SCHOLARSHIPS FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION MAY 2017

OPENING THE DRONECODE The privatisation of urban airspace in the UK

INSIDE THIS ISSUE

Liberty’s refuge A history of asylum in Britain, 1650–1920 Sugar rush Science, obesity and the social life of sugar HOT JUPITER ATMOSPHERES MATERIALITY AND MEANING Viennese social dance music, 1790–1830 Testing theories of gas dynamics Greek festival culture of the The rise of the Viennese waltz under extreme conditions Roman Imperial period DIRECTOR’S NOTE FUNDING UPDATES BOXING CLEVER SCHEME NEWS

Academic colleagues often ask why Second, there are those who clearly RESEARCH PROJECT GRANTS applicants for our Research Project Grants have read our guidance, because they are required to justify their approach to answer the question ‘Why Leverhulme?’ Research Project Grants are still a the Trust. Why Leverhulme, rather than by reproducing verbatim the text that we major strand of our work, in one sense (say) the Research Councils, or one of the ourselves have supplied in the guidance the ‘core business’ of the Trust, and other charitable funders? notes. Unsurprisingly, the Trustees are in 2016 represented some 46% of our The answer is simply that the Board familiar with their own words, and are total spend. These grants are always is keen to maintain a distinctive place rarely convinced by mere assertions team-based, sometimes in the form of for the Trust in the research funding that a particular project is imaginatively a single doctoral student or research landscape of the UK. Other agencies may interdisciplinary, uniquely bold and assistant led by principal investigator, or concern themselves with policy relevance, ambitious, or distinctively original. alternatively a larger group combining societal or economic impact or public The trick to addressing the ‘Why studentships, PDRAs, co-applicants and engagement, but the objective of the Trust Leverhulme?’ box is to ask oneself why the local researchers. Up to £500,000 over is to support scholars pursuing higher-risk bid is any of these things. In what ways does four or five years is available and covers projects who are unlikely for that reason the research take an imaginative or unusual salaries for research staff engaged on to secure funds from other sources. ‘Our step forward? What specific risks are involved a project and associated costs directly approach to grant-making’ on the Trust’s and how can these be (or not be) mitigated? related to the proposed research. The website explains that much of the work we Why precisely might the bid not appeal – choice of theme and research approach is support is curiosity-driven or straddles or not yet appeal – to another funder? left entirely to applicants. disciplinary boundaries – since these Some of the most compelling types of research are often regarded as accounts succeed also in saying something www.leverhulme.ac.uk/funding/ ‘higher risk’. The Board therefore requires personal about the involvement of the grant-schemes/research-project-grants applicants to our flagship Research Project applicant with his or her proposal. Passion Grants scheme to explain how their alone is no guarantor of a successful research fits the interests of the Trust. outcome, but it helps the Trustees to engage It is worth giving some serious with a bid if applicants say something about LEVERHULME GRANTS thought to this matter before submitting a why the research is or may be important, MANAGEMENT SYSTEM bid. Many of our peer reviewers comment or what it is that they find fascinating upon the replies, and the Trustees also about the topic. The best of the ‘Why This summer the Trust will be upgrading place considerable weight on their Leverhulme?’ boxes succeed in conveying its system to provide some enhanced accounts. I have observed that responses a sense of excitement or even fun. functionality for users. The system will to the question fall into three categories, Finally, a word of caution, which therefore not be available to applicants only one of which is likely to impress the is that – however truthful – the Trust and grant holders for approximately 10 Board. Board are unlikely to make an award to days from the morning of 21 July. Peer First, there are those applicants who a researcher who claims to be ‘making reviewers will still be able to provide do not attempt to answer the question, an application to the Leverhulme Trust their references during this period. Please and simply repeat what they have stated because my line-manager requires me consult our website for updates during elsewhere in the proposal about the subject to submit another grant proposal during July. matter or the research methods to be this academic year’. No, really, I have not employed. This suggests that the applicant invented that example. has not read – or has chosen to ignore – the guidelines that accompany the form. Professor Gordon Marshall ANNUAL REVIEW 2016

The Trust’s Annual Review 2016 is now available to download from our website. It profiles the Trust’s activities over the CONTACTS year and showcases some of the research funded by the Trust. You can also read The Leverhulme Trust about the ongoing work of past award- 1 Pemberton Row, London, EC4A 3BG holders and find full listings of awards Tel 020 7042 9888 | www.leverhulme.ac.uk | @LeverhulmeTrust made in 2016.

For more profiles of current research and full awards listings, please visit the Leverhulme Trust website (www.leverhulme.ac.uk). To order additional copies of this newsletter, please contact Bahia Dawlatly at [email protected]

2 May 2017 Modelling inhomogeneous magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in hot Jupiter atmospheres

Hot Jupiters (Jupiter-sized planets close to their host stars) are an extreme class of planets which test our theories of gas dynamics under extreme conditions. A new study, led by Tami Rogers, will investigate how these theories could affect fundamental properties of these planets

Hot Jupiters were the first discovered planets outside our solar system and because of their favourable observing conditions, remain the best studied. These planets differ significantly from the giant planets in our own solar system. First, because they are so close to their host stars they are much hotter. For example, hot Jupiter temperatures range from 1000–3000K, while Jupiter itself is 400K. These high temperatures lead to ionisation of atoms in their atmospheres and hence, non-negligible conductivity. means one side of the hot Jupiter always The unusual inhomogeneity Hence, magnetic effects in their faces its host star, while the other remains coupled with magnetic effects could atmospheres could be important, unlike continuously dark. Therefore, hot Jupiters also help explain curious observations our own giant planets. Second, their have a strong day–night asymmetry. This of hot Jupiters. For example, half of proximity to their host star leads to tidal inhomogeneity, coupled with magnetic all hot Jupiters are ‘puffed up,’ that is, locking. Like the moon and Earth, tides effects, could render otherwise simple their radii are larger than theoretically cause the orbital period of the planet to atmospheric dynamics much more predicted. This may be explained by equal the rotation rate of the planet. This complex. Ohmic heating (dissipation of electrical currents). Observations of hot Jupiters can also directly measure the day–night temperature differential, which could constrain atmospheric dynamics. The observations indicate extreme diversity in atmospheric circulation regimes across planets, which also may be explained by the interaction with magnetic fields. Using sophisticated numerical simulations my team will couple standard atmospheric dynamic calculations with magnetic effects to investigate the role inhomogeneity and magnetism play in shaping these exciting planets. This study will also shed light on the role inhomogeneity may play in magnetised gases across astrophysics.

