromatherapy Journal Summer 2015.2 44 Lemongrass continued pot on a sunny porch, as it’s convenient to cut has centered on the essential oil, which has back the foliage and haul indoors before the demonstrated marked anti-bacterial and anti- first frost. Lemongrass also plays a leading role fungal properties. in my large mixed container plantings every I like to pair lemongrass with other citrus-y year. Its commanding stature is contrasted herbs, like lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) beautifully by the deep hues of purple sage and lemon verbena (Aloysia citriodora), and the perky white and green coloration of along with hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa), for variegated thyme and tricolored sage. For a a refreshing herbal iced tea. Hot lemongrass tropical flair, pair lemongrass with nasturtium and ginger (Zingiber officinale) tea, sweetened and other cascading flowers. with a touch of honey and soured with a slice Problem Insects and Diseases: Rabbits of lemon, is quite lovely to sip after a heavy are fond of tender young lemongrass, and meal, and also aids digestion. Lemongrass spider mites can infest indoor plants. In can be added to bitter tasting fever herbs, like tropical areas, lemongrass rust (Puccinia yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and blue vervain nakanishikii) affects plants, causing yellow (Verbena hastata), to mask their flavor. spots and brown streaks on leaves. Remove Culinary: Lemongrass is an integral spice in diseased growth and mulch heavily to many Southeast Asian dishes. The base of the minimize the splashing of spores from the dirt stalks is the main portion used in cooking. Peel onto plants. off the fibrous outer layers at the very base of Lemongrass as Medicine the stem to get to the tender inner layers—this aromatic delicacy can be finely minced and Part Used: Leaves and stem. added to curries and soups. Alternately, bruise Preparation: Hot or iced infusion, infused a few stems to release the juices, fashion a oil, curry paste, essential oil. small bundle with baker’s twine, and add to Actions: Diaphoretic, carminative, soups or brothy curry dishes. When using antifungal, antibacterial, nervine, the entire stem, take care to remove before and expectorant. serving, as lemongrass has unpleasant raspy edges that irritate the throat. When harvesting Uses: Throughout the world, lemongrass is your own lemongrass stalks for cooking, cut a popular beverage tea and everyday home off the blades (upper grassy portions) and dry remedy for some of the most common health for tea or use immediately. They have a milder complaints: headaches, stress, indigestion, flavor than the base, but can also be used to insomnia, coughs, colds and flu. In Brazil, flavor dishes. A small handful of the blades can the tea is a popular remedy for anxiety and be tied in a knot, added to simmering soups, insomnia. Lemongrass is combined with and removed before serving. ginger in Jamaica to treat headaches, intestinal gas, and stress. In Ayurvedic medicine, Related Species: Other notable members lemongrass is used to aid digestion, relieve in the same genus are citronella (C. nardus) menstrual cramps and expectorate phlegm. and palmarosa (C. martinii), both of which are Much of the research conducted on lemongrass widely used as essential oils.

Cautions: Individuals who have reacted This article is an excerpt from Juliet to lemongrass essential oil may develop an Blankespoor’s forthcoming book Cultivating allergic contact dermatitis handling the fresh Medicinal Herbs – a guidebook to growing plant. The essential oil must be properly diluted before coming in contact with the skin. healing plants in the home garden, slated to release in Fall 2015. This innovative and About Juliet Blankespoor: vibrant reference is more than a guide to Juliet Blankespoor is the director and primary instructor at the Chestnut School of Herbal growing herbs–it also covers medicine making, Medicine, where she teaches the traditional wild foods, edible flowers, and detailed art of bioregional community herbalism. In medicinal uses. With over 350 addition, she cultivates a diverse herb garden full-color pages, brimming with scrumptious and apothecary. Juliet also shares her plant recipes and extensive accounts on propagation, obsession through her herbal articles and botanical photography in her Blog Castanea. cultivation, and harvesting, it is sure to inspire She is currently developing several distance- the seasoned gardener and novice alike. learning herbal programs, including medicine making and medicinal herb cultivation, which To learn more, visit Juliet’s website at: will be available soon. www.chestnutherbs.com

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by Florian Birkmayer M.D.

Great Desert Sage (Artemisia tridentata), also steppe and mountain known as Sagebrush, covers over 422,000 habitat of the square miles in the West of the United States. Intermountain If there has ever been a plant that defines a West of North America. A perennial, it is place through its presence, this is it. the dominant plant across the Great Basin Sagebrush is a humble, fragile-appearing covering 422,000 square miles in the West plant, yet a tough survivor in a harsh, dry and tolerates moderate cold. Native Americans climate, where very few other plants (or used it to prevent wound infections, stop animals) are able to survive and in which it internal bleeding, headaches and colds, and has become the dominant species. Although also for smudging. The stems make good the silver green upper branches and small friction sticks for making fires. It is a wind leaves (which look like three-pointed teeth, pollinator and thrives on very poor soil, it is thus the name tri-dentata) atop the gnarly, drought tolerant, and it cannot grow in the frayed-barked stems have a dynamic upward shade, requiring the bright light of the whirl shape, especially when waving playfully western skies. in the enduring fierce spring winds, the plant Sagebrush is in the genus Artemisia and it is overall appears fragile and humble and no related to the plant used to make Absinthe, taller than three feet (at least in New Mexico). grand wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). And yet, above it rises its powerful, towering, Constituents include l-camphor (up to 40%), invisible presence. pinene (up to 20%), 1,8-cineole (up to 7%), methacrolein (up to 5%), α-terpinene (up to This plant reminds us that only a very 12%), d-camphor, and others. powerful spirit can afford to incarnate in such a fragile form. I see the same apparently I recently had an opportunity to share the fragility and hidden power in my patients, essential oil of Sagebrush at a class I was seemingly fragile, yet powerful beings, teaching in Detroit and I asked participants, invisible to themselves and others. Sagebrush who had no prior experience or knowledge of is known about, but not widely used, in the Sagebrush, what their intuitive impressions herbal and aromatherapy fields and deserves of the scent were. The descriptions by more of our attention. participants included “ bold, intoxication, brown-green, masculine, awakening, silver About the Great Desert Sage: bells, silver needle stitching up a wound, A member of the Asteraceae plant family, weaving, fabric, sacred earth dance, mountain Great Desert Sage inhabits the cold desert, lion, large expanses, solar plexus, turtle

