Velimir Abramović

TESLA & THE RISE OF SPIRITUAL PHYSICS

TESLA-PATENS INSTITUTE PUBLISHING BELGRADE 2015

1

A BEING AND ITS BECOMING…:

2 To the readers becoming the new members of TESLIANA WORLD BROTHERHOOD:

– How was Tesla able to use the influence of super-low-frequency electromagnetic waves on biological systems, especially the workings of the cerebrum; coalesce energy structures, the so called “fire balls” from an inductive field of primary and secondary electromagnetic coils; superconductivity of natural and artificial mediums; the so-called wireless transmission of energy, and so on? – What are the main axioms of Tesla’s cosmology? – How do they follow from his metaphysics? – How did he apply them in his physical experiments? – Why are theorists and empiricists of modern physics of time so interested in the reconstruction of Tesla’s missing theory of physical reality and his view on electromagnetic phenomena? – Why didn't Tesla formulate his scientific theory and publish it? – Can Tesla’s sight on the ethical aspect of scientific discoveries help to ennoble modern natural science, especially physics, which is in an idea crisis now? – What can we expect in the near future from studying Tesla’s concepts? – Is it an overstatement to say that Tesla, in 1900 founded the possibility of a global information-oriented society in his famous project – World-wide Wireless System at Wardenclyffe? – Whether it is actually the technical and technological basis of what we now call the “New World order”? – Shall we consider Tesla to be a spiritual precursor of a new scientific and technological civilization named as Tesliana? The Technology of “time design” rules in Tesliana, where the time-shift or rather asynchronicity of various levels of physical processes will be the only and inexhaustible energy source.

Tesla’s “World order” was constructed starting from principles of his own inventions. Let’s enumerate some of them. These are:

 Tesla’s Transformer Motors , i.e. device for creation of electro-vibrations with specific properties;  Step-up Transformer – specially designed to excite the Earth (this device with its electrical transmission is analogous to a telescope in astronomy).  Tesla’s Wireless System – including certain devices, now considered to be an untouched method to transmit electrical current without wires.  Device For Individualization Of A Signal, which in comparison with a primitive method to match signal means the same as advanced language in comparison with

3 inarticulate mumbling. Due to this device, it is possible to transmit secret signals both in passive and in active form, because they do not jam other transmissions and cannot be jammed by them. Any transmission is unique in its rhythm and has individual features; actually, it is an unlimited quantity of stations and instruments, which can act on one or two frequencies and at the same time they would not cause any mutual jamming.  Wave Processes In Earth’s Ionosphere ; in popular explanation, this discovery means that the Earth's field reacts on electrical vibrations of a given frequency in the same way as a tuning fork resonates with a certain length of a soundwave. These electrical vibrations can have a strong influence on the Earth's magnetic field. Such resonant effects can be used by different ways to change the universal energy system.

THE LUCID EVENT – TESLA IS COMING TO AMERICA

Displacing from Europe to United States, June 6, 1884*, Tesla was firstly disappointed with a great change: “I wish that I could put in words my first impressions of this country. In the Arabian Tales I read how genii transported people into a land of dreams to live thru delightful adventures. My case was just the reverse. The genii had carried me from a world of dreams into one of realities. What I had left was beautiful, artistic and fascinating in every way; what I saw here was machined, rough and unattractive. A burly policeman was twirling his stick which looked to me as big as a log. I approached him politely with the request to direct me. “Six blocks down, then to the left,” he said, with murder in his eyes. “Is this America?” I asked myself in painful surprise. “It is a century behind Europe in civilization.” When I went abroad in 1889 – five years having elapsed since my arrival here – I became convinced that it was more than one hundred years AHEAD of Europe and nothing has happened to this day to change my opinion. My inventions, 1919.

Ignorant people very often remark why Tesla had destroyed the contract with Westinghouse Company, which could make him extremely rich, and, what is the most important – financially independent in his costly scientific research. They simply do not realize the Tesla`s high spiritual position in the history of mankind. At the time, he was already fully aware that he starts a completely new Civilization based on free environmental energy, robotics, remote controlling and universal consciousness.

......

4 *However when summing up these digits, we get 3, 6, 9 combination: the 6th of June (day of arriving) plus June, the 6th month in the year, equals 12, which finally equals 3. 1+8+8+4 (the year of arriving) equals 21 which is 3 again, while the whole date 6+6+1+8+8+4 equals 6. The day of arriving (6) plus year of arriving (3) equals 9. The same number 9 we get if the Month of arriving (6) is added to year of arriving (6).

WHY THIS BOOK NOW

Theosophical principle of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky: “There is no higher religion than truth”, is purely scientific one. We are contemporaries of birth of a Unique Common Spirituality of Planetary Mankind. Historically speaking, this time a new, matching type of religiousness shall appear from science. That would be New and Unique Spirituality, matching the Scientology Era of Global Society, above the national cultures and especially above the existing religions, in essence – deeper understanding of real, but still mystical mathematics, the one which creates the World of things.. The united planet needs a new type of religiousness, which would surely be universal teaching of Spiritualized Physics, rooted in transcendental level of existence, pertaining to the very creation of the World, exceeding the cognitive powers of the human mind. Each religion has had its human founder, the Aryans – Rama, Judaism – Moses, Hinduism – Krishna, Zoroasters – Zarathustra, Christians – Christ, Buddhist – Buddha, Moslems – Muhammad. The new scientific religion, matching the scientological global society has its holy scientist, an ascetic, modern monk with highest mental and spiritual properties – Nikola Tesla. What should we do to make this new form of religion – scientific one – prevail at last? We should articulate the modern theosophical thought which would give in physics experimental results based on repeated research of time, space, light and heavy mass based on Tesla Aether Technology. For the beginning, it is necessary to introduce provable Time Hypothesis. Just time, in its pure form, separated from matter, does not appear anywhere, it is outside the human sensory perception, extrasensory foundation of the World, limitless Natural Continuum. The only manifestation of the time is Consciousness, i.e. our whole world, the one we are aware of. Actually, the consciousness or continuity of existence of the World is the main characteristics of Constant Present Time, based on the Law of Continuity of which the World is constantly created (creatio continua). By introducing physical interpretation of the time in the science, even just with the very consciousness about the need to do so, and even with the very intention or wish – not just physics, but all the other sciences rooted in it, and these are actually, all human scientific disciplines, the whole philosophy and human cognizance in general – shall receive new meaning, shall become spiritualized and establish a link with impassable physical reality, the foundation of which is Spirit, for which in physics we have the right name, but the