Dr Tami Rogers Newcastle University Research Project Grant

ABOVE Artist’s rendition of a hot Jupiter, image credit: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss.

LEFT Magnetic field lines in a numerical simulation of a hot Jupiter atmosphere, image credit: Tami Rogers.

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 3 Silver: surface and substance

Helen Hills reconsiders existing paradigms of scholarship on early modern silver by investigating it in relation to materiality and refinement; silver's capacity to circulate as currency, its role in early capitalism and the Spanish empire, and its transformative potential will be examined through the lens of high-end silver artefacts

Silver objects are kept neatly quarantined in museums, ranged by size and shape, by place of manufacture, pinned down like dead butterflies, suffocated behind glass, extinct and extinguished. Why such fear that silver might escape, that something might seep out, contaminate with what fearful sounds and cries the hushed and polite galleries where they are encased? Contemporary scholarship bifurcates silver geographically and temporally. On one hand, silver’s extraction in the so-called ‘New World’ is interpreted in political, ecological and sociological terms, and in relation to its role in world trade, deforestation, the rise of capitalism and displaced labour. Silver is measured in thousands of kilograms that were transported across the globe and in terms of ducats, currency, trade and capitalism. On the other, silver in Europe is something else altogether. Objects to be appreciated; a measure of the wealth and refinement of their possessors. Scholarship on European silver artefacts remains together. That is how and why silver What I am interested in is the resolutely technical, connoisseurial extracted by force from the earth in the question of how, if at all, silver effaces and taxonomical. Silver teapots made Andes became par excellence the marker its own traumatic history through in eighteenth-century London; silver of social, political and perhaps above all, discourses of refinement, brightness, and spoons from Birmingham; an exquisite spiritual refinement in Europe. holiness. In this sense, trauma is also Neapolitan chocolate pot. The issue is close, I think, to the the trope of return, of recurrence and of Thus in travelling from Potosí, smart phone. Indium oxide is mined in a history that fails to connect shininess Bolivia, across the Atlantic Ocean to some of the world’s poorest countries with its tarnish. Thus I investigate silver Europe silver changes appearance, by some of the world’s poorest people, and salvation, baroque architecture in language, and disciplinary field – in short, leaving behind a trail of devastation, Europe – particularly in parts of Italy it changes epistemologically – and the poverty and ecological ruination. And then under Spanish rule – capitalism and affect and politics of silver fall out of the yet we buy smartphones. More than that, colonialism together. picture in an inert ‘finished’ object. These we stroke them intimately, caress them scholarly effects are inter-related and – our relationship with them is intimate, Professor Helen Hills political in their denial of a politics. fetishistic. Perhaps akin to early modern Silver in eighteenth-century Europe silver. Research Fellowship is a marker of social refinement par excellence. The silver tip of the gentleman’s cane marks him out. It is the material that is used above all for chalice, pyx and plate and liturgical vessels of all kinds. ABOVE Theodor de Bry, [Silver Mine It is silver that conveys the divine to of the 'New World'], engraving from humankind in the Mass. But silver also Neundter und letzter Theil Americæ, marked the most ruthless plunder of darin gehandelt wird, von Gelegenheit European colonialism, the degradation of der Elementen, Natur, Art und native workers and ecological ruination. Eigenschafft der Neuen Welt, (Frankfurt My project investigates silver as : W. Richter; M. Becker, 1601). Private more than means or measure of empire colllection. Photo: Helen Hills. and more than mere object of luxury, to ask how might these two stories, these LEFT Casket, probably Peru, silver, c.1650 two sides to the same coin, be brought (V&A 275–1879) © V&A Images.

4 May 2017 Fingerprinting interaction of magma and carbonate rocks in Java: an explosive volcanic brew

Why are some volcanic eruptions more In this project, I will track the Many volcanoes around the world, explosive than others? The violence development of magma as recorded by including well-known peaks such as of an eruption depends on the type of crystals in rocks produced by Sumbing’s Popocatepetl and Mount Etna, emit large magma involved and its interaction with pyroclastic and lava eruptions. Crystals quantities of CO2. But measurements carbonate rock. Colin Macpherson’s grow in magma by adding new material of total CO2 emission do not reveal project will explore how and when to their surfaces while the magma travels how much of this gas might be added carbonate rocks can cause a volcanic through the crust. This generates a from carbonate rocks in the crust. This eruption to become more explosive than forensic record of compositional changes means that we don’t fully understand the we would otherwise expect from the core to the rim of individual potential for explosive eruption hazards crystals, much like growth rings in a tree. at many volcanoes. By developing the Carbonate rocks contain large amounts of Working with colleagues in Durham crystal record as a tool to track how mineralised carbon dioxide; for example, and at the Universities of Leeds and magma changes when it encounters limestone is made entirely of the mineral Uppsala, I will measure how the chemical carbonate in the crust, my work will calcium-carbonate. When subjected to records in carbonate-affected, pyroclastic provide a new way to constrain our magmatic heat carbonate minerals can eruptions diverge from those in the understanding of this potentially lethal break down releasing CO2, which then control group of carbonate-free, lava volcanic brew. forms bubbles in the magma. These eruptions. This will highlight the full bubbles reduce the magma’s density and range of chemical effects produced by Professor Colin Macpherson accelerate it upwards through the crust. the interaction of magma with carbonate Durham University As it ascends the pressure on the magma rock, allowing estimates of how much Research Fellowship decreases causing even more bubbles to CO2 was added to the magma, and form, just as removing the top from a determination of whether CO2 was all bottle of carbonated drink allows CO2 added at one time or over a period of bubbles to grow and expand. If enough time while the crystals grew.