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 47 Great Desert Sage continued Great Desert Sage ( Artemisia tridentata ) © Florian Birkmayer weaver, canyon, blue sky, still focus and intent, intellectual knowledge. Both direct, intuitive chest-centered, heart-centered, circulates experience and book knowledge are important, around brain, home, constant, depth of place, but wisdom emerges from the synthesis of sense of comfort, reminds me of what’s real, both. This experience also showed me that brought back my wandering mind, giddy, sagebrush can communicate its properties to a comforting lightness, makes me want to people that are not familiar with it and live giggle, white, feathers, rush of birds, childhood in a different environment, where sagebrush memories, symbol of warning, purifying, doesn’t grow. disinfectant, abrasive at first but deeply Therapeutic Properties: Analgesic, anti- cleansing, spunky, sweeter over time.” arthritic, anti-asthmatic, anti-depressant, anti-fungal, anti-microbial, anti-parasitic, To me this shows that our sense of smell can anti-rheumatic, anti-spasmodic, anti-viral, allow us to intuitively connect with the spirit cephalic, disinfectant, energizing, mucolytic. of the plant, if we are careful not to let the “left-brain” and book knowledge predetermine Energetics: 1st Chakra (Survival), 3rd Chakra our experience and if we don’t confuse (Power), 5th Chakra (Communication), 7th the wisdom of direct experience with the Chakra (Connection to Spirit).

Personality: Fragile yet durable, humble yet invited to remember its vast invisible presence “Home on the Range” Anointing Oil and spirit. Ingredients: Blends Well With: Rosemary (Rosmarinus 7 ml of a light carrier oil: for example, officinalis), melissa (Melissa officinalis), pinon apricot kernel (Prunus armeniaca) oil (Pinus edulis), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), Essential Oils: tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), neroli (Citrus 5 drops of Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) aurantium var. amara). 3 drops of Pinon (Pinus edulis) 3 drops of Angelica Root Safety: Possibility of allergy, dermatitis (Angelica archangelica) (whole plant). Contains ketones, should not be used by pregnant or lactating women, and Blend the carrier oil with the essential oils in a should only be used under the guidance of a bottle. Apply to anointing points of your choice Clinical Aromatherapist. Theoretical risk of as needed. If irritation occurs discontinue use. seizures (ketones). Hepatotoxic if ingested. Do not use with children or in pregnancy. Bath Salts for Restoring the References: Boundaries of Your Sacred Place Shakhnoza, Azimova S. et al. (2012). Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources. Springer. p. 844. ISBN 9780857293237 Ingredients: Plants for a Future website, Artemisia tridentata: http://www.pfaf. 2 oz. Epsom Salt org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Artemisia+tridentata 1 oz. Sea Salt Stillpoint Aromatics website, Sagebrush Essential Oil: http:// www.stillpointaromatics.com/local-artisan-essential-oils/ 1 oz. Baking Soda sage-brush-essential-oil-artemesia-tridentata Essential Oils: 5 drops of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) About Florian Birkmayer: 5 drops of Tulsi (Holy basil) Florian Birkmayer, M.D. founded the (Ocimum sanctum) Birkmayer Institute in 2009 to offer holistic 2 drops of Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) person-centered psychiatry and seminars Supplies: on a wide range of holistic topics to facilitate 4 oz. mason jar self-transformation. This approach has been inspired by C.G. Jung’s notion of Mix together Epsom salt, sea salt and baking individuation. His passions are aromatherapy soda in the jar. Add the essential oils and blend together. Add two Tablespoons to bathwater as and Equine-Assisted Therapy. He received needed. If irritation occurs discontinue use. his B.A. degree from Princeton University and his M.D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. He respectfully with a wide range of healers. For views himself as a bridge-builder between more information visit: different medical worlds and works closely and www.thebirkmayerinstitute.com

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To my knowledge, growing Helichrysum in production is a labor of love. Most botanicals the Pacific Northwest started back in the need a maturation period, meaning you may late 1990’s with Mike and Jadyne Reichner not be able to begin distilling for two to three leading the charge. I was first introduced to years. Until you can distill and test your oil this fabulous plant at their farm, Purple Haze or hydrosol you have no idea whether the Lavender in Sequim, Washington. It was the chemistry will be desirable, the terroir may second plant that I had the pleasure to distill; I change the chemistry for better or worse. To put that into perspective, all the labor of fell in love immediately. seeding, planting, weeding, watering, and Growing an untested botanical–in a new nurturing for three years may all be for naught location–for essential oil or hydrosol if the chemistry isn’t correct. It is much like playing the lottery; only the payout is three or more years down the road. I have the utmost respect for farmers that are willing to put in the time and resources to test new botanicals or known botanicals in new locations.

I personally know of at least seven farms now growing and distilling Helichrysum in the Pacific Northwest and California. My personal experience has been a roller coaster; my growing zone is technically too cold for Helichrysum. In 2005 I purchased good stock plants and began my journey in eastern Washington. The plant grew well here in my sandy loam; we have hot, dry summers and it thrived. In 2008 I sent off my first essential oil and hydrosol for testing and was very pleased with the results; a 30.86% Neryl acetate was promising. Unfortunately, the winter of 2010 was devastating to the plants and I lost all of them. Thus began my journey of finding farms Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum) © Ann Harman in warmer zones to grow the plants for me.

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 51 U.S. Grown Helichrysum italicum continued GCMS Analyses of Helichrysum can hold its own in its chemistry. As you can Essential Oils see in Table 1 the Neryl acetate ranges from a low of 30.86% to a high of 46.94%. This I have compiled five GCMS analyses of is comparable to a Corsican Helichrysum essential oil from different farms and italicum although the Diones are lower locations in the United States; only the in percentage than the typical Corsican main components are listed as the complete Helichrysum. The Dione percentage is analyses have over 130 components. I think actually more representative of the Croatian you will agree that the domestic Helichrysum essential oils.

Table 1: Comparison of Five United States Helichrysum Essential Oil GCMS Analyses

2013 2000 2009 2009 2008 COMPONENT CHI1058 PH2000 90820 90853 80838 Neryl acetate 35.60% 38.99% 36.83% 46.94% 30.86% a-pinene 30.30% 19.52% 1.19% 3.01% 34.28% Nerol 4.65% 11.56% 4.42% 5.41% 3.06% Diones 3.00% ND 5.35% 3.77% 1.92% Neryl propionate 4.10% ND 5.60% 4.41% 5.17% b-caryophyllene 2.87% 2.24% 6.55% 7.88% 6.62% Eudesma-5-en-11-a-ol 1.72% ND 2.59% 2.08% 1.09% b-eudesmol 1.19% ND 1.46% 1.33% 0.68% Guaiol 1.12% 1.02% 2.15% 1.74% 1.12% g-curcumene 1.03% 0.23% 4.56% 6.49% 5.12% Italicene 0.98% 0.33% 1.13% 1.70% 1.01% a-eudesmol 0.84% 0.81% 1.08% 1.05% 0.56% Limonene 0.76% 2.62% ND 0.15% 0.55% a-curcumene 0.62% 0.92% 1.85% 0.96% 0.97% Linalool 0.57% 2.14% 0.36% 0.39% 0.21% g-eudesmol 0.51% ND 0.94% 0.75% 0.53% Citronellol ND ND 4.79% 0.39% ND