5 name which we cannot understand scientifically, and this is impassable universal time – Constant Present Time, Eternity. It is always the same time – present time. The present moment is independent of the change of time and mass, is permanently same in itself, it is infinite and immutable; the time doesn’t move, has no flow, or speed. “The world did not originate in time, but has derived from time” St. Augustine, Confessions. The time is not a simple, relative measure for space and mass, like it is observed today, but a fundamental natural law of general cosmic change, and like all exact laws of physics – there is no evolution. What is really ephemeral are space and mass, resulting from time and changing according to the main and the deepest natural law of continuity, common constitutive characteristics of ontological Continuum, mathematical objects of point and zero, (also uninterrupted) and finally, of Constant Present Time, which due to its infinity, has so many coexisting centers (polycentricism). That constant presence, I have to stress, has generic capabilities, creative power. Two times two centers of Ontological Continuum (or physically – of Infinite Present Time) form a radius, which then decomposes the Continuum into internal spherical parts. Diameters of such formed spheres are internal times separating unequal n parts of the space between themselves (smaller spherical space from the bigger one) and the whole space from infinity (spherical space from the point of time). The whole world actually consists of eternal present time, as Saint Augustine understood (VI century A.D.) while the Western and Eastern Church still haven’t initiated schism and ignorance, while the reflection of true knowledge of the preceding civilizations still reached those philosophers. We shouldn’t grieve for anything, be afraid from anything, we shouldn’t plan anything, because nothing passes nor comes (A man dreams, but God decides…) because all of us, Cosmic Patriots, to us, who like Tesla – consider the Light Aether the real homeland, have been secured based on spiritual necessity, that when we leave this world, we shall expand our bodily limited sense of vision into comprehensive and eternal spiritual sight, and freed from heavy mass, limitations and deception of senses – we shall observe all frequencies, all wavelengths of Aether at once, and then we could see the real Cosmos in whole its magnificent simplicity, we would see it and endowed with primordial awareness we shall dive into that dazzling sphere of infinite radius. And passing, conscious and fully awaken, through that last cosmic illusion of clear sparkling light, we shall come to know the final truth, the one which can still be stated linguistically, we shall find out all-pervading gravitation as immeasurable love – the last foundation of existence, before the God.

6

Figure 1: Tesla’s coil Vortex of Constant Present Time

ORIGIN, LIFE, WORK, SCIENTIFIC CREATIVITY, EXPERIMENTS, PATENTS, COSMOLOGICAL THEORY, UNUSUAL PSYCHICAL PROPERTIES, FUTURE OF DEVELOPMENT OF UNIQUE SPIRITUAL PHYSICS WHICH HAS BEEN STARTED BY INGENIOUS INVENTOR NIKOLA TESLA

7

Figure 2: The Spirit of Tesla in his material form

A Being of the World is unpredictable. According to the principle of energetic economy, everything that happens in the nature is always the easiest. On its way to be realized, an idea passes where resistance is the least, where conditions are already been prepared for it. That is the reason why Tesla was born neither in Vienna, London, Paris, nor in any other scientific metropolis, but in the house of Georgina (Djuka) and Milutin Tesla, in the idyllic nature of Lika. Tesla’s earthly life is beginning…

“From time to time, in rare intervals, the Holy Ghost of discovery steps down to the earth to announce some secret which should advance the mankind. It chooses the best prepared, the most meritorious, and whispers the secret to his ear. The precious knowledge comes like a flash of light. When he comprehended the hidden meaning, the chosen man sees a marvelous change: a new world is before his thrilled eyes, that hardly divine the similarity with the old one. That is not a temporary illusion, a mere play of his excited imagination or a phantom of mist that is going to disappear. The miracles he sees, no matter how far they are, will stay here. He knows that, there is no a shadow of suspicion in his mind,he feels it by each part of his body: that is a Great idea.”

– Tesla wrote in The Note on Cabanellas Patent no.164.995 around the year 1900, when his polyphase system, established on rotating magnetic field, has already been applied, and all confusions about the invention priority eliminated. Led by providence above him and a great idea in himself, Nikola Tesla found himself in the harbor for immigrants on the island Bedlow, near New York, on June 6th, 1884. He started from Paris, by train, to Avre, then to Liverpool by ship, and from there, by the steamer the City of Richmond, he sailed to America. He had four cents in his pocket,

8 several of his poems, the solution of one difficult integral and the drawings of a flying machine. In 1936, when he thanked for the annual prize given to him by the Institute for Immigrant Affairs, he described his encounter with the New continent:

“Early in 1884, while I was working in a French company in Paris, I was making great improvements in dynamo machines and motors, and the Edison company from New York engaged me to draw and construct similar machines for them. The highlight of my ambition and my most ardent wish has been to come in contact with Edison and to see America. Therefore, I left on my journey after I had lost my money and my tickets, experienced a series complications, including a revolt when I almost lost my life. I landed to these blessing shores with four cents in the pocket. My first intention had been to find my close American friend before than I went to Edison’s main office. On my way to the center of the town I passed by one shop where a mechanic was trying to repair an electrical machine made in Europe. He had just given up from the hopeless work and I took the machine to repair, not even thinking that there would be any payment. It was not easy, but I had repaired it to run perfectly. I was astonished when the mechanic gave me twenty dollars and said that it would have been good that I had come to America many years earlier.”

In 1689, when the Turks finally left Lika, the village Smiljan was inhabited by the Serbs, the Croats from Backa and the inhabitants of a coastal region. They all were Christians, but the Croats from Backa and the inhabitants of a coastal region were of catholic religion, while the Serbs were of orthodox religion. Lika became a part of the Military Border and a constituent part of Austria-Hungarian monarchy, and the center of the 11th regiment under the command of a border guard captain,the Serb. The Military Border had been a militarized border zone which served to west-European countries as a defense. This has finally stopped the penetration of the Turkish empire toward the West. The region extended from the river Drava on the north to the mountain Velebit on the coast of the Adriatic sea. In the middle of the nineteenth century, Lika, as a part of the Military Border, was under direct jurisdiction of the Austrian court and the Serbian inhabitants of Smiljan depended neither on the Croatian nor on the Hungarian government. The Austrian headquarter in Vienna was full of high-rank officers, the Serbs by origin. After Croatian-Hungarian agreement (1869) and abolition of the Military Border, Lika lost its earlier importance and privileged status, but remained an integral part of the Austria-Hungarian monarchy up to 1918, when it was united with the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, changing its name into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929). At that time Croatia did not exist as an independent state. On April 10th, 1941, Croatian Nazi movement – ustashas, pro-fascist collaborators, proclaimed the Independent state of Croatia, under protection of Germany, Italy, and Japan and the Serbs were persecuted on their territory. Then, in Smiljan, the Serbian orthodox church, where Tesla’s father had worked as a priest, and Tesla’s native house were destroyed.