CO2 is added then the magma ascent and bubble expansion can lead to an explosive (pyroclastic) eruption rather than gently oozing (liquid) lava. These different eruption styles represent completely different hazards to local populations. Previous work by my students has shown that pyroclastic and lava eruptions ABOVE Land is inhabited and cultivated from Sumbing volcano, on the Indonesian all around Sumbing volcano in central island of Java, began with the same type of Java putting local populations at magma. However, crystals in pyroclastic significant risk during eruptions. rocks contain excess calcium acquired from breakdown of carbonate rock LEFT Concentric growth bands in a through which the magma passed. This crystal of plagioclase from Sumbing record also added CO2 which contributed to the changes in the calcium content of the pyroclastic nature of the eruptions. magma from which it grew.

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 5 Viennese social dance music, 1790–1830

The music of the Viennese Classics social dance culture of the early nineteenth and Franz Pechaschek, who were the direct makes routine allusions to dance idioms, century is a subject of great interest to social forerunners of Johann Strauss as Viennese particularly the minuet, yet music and cultural historians, Viennese dance dance composers and band leaders. Th e scholarship has paid little attention to music before the rise of Johann Strauss Sr. Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, the most music for social dancing in the era before in the 1830s has been largely forgotten. widely-read music journal of German- Johann Strauss. Erica Buurman will In music history, the period 1790– speaking lands, reported in 1810 that the investigate this neglected body of dance 1830 is usually associated with the Viennese sheer volume of dance music produced repertoire, thereby shedding new light on Classics. Composers who lived and worked each season meant that the orchestral the relationship between the city’s craze in Vienna within these years include Haydn, parts routinely had to be transported to for dancing and its élite musical culture Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert. Social rehearsals in a wheelbarrow. While much of dance music, however, was a far more this music has not survived, Viennese music Th e rise of the Viennese waltz was one of the prominent feature of the city’s soundscape archives still hold large quantities of original most infl uential cultural crazes in nineteenth- in this period than the music of the Classics. orchestral parts and keyboard transcriptions century European history. Th e waltz initially While there were relatively few opportunities which have yet to be studied. scandalised much of polite society, and on for Viennese residents to hear the I will also investigate the links between one occasion even held up the progress of performance of a symphony, social dancing Vienna’s élite music scene and its social dance international diplomacy. When European was a regular fi xture in Vienna’s cultural life culture. It is well known that the music leaders met at the Congress of Vienna (1814– and was enjoyed by all sectors of society. of the Classics makes routine allusions to 1815) to redraw the map of Europe at the An important part of my project will dance idioms such as the minuet, though close of the Napoleonic Wars, the delegates involve uncovering social dance music by the minuet was already old-fashioned by reportedly spent so much time attending little-known professional dance composers of 1800. To what extent did Vienna’s leading Vienna’s renowned balls that the process the early nineteenth century. Th ese include composers engage with the popular dance took months longer than planned. While the relatively unfamiliar fi gures like Joseph Wilde music of the day? And, conversely, how frequently were melodies from symphonies and operas used as an accompaniment for social dancing? By shedding more light on these issues, my project will contribute to current understanding of Viennese musical culture during this signifi cant period of music history.

Dr Erica Buurman Canterbury Christ Church University Research Fellowship

ABOVE Masked ball at Redoutensäle (Hofb urg, Vienna) by Joseph Schütz c.1815, Adobe Stock. LEFT Le Congrès, 1993,1107.58, Seven European heads of state, with central three doing a kind of jig. c1815 Hand-coloured etching. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 © Th e Trustees of the British Museum.

6 May 2017 The evolutionary signature of success and failure

Extinction is a natural process, the counterpart to speciation – the evolutionary generator of new biological forms; yet despite centuries of research we are still far from a comprehensive understanding of how extinctions at mass extinction events differ from background extinctions. Chris Venditti aims to provide a novel way to distinguish them

Which species live and which species die, and why? These questions have long puzzled palaeontologists and biologists. They are pertinent questions still today as human activity is driving species extinct at an ever-increasing rate. Looking back in time, 99% of biological species that have ever existed are now extinct. And simply considering the groups of animals we see around us today, it is clear that some have suffered more extinctions than others through their evolutionary history. For instance, there are over 10,000 birds, 5,000 mammals and more than 20,000 fish, but fewer than 30 crocodiles and only six lungfishes. The fossil record tells us that these now species-poor groups once contained many more species. Extinction is a natural process, the counterpart to speciation – the evolutionary generator of new biological forms. Through time the normal process of extinction is punctuated by what are known as Or, are times of mass extinctions so phylogenies, chart the course of descent mass extinction events where large abnormal and extreme, that normal with modification among a group of proportions of biodiversity are wiped- rules don’t apply, breaking down species, yielding a family tree analogous out by large-scale environmental otherwise predictable patterns? Are to a genealogy. These phylogenies changes or catastrophes. For example, there features that distinguish survivors in conjunction with new statistical the Permian-Triassic extinction event, of mass extinction events from those techniques will allow us to understand 250 million years ago, resulted in the that perish? How do mass extinctions the drivers of biological success and extinction of over 90% of species that shape subsequent evolution and failure in a far more comprehensive and existed at that time – aptly, this mass biodiversity? These are the questions nuanced manner than ever before. extinction event is often referred to that we will be able to answer having as the Great Dying. If we fast-forward been awarded a Research Project Grant Dr Chris Venditti a couple of hundred million years, from the Leverhulme Trust. In addition, University of Reading the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction it might be the case that the answers to Research Project Grant event (66 million years ago) saw the such questions can help us understand elimination of three quarters of animal and predict what kinds of species will and plant species. Such mass extinction disappear and what kinds of species events have marked spectacular will survive in the near future owing transitions in groups of species that to anthropomorphic environmental dominate the land and the seas. For changes. example, the shift from dinosaurs to Hitherto researchers have found it mammals as the dominant terrestrial difficult to answer questions definitively force on Earth at the Cretaceous- about the dynamics of extinction Paleogene event. through time owing to inherent In spite of decades of research, we problems associated with measuring still do not know how mass extinctions extinction rates based on fossils alone. ABOVE An apatosaurus looks upon actually happen. Do the same kinds of However, we will take a different meteors raining down that would precede species that would have been predicted approach which uses descriptions of the larger asteroid strike that would lead to to go extinct at normal times also go the historical evolution for groups of the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million extinct at mass extinction events? animals. These descriptions, known as years ago. Adobe Stock.