ND – Not Detected In the above table, Lot# CHI1058, 90820, 90853 was from the same farm and harvest 90853 and 80838 all came from cuttings date but was in fact both the flowers and leaf. from the same original stock plants; they were The yield of distillation 90853 was nearly grown in different locations and planted in double that of the flower only distillation. different years. It is interesting to note the GCMS Analyses of Helichrysum differences in 90820 and 98053. These two analyses are from an experiment I did in 2009. Now that we have some idea of the chemistry The distillation of 90820 was the flowers only of our domestic Helichrysum essential oils, let’s of the Helichrysum and the distillation of take a closer look at a Helichrysum hydrosol; I

© Copyright 2015 NAHA Aromatherapy Journal Summer 2015.2 52 U.S. Grown Helichrysum italicum continued Helichrysum ( Helichrysum italicum) © Ann Harman can tell you it is quite lovely to experience. The We first calculate how many mg/L of volatiles plants for these analyses came from the same there are in the entire hydrosol. In the stock as mentioned above and are grown on a analysis below (Table 2) it is 176 or 0.0176% biodynamic farm in southern California. of the hydrosol. We then multiply the percentage of the component by the mg/L and Before we look at the chemistry of the hydrosol we must first understand how to read a GCMS we get very close to a Parts Per Million (PPM) of a hydrosol as it needs some mathematical measurement. I say very close because a mg th conversions before it is comparable. Hydrosols (milligram) is 1/1000,000 of a liter of water; contain less than 1% volatile components and most essential oils weigh less than water, as such a GCMS of a hydrosol measures the that is why they separate. For our purposes, volatiles in relation to each other, not as a however, using PPM is close enough for our percentage of the entire hydrosol. In order to calculations. To find the percentage of the convert these percentages to a percentage of component in the entire hydrosol you would the entire hydrosol we have to do some math. then divide the PPM by 10,000 (see Table 2).

Table 2: How to Convert the Percentage of a Component to mg/L

To convert the percentage of a component to mg/L (ppm) of entire hydrosol, you would follow these steps:

{Formula: P(ppm)= mg/L of volatiles x P (%) of component}

1. Take the total mg/L of essential oil (for this example I am using 176 mg/L – This number comes from the GCMS analysis and is specific for each sample)

2. Multiply the total mg/L of volatiles by the percentage (25.02%) of component: (176 x 25.02%) = 44mg/L(ppm)

To convert the percentage of a component to a percentage of the entire hydrosol, you would follow these steps:

{Formula: P (%) of entire hydrosol = P (ppm) ÷ 10000}

1. Find the mg/L (ppm) of the component (see above)

2. Divide the mg/L of the component by 10,000: 44 ÷ 10,000 = 0.0044% of the hydrosol.

Table 3: Comparsion of GCMS Analyses of Helichyrsum Hydrosol and Helichrysum Essential Oil

Percentage in CH1089 Hydrosol Percentage in the Percentage range in relation to other (176mg/L of volatiles) entire hydrosol the essential oils volatiles Citronellol 0.14% 0.00002% 0.39.79% Neryl acetate 1.54% 0.00027% 35.6-46.94% Nerol 25.02% 0.00440% 3.06-11.56% a-terpineol 20.50% 0.00360% 0.17-0.58% 3-pentanone 2,2-dimethyl 1.26% 0.00022% ND Borneol 0.95% 0.00016% 0.04-0.1% Linalool trans-oxide 0.93% 0.00016% ND Linalool cis-oxide 0.72% 0.00012% ND Linalool 7.73% 0.00136% 0.21-2.14% Diones 24.98% 0.00439% 0-5.35%

The relationship of chemical families is quite different in the hydrosol. We can see in Table 3 that the hydrosol is composed mainly of Monterpenols and Ketones, specifically the various Diones and a small percentage of Esters. The representative essential oils were composed mainly of Monoterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, Esters, and Ketones.

It is exciting to see such positive analyses on the U.S. grown Helichrysum. I will continue to Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum) © Ann Harman experiment and analyze these different batches from farms in the Pacific Northwest and workshops, in addition to lecturing on California. And I expect as the plants mature hydrosols both nationally and internationally. and thrive we will continue to get encouraging Through her organization, Circle H Institute, results. Perhaps one day we will have a robust she conducts research on hydrosols which she Helichrysum industry right here in the U.S.! will one day lead us to a better understanding of these complex waters. Ann is the author of About Ann Harman: the book Harvest to Hydrosol, available from Ann Harman is an organic farmer who has the NAHA bookstore. To learn more about been distilling plants for nearly two decades. Ann, please visit her website: Each year she teaches the Art of Distillation www.botannicals.com

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by Amber Duncan

“There’s no need to use essential oils on children unless a health condition requires it.” ~Valerie Worwood1

Essential oils always and remembering that little ones do not have have a time and a body systems that are fully mature. place and when it comes to little ones Some Guidelines When Using we often want to Essential Oils Near Children2 do anything and everything we can to Do not allow children to ingest essential oils. have them not suffer Do not add undiluted essential oils to the even the slightest bathwater of children. of inconveniences. Keep essential oils out of reach of children. With this in mind many reach for a cure-all If possible, purchase bottles of essential oils to try and help every little thing from a runny with child-resistant caps. nose, to a small fever, to cuts and scrapes. Do not apply essential oils to or near a child’s face. While discovery of a cure-all is probably fairly Do not place essential oils or blends containing far off in the distance what we do have are essential oils into the nose of a child. components that, when used appropriately and Do not expose children of five years or less to in a safe manner, may assist many symptoms. strong essential oil vapors. The key is taking safety guidelines seriously