9 After World War II, Lika, by territory, belonged to the National Republic of Croatia, being one of the constitutive republics of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (DFJ), then the Federative National Republic of Yugosavia (FNRJ),and finally the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ). The Croatian borders were defined then and they are valid even today. The Republic of Croatia, having passed a series of transformations, finally got its independent state status by international recognition in 1992. After that, the great majority of the Serbian inhabitants had emigrated and the Karlovac district office established, which also comprised Lika, as an organizational unit in the political structure of a new Croatian state. Nikola Tesla is a Serb, of the orthodox faith, was born in the zone of the Military Border under the jurisdiction of the Austrian court, educated in Croatian and Austria–Hungarian surroundings (high school in Karlovac, Politechnical Institute in Graz and Prague), who had realized all his scientific ideas in the United States of America, where he also died. Lika, the region he has originated from and where he has grown up, was much different than America. Epic tradition of the Serbian people, summarized in the postulate that the empire of heaven is more important than the empire of earth, contradicted to the American practicality. High moral norms, received from his father, the orthodox priest, have been clashing with the American reality whole his life. The photographs from those days show his standing straight, a daring and clear look, purity and refinement in clothing, which he has maintained up to the end of his life. In spite of being popular in company, he highly appreciated loneliness, enjoying in early discovered spiritual world. In middle age, Tesla turned to asceticism, restraining himself from everything that separated him from work. He brought with him to America a genetic endurance of his ancestors and instructions on lean and renouncement; the most interesting for him was a part of the Bible which speaks about the genesis of the world. By long-lasting training he had succeeded to adapt his body needs to mind demands. The name of his native area Lika has its origin in the Greek word “likos” (wolf). Tesla’s earliest memories are Lika’s “water and stone”. Wider area of Lika is a natural fortress among high Dinaric mountains of Velebit, Pljesevica and Kapela. The area of Smiljan is a large plateau in the center of Lika, bounded on the north by the little river Otesica, on the east by the little river Lika and the town Gospić, on the south by the hill Ostra, and on the west by the mountain Velebit. Nikola’s native house had been at the foothill Bogdanic,next to the parish church, where his father Milutin served. A brook Vaganac was flowing just near the house and the church. The nearest neighbors were a few kilometers far from them. From the very beginning, Nikola was used to be by himself so the familiarity with natural forces was something usual. Tesla’s father, a priest Milutin, wrote about the nature of Lika, on Peter’s Day (Petrovdan), in the Serbian diary, in 1855.

“Yesterday there was a terrible heat and the air was heavy, in the afternoon it rained from Velebit, and toward the evening it cleared up and the air was cold, the sky was smiling and the stars were shining as never before. Suddenly, it flashed from the east, and it was as if three hundred torches would burst into flames, it went off

10 toward the west, the stars disappeared, and one could say the whole nature had stopped. The appearance along the sky firmament seemed so close as if one could reach it by a sling, and it was heard just like a distant waterfall throwing off sparks and leaving bluish stripes behind, and when it poured there,over the nearest hill, it looked like a dawn, an echo was stretching on the south side of Velebit for a long time,as if a big tower had fallen down. Then, a few minutes later, darkness arose and myriads of heaven lights turned pale seeing the face of this little God’s phenomenon.”

A year had not passed after this noticed and described natural phenomenon, but the fourth child, a son Nikola, was born to the priest Milutin Tesla. His wife Djuka bore him his first son Danilo in Senj, where the priest served, immediately after finishing theology. The second child, a daughter Milka, was also born there. After moving to Smiljan, the first born was Angelina, then Nikola, at midnight between 9th and 10th of July, 1856. Tesla himself gave this detail about being born at midnight, and he described the occasion how he had known it. One rainy night, mother called him to say good-bye to his dead brother, with the words:

“God gave me one at midnight, but at midnight he took me the other.”

The transcript of his birth certificate, which is saved today in the Museum of Nikola Tesla in Belgrade, and written in Church Slavic language, has the birth date June 28th according to Julian Calendar, or July 10th, according to Gregorian Calendar. In the birth certificate the name Nikolaj has been written, and he got it by the both of his grandfathers. The godfather was a friend of the priest Milutin, a captain Jovan Drenovac, and christening has been carred out in the church of Peter and Paul in Smiljan by a clergyman Toma Oklobdzija, the administrator of Gospić. At that time, Smiljan was the main parish, and Gospić a chapel’s office. Christening was carried out the day after the child’s birth, which was not in the usual way. Such a fast christening used to be carried out only with the children who were weak, often ill and when the parents were concerned that the child could die. On May 18th, 1917, when he thanked for Edison’s decoration, Tesla remembered that his parents, from his birth, had intended him to be in a service of a priest and that the cause for it probably was some exceptional event when he was born: Nikola’s mother Georgina, all called her Djuka, was born in 1812, as the oldest of eight children of Nikola Mandić and Sofija, born Budisavljevic. Like the majority of women from poor and passive region, Djuka has never been photographed and few material data left about her life. Tesla wrote about her:

“My mother comes from one of the oldest families in the country, she was an inventing talent of the first class and I am convinced that she would have done great things if she had not been so far from modern life and its countless opportunities… she was an ingenious woman, particularly gifted with intuition.”

11

Tesla’s school friend Mojo Medic testified that he, together with other boys, had often asked Nikola to take them to his mother who would show them a miracle of skill – how to tie a knot on the eye-lash, with two fingers. She herself constructed and made a loom, having never seen it before. She was improving and finding new ways how to make unusual threads from various plants and then she made fabrics. On inner peace and spirituality of this woman there is also a datum that, on one occasion, she went to the house of one family where all the members had died from a dangerous contagious disease, and she bathed them, dressed them and prepared for the funeral, which nobody dared to do it. Among all the families whose gene had been crossed in Nikola Tesla, the most written data left on the family Budisavljevic, of which his mother’s mother came from. The Budisavljevics have been among the most respected Serbian families-tribes in Lika. Two members of the Budisavljevics got aristocracy from the Austrian emperors in the eighteenth and the nineteenth century. They were educated and rich, with sufficient conscience and free time to deal with their own origin. Alexander Leko Budisavljevic, a son of the Austrian general Buda, Tesla’s uncle, wrote and published a manuscript The Tribe of the Budisavljevics in The Upper Military Border, in Novi Sad, in 1890. The crucial year in the history of the family Budisavljevic was the year 1459. After the battle of Kossovo, in 1389, when the prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic was killed,the last fully independent Serbian medieval ruler, the prince’s widow Milica gave her youngest daughter to the Turkish sultan Baiasit to a harem, providing in such a way a short period of vassal status for Serbia. When in 1459, the Turkish empire moved their army again for the intention to conquer Europe, the Turks specially attacked the Serbian orthodox clergy:

“Once a year, some old monk, a hermit would go out to the mountain to make a cross on all the four sides and blessed: What was born, let it be christened, what was met, let it be married, what was dead, let it be praised.”