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 7 Opening the dronecode: the privatisation of urban airspace in the UK

The UK government is poised to regulate airspace for the corporate use of drones for package delivery in cities. Adam Fish’s ethnographic project will critically examine the practices and discourses of urban planners, regulators, and drone manufacturers and develop policy recommendations

Amazon is privatising the airspace above the United Kingdom. The UK government is faced with the problem of regulating its airspace for the corporate use of unmanned aerial and autonomous vehicles, otherwise known as drones, to deliver packages and other services. NASA calls these aerial technologies ‘atmospheric platforms’ and they have the potential to alter the way the city is sensed from above and governed by city officials and understood by urban planners. Atmospheric platforms enable vertical visions – advanced ways of seeing and sensing the world below – that transform distinctions in autonomy and sovereignty as they relate to the regulation of urban airspace. With input from urban planners, drone manufacturers, and federal regulators, this project will devise policy recommendations that address the impact of pro-corporate regulation of drones on the sovereignty of urban airspace in the UK. A partnership between Amazon and the UK’s Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) will soon revolutionise the use of urban airspace in the UK. The earlier UK ‘dronecode’ was simple – pilots must see their drone at all times, keep drones 50 metres away from congested areas, and away from airports. These rules are changing, allowing Amazon to engage in extended autonomous flights over congested areas and without the regulation of corporate drones should be and their lobbying, marketing, and direct sight of the pilot. While there is informed by understanding how urban remote sensing technologies, as well a robust dialogue on the military use airspace requires multiple approaches to as their technical and legal efforts to of drones, the protection of individual regulation in direct relation to different abide by and challenge regulation; privacy in the era of drones, and public elevations, atmospheric actors, and the and the federal regulators tasked with safety from misuse of small drones, there remote sensing technologies used. establishing laws governing urban exist considerable gaps in relation to the This project examines the private airspace. impacts of atmospheric privatisation on drone industry and its emerging the sovereignty of urban airspace in the regulations to explain how the Dr Adam Fish UK. privatisation of the urban atmosphere Lancaster University Some scholars believe that private by semi-autonomous drones has the Research Fellowship property rights should reject the rights potential to undermine the sovereignty of drone pilots to fly over private of proximal elevations of urban airspace. urban parcels. Others see pre-existing My research will focus ethnographic privacy laws as suitable to protect attention on three populations: urban private property owners from drone planners – largely left out the policy COVER AND ABOVE Image reproduced airspace intrusion. Planned and future discussions; the private drone companies, courtesy of Bradley L. Garrett.

8 May 2017 Materiality and meaning in Greek festival culture of the Roman Imperial period

Commemorated in art, coins and This research project starts from storey also situate Hierapolis within the inscriptions, Zahra Newby’s project will the premise that material culture is not international festival circuit and claim the analyse the ways that the visual record a passive reflection of reality, but itself patronage of the emperor himself. of ancient Greek festivals and their helps to construct meaning and frame My project brings together an material context shaped the experience human interactions and activities. The interdisciplinary team with skills in art, of their participants and viewers, and images and inscriptions that surrounded epigraphy and numismatics to provide a helped to negotiate between their many festival participants guided them on how holistic view of the ways material culture different social meanings to understand their experiences, while also created meaning in ancient festival embodying the vested interests of those culture. Focussing on the eastern Roman Religious festivals were important times whose wealth had paid for them. On the early provinces, we will examine two separate of civic cohesion in Antiquity, allowing third century theatre at Hierapolis (modern but related questions: how references to communities to come together in Pamukkale, in Western Turkey), a series of festivals on coins, inscribed monuments worship of their patron deities, and to lavish reliefs decorating the stage building and in visual representations created the showcase their religious and mythological celebrated Hierapolis’ patron god, Apollo, visual space within which festivals and traditions. They were also times when and his twin sister Artemis, divine patroness their performances were experienced social hierarchies were on very public of the leading city of Ephesus. Above the and remembered, and how the visual display, manifested in the ordering central doorway, a detailed relief shows appearance of the architectural spaces of processions or the distribution of the emperor Septimius Severus presiding within which key festival events took sacrificial meats. Much of our evidence over the city’s festival, accompanied by his place interacted with ephemeral events for festivals comes from material culture, family and flanked by figures advertising the and helped to consolidate the meaning of such as inscriptions detailing festival international scope of the festival including those rituals for participants and viewers. foundations or lists of victors, or images personifications of joint sacrifice, the Through looking at material culture as an on coins or architectural reliefs. These inhabited world and the international guild active player, and not just as a documentary have often been exploited as evidence of actors (above). These reliefs celebrate source, we seek a deeper understanding to reconstruct the details or existence of the city’s patron god and his festival, and of how festivals were occasions for both particular festivals, but have not received set the city within a wider regional context. expressions of civic identities and the much attention for the active roles they The close links asserted between Hierapolis display of social hierarchies. played in formulating what festivals and Ephesus find an echo on civic coinage meant to their communities. (below), while the reliefs in the upper Professor Zahra Newby University of Warwick Research Project Grant

ABOVE Detail of architectural relief (cast), showing Septimius Severus presiding over Hierapolis’ civic festival. CC BY-SA 2.0 Carole Raddato.

LEFT AND COVER Bronze coin minted by Hierapolis. The reverse shows the patron deities of Hierapolis and Ephesus and bears a Greek legend advertising the concord (Homonoia) between the two cities. British Museum, 1979, 0101.2251. Photo: © Trustees of the British Museum.