Currently, safety data may just show a reason Toddler/ Early Childhood to avoid topical use for certain essential oils (Two Years Old to Five Years Old) (and is listed as such in the following lists). My Once children reach the age of two their personal recommendation, for added safety, systems have continued to mature beyond would be to avoid all of the essential oils listed. that of infancy, and known medical problems Newborn Babies have often started. For example by age two (Newborn to Three Months Old) we have a better idea if they have known allergies, or asthma, and what may cause The general consensus in this age group is these. This allows us to be better equipped to avoid all direct essential oil use, be that to decide which essential oils may be safe topical application or direct inhalation. This for them. Specifically though, there are still is due to the immaturity of the body systems essential oils (see next page) that are not in newborns as “fresh from the oven” their recommended for safety reasons. For this little bodies are not prepped to deal with the age group both direct application and direct strength of essential oils. While complete inhalation are considered safe for limited avoidance is probably not always possible we use. The safe dilution ratio for this age group come to realize that some indirect inhalation is recommended at one percent or five to six can generally be regarded as safe. drops of essential oil in one ounce of carrier Infant/ Early Toddler with a maximum of two percent or ten to (Three Months Old to Two Years Old) twelve drops of essential oil in one ounce of carrier.2 For use in a diffuser it is safest to run Within this age span the body systems have be- for thirty minutes on with at least an hour off gun to mature but are still vulnerable. As such before turning it back on. If irritation occurs some topical applications can be used. The discontinue use. generally considered safe essential oils for this age group are Lavender (Lavandula angus- The essential oils that are known to be safe tifolia), Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum with this age group are:3 nobile) and Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). • Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) These three essential oils can be remembered • Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) by thinking of the acronym TLC, with the C • Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) being Chamomile, Roman. Of course with this short list comes a very small recommendation • Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) for dilution rate, a mere 0.25% with a maxi- • Cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica) mum recommendation of 0.5%.2 A dilution of • Frankincense (Boswellia carteri) these rates would be set at one to three drops of • Geranium (Pelargonium x asperum) essential oil per ounce of carrier. Also, essential • Ginger (Zingiber officinale) oils use in a diffuser can be achieved with the • Lemon (Citrus limon) general guideline of having the diffuser on for fifteen minutes in the room prior to the child’s • Sweet Marjoram (Origanum majorana) arrival and turning it off once they are in the • Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) room. If irritation occurs discontinue use. • Thyme ct linalol (Thymus vulgaris).

Essential Oils to Avoid with Children Under Two Years Old

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Massoia (Cryptocarya Savory (Satureia hortensis, – avoid use of all basil massoy) – avoid using via any Satureia montana) – avoid chemotpes via all routes. route. topical use.

Basil (Lemon) (Ocimum x May Chang (Litsea cubeba) – Styrax (Liquidambar citriodorum) – avoid topical avoid topical use. orientalis, Liquidambar use. styraciflua) – avoid topical Melissa/Lemon Balm (Melissa use. Benzoin (Styrax benzoin, officinalis) – avoid topical use. Styrax paralleloneurus and Tea Leaf/Black Tea (Camellia Myrtle (Honey) (Melaleuca Styrax tonkinensis) – avoid sinensis, Thea sinensis) – teretifolia) – avoid topical use. topical use. avoid topical use. Myrtle (Lemon) (Backhousia Black Seed (Nigella sativa) – Tea Tree (Lemon-scented) citriodora) – avoid topical use. avoid topical use. (Leptospermum petersonii, Oakmoss (Evernia prunastri) Leptospermum liversidgei) – Cassia (Cinnamomum cassia, – avoid topical use. avoid topical use. Cinnamomum aromaticum) – avoid topical use. Opopanax (Commiphora Treemoss (Pseudevernia guidotti) – avoid topical use. furfuracea) – avoid topical use. Clove Bud, Leaf and Stem (Syzygium aromaticum) – Oregano (Origanum onites, Tuberose (Polianthes avoid topical use. Origanum smyrnaeum, tuberosa) – avoid topical use. Origanum vulgare, Garlic (Allium sativum) – Turpentine (Pinus ayacahuite, Origanum compactum, avoid topical use. Pinus caribaea, Pinus Origanum hirtum, Thymbra contorta, Pinus elliottii, Ginger Lily (Hedychium capitata, Thymus capitatus, Pinus halepensis, Pinus coronarium) – avoid topical Coridothymus capitatus, insularis, Pinus kesiya, Pinus use. Satureeja capitata) – latteri, Pinus merkusii, Pinus avoid topical use. Hyssop (Pinocamphone CT) palustris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus (Hyssopus officinalis) – avoid Oregano (Mexican) (Lippia radiata, Pinus roxburghii, using via any route. graveolens) – avoid topical Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus use. teocote, Pinus yunnanensis) – Laurel Leaf/Bay Laurel avoid topical use. (Laurus nobilis) – avoid Peru Balsam (Myroxylon topical use. balsamum) – avoid topical Verbena (Lemon) (Aloysia use. triphylla) - avoid topical use. Lemon Leaf (Citrus x limon) – avoid topical use. Saffron (Crocus sativus) – Ylang-Ylang (Cananga avoid topical use. odorata) – avoid topical use. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus,Cymbopogon Sage (Wild Mountain) Specific details on essential oils citratus) – avoid topical use. (Hemizygia petiolate) – can be found in Tisserand and avoid topical use. Young’s Essential Oil Safety.2

Essential Oils to Avoid with Children Under Five Years Old

Anise/Aniseed (Pimpinella Galangal (Lesser) (Alpinia Rambiazana (Helichrysum anisum) – avoid using via any officinarum) – avoid using gymnocephalum) – avoid route. near or directly on the face, this using near or directly on the includes the chest area. face, this includes the chest Anise (Star) (Illicium verum) – area. avoid using via any route. Ho Leaf (Cineole Chemotype) Rosemary (1, 8-Cineole Birch (Sweet) (Betula lenta) – /Ravintsara (Cinnamomum Chemotype) (Rosmarinus avoid using via any route. camphora) – avoid using near or directly on the face, this officinalis) – avoid using near Cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi) – includes the chest area. or directly on the face, this avoid using via any route. includes the chest area. Laurel Leaf/Bay Laurel Cardamon (Elettaria (Laurus nobilis) – avoid using Sage (Greek and White) (Salvia cardamomum) – avoid using near or directly on the face, this fruiticosa, Salvia triloba, via any route. includes the chest area. Salvia apiana) – avoid using near or directly on the face, this Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus Marjoram (Spanish) (Thymus includes the chest area. castus) – avoid using via any mastichina) – avoid using near route. Sanna (Hedychium spicatum) or directly on the face, this – avoid using near or directly Cornmint (Mentha arvensis) – includes the chest area. on the face, this includes the avoid using via any route. Myrtle (Aniseed) (Backhousia chest area. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus anisata) – avoid using via any Saro (Cinnamosma fragrans) camaldulensis, Eucalyptus route. globulus, Eucalyptus maidenii, – avoid using near or directly Eucalyptus plenissima, Niaouli (Cineole Chemotype) on the face, this includes the Eucalyptus polybractea, (Melaleuca quinquinervia) – chest area. avoid using near or directly on Eucalyptus radiata, Wintergreen (Gaultheria the face, this includes the chest Eucalyptus smithii) – avoid fragrantissima, Gaultheria area. using near or directly on the procumbens) – avoid via any face, this includes the chest Peppermint (Mentha x route. area. piperita) – avoid using near Fennel (Bitter and Sweet) or directly on the face, this Specific details on essential oils (Foeniculum vulgare) – avoid includes the chest area. can be found in Tisserand and using via any route. Young’s Essential Oil Safety.2

After seeing the above lists your reaction is safe dilution guidelines, many essential oils probably similar to seeing the list of essential still can be used to assist little ones. oils to avoid during pregnancy and lactation. Just remember to refer to the initial The good news is that when using essential guidelines given at the start of this article for oils not listed above, along with proper and each age group.

