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Hackney Marshes: Wildlife Survey and Management Plan 2004

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Hackney Marshes: Wildlife Survey and Management Plan 2004 Hackney Marshes: Wildlife Survey and Management Plan 2004 This survey by M. W. Hanson was commissioned in 2003 by Hackney Biodiversity Partnership. Thanks to them for permission to reproduce the results of the survey. The report identifies the different habitats of Hackney Marshes, some areas of which are no longer open to the public owing to the 2012 Olympics development, and covers the flora and fauna recorded there during 2004. It concludes with recommendations for future management of the area and further surveys. Corrections notified by the author:- • P67, under 6. North Meadow , the fourth sentence should read: “The meadow, with its rich flora, is a good invertebrate site, and the location of the rare but distinctive Tachnid Fly Cistogaster globosa – a Red Data Book 1 species.” • P68, fourth line, Cytiomya continua should read Cistogaster globosa . HACKNEY MARSHES WILDLIFE SURVEY AND MANAGEMENT PLAN 2004 M.W. HANSON SECTION Page Introduction 1 History of Hackney Marshes 2 Habitats 6 The 2004 survey of Hackney Marshes 7 The higher plants of Hackney Marshes 7 Bryophytes of Hackney Marshes 25 Lichens of Hackney Marshes 29 Diptera on Hackney Marshes 35 Other major invertebrate groups 40 Birds recorded from Hackney Marshes 61 River Lee, Hackney Marshes: Molluscs 62 Management and survey recommendations 63 Tree planting at Hackney Marshes 75 Highlights of the 2004 Hackney Marshes survey 76 Future surveys – Hackney Marshes 77 East Marsh and its proposed development as part of London’s bid to hold the Olympics 78 in 2012 INTRODUCTION The approximately 170 hectares of land that forms Hackney Marshes are the largest open space in the London Borough of Hackney. The ‘Marshes’ themselves occupy the northern part of an island formed by the River Lea and the Lee Navigation. Hackney Marshes is an integral part of a mosaic of quality wildlife habitat that constitutes the lower Lee Valley. Significant adjacent and nearby sites include the Middlesex and Essex (Waterworks) Filter Beds, Walthamstow Marsh, Springfield Park and the Warwick and Maynard Reservoirs. Hackney Marshes is of interest in that the majority of its habitats are secondary in nature. It has no ancient woodland or grassland and this is necessarily reflected in the wildlife that finds a home here. The significance of these habitats is their connection to others – the Lee running like a connecting thread into the Thames to the south and the Essex and Hertfordshire countryside to the north. Much of the useful wildlife interest of Hackney Marshes is peripheral to the site; the now well-wooded banks of the Lea and the Navigation are important wildlife corridors. More than this, the Marshes are the home of East London’s amateur footballers and also prove an extensive and important informal recreational facility for many local people. The old adage that ‘size matters’ is important in the context of Hackney – for London it is a large site, part of an even larger complex of connected wildlife sites. This extent is important for many wildlife species that exist at a landscape level (examples being many bird species). Thus, it scores over other smaller, fragmented and isolated sites. • OWNER: LONDON BOROUGH OF HACKNEY THE TOWN HALL MARE STREET LONDON E8 • PLANNING AUTHORITY: LONDON BOROUGH OF HACKNEY • ORDNANCE SURVEY GRID REFERENCE: TQ 367862 • For recording purposes, most of the area is within the Watsonian recording vice-county* of Middlesex (VC 21), but East Marsh including areas 3 and 4 and the eastern most part of area 21 (both on the east bank of the River Lea) are in the vice-county of South Essex (VC18). *The vice county system for Great Britain was devised by an English botanist, Hewett Cottrell Watson, for the purposes of illustrating plant distributions. The system first appeared in the third volume of his work Cybele Britannica in 1852 and was refined in later volumes. In this work he listed 38 sub-provinces and 112 counties and vice counties into which he proposed to divide the country (Great Britain). Political boundaries have altered many times since Watson’s day. Change has been both piecemeal (local minor boundary adjustments) and wholesale (as in 1974 and more recent unitary revisions). In the early years of vice county use, some naturalists tried to change vice county boundaries to match these revisions but it was soon realised that much of the value of the vice counties was in their stability, which should enable comparisons of data over long time periods. Stable boundaries also made it easier to develop and maintain national networks of vice county recorders who coordinate and validate recording in their set areas. • The whole site is within the L.N.H.S. recording