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 9 Sugar rush: science, obesity and the social life of sugar Adobe Stock Adobe

Sugar is increasingly taking over from But fat is not easily supplanted With this background in mind, my fat as the primary adversary in the ‘war as the enemy of the war on obesity, project aims to explore the meanings and on obesity’; bringing the insights of and the focus of many low-sugar and practices of sugar in the context of the feminist technoscience, feminist theory low-carbohydrate dietary plans on the contemporary attack on obesity. I will and sociology to bear on a wide range consumption of red meat, eggs and pursue this question by bringing together of scientific, policy and popular texts, dairy – foods which have been on dietary a diverse archive of contemporary Karen Throsby explores the social life of watch-lists for decades – sets alarm bells sugar-related materials, including policy sugar in this fevered moment of obesity ringing among many clinicians and documents, parliamentary statements, panic and scientific contestation health policy makers. There is a general professional medical association agreement among health professionals materials, commercial publications Obesity continues to be framed as a costly and policy makers that sugar is a public and commentaries, published scientific public health crisis of global epidemic health issue, but there is sustained research, popular texts and campaigns, proportions. However, although anti- disagreement on what counts as sugar, media reports and other sources obesity rhetoric and practices continue on the feasibility of sugar consumption that both reflect and produce the with unabated intensity, recent years have in moderation (as promoted by the sugar contemporary social meanings of, witnessed a shift away from the war on lobby, for example) and the relation of attachments to, and repudiations of obesity’s familiar bête noire – dietary fat – to sugar to the familiar dietary enemy, fat. sugar. include a newly elevated enemy: sugar. This These contestations sit at the intersection My aim is not to determine the is exemplified by the 2015 World Health of anti-obesity ideology, professional and ‘truths’ of sugar or dictate what people Organisation (WHO) recommendation scientific status and authority, and the should or shouldn’t eat. Instead, I want to that added sugars should comprise only vested and commercial interests of ‘big use the complex and contested social life 10% (and ideally 5%) of daily intake; this sugar’ and its allies, and are central to of sugar to explore the intersection of key was followed in 2016 by the WHO for the the ways in which sugar is understood sites of social inquiry including: scientific taxation of sugary drinks to tackle obesity and made meaningful in contemporary knowledge production, validation and and type II diabetes, particularly in society. They are also inextricable from popular appropriation; food politics, children. This rush to single out sugar as generational, gendered, raced and classed particularly in the context of austerity; the dietary culprit of expensive twenty-first assumptions about who the primary and contemporary panics around health, century chronic disease is also mirrored consumers of sugar are, how food habits body size and embodied citizenship. in the proliferation of popular anti-sugar and tastes are produced and sustained, texts, low carbohydrate diet plans and the meanings of food across different Dr Karen Throsby first person testimonials and how-to contexts, and how changes in food University of Leeds guides for ‘withdrawing’ from sugar. behaviour occur. Research Fellowship

10 May 2017 Liberty’s refuge: a history of asylum in Britain, 1650–1920

Thomas Jones’ Fellowship will result in the first book-length study of the history of political and religious asylum in Britain, from the seventeenth-century readmission of Jews to the significant closing of Britain’s borders after the First World War

The recent global migration ‘crisis’ has sparked renewed public interest in Britain’s historical role as a place of asylum, especially with regard to well- known twentieth-century examples like the Kindertransport of 1938–1939 and the arrival of Ugandan Asians expelled by Idi Amin in 1972. The historical profession has produced many works on twentieth-century forced migrations and on several earlier notable refugee communities, but this literature remains surprisingly Balkanised into distinct national or ideological studies and often underestimates the deep historical roots of asylum. Yet long before the twentieth century, Britain acquired a reputation as a ‘land of asylum,’ as it received successive populations of persecuted religious and ethnic minorities, deposed monarchs, disappointed revolutionaries, escaped slaves, and those displaced by war. My work provides the first major study of the history of political and religious asylum in Britain from the early modern period to the aftermath of the First World War. I explore the origins of modern British asylum, showing how seventeenth-century changes in England’s religious and economic landscapes and major political events like Cromwell’s readmission of the Jews and the huge post-1685 influx of Huguenots slowly dismantled older conceptions of asylum as restricted to a few highly-monitored communities of persecuted foreign Protestants. In chronicling the arrival and experiences of successive waves of exiles buttressed Britain’s liberal or conduit for the international transmission refugees in the eighteenth and nineteenth cosmopolitan credentials and those of everything from religious, scientific, centuries, I explore the changing economic who feared that ‘alien’ invasion would and political ideas to the latest fashionable and social opportunities open to exiles dilute the national stock. These debates cultural trends. My work will enumerate and analyse the very different British also refined conceptions of gender and and take stock of these consequences, reactions to various groups of asylum- class. Hospitality for refugees was often showing that Britain’s history of asylum is seekers. I demonstrate how a unique presented as an eminently ‘feminine,’ not just of national interest, but has greatly confluence of political, cultural, and but nonetheless public, responsibility. affected Europe and the world. religious assumptions led Victorian Britons Working-class suspicion of immigration to declare a sacrosanct ‘right of asylum’ occasionally dismayed middle- and Dr Thomas Jones guaranteeing unmolested refuge to all upper-class liberals, but, conversely, the University of Buckingham arrivals. The First World War and Russian Chartists denounced Britain’s ‘aristocratic’ Research Fellowship Revolution fatally disrupted this consensus, government for expelling radical refugees however, and continued ill-will towards from Jersey in 1855. Meanwhile Britain’s German nationals, and fear of Bolshevism neighbours complained to Westminster ABOVE An illustration of a Palatine refugee scuppered all attempts to protect refugees that London was a ‘den of assassins’ and camp in London in 1709, serving as the cover in the immigration legislation of 1919. sent spies to disrupt these communities. of an anti-refugee pamphlet. The Palatines' The wider impacts of this history Knowledge of British refuge acted as a Catechism, or a true description of their were immense. The presence of refugees constant safety valve for European politics, camps at Blackheath and Camberwell. In a periodically posed fundamental questions as dissidents pre-emptively fled or were dialogue between an English tradesman and about British identity, provoking clashes deported there and in turn plotted their a High-Dutchman. © British Library Board between those for whom harbouring returns. Contacts made in exile provided a (1076.l.22.(30.) ).