In conclusion we find that aromatherapy can About Amber Duncan: be a very useful addition to the wellness toolkit Amber Duncan is a recent graduate of The for families with children. However, essential Aromahead Institute and owner of Holistic oils, like medicine, have a time and place for Health Helper. She is a work at home use and the user should always factor in the mom of three little ones (ages five, three safe level at which they can be used. By taking and four months). She devotes her time to into account the specific child and their needs helping others through teaching the safe parents and professionals will be best able to implementation of essential oils into their assist the child. daily lives. References: 1) Worwood, V. (2000). Aromatherapy for the healthy child more Learn more about Amber by visiting her than 300 natural, nontoxic, and fragrant essential oil blends. Novato, Calif.: New World Library. website at: www.holistichealthhelper.com , (2) Tisserand, R., & Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety (2nd ed.). her Facebook page at: www.facebook.com/ Churchill Livingston Elsevier. DuncanClanHealthHelpers or email her at: (3) Purchon, N., & Cantele, L. (2014). The Complete Aromatherapy & Essential Oils Handbook for Everyday Wellness. Robert Rose. [email protected]

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 61 Certification Courses Aromatherapy & Herbal Products Holistic Health Consultations 24 8-hour NAHA Approved School Essential Oils • Lotions/Salves/Sprays One-on-one session to customize a Certified Holistic Aromatherapist Custom Blends • Mineral Make-Up regimen to meet your emotional and www.JennScentsInstitutes.com Pet Care • Skin Care • Herbs physical wellness needs

By Roxana Villa

As I sit here and write this article the jasmine “Ah, these jasmines, sambac (Jasminum sambac) plants outside these white my studio window have just started their jasmines!...” bloom cycle, slightly earlier than last year. ~ Excerpt from: The For me this means that each evening or early First Jasmines by Rabindranath Tagore morning until sometime in November I will be harvesting these little scented wonders Although the common name for the sambac and placing them into a mason jar filled species is Arabian jasmine this gem, with with 190 proof, organic grape alcohol or her small, white, waxy petals, is native to the a bed of fat. These are ancient processes, tropical regions of Southeast Asia, not the arid known as tincturing and a modern type of climes of the Middle East. Despite this fact, the enfleurage. Tincturing is most often done to plant grows quite well for me here in southern extract medicinal components. As a botanical California during the warmer months. Since I perfumer, I do this for the purpose of scent am located on the hillside where clay soil and and to harness some of the Venusian aspects gophers abound, I put the Jasmine sambacs in that jasmine is revered for. pots; so far I have fifteen and counting. A girl can never have too many jasmine plants! Although very feminine, jasmine is considered the King of aromatics in perfume with rose as The uses of the small flowers extend to the Queen. These two flowers, along with tube- flavoring green, pouchong and jasmine tea; rose, were the first to be cultivated for perfum- in Hawaii it is called Pikake and used in ery in France. The jasmine genus contains over fragrant leis, while in India the flowers are 200 species including vines and shrubs. used for devotional garlands of hope. There is an old saying by the great masters of French perfumery stating, “Never a perfume without Jasmine.” This is so true, as this fragrance pairs beautifully with other florals like rose (Rosa damascena) and ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) while marrying well with so many other fragrance families to produce feminine, masculine and/or unisex fragrances. The pairing of two or more ingredients in perfumery is called an accord or chord, a term stemming from music, meaning “a harmonious combination of two or more notes.”1 In the Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) enfleurage © Roxana Villa palette of the natural, botanical perfumer we

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 63 Harnessing the Soul of Jasmine continued tend to work with three types of Jasmine: Jasmin grandiflorum, Jasmin auriculatum and Jasmin sambac (also see listing below for Jasmin sambac). These heavenly aromatics all have an opulent, intoxicating, heady, exotic, complex, sweet and floral fragrance with varying subtleties. In perfume they are considered mid to base notes with strong aromatic strength. • Jasmin grandiforum: termed “Poet’s jasmine,” this is the most elegant and traditional jasmine of all three types. The fragrance is refined opulence with fresh, floral notes. The main chemical constituent is the “monoterpene farnesene with benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, methyl jasmonate, methyl linoleate, phytol acetate, linalol, benzyalol, nerolidol, eugenol and jasmone.”2 • Jasmin auriculatum: A heavy, gardenia- like scent paired with strong animalic, indole notes. Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) Tincture © Roxana Villa • Jasmin sambac: Strong fresh, green, fruity and herbaceous notes compared to the others For the tincture, I leave the little flowers until with an air of mystery. The essence contains they appear lifeless; for the pomade, I remove some animalic and indole notes not present in the spent flowers within twenty-four hours. I the fresh flowers. repeat this process until the base matter has absorbed enough of the aroma. In aromatherapy we view jasmine as an aphrodisiac, used in wedding and sensual Usually around mid July the jasmine harvest blends. The essence is also used extensively is in full swing. At that point I begin harvesting for the reproductive system. The attributes of them in the evening when the heat is not as jasmine are: calming, restorative and uplifting intense but the blossoms are freshly opened with its elemental being water. with their intoxicating fresh floral perfume. Since my plants are so plentiful, I often The word intoxicating is defined as “causing make both a tincture and a pomade, or a great happiness.” I can’t think of a better cold enfleurage which can be added to body descriptor for jasmine sambac flowers! butters. Each morning or late evening, as a How to Make a Tincture or a Pomade daily meditation, I gather the small flowers from the plants and place them in alcohol or Begin with freshly opened, dry flowers. If a prepared base of beeswax and jojoba oil. you are making a tincture, use a clean glass