A historical role of the Serbian clergy of that time was to save the characteristics given to the Serbian church by its first archbishop St. Sava, whom the bishop Nikolay Velimirovic, obviously being inspired by Tesla’s mission, calls “an inventor”, and who had cut a hesitation of the Serbian parish priests between the Byzantium and Roman church power, and who “had invented the third power, neither the Byzantium nor the Roman – but the power of free national church.” In the study Lika’s Group from 1931, the anthropologist Jovan Cvijic gave the key data on the character of the people of the Lika region:

“…They have a wide span of a soul: they can forgive a lot and sacrifice them, but also revenge to madness… To make a mistake on the God and on the man, which is the same for the Lika’s people, that is the hardest and the deepest feeling… which burns the soul most horribly and there are no amends they could bear in atonement ,

12 only to make it easier. They particularly appreciate the people “coming from God”, good and making good; for a man of bad properties and who doesn’t maintain “the faith”, they have a word “rascovek” (not a man / free translation). In the worst situations they use to console themselves by their destiny and they obey it.”

During the Turkish occupation of Lika, up to the half of the nineteenth century, haiduk life (way robbery) had been developed, when the people of Lika were cruel, but also “noble”. For them, “the faith”, the promise given to an enemy, also was a sacred thing. They loved duels. There were also haiduk women. They were very pious and “they used to carry a bone of some saint in their riffle butt; when leaving for a battle they would turn to the east and pray to God.” General Bude Budisavljevic was born in Pecani, in 1790. He had finished the German military schools and already at the age of nineteen he took part in all important clashes during the French invasion in Lika. In the year 1812, like a professional soldier, he joined the campaign of Napoleonic army to Russia. His notes from that campaign was published as a diary in the journal Srbobran, in 1912. In the stormy 1848, Bude, together with his four sons officers, fought in the army of his godfather ban Jelačić, who, knowing his abilities and utter courage, had placed him to lead the advance guard. For his merits, he was nominated a general by the special decree, but he didn’t get the medal of Maria Teresia, which he had deserved, according to the words of Jelacic himself. Bude’s life goal became introducing of Serbian schools in Lika and he particularly made influence to Milutin Tesla, who continued his work. Friendship and respect which Milutin cherished towards Buda and all his family are certainly in close connection with his marriage to Georgina, Djuka, the oldest daughter of the priest Nikola Mandić and Sophia, born Budisavljević. According to John O’Neill, the family Tesla moved to Lika from the Old Serbia, in the end of the 17th or at the beginning of the 18th century. According to the testimony of Nikola himself, and according to tradition preserved in their family, their earlier surname had been Draganic. Grandfather of Nikola Tesla by father, also called Nikola, had been married to Ana, born Kalinić, and except a son Milutin, he had two daughters more and a son Josif, who was well-known as an excellent mathematician among the members of the family. Milutin Tesla was born in February 1819, in the village of Raduč. Together with his brother Josif, he finished the German school in Gospić at first, then he went to a military school, and he dropped out of it and enrolled theology in Plaski,which was still in the house of Lukijan Mušicki. When he had finished theology, he married Djuka Mandić, in 1845. According to the description of his contemporaries, Milutin has been a tall and a slim man, of a pale and long face,pronounced cheekbones and a concerned look. There is an unusual datum left by Nikola, telling that Milutin had carried out his clergyman’s service in the region of Smiljan and its surrounding not only for the Christians, but also for the Turks of Mohammedan faith. Those were probably certain

13 Serbs converted to Islam, who called the Serbian priest secretly to say them a prayer, on the day of their former family Slava (the family feast of the patron saint).

“My father was a real philosopher, a poet and a writer… he had extraordinary memory and he would very often recite long fragments from the works written in various languages. He even used to tell, while joking, that he would be able to write by memory any classic work if it was lost… He had a funny habit to speak to himself and in his room he would discuss loudly while even changing his voice. If somebody, not knowing that, had heard him, he could have sworn that in the room there were a few persons with him.”

In one interview given in America, Tesla told that, when he was a ten-years boy, he had heard a story from his father about a Christian saint, who put his hand into the fire in order to show the firmness of his faith and that he did not pull it until it had burnt. He ran for the oil lamp, lit it and put his index finger above it. His meat began to burn and his father ahd his sister hardly succeeded to persuade him to pull it. Tesla’s early development was followed by a lack of self-confidence. The cause for that was his brother Danilo, who was thought of a genius in their family. There were no evidences left about his ingenuity, either appearance description or a photography, testimonies of the father, mother or relatives. Danilo was about twelve years old when he died. Tesla himself was also undetermined regarding his feelings. In the letter written to the Turkish consul in New York, Mehmet Ali Jukselen, Tesla described that tragic event in detail:

“My father was a very learned and famous clergyman of the Greek Orthodox church who did missionary work for Christians and Mohammedans alike about eighty years ago. He had to cover great distances, cross mountain passes with steep and precipitous pathways and although a splendid rider he had difficulty in obtaining a speedy and sure footed horse especially as the mountains were infested by wolves. He rendered valuable services to your people which were reported to an enlightened and wealthy Pasha who deserving to my fathers humanitarian efforts made him a present of a magnificent horse of pure Arabian blood whose normal pace was gallop at great speed. These horses save the life by incredible intelligence and courage in the greatest danger from wolves. But unfortunately my brother / a youth of commending genious / was thrown from the saddle and sustained injuries from which he never recovered. The horse was much attached to him and showed its grief and heart gripping manner. I witnessed this tragic scene when I was three years old and it is indelably recorded in my memory. After brother’s death my despering father returned the horse to its generous donnor.”

At that age, Nikola started to feel disgust towards woman’s earrings, he found out that he could not stand pearl, he was fascinated by the shape and radiance of crystal, he would get fever when he only watched peaches, he would count mouthfuls and steps walking, he

14 would calculate the volume of plates and coffee cups, and everything he had come in contact with and could be counted, should have been divisible with three. The conscience of fact that he had been different than others and that something strange was happening with him, frightening but beautiful, slowly but certainly overcame him more and more. Together with his school education, his father gave him an additional teaching which consisted of various useful exercises like:

“Guessing of other people’s thoughts, revealing of various mistakes and phrases, repeating of long sentences or calculating by heart.”