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 11 RECENTLY AWARDED GRANTS

RESEARCH PROJECT GRANTS Professor Robert Pawlak Humanities University of Exeter Sciences Optogenetic reprogramming of the anxiety Dr Simon Blockley circuit Royal Holloway, Dr Nick Aldred £273,355 Unravelling the pattern, impacts and drivers of Newcastle University early modern human dispersals from Africa Going back to basics: reverse engineering the Dr Richard Payne £466,516 adhesive of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida University of York £309,990 Peatlands and climate change: linking the past Professor Kimberley Brownlee with the future University of Warwick Professor Harry Anderson £133,239 Investigating the ethics and politics of sociability Synthesis of new allotropes of carbon: Professor Tony Payne £235,213 cyclocarbon catenanes University of Bristol £269,701 Glacial melt and water security in Central Asia Professor Christopher Gerrard £169,648 Durham University Risk and resilience in Europe. Exploring Dr Martin Cann historic responses to earthquakes Durham University Professor Chris Perry £284,330 How cyanobacteria detect carbon dioxide: University of Exeter molecular events in the global carbon cycle Predicting the significance of fish carbonates Dr Victoria Moul £168,508 to the marine carbonate cycle £156,413 King’s College London Latin poetry in English manuscript verse Dr Bin Cheng Dr Carol Robinson miscellanies, c.1550–1700 University of Surrey University of East Anglia £447,381 Mathematical analysis of ‘near resonance’ in Marine bacterioplankton respiration: a critical the physical world of finiteness unknown in global carbon budgets Professor Zahra Newby £280,880 £223,320 University of Warwick Materiality and meaning in Greek festival Professor Darren Dixon Dr Tamara Rogers culture of the Roman Imperial period University of Oxford Newcastle University £311,352 A new light on chiral amine synthesis Modelling inhomogeneous £176,408 magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in hot Dr Leendert Plug Jupiter atmospheres University of Leeds Professor Stefan Howorka £220,233 Speech tempo perception and missing sounds University College London £195,101 New chemical tools to probe lipid bilayer Professor Peter Slater thickness in live cells University of Birmingham Professor Louise Sylvester £149,186 Exploring carbonate incorporation in ‘oxide’ University of Westminster materials: the hidden dopant Technical language and semantic shift in Dr Katherine Messenger £84,760 Middle English University of Warwick £175,798 Syntactic priming as implicit learning: Professor Alison Smith comparing second and first language University of Cambridge Dr Jo Verhoeven speakers Snow algae – are they the most abundant City, University of London £241,910 photosynthetic organisms in terrestrial Measuring asymmetry in the articulation of Antarctica? English speech sounds Professor Pat Monaghan £303,714 £238,015 University of Glasgow Mechanisms underlying the growth-lifespan Dr Patrick Sturt Social Sciences trade-off University of Edinburgh £258,973 Integration of information in reading Professor Gordon Cumming £125,468 Cardiff University Dr Marko Nardini Mobilising support for militaro-humanitarian Durham University Dr Colin Tosh intervention: beyond two-level games Learning to perceive and act under Newcastle University £90,842 uncertainty Predator–prey and prey–prey interactions £258,151 driven by predator visual attention Professor Kavita Datta £226,555 Queen Mary, University of London Dr Ioannis Nezis ‘Disciplining’ the remittance marketplace? University of Warwick Dr Chris Venditti The financialisation of small and medium size What is the function of a cytoplasm-eating University of Reading money transfer operators (MTOs) after the related protein in the nucleus? The dynamics of extinction through time financial crisis in London £206,436 £184,456 £91,715

Dr Catherine O’Sullivan Dr Alison Yao Dr Sabine Hyland Imperial College London University of Strathclyde University of St Andrews Fundamental analysis of the influence of Control and applications of structured light Hidden texts of the Andes: deciphering the structure on clay behaviour and chiral molecules ‘khipus’ (cord writing) of Peru £84,542 £286,825 £251,902

12 May 2017 Professor Vasso Ioannidou Dr Ranko Lazic Professor Bettina Bildhauer Lancaster University University of Warwick University of St Andrews On the public disclosure of individual bank Petri net reachability conjecture The untold stories of medieval things supervisory assessments £48,106 £48,982 £105,555 Professor Colin Macpherson Dr Mark Bowden Professor Ben Lupton Durham University Royal Holloway, University of London Manchester Metropolitan University Fingerprinting interaction of magma and A new opera commission Understanding blame in work organisations – carbonate £44,310 a philosophical interpretation £49,714 £55,597 Ms Siân Bowen Dr Felix Ng Northumbria University Professor John Mohan Sensing and presencing rare plants through University of Birmingham University of Sheffield Unravelling self-organising polar ice-stream contemporary drawing practice Community-level perspectives on post-war £39,747 change in the British voluntary sector networks

£329,252 £46,880 Professor Peter Boxall Professor Amalia Patane University of Sussex RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS University of Nottingham The prosthetic imagination: a history of the Probing spin- and charge-quanta in novel novel as artificial life Sciences two-dimensional van der Waals crystals £49,982 £45,879 Dr Ruth Baker Dr Erica Buurman University of Oxford Dr Malgorzata Pilot Canterbury Christ Church University Efficient computational methods for testing University of Lincoln Viennese social dance music, 1790–1830 biological hypotheses Consequences of alien sex: investigating the £32,350 £47,412 adaptive value of hybridisation £49,897 Dr Claire Chambers University of York Professor Paul Bates Muslim representations of Britain, 1988– University of Bristol Dr Alison Ramage present Development of the next generation of global University of Strathclyde £49,698 flood inundation models Preconditioning for novel data assimilation £47,693 problems