area. • Situated in the Lea Valley Regional Park. Hackney Marshes wildlife survey and management plan 2004 1 • Managed by: London Borough of Hackney Hackney Marsh Parks Depot Homerton Road London E9 5PF Designations • Hackney Marshes were designated Metropolitan Open Space and Common Land in 1894 (and subsequently under the Commons Registration Act, 1965). • The River Lea and Lee Navigation are recognised as an integral part of the Lee Valley Site of Metropolitan Importance for nature conservation (MO71) (designated 2002). • Daubeney Field (HC B1103) and (formerly) Arena Field (HC B1101) are sites of borough importance for wildlife. The following section is largely repeated from previous management plans (Fried van Dorslaer, 2000 with later revisions), but is of interest and relevance to the presentation of the current management plan. HISTORY OF HACKNEY MARSHES Hackney Marshes and the Lee Valley have a long history. Old River Lea which now divides the London Boroughs of Hackney and Waltham Forest, was once the boundary between Saxon, Christian England and land ruled by Danelaw, and in more recent times, between Middlesex, London County Council and Essex. The River Lea has a long history as an important transport route between Hertfordshire and East London/the City. There were often tensions between the barge owners who wanted a regular flow of water for their barges and the mill owners, such as those at Lea Bridge and Temple Mills, who wanted to take water from the river to power their mills. The bricks used for building Hackney and coal for the power station at Millfields were brought in by barge. The Lee Navigation canal was built in 1768 between Lea Bridge Weir and Bow Locks to provide a better route for barges. In the 19th and early 20th centuries there were factories along the Lee Navigation (as the Hackney Cut was known in this area) such as Lesneys (manufacturer of metal toys) and wood yards, such as those at Sperry’s Wharf. The industries along the Lea polluted the river and as Isaac Walton recorded in a famous 19th century account, destroyed the fishing for which the river had been well-known. In more recent times, the water quality has improved and herons, cormorants and kingfishers share their fishing spots with anglers. The Lee Navigation is now used largely for recreation for canoes, rowing and narrow boats, although there are plans to transport waste by barge from Hackney to the incinerator at Edmonton. For hundreds of years the Marshes were Lammas Lands. Owners of Lammas Rights used the Marshes to grow crops, but once these were harvested, local people were allowed to pasture their animals on the Marshes. In 1894 the Lammas Rights were purchased for a sum of £75,000 by the LCC and Hackney Council, so Hackney Marshes could be enjoyed as open space by local people ‘in perpetuity’. These rights were further codified by the designation of Hackney Marshes as Metropolitan Open Space and registered under Commons Registration Act, 1965. When they bought the Lammas Rights, LCC made changes to the River Lea, cutting out some of its meanders and planting trees along the bank. The trees they planted are now fully mature – one of the splendours of Hackney Marshes. The Marshes were laid out as football pitches, starting the long tradition of amateur football. There were substantial changes during the Second World War. The Marshes were again farmed for a time, but bomb rubble from the City of London was dumped on the Main Marsh, raising its height by almost two metres. One impact of this rubble and of the Hackney Marshes wildlife survey and management plan 2004 2 Flood Relief Channel built in the 1950s was that the Marshes became less liable to flooding. There are remnants of the old level of the Marshes along the bank of the Old River Lea, and in the Dip where there were once changing rooms, providing a contrast with the expanse of flat land. By the 1970s Millfields power station had ceased to operate and much of it was demolished. The land on which coal for the power station had been stored became part of the Marshes again (now the north car park meadow). However, at its southern end parts of the Marshes were lost to development and road building, such as factories (now housing) along Lee Conservancy Road, and more recently M11 Link Road (now renamed A12). As a result Morris, Weekes, White Hart, Arena Field and Mabley Green were cut off from the Main Marsh, for which they act as important buffer zones. Wick Woodland was planted to compensate for trees destroyed in building the M11 Link Road and to reduce the impact of air and noise pollution from the road on people’s enjoyment of Hackney Marshes. In recompense for the loss of land to the M11 Link road, a stretch of land with a pedestrian and cycle path on the old power station site was given to Hackney, together with the Triangle on Walthamstow Marsh.
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