He learned German quickly, with regard to the fact that the lessons at school had been carried out in that language and he started to read everything. Soon his father started to limit him, being worried for his health. The priest did not like his reading of heretic books, alien to Christianity, as well as the fact that he did not see any enthusiasm in his son for the clergyman vocation. One of the books which had made great influence upon Nikola, after arriving to Gospić, was the novel Abafi, by a Hungarian writer Jozika, in Serbian translation. The novel is a life story of a young man, who was gradually going astray and who changed himself by an accidentally awaken will and decisiveness to make his life better. Tesla was eight when he read it and when he, with a young boy’s delight, started to train his will. He discovered soon how he could control his wishes by his mind. The foundation of his inventive method, conceived in those young boy’s days in Gospić, had been the ability to imagine a picture of some object, a device or a machine in space in front of him, precisely, with all details and in proportion, with the possibility to move the parts, to change the proportion and to lessen or magnify the picture according to his wish. At the age of twelve, for the first time, he succeeded to remove a spontaneous eye-date picture by means of his will power. Delighted, he ran to his mother and father, and shouted out: “I can pronounce a word, without seeing it.” From 1867, he attended three years of high primary school, so called “realka” (the school in which modern languages and sciences are stressed). “He was a great card player”– his friend Bracan was talking– “He would mostly meet Vurdelja and Pusa, then they would go under our stacks and play cards all day long.” Tesla’s good friend from that time, Mojo Medić, emphasizes generosity as a special Tesla’s virtue: “Nikola has been born with opened hands.” The most powerful spiritual influences have been made under the auspices of his family. Before leaving for Karlovac he was a caster of bells and he was reading in his father’s church. He prayed, took part in liturgy life, fasted and took Communion. Lika has been on the periphery of the Serbian nation and there the Serbs had a strong nostalgia for mother country. The most important things for the Lika’s people were not material but spiritual values like defense of truth. They followed the original Christ teachings strictly and they maintained the morality under the hardest conditions by the belief in soul immortality.

15 The rational view upon the world was something that made a difference between Tesla and his ancestors. Uncle Petar, the future metropolitan “dabrobosanski” was responsible for his meeting with Decart’s skepticism. According to Tesla’s testimony, uncle Petar “had read Decart out of boredom”, and because of that other priests made fun of him. Under his auspices, Nikola studied the foundations of modern philosophy-scientific thought and led discussions with him on Decart’s mechanism. A conflict of two spiritual qualities happened then in Tesla’s soul: St. Sava’s preaching and western pragmatism. There are some authors (Dan Mrkić) who consider that the same thing has happened with Tesla as with many other Serbian intellectuals in modern history: strengthened by education and in that sense superior to their parents,simultaneously deceived by the simplicity of the orthodox faith teaching, they were apt for becoming adherents of western philosophy of life which was growing in all its varieties, bearing an ideal of rationalism, as an exchange for the ideal of the God. In 1870, Tesla became a student of High real school, and came to Karlovac, in Croatia. On the way from Gospić to Karlovac, he saw a railway train for the first time, which thrilled him greatly. Consideration on invention of an ideal transport means became one of his favorite topic he would deal with up to the end of his life. “Realka” in Karlovac has been a famous and a respected school where students have been preparing for the studies of engineering. According to the preserved data, in the school year 1880/81, in the cabinet of physics, there were 277 apparatuses and devices. Professor Martin Sekulić had an important role in Tesla’s life. He was introducing his students with the latest achievements in electrical engineering, discovery of a lead accumulator, Gramme machine of direct currents, connection of America and Europe by transatlantic cable laying. Tesla would remember the lessons of physics and the experiments his professor demonstrated gladly: “I can not describe you the power of my feelings even approximately when I would attend his experiments with that mysterious phenomena. Each of those experiments met thousands of echoes in my brain. I wanted to get to know more about that extraordinary power, was eager for experiments, researching and I stepped back with a pain in my soul…” Tesla’s school friend, Julije Bartoković says:

“He has never learned a lot from the school books, but he listened to the lectures carefully, especially the professor of physics, whose words he would involve into a lot.”

He was reading Jules Verne, and in school he worked just as much as it needed. His secret internal life became deeper and deeper. In Karlovac he succeeded to control mental pictures so, that they represented the source of his great satisfaction. He got a high-school diploma in 1873, being very good, because his mark in descriptive geometry was only sufficient. In the first semester of the seventh grade he achieved rather bad success – sufficient mark in mathematics, physics and descriptive geometry, which showed that he had been doing something else, much more important than schooling. The hour came when he had to face the destiny their parents had determined for him. It was assigned to him from his birth, and everything that was happening to him later, just

16 made his parents be more sure in their persuasion that Nikola’s life should be devoted to God, and that he had to be a clergyman. When he fell into the cauldron of hot milk from the roof of the house, and and did not have any injuries and burns, the parents said: “Hasn’t it been strange? He will certainly be a bishop, a metropolitan, maybe a patriarch.” Young Tesla would often show disobedience toward his parents, particularly toward his father. He would escape from school, play cards,later read books passionately, smoke, drink coffee too much, and all that in spite of his father’s wishes. Immediately after coming to Gospić, he became ill from cholera badly and caught bed spending there the next nine months. It was expected that he would die. In one moment, the old Tesla approached his bed, caressed his son on his head and said: “You will be good.” Nikola, delirious, stammered: “Maybe, if you leave me to study engineering.” Milutin felt that in everything what was happening with his son there was God’s providance, and he promised his son that he would send him to the best technical school in Europe. All were amazed when Nikola had recovered, and his recovery was helped by an old servant- woman who had cured him with the bitter extract of beans. Having spent a year of recovery in the mountains, in autumn of 1875, Tesla enrolled Polytechnics in Graz, one of four schools in Austria-Hungary which were giving education to engineers, in addition to Polytechnics in Vienna, High Technical School in Prague and Technological Institute in Brno. Thanks to the authority of his relative Branković, he secceeded to get a scholarship from Military department in Karlovac, which “covered” ten school months. Tesla tried to pay the family back for their efforts by his hard work and persistence.

“I was expecting that moment with great impatience and I approached to my studies with happy tokens and a full belief in success. My preparation had been higher than middle, which I could thank to my father, his everyday worries for my education, his wise instructions. In those years I have already been able to speak in several languages, I have read many most different books so I had a notion on many less or more useful things. I could, finally, for the first time in my life, grasp those subjects which I had been most interested in. Drawing has never tortured me any more. Firmly making a decision to amaze and make my parents happy, during the first year I was studying without a break, from three o’clock in the morning to eleven o’clock in the night. And so day after day, both on Sundays and on holidays. My school chums were not so serious regarding studying so it was not so strange that I had been the first among them. During the first year I passed all nine exams and my professors were unanimous that I deserved the highest possible marks. I came home for a short holiday with a lot of the most praiseworthy characteristics, being sure that they would greet me with highest honors. But what a great disappointment it was when I had seen how my father was indifferent toward the praises I had deserved. That has swayed my ambitions a lot; but later, when I arranged my father’s papers after his death, I got to know the real reason for such his behavior. It turned out that my professors in their letters had advised my father to forbid my further schooling, because my too ambitious studying could, ostensibly, have ruined me. Upon my

17 return to Graz, I devoted myself mainly to the studies of physics, mechanics and mathematics, and all my free time I was spending in the libraries.”