£43,428 Dr Georg Christ Professor Caucher Birkar University of Cambridge The sea-born state: Venetian and Mamluk Higher dimensional algebraic geometry Dr Bob Schroeder maritime policies in the fourteenth century £14,440 Queen Mary, University of London £49,994 Conducting polymer fibres for thermoelectric

fabrics Dr Codina Cotar Dr Aaron Cotnoir £49,950 University College London University of St Andrews Long-memory reinforcement mechanisms Wholes: more than just the sum of their parts with applications in physics and biology Professor Alexander Scott £45,067 University of Oxford £49,985 Interactions between local and global graph Professor Pamela Davidson Professor Richard Craster structure University College London Imperial College London £48,958 Prophecy and power in the Russian literary Elastic metamaterials and metasurfaces tradition, 1680–1930 £47,317 Professor Douglas Yu £49,569 University of East Anglia Dr Arwyn Edwards Connecting Earth observation to biodiversity Aberystwyth University Professor Gavin D’Costa and ecosystem services University of Bristol From cryo to bryo: could fungi from £49,608 ‘Snowball Earth’ colonise land? Catholic doctrines about Judaism after the £49,288 second Vatican council, 1965–2015 £20,416 Humanities Dr Ik Siong Heng University of Glasgow Professor Ilaria Favretto Professor Sanja Bahun Exploring new frontiers in gravitational wave Kingston University University of Essex astronomy Marching with donkeys. Protest tactics and Home and modernism £26,412 industrial conflict in twentieth-century Italy £48,316 £49,254 Dr Marc Holderied University of Bristol Dr Teresa Bejan Dr Salvatore Florio Discovery of a novel ultrasound hearing University of Oxford University of Birmingham organ in Neuropterans Acknowledging equality The many and the one: a philosophical study £36,963 £49,992 £25,483

Professor Sotaro Kita Mr Julian Bell Professor Sebastian Gardner University of Warwick Independent Researcher University College London Impact of audience on imperative pointing The natures of nature: four seventeenth- Freedom, nature, and the pursuit of the gestures by infants century approaches to the outward world whole: the legacy of Kant’s third critique £47,812 £9,734 £48,878

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 13 Dr Cornelia Gräbner Dr Mark Levene Dr Mark Roodhouse University of Lancaster University of Southampton University of York Acquiescent imaginaries: snapshots from the Genocide, the Cold War, and the origins of Disorganised crime: illegal markets and the cultures of low-intensity democracy the contemporary disorder, 1948–1989 London underworld, c.1920–1970 £47,972 £45,221 £43,922

Dr Sarah Haggarty Dr Ita Mac Carthy Dr Natasha Ruiz-Gomez University of Cambridge University of Birmingham University of Essex Making time: religious writing, pre- The grace of the Italian Renaissance The scientific artworks of Doctor Jean-Martin modernity, and the temporality of action £39,814 Charcot and the Salpêtrière School £30,087 £20,588 Professor Ian Mackenzie Professor Daniel Harbour Newcastle University Professor Simon Saunders Queen Mary, University of London Failed and successful change: the case of Old The grammatical ecology of writing system University of Oxford Spanish Indistinguishables: from quantum fields to evolution £43,243 £49,529 ordinary things £41,847 Dr Hettie Malcomson Dr Tatiana Heise University of Southampton University of Glasgow Dr Michael Scott Violence, youth and hip-hop in Mexico Memories of the dictatorship University of Warwick £49,959 £43,604 The meaning and impact of luxuries across the ancient world, 100 BCE–300 CE Dr David Hemsoll Professor Clare McManus £40,086 University of Birmingham Roehampton University Early modern women’s performance and the Emulating antiquity: renaissance buildings Professor Helen Small dramatic canon from Brunelleschi to Michelangelo University of Oxford £29,437 £28,853 The function of cynicism at the present time £49,544 Professor Helen Hills Professor Don Paterson University of York University of St Andrews Professor Willem Smelik Silver: surface and substance ‘The stuff of the spirit’ University College London £44,446 £48,848 Code-switching in the Talmud Yerushalmi £23,190 Dr Jonathan Howlett Dr Nicholas Perkins University of York University of Oxford Decolonisation and China: imperialism and The gift of narrative in medieval England Professor Jeremy Smith revolution in socialist Shanghai £49,847 University of Glasgow £46,641 Textual evolution: the pragmatics of Anglophone textual transmission in Britain Professor Richard Pettigrew and Ireland, 600 CE–1820 CE Dr Alejandra Irigoin University of Bristol £46,880 London School of Economics and Political Science Choosing for changing selves How America shaped the early modern world. £22,537 A global history of the silver peso Professor Lindsay Smith £49,990 Dr Vike Plock University of Sussex University of Exeter Fugitive stones: the Acropolis of Athens in Professor Susan Jones Broadcasting to the enemy: the BBC German photographs, 1839–1879 University of Oxford Service in the Second World War £49,912 Samuel Beckett and choreography £49,996 £49,327 Dr Catherine Spencer Dr Julia Prest University of St Andrews Dr Thomas Jones University of St Andrews Counter cultures: performance art’s University of Buckingham Master, slave and free: theatre and citizenship sociological imagination Liberty’s refuge: a history of asylum in Britain, in Saint-Domingue, 1764–1804 £49,524 1650–1920 £41,209 £45,551 Dr Judith Spicksley University of York Dr Anna Kemp Dr Charles Prior Redrawing slavery: debt, law, and the market Queen Mary, University of London University of Hull in the process of enslavement Oulipography: life as creative constraint Conquest and the ‘right to hold’: territorial £48,548 £48,271 sovereignty and the American Revolution £41,441 Professor Peter Kitson Dr Dionysios Stathakopoulos University of East Anglia Dr Heather Pulliam King’s College London Writing opium: travel, trade, war and Sino- University of Edinburgh Wealth, consumption and inequality in the British culture, 1800–1842 From 2D to 4D: Ireland’s medieval crosses in late Byzantine world, 1200–1453 £46,742 time, motion and environment £35,262 £45,245 Professor Vicky Lebeau Professor Rebecca Stott University of Sussex Professor Adam Roberts University of East Anglia Feeling poor: psychoanalysis and the Royal Holloway, University of London Dark Earth: the rewilding of derelict humanities Latin’s Coleridge Londinium, 400 CE–600 CE £48,002 £13,169 £50,000