© Copyright 2015 NAHA Aromatherapy Journal Summer 2015.2 64 Harnessing the Soul of Jasmine continued jar with a tight fitting lid. Fill the jar with a 2 Shutes, Jade. Blending Manual, Jade Shutes/The Institute of Dynamic Aromatherapy, 1996. high proof alcohol and add your fresh, DRY flowers each day. Discard the spent flowers About Roxana Villa: every few days or so. Over time the alcohol will Like the facets of a gem, Roxana’s pure turn a deep golden yellow color and contain botanical perfumes reflect a myriad of a “thick” quality. Depending on the alcohol synergistic disciplines. Professional training you are using, the scent of the jasmine will be in aromatherapy cultivated her nose with perceived best once the alcohol evaporates a firm knowledge of the healing attributes on the skin. I find that the tincture is also found in the plant kingdom. As an award- wonderful to add to beverages. winning artist, she brings gifts of storytelling, conceptual thinking, and a strong visual To make the pomade the ritual is the same, aesthetic to her work in fragrance. These two except for the day old flowers will need to be disciplines weave seamlessly, together with her removed every twenty-four hours. natural instincts, into authentic expressions of I suggest storing both the tincture and the olfactory art. pomade in a dry, cool place during the process. To learn more about Roxana, please visit her References: website at: www.illuminatedperfume.com or 1 Williams, David G. Perfumes of Yesterday, Michelle Press Williams, 2004. email her at: [email protected]

Home study aromatherapy certification courses (level one and level two) Home study product making courses Home study aromatherapy short courses

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by Sharon Falsetto

This NAHA Journal's interview is with a long- One aspect of aromatherapy that has not time voice in the aromatherapy community changed is the quest for more scientific – and host of the upcoming 8th Scientific validation. This has long played out in the Wholistic Aromatherapy Conference in San back and forth between French and British Francisco, California in November 2015: Kurt styles of aromatherapy. Because it is virtually Schnaubelt Ph.D. Whether you are new to impossible to patent essential oils, large aromatherapy, or an experienced professional corporate interest has stayed away from in the industry, I hope that you might learn essential oils and the mom-and-pop nature something new about essential oils, or Kurt of the industry has persisted for a long time. Schnaubelt, in this interview! A big thank you Aspects of French and British styles have to Kurt who took time out of his very busy hence become integrated into an American schedule to answer my questions. or, if you will, a global style of aromatherapy. Clearly the big change on foot right now You have been involved with is the emergence of corporate Multi-level aromatherapy and essential oils for a Marketing (MLM) players in aromatherapy. long time. What inspired you to start Their need to sensationalize and simplify has your journey? taken center stage. While some may lament In 1978, I happened to read Robert Tisserand’s this development, it also familiarizes many The Art of Aromatherapy. Quite the budding individuals with essential oils, who would scientist I had my doubts about many of the otherwise not have been exposed to them at all. claims that seemed terribly unsubstantiated. Since I was finishing my doctoral thesis at You have written several books on the time I had access to academic search aromatherapy, one of which – Advanced capabilities – an early version of the internet. Aromatherapy: The Science of Essential Much to my surprise there was a fair amount Oil Therapy – covers the subject of of scientific experimentation exploring chemistry in greater detail. What advice the pharmacological properties of plant would you give to new students of constituents. Finding all this fascinating I aromatherapy in trying to understand ordered some essential oils and their magic this difficult subject area? has never left me. If one approaches aromatherapy as a lay Since you first foundedThe Pacific person many questions arise, to a large degree Institute of Aromatherapy, what because we are conditioned to believe that noticeable changes have you seen in the all conventional medicine is based on sound area of aromatherapy and essential oils? scientific evidence. As a result there is a desire

Summer 2015.2 NAHA’s Aromatherapy Journal © Copyright 2015 NAHA 67 Interview with Kurt Schnaubelt, Ph.D. continued to articulate the qualities of aromatherapy Do have an interesting tip or story to share in a language similar to that of conventional from your travels and search for the best medicine: it instills trust. What my book producers of authentic essential oils? Advanced Aromatherapy does is not so Being able to search for authentic essential oils much as teach the student the precise ins and is quite a privilege. Probably the most simple outs of chemistry, but instead to present the and succinct recommendation for the search chemical terminology used in the scientific for authentic essential oils I received from classification of essential oils. It introduces the Rodolphe Balz (author of The Healing Power basic arguments about the pharmacological of Essential Oils), one of the early pioneers properties of essential oils and thereby of aromatherapy. His statement was to look attempts to create some familiarity with this for the plant inventory, i.e. stands of wild or language and consequently the subject. It cultivated plants and the still. If one cannot leaves it to the reader how much deeper one find or see the plants and/or the still where decides to investigate the basics of chemistry. they are distilled, the odds are an essential oil is not authentic. That being said, there is If you could only choose one essential one fact I have experienced time and again. oil, which essential oil do you think Meeting the distiller/producer who proudly is most useful for beginners to displays his plants and his still is a much better aromatherapy – and why? guarantee for authenticity than all the GC- Clearly the essential oil most useful for MS chromatograms in the world. Generally beginners would have to be lavender adulteration does not arise at the level of the (Lavandula angustifolia), not only for its may individuals working the land. It arises when possible applications and inherent safety, but industrial exploitation seeks to lower cost. also, because nearly everyone has a concept of this plant whether one knows it as an Why is it important for people to know essential oil or not. However, I would like to and understand the source of their go past the one essential oil limitation for a essential oils? moment: Essential oils are an expression of If we allow that the complexity of essential the rather incredible diversity of plant life oils is the source of more and deeper healing and for me to suggest one essential oil to qualities than can be expressed by reductionist start exploring such diversity is practically evaluation of some main components, then impossible. I believe that the most valuable the source, meaning the specific environment, benefits of aromatherapy can be discovered in which a plant and its essential oil arises, by playful exploration of a variety of becomes an important factor in the healing essential oils. Juxtaposing essential oils of powers of a specific oil. We intuitively support different character, i.e. lavender (Lavandula this idea by being drawn to essential oils from angustifolia) and anise seed (Pimpinella artisanal sources. It is for this reason that anisum) or a precious floral with tea tree the giant agro-business does not market its (Melaleuca alternifolia) is a good way to products by showing its large-scale livestock build an appreciation for the diversity of farming but bucolic scenes with happy people aromatic plants. eating fresh foods.