Among the papers of Milutin Tesla, there were also some other letters from his correspondence with Nikola’s professors, the letters which testified of extraordinary ability of his son to have a showdown with the most complex problems of the studying program, which made an impression to all the members of the faculty. Tesla’s success at the University in Graz observed in the light of the figures who created the highest points of European science and culture, like John Kepler, who wrote his first great treatise The Mystery of Cosmos in Graz, or a famous physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, who has held the lectures in theoretical physics from 1869, seize the dimensions of significant steps for his future. In the memory of Nikola Tesla, regarding to this period of life, an important place has been taken by his professors Moritz Ale, the head of the Advanced Mathematics department, and Jacob Poeschl, a professor of physics:

“My successes were unusual and professors were interested in them. Among them, there were Dr Ale, who held lectures in differential equations and other branches of advanced mathematics, whose lectures distinguished themselves by unusual intelligence, and professor Poeschl, who was the head of theoretical and experimental physics department. I always remember that man with a feeling of gratitude. Poeschl was an eccentric: it was rumored that he had not changed his suit for twenty years. A lack of external attraction he was compensating by irreproachable way of presentation, and the experiments he had shown were, according to their precision, like a watch.”

Poeschl’s experiments, with a generator of direct current, were crucial for Tesla’s future. During the lectures on Gramme machine, he opposed to the authority of the professor. Something forced him on that day, when the professor Poeschl was showing the phenomena of direct current self-induction to the students, to stand up and say, in spite of great respect, that he did not think the same regarding the explanation of Gramme motor functioning. He added that the motor which operated by direct current and used a collector with brushes, could be constructed in other way, that it could be made much simpler, to operate without a collector and by alternating current. That what Tesla had uttered then, was a great heresy. The fact that alternating current could not be used for formation of rotating force, among the scientists – electric technicians of those days, was as firm as Newton’ Law. Realization of that idea has been considered impossible, which professor Poeschl said to his talented student immediately. Realization of such an idea “was just the same as transformation of the force which acted in one direction, for example, of the force of gravitation, into the force of circular motion, which was absolutely impossible.” It was not for the first time that he stood and commented the lectures of his professors. His study friend Antun Zorić, in the letter he sent to Tesla on July 30th, 1926, remembered how professor Roegner, who taught differential and integral calculation,

18 would often put a question,to which all students used to be silent, except Tesla, who always knew the answer.

He has joined the student society Srbadija, which cultivated and maintained the spirit of the Slavs. In an almanac of the society, issued in Novi Sad, in 1884, there is a datum that Tesla had delivered a lecture On Capillary Tubes. The phenomenon of fluid surface tension was then a completely new achievement of molecular physics. As the society, in addition to science, had also cultivated entertainment, Tesla would recite, act and include gladly into the work of the society. Kulusic mentioned Tesla’s lecture On the Noses, which was very witty. On the second year of his studying, he was on the list of debtors of the tailor Murko’s usurer workshop. On the third year of his studying, he would more and more exchange the university for a cafe. In the letters directed to Nikola, Antun Zorić was remembering their evenings spent in playing preference and eins, Tesla’s mastery in playing carom, and their cafe acquaintanceship with Panajotović, Kosirić, Mimi and Pfafi.

“My parents were very worried due to my passion toward gambling. Father was particularly angry, he despised my wasting of time and money. However, I have never promised him to stop playing, but, on the contrary, I would justify myself in various and quite vulgar ways…”

The epilogue of such events is not hard to be foreseen: from January 1878, Tesla is no more a student of Polytechnics in Graz. Having lost his scholarship, he turned to Matica Srpska, for the second time. From the request, sent on September 1st, 1878, we see that he wanted to continue his studies in Vienna or Prague, but not in Pest, because at that time, in addition to German, he had learned French, Italian and English, and Hungarian he had not known yet. Even the sound of humiliation, which was a general characteristic of the style when somebody applied in such a way, has not helped:

“Undersigned please the famous Serbian Matica the humblest,to enable him to finish the started sciences in engineering by giving him a scholarship for Vienna or Prague… He is a Serb which goes without saying…”

He was rejected again. But, in 1902, being a distinguished scientist, he forgave the “sin” to the famous Matica and became its member. At the end of the year 1878, not informing anybody, he left Graz. A gloomy period of his life began. Nobody still needed Tesla’s ingeniousness. His relative, Djuro Banjanin, on the plea of his parents,began to search for Nikola, without a success. Quite accidentally, he was found by his study friend, Kulisic, who

19 after getting a diploma came to Maribor, the then Marbourg, searching for a job. He came across him in an inn near the railway station. According to the preserved documents from the town administration of Maribor, Tesla was expelled from this town, by a decision of March 8th, and escorted under police guard to Gospić. On March 17th, the administration in Gospić informed the colleagues in Maribor that the escorted person came. According to the then valid laws of Austria- Hungary, homeless people, prostitutes, prematurely released personers and the persons without the means for living were being expelled. A month later, on April 30th, 1879, Tesla’s father Milutin died. According to the testimony of Mojo Medić, Tesla’s friend, who held an eulogy at the priest’s funeral, Nikola was not present while his father was dying, and where he was at that time, it has not been known. What really tortured Tesla then, was illusory “aimlessness of his ingeniousness.” At the beginning of January 1880, he departed to Prague. About that short-lasting stay the data were given by Frantisek Zurek in the text The Memories on Nikola Tesla, published in the Prague newspapers, in 1927.

“I got to know him in the eighties of the last century, in the then cafe Nacional in Vodickova street, a favorite meeting place of the students. Distinguished artists were also gathering there, among which Bedzich Smetana and Antonjin Dvorzac. The hall, the windows of which were facing the street, had billiard tables. A student Tesla has been unconquered master of this play… he was tall, slim and nicely built young man with a tanned face, without moustache and a negligently tied necktie. It was a man without great demands, who made impression of a reasonable male by his sarcastic smile. He spoke Czech well… The students of that time were astonished by his mathematical knowledge… After a certain time I met him in the Czar’s public library in Clementinum. In those years all of us here were delighted by Byron. I was reading his rhymes in German translation, comparing them to English original. Suddenly, in front of me, like an illusion, Tesla appeard, and his bony hand stretched out toward my book. He suggested me to read the beginning of each strophe, and he would citate further text by heart, and if I wanted – he could do it up to the end of the book. I tried several times, and I was persuaded that he knew practically the whole Byron by heart.”