14 May 2017 Professor Alessandra Tanesini Dr Rebecca Coleman Dr Hagar Kotef Cardiff University Goldsmiths, University of London SOAS, University of London The mismeasure of the self: a study in vice Mediating presents: producing ‘the now’ in Home: the violence of political belonging epistemology contemporary digital culture (or: mobility and stability in Israel/ £41,063 £47,675 Palestine) £43,825 Dr Maria Tavares Professor Richard Collier Queen’s University Belfast Newcastle University Dr Charlotte Lemanski Revolutionary women/women of the Wellbeing, law and society: politics, policy University of Cambridge revolution: of heroes and antiheroes and practice – a socio-legal study Infrastructural citizenship in South £45,487 £47,587 Africa’s mega-human settlements £50,000 Professor Barbara Taylor Dr Thomas Cornelissen

Queen Mary, University of London University of York Dr Yipeng Liu The perils of solitude: perceptions of solitude The role of co-workers in determining University of Birmingham in Britain, 1660–1820 workers’ long-term labour market success Cultivating entrepreneurial ecosystems: £47,520 £48,072 the meanings of risk for migrant Dr Louise Tillin entrepreneurs King’s College London Professor Jane Davison £49,996 Welfare and capitalism in India: a political Royal Holloway, University of London Emile Zola: property bubbles, banking crises history Dr John Nagle £47,422 and the role of money in society £37,872 University of Aberdeen Gender equality and LGBT rights after Dr Elisabeth van Kessel conflict: non-sectarian social movements University of St Andrews Dr Nadine El-Enany and consociationalism in Northern Stolen ships and globalisation: Asian material Birkbeck, University of London Ireland and Lebanon culture in Europe, c.1600 From love to justice: the role of family in £43,738 £42,800 death in custody cases £46,058 Dr Maude Vanhaelen Dr Melanie Richter-Montpetit University of Warwick Dr Sara Farris University of Sheffield Plato and his readers in sixteenth-century Goldsmiths, University of London Beyond the erotics of Orientalism: queer Italy Corporate care and migrant workers in times and feminist investments in liberal war £30,772 of crisis and austerity £49,548 £43,856 Professor Peter Waldron Dr Mark Riley University of East Anglia Dr Adam Fish University of Liverpool Russia’s first world war: the advance of the Lancaster University Death of the family farm? Using return public sphere Opening the dronecode: the privatisation of farm life histories to explore the family £48,275 urban airspace in the United Kingdom farm ‘crisis’ £49,132 £38,990 Dr Sophie Weeks University of York Dr Catherine Gegout Professor James Shields Francis Bacon’s science of magic University of Nottingham Aston University £43,745 The European Union and the developing How extremists govern: lessons from world: protectionism and exploitation? France Professor Richard Whatmore £49,236 £47,833 University of St Andrews

The end of enlightenment. Death and the Professor Maia Green future for the philosophers, 1776–1809 Dr Lisa Stampnitzky University of Manchester £48,889 University of Sheffield Do social cash transfers change attitudes How torture became speakable towards the poor in Tanzania? £46,701 Social Sciences £43,371

Dr Dallal Stevens Dr Timothy Hicks Dr Lori Allen University of Warwick University College London SOAS, University of London Access to refugee protection in the Middle A popular paradox of thrift: the mass politics A genealogy of political proof: making East of austerity facts through investigative commissions in £49,622 Palestine, 1919–2009 £42,657 £48,337 Professor Rhys Jones Dr Karen Throsby Dr Felix Berenskoetter Aberystwyth University University of Leeds SOAS, University of London Translating behaviour change: theories, Sugar rush: science, obesity and the social Friendship in international relations policies and practices life of sugar £49,159 £49,913 £44,581

Dr Barnali Choudhury Dr Sarah Keenan Dr Zsuzsanna Vargha University College London Birkbeck, University of London University of Leicester International investment law and non- Making land liquid: the temporality of title The personalised economy: conversation economic rights registration and data in the era of algorithms £11,804 £46,983 £41,989

www.leverhulme.ac.uk 15 INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC Professor Frank Keller Professor Graham Mort FELLOWSHIPS University of Edinburgh Lancaster University Eye-tracking for knowledge acquisition in Taking liberties: ideals of freedom in Sciences language and vision contemporary South Africa £33,020 £22,265 Professor Jens Eggers Dr Andrew MacColl University of Bristol Dr Abigail Ward University of Nottingham Microfluidics: fundamental problems and University of Nottingham Genome analysis for evolutionary ecology applications In dialogue with the past: legacies of the £37,809 £37,959 transatlantic trade in Canada’s modern-day slavery Professor Peter Symonds £39,700 Dr Kyle Dexter University of Manchester University of Edinburgh New contexts for representation theory Relative influence of environment vs. tree £24,596 species on forest ecosystem function Social Sciences £38,810 Humanities Dr Myria Georgiou Dr Elliot Freeman London School of Economics and Political City, University of London Dr Mark Jago Science Individual differences in perceptual University of Nottingham Communicating the digital city: comparative synchronisation Developing truthmaker semantics outlooks and co-creative methods £6,938 £26,980 £20,900

Professor Gideon Henderson Dr Catherine Jones Dr Daniel O'Neill University of Oxford University of Aberdeen University of Leeds Unlocking understanding of soil processes Historiography of anatomy in the northern Full employment and sustainability: towards a with new geochemical tools European Atlantic world, c.1650–c.1800 political ecological economics £36,857 £27,349 £29,938

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Going back to basics: The meaning and Marching with reverse engineering impact of luxuries donkeys. Protest tactics the adhesive of the across the ancient and industrial conflict sea anemone Aiptasia world, 100 BCE–300 CE in twentieth-century pallida Italy

Image reproduced under CC BY-SA 2.0.

16 May 2017