In the world of essential oils the huge demands of the corporate giants forces them to consider more industrial oils as the available stocks of the original authentic products become exhausted. This is also the reason why essential oils analysis has been played up so much as a marketing tool. While analysis easily detects gross adulteration it really cannot prove authenticity. Instead it depersonalizes an essential oil. Instead of characteristics we can smell or see we start to trust the numbers of the print out. As long as the components are Population Lavender © Kurt Schnaubelt, PhD right and are present in somewhat acceptable navigate the science surrounding essential proportions an essential oil is now considered oils. A background in one of the healing arts to be of high quality. And such an essential or in beauty made it easier to find a vehicle oil will, most likely, still deliver its basic by which to offer aromatherapy to the public. pharmacological properties to some degree. In the early 21st century the rise of biology But its most exquisite qualities, those we and especially molecular biology are likely sometimes characterize with words such as candidates to show the way to new avenues of magic, those are gone. essential oil applications. Fine wine is a perfect example for the above Finally, tell us a little bit about the described situation. Practically no one upcoming 8th Scientific Wholistic purchases a bottle of Napa Valley Reserve Aromatherapy Conference in San Cabernet and then has it analyzed. The name Francisco in November 2015, for those of the producer and the origin of the grapes who may not have heard about it. from a specific vineyard guarantee quality and uniqueness of the wine. The same is true for The Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy’s essential oils: dedicated small producers make 8th international aromatherapy conference much more expressive essential oils showcases the incredible development than combine harvesting and gigantic stills aromatherapy as a healing art has taken. In the ever can. past, topics centered around infectious disease and relaxation. The scientific contributions will Do you have any advice for those highlight new frontiers such as the still grossly considering a career in aromatherapy in underestimated capacity of essential oils to today’s climate? benefit cancer patients, their ability to manage To envision a career in aromatherapy one pain, and an entirely updated understanding probably, then as now, has to be driven by of the safety of essential oil application. a deep passion for plant life and the quest Presentations from the community will for truly holistic healing. In the past a good introduce new treatment possibilities for knowledge of chemistry was helpful to postoperative lymphedema management or

Lyme disease among many others and also course – in addition to several shorter courses important cultural aspects such as a Japanese on making bath and body products; she is an incense ceremony. Overall it should be a approved education provider for NAHA, and jubilant celebration of what aromatherapy an approved continuing education provider for represents and can do in the early 21st century, NCBTMB. Sharon’s unique skill is professional with some of the truly significant contributors writing, specifically for aromatherapy-related in attendance. businesses, and she offers a professional About Kurt Schnaubelt, PhD: writing service to this effect. She has written and edited books, e-books, articles, and Kurt Schnaubelt received his PhD in chemistry website descriptions for both start-up and from Technical University Munich. He has established aromatherapy businesses. Her authored numerous books including Advanced aromatherapy book, Authentic Aromatherapy, Aromatherapy and Healing Intelligence was published in 2014. Sharon is the current of Essential Oils. Founder and director of chief editor for the NAHA Aromatherapy Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy, Kurt Schnaubelt has lectured for aromatherapy Journal and a NAHA Director (Arizona). and scientific events globally. Participating You can visit Sharon’s website at: www. in state and private sector projects, he has sedonaaromatherapie.com or contact her via made direct contact with the most eminent email at: [email protected] producers of essential oils worldwide. With 10,000 plus graduates the Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy is among the top educational aromatherapy institution in the United States, offering training programs like the Aromatherapy Course, PIA Masters and Plant Language. For more information about Kurt, visit his website at: www.pacificinstituteofaromatherapy.com

About Sharon Falsetto: Sharon Falsetto is a UK-certified clinical aromatherapist who trained with Penny Price Aromatherapy. She has lived in the United States since 2006 and is the founder and owner of Sedona Aromatherapie. Sharon personally creates custom blends for individual requests, therapists, spas, weddings, and private label. She has written, and tutors, a home study aromatherapy certification program – including the 250 hours Certification in Professional Aromatherapy

It is with great Cheryl was an early pillar sadness that we in the aromatherapy announce the passing community and she had of Cheryl Hoard who an incredible impact in passed away Sunday, the field of aromatherapy May 24, 2015. during her years of service. Most importantly, she was a pillar in her Cheryl Hoard served two terms own community. She did not seek fame (each term a period of three years) as or fortune, but shared her passion and NAHA President from 1994-2000. commitment to those directly around During her time in office NAHA grew her through her work with her store: nationally, and educational standards Cheryl's Herbs. She had a deep sense of were set into place. She improved compassion and she was always squarely the NAHA aromatherapy journal centered in her core. Her work ethic and employed NAHA’s first part time was impeccable. She was proud to serve employee. Cheryl also organized NAHA and we are eternally grateful for two highly successful international all that she accomplished as President. aromatherapy conferences: The World of Aromatherapy II (1998) and V (2004). If you would like to share your Throughout her work with NAHA, Cheryl condolences with Cheryl’s family and shined as a leader. Her compassion and friends, please visit the Cheryl’s Herbs commitment is most memorable. Facebook page – click here.

Contributed by NAHA Directors

NAHA directors are both diverse and knowledgeable in their various areas of aromatherapy expertise! Here is a roundup of some of their favorite summertime recipes.

Summer Fun Insect Repellent Spray

by Susan Cannon, RA, RYT200 (South Carolina)

Ingredients: 1 tablespoon of vodka or witch hazel (Hammamelis virginiana) Distilled water (approximately 4 oz – see directions for use below) Sunburn Soother Essential Oils: 15 drops Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) by Jennifer Hochell Pressimone (Florida Central) 10 drops Atlas Cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica) (Excerpt from Jennifer’s book JennScents Recipe Guide available from the NAHA bookstore) 5 drops Lemon Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora) Ingredients: 5 drops Lemon Tea Tree (Leptospermum citratum) 0.5 oz aqua-sol silver 5 drops Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) 1.5 oz aloe vera gel 5 drops Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) 10 drops jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) 5 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) Essential Oils: Directions for Use: 3 drops Peppermint (Mentha x piperita)

Combine essentials oils in a four ounce, glass, spray 10 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) bottle. Add 1 tablespoon of vodka (or witch hazel). 4 drops Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) Fill the bottle with distilled water. Shake well before 2 drops Helichrysum (Helichrysum angustifolium) each use. Directions for Use: Susan’s Tip: Combine essential oils in aloe vera gel. Add in Spray your entire body including hair but avoiding jojoba oil and aqua-sol silver. Mix well, label and the face. Reapply about every two hours. use as needed.