In Prague, Tesla was educated as a part-time student of Physical-Mathematical Faculty of Karlo’s University, or Carolinum, on the Department for natural philosophy. He lived on Smeckagasse no. 13, went to the lectures to Carolinum, and to Tzar’s public library – Clementinum, and in the evening, obligatorily, to “The Nacional” for a party of carom or chess. One distinguished Serb of the XIX century more, Njegoš, was also a great enthusiast, whose The Mountain Wreath Tesla’s mother had known by heart. The residence of Njegos in Cetinje, people called Billiard. At the University of Prague, Tesla attended the lectures in analytical geometry, drill sessions in experimental physics, as well as the lessons of the professor of philosophy Carl Stumpf. In that semester, on the schedule there was Hume’s Philosophical Essay on

20 Human Sense. The professor particularly insisted on importance of observation, and that it could be demonstrated more convincing, he dipped his finger into a bitter liquid, then he licked the other finger, and asked from the students to “repeat that what they had seen.” Tesla enjoyed in electric light for the first time in his life on the streets of Prague. “The Russian light” by P.N. Jablockov, shown in Paris, in 1878, lit the Hibernska street in Prague, too, thanked to Czech electrician Frantisek Krzizik, who has founded a small factory for lamp production in Plzen. Tesla’s period of life spent in Prague was marked by searching for a new electric motor without a collector:

“I would draw to myself, before all, a machine of direct current, put it into operation and watch how the current transforms in its rotor. Then I would imagine one alternator and do the same thing. Finally, I would visualize the systems which consist of motors and generators. … I would separate a collector from the machine, put it on the other axle and let it operate in my consciousness… and with a such practice I have continued without interruption…”

He left Prague without acquired diploma of an engineer, but faithful to unerring internal voice:

“Instinct is something that is placed from the other side of a scientific researching. We possess, there is no doubt, very sensitive nerve cells, which enable us to feel the truth, even then when it is still unreachable to logical conclusions or other mind efforts. Under the influence of the professor’s authority I almost denied my idea for a short time…”

Still in his youth, Tesla had great problems with professors and colleagues, engineers, who did not comprehend that each creativity, to those who did not know its secret, at the beginning had to seem like a mistake. Particularly to an expert, because his conviction that he knows more than others, so his power to accept the new things is reduced. Thanks to the relations of his uncle Paja Mandić, active officer in Austria-Hungarian army, married to a daughter of a rich landowner, in 1882, Tesla came to Budapest. He got a job in an electric-power station, the owner of which was his uncle’s friend Ferenz Pushkas. Ferenz’s elder brother Tivadar, was at first a close cooperator of Edison, had specialized telephony, a completely new area of applied engineering in those days, and participated in building of the first main telephone exchange in the world Western Union Telegraph in Connecticut. As en Edison’s representative, he transferred the telephone business to Europe. On the World exhibition held in Paris, in 1881, he established a telephone transmission from the Paris Great opera, which, then, created a sensation. The rights for establishment of main telephone exchanges in Hungary, Tivadar transferred to younger brother, and when Tesla started to work with Ferenz, the installation of the first

21 main telephone exchange in Pest was finishing right along. Tesla was offered a job of “the main electrician.” On February 4th, 1882, Ferenz Pushkas, with a great success, realized the telephone transmission of the opera “Janos Hunyadi” from the National theater to the concert hall Vigado. Tesla’s acquaintance with a Hungarian engineer and inventor Karoly Cipernovski originates from that time. The transmission quality was better than that from Paris, thanks to Tesla’s invention, a telephone amplifier. According to A. G. Cvereva, the russion author of the biographic book Nikola Tesla, published in 1974, this invention referred to improvement of a telephone receiver. Tesla increased the number of magnets in the receiver and exchanged their places with regard to the membrane, by which he eliminated noises and increased audibility. Tesla’s early emphasized ability that, in the apparatus which was the object of improvement, would notice all main elements and classify them punctually according to the importance of the role they had, also made a victory here. Later on this would become one of the key properties of his work, the secret of his construction skill. The invention of a telephone amplifier has been only one of his contributions to the success of Pushkas’s company, from which he did not have any material benefits. Later on, in America, Tesla revealed to Pupin a variant of this invention, when he tortured himself to comprehend the secret of telephone signal amplifiers. In the beginning of the year 1882, at the age of 26, Tesla became ill badly again. A strange disease would be manifested in such a way that all his senses enlarged everything they had accepted many a times. The ground under his legs would constantly be trembled, Tesla’s ear would accept a fly landing to a table like a dull blow, whistle of a locomotive at large distance would shake his whole body, in the darkness, like a bat, he could recognize the objects at the distance, by a feeling of a chill on his forehead, his pulse would vary up to the flatter, high-frequency trembling, and his whole body would jerk and tremble. Torture would be interrupted by short-lasting moments of break in bed which he separated from the floor by rubber washers. Doctors did not have a diagnosis for this disease, and he himself considered that a nervous breakdown had been in question. In medical literature there are not many descriptions of such conditions, but description of symptoms identical as with Tesla,we find in the story The Fall of the Ushers by American writer Edgar Allan Poe. In contrast to Poe’s hero, Tesla has healed. Antal Szigety appeared in this important moment of his life like a man who helped him, by advice and example, to devote himself to physical trainings and re-direct his habits. But his exaggerations continued. Once he bet with Szigety who would drink more milk, but he lost with thirty– eight bottles. He had drawn to Szigety a historical drawing of a motor without a collector, which he presented in 1888, in his lectures before the American Institute of Electrical Engineering. The principle of formation of rotating magnet field by alternating currents has been given in a simple rough draft, made in the sand of a town park in Budapest, where an induction motor represented the most important embodiment. The whole polyphase system will result from that simple rough draft.

22 “My visions became equal with reality. My ideal was Archimedes. I admired the works of artists, but they had been, according to my comprehension, only the shadows and figures in a mirror. An inventor, I have considered, gives the world the works which really live.”

With a reference of his employer, in 1882, he went to Paris to work in Edison’s continental company, which was held by Ferenz’s brother Tivadar. In Paris he lived on the Boulevard St. Marcel, in a poor suburb Saint Marceau. The building of the factory in Ivri, where various electric machines and the newest Edison’s invention, a candescent bulb, have been producing, was five kilometers far. After the morning bathing in the Seine, he would go to work on foot, admiring “the light city” along the way,which had already been a two-million city in those days. He missed the Eiffel Tower, which would be built seven years later. On electric exhibition in Paris, held in August, 1881, the newest achievements in engineering were presented: Bell’s telephone, Edison’s system of illumination by candescent bulbs, supplied, in those days, by the largest generator of direct current power of 110 Kw, called “Jumbo”. On the same exhibition, a famous naturalist and the editor of the journal The Nature, Gaston Tissandi, together with his brother Albert, presented a model of the balloon with electric motor.