1 drop Roman chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) Antiseptic Vinegar: 1 drop Lemon (Citrus limon) An Aromatic First-Aid Wash Preparation Directions for Use: by Valerie Cooksley, RN, OCN, FAAIM, CERT (Texas) Use an 8-ounce amber or cobalt blue glass bottle. Mix the essential oils with the honey. In a glass measuring (Taken from Valerie’s newest book AROMATHERAPY: bowl or cup, combine the aromatic honey with the A Holistic Guide to Natural Healing with Essential water and vinegar. Stir and then pour into the bottle Oils, Valerie Cooksley, Floramed Publishing, 2015) and shake well. Label contents with directions for use. To use, simply soak a cotton ball with the solution Ingredients: and clean the wound. 1/2 cup distilled water (or Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) hydrosol) Valerie’s Tip: The ingredients in this recipe make it a perfect 1/2 cup raw apple cider vinegar addition to your first-aid kit or kitchen cabinet and will (Bragg’s is a good brand) come in especially useful during the summer season 1 tsp raw honey (Manuka, Lavender or when bug bites, scrapes and small cuts and wounds Eucalyptus are excellent choices) are more prevalent due to increased outdoor activity. Essential Oils: The honey is included for its own antibacterial and healing properties, and it acts as an emulsifier for 6 drops Lavender (Lavandula angustofolia) the essential oils; while the vinegar is a natural and 2 drops Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) skin-friendly antiseptic wash solution.

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Pacific Institute of Aromatherapy International Correspondence Course, through scientific advances in molecular Seminars and Conferences. The 8th biology. This applies especially to the international PIA aromatherapy conference care of cancer patients and those with takes place Nov. 6-8, 2015 in San chronic or degenerative diseases. Special Francisco. The conference focuses on the discount: NAHA members may register at exiting new therapeutic options opening up the discounted rate for ‘existing clients.’ newpacificinstituteofaromatherapy.com

Disclaimer: NAHA and the NAHA Editorial Board cannot accept responsibility or liability for the information contained in the NAHA Aromatherapy Journal/E-Booklets or on the NAHA Website. The information is shared for educational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose or take the place of professional healthcare. The opinions expressed by the authors in this journal or NAHA’s e-booklets do not necessarily reflect the opinions of NAHA.

Please consult your health care practitioner if you are pregnant or have been diagnosed with any serious healthcare problems before using essential oils. Keep all aromatherapy products out of reach of children and pets. Before using essential oils and aromatherapy products please consult with a professional aromatherapist.

NAHA asks that all authors and contributors include information on safe use of essential oils and clearly define each essential oil’s common name and Latin binomial(s). NAHA has the right to accept or reject any articles, advertisements or content submitted. NAHA website is a resource-full area for information on Aromatherapy Safety, Applications and Uses. www.naha.org

AROMATHERAPY PUBLICATIONS NAHA Aromatherapy Journal www.naha.org

The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy Aromatherapy Thymes Aromatherapy Journal The National Association forIn Holisticthis AromatherapyIssue: ● BeyondJournal Aromatics Conference Review www.aromatherapythymes.com romatherapy● Attentive and Calm A ● A Year with Morphology: Wood The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy ● Polycystic Ovary Syndrome In this Issue: ● Tocopherol, Carotene, Phenolic Contents and A Year with Morphology Aromatherapy Journal Antibacterial Properties of Rose Essential Oil, Geranium - Pelargonium sp. Record Keeping Hydrosol and Absolute Aromatherapy Today Journal Calendula Herbal Oil and Much More! In this Issue: Chickweed and Violet Making and Using Flower Essences ● Winter Reflection and the Wisdom of Aging and Much More! ● Winter Tea Recipes www.aromatherapytoday.com ● A Year with Morphology: Roots ● Beneficial Essential Oils and Drug Interactions ● Tea Tree Oil & MRSA and Much More International Journal of Clinical Aromatherapy !

Aromatherapy E-Journal www.ijca.net Autumn 2014.3 AromatherapySpring E-Journal 2014.1 International Journal of Professional Aromatherapy E-Journal Holistic Aromatherapy Winter 2014.4 www.ijpha.com International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists www.ifparoma.org

Arizona: Colorado: California (San Diego): Sharon Falsetto, CA, BA (Hons) Shanti Dechen, CCAP, LMT Anna Doxie (928) 239-4785 (888) 276-6278 (858) 231-0120 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] sedonaaromatherapie.com learnaroma.com

Connecticut: Florida (South): Florida (Central): Belinda Davis Murano, BS, Susan Stype Jennifer Hochell Pressimone CHHC (954) 523-9513 (352) 243-9627 (860) 304-1645 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] arlysnaturals.com jennscents.com

Georgia: Idaho: Illinois: Roz Zollinger Annette Davis, CN Miriam Carl (404) 303-0007 (877) 470-8400 (847) 846-4742 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] healcenteratlanta.com timelabs.com kindredearthbotanicals.com

Maine: Maryland: Michigan: Diane Braybrook, MA Rose Chard, LMT Lissa Hilton, RA (207) 930-5979 (443) 292-4396 (616) 928-4900 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] essentialsforyou.com yourbodyneeds.com silvercreekaromatherapy.com

Minnesota: New York: New York: Karen Norland Amy Galper, ICA, CR Katherine Graf (218) 280-1822 (347) 690-0957 (845) 651-1225 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] northernprairiearomatherapy.com buddhanose.com aromastudio.com

New Jersey: North Carolina: Kelly Holland New Mexico: Cherisse Gigli Azzaro, RA, CCAP, LMBT Florian Birkmayer, MD RN, BSN, RA, CCAP (828) 898-5555 (505) 720 -4115 (973) 790-1364 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ashitherapy.com thebirkmayerinstitute.com

Ohio: George Cox Oklahoma: Oregon: Belleville (419) 886-3736 N.Kay Owens Angela Sidlo Cleveland (216) 577-2720 [email protected] (503) 338-9921 [email protected] [email protected] naturaloptions.us reflexology-works.com

Pennsylvania: Rhode Island: South Carolina: Liz Fulcher, RA, CMT Lesley A Wooler, RA Susan Cannon, RA, RYT [email protected] (401) 295-1140 (864)-292-9691 aromaticwisdominstitute.com [email protected] touchtheeartharomatics herbwyfe.com @gmail.com

Tennessee: Texas: Valerie Cooksley Vermont: Jessie Hawkins RN, OCN, FAAIM, CERT Leyla Bringas (615)-807-0882 (218) 516-2561 (802) 951-9714 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] JessieHawkins.com floramedica.com lunaroma.com

Virginia: Wyoming: Keren Dolan, BA Haly JensenHof, MA, RA (703) 468-1241 (307) 532-6145 [email protected] [email protected] yourhealthscents.com Volunteer to become an active member of the aromatherapy community.

Canada: Canada: Dr. Vivian Lunny To learn how, Wendy Johnson, IIA MD, RA, MDMA, FIFA (808) 828-6290 (604) 868-4855 click here or [email protected] [email protected] evokearomatherapy.com realessencesoflife.com write to us at: [email protected]

Seoul, Korea: Taiwan: Yongmoo Shin Henry Chang [email protected] [email protected] +82 10 5566 8181 (cell phone) aromaharvest.com.tw hasap.kr

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