“In Paris I became acquainted with a few Americans who got to like me due to my skill in playing billiards. I have explained my invention to these people and one of them, Mr Cunningham, a foreman of the mechanical department, offered to found a stock company. The suggestion seemed to me utterly funny. I had know nothing about it, except that it was the American way of working.”

When in Strasbourg (today France), in the presence of the German emperor, in 1883, Edison’s company experienced failure by putting into operation of direct current electrical system, Tesla put everything in order. In this town, in 1883, Tesla made his first business contract with George H. Stout on commercialization of his great invention and the first model of an induction motor, where he had used the principle of formation of rotating magnet field by alternating currents. As an object of the contract they put “a new system of electrodynamic armature”, which Tesla marked as “the armature of an iron bar” and which had been the first name for polyphase system and Tesla signed it in Cyrillic. He knocked at the door of Edison, on New York South Fifth Avenue, number 65, on June 5th, 1884, with a famous letter of recommendation of an engineer Charles Batchelor:

“I know two great men. One of them are you, and the other one is this young man who is standing in front of you.”

23 Edison was not fascinated by praises and stories, but only by hard work and ability for realization of the results. In the beginning, Tesla hoped that he would make Edison be interested in his inventions, but there were no opportunities for his conversation with the boss. In December of the same year, when Tesla finished essential improvements on direct current generators, for what the prize of 50000 dollars had been promised to him, and when he heard that the promise had been only a bitter joke, he decided to leave the job. The last date marked in his diary from Edison’s workshop was December 7th. On the next page, Tesla has written in capital letters: “Good-bye to Edison’s mechanical workshop.” At the age of twenty-nine, on March 30th, 1885, he filed his first patent application for Electric Arc Lamp. But still there was no support. In the winter of 1886 – 1887, he was left without money and had to work physical jobs for the wages of 2 dollars. In those years, electric motors and generators began to be used for electric illumination, but the range of electric power transmission was short, so almost at each square kilometers of the town area electric-power stations with direct current generators were built, which could supply power enough only for such an area. Then, in New York, there were about 200 electric-power stations. In 1886, when Westinghouse realized that the range of electric power transmission could be increased by means of transformers, he bought the patent rights for transformer exploitation, the inventors of which were Gullard and Gibbs. In the period from 1886 to 1888, Westinghouse’s company erected 130 small power stations of single-phase alternating current, of low power up to 6 Kw, which operated with frequency of 133 Hz. A real “current war” began, because Westinghouse’s power stations with alternating current kept being more and more economical for illumination, and Edison’s direct current power stations for supply of trams, and other electric motor drives. The adherents of alternating currents were in market worse position, because they had a lack of not only of an adequate motor, but also a consumption measuring device. Tesla jointed into a real play in March, 1887, over Charles Peck, a lawyer and a secretary of The Union Company. Already on April 5th, 1887, he and Peck signed an agreement on cooperation by which Peck obliged himself that he would invest 1000 dollars in foundation of Tesla’s Electrical Company and development of Tesla’s inventions, and that he would personally, for his life costs, pay him 60 dollars a month, during the next three months. In return, he got one third of the actions of the future company, one third belonged to Tesla and the third part should be transformed into the working capital. Although he had believed in application of his new system immensely, he could not foresee the development of the events. In the course of the next seventeen years, the duration period of patent protection for polyphase system, in America only, 6 billion dollars have been invested in Tesla’s inventions. In comparison to present-day value, this should be multiplied by 30. Soon he applied two patents in the area of polyphase system: Commutator for dynamo electric machines and Pyro-magnetoelectric generator. With the help of Szigety, who came to America in May, 1887, he constructed his first models of the motors with rotors, in the shape of a steel disc. From October 12th, to December 23rd, the lawyer Parker Page, from the then famous Patent office Duncan, Curtis&Page, prepared for application

24 to the Patent Bureau, seven of Tesla’s patents, by which he covered the main models of induction motor in two-phase and three-phase performance, as well as two-phase and three-phase synchronous generators. All these seven patents were approved in the Patent Bureau of the United States of America, on May 1st, 1888. Having been informed that Tesla had got patents for alternating current motor and that a company for their capitalization had been formed, Westinghouse, urgently, sent his lawyer Billesby to make a contact. The day after meeting with Tesla, an industry spy, the engineer Stanley also wrote to Westinghouse:

“His motor is the best thing of the kind I have ever seen. I believe it is more efficient than most DC motors.”

But Westinghouse has also estimated the value of the work on the other side. His assistant, engineer Guido Panteleone, negotiated, at the same time, with an Italian inventor Ferrari about his invention of alternating current motor. In the end, he made a decision to cooperate with Tesla’s Electric Company. This contract made Westinghouse company be a leading electrical concern of the nineties, in the XIX century. The historical contract, was concluded on July 7th, 1888. Being careless, Tesla agreed to attorn all his patent rights to Tesla’s Electrical Company. He was one of the owners, but control over the destiny of the company and the patents was not in his hands.

“It was the greatest mistake I made in my life”– he declared on April 20th, 1908, as a witness on a trial Wagner Electrical Company against Century Electrical Company – to consent to such a change, because it had deprived me of a great and valuable commercial asset. There are now thousands of millions of dollars in this country alone invested in my system of transmission and had I not consented to that arrangement, the Westinghouse Company and also the General Electric, and numerous others would all be my licencees, and the bulk of the electrical apparatus on the market to-day would be sold under my name. As it is now, this apparatus is sold under the names of individual companies, notwithstanding the fact, that it has been and is still being manufactured under patents of mine.”

In the book Prodigal Genius, a journalist and a publicist John O’Neill, who has known Tesla, was the first who published the story that Tesla,on the request of Westinghouse to revise the contract, tore it generously, to offer a support to the great industrialist. But, in a letter to his friend Robert Underwood Johnson, on December 24th, 1914, Tesla gave a detail which confirmed a thesis that he had been cheated at the very beginning, that the contract had been written in such a way that, for him, it could have been worthless, and that, according to the same contract, he could not have got anything:

“The old clippings you have forwarded are a sad reminder of my former folly. I had thirty-six patents on my system of power transmission in which billions are

25 invested now. I won every suit without exception and had it not been for a “scrap of paper” I would have received in royalties Rockeffelers fortune.”

Total value of the bonuses Westinghouse allegedly should have paid to Tesla’s Electric Company, up to 1906, when the value of Tesla’s main patents had expired, has been estimated, according to the installed power up to that year, to 12 million dollars of that time. In the nineties of the XIX century, Tesla passed over to a new area of alternating currents, currents of high frequencies. In 1887, Hertz published the work under the title On Very Fast Electric Oscillations, where he described his experiments which became a part of the history of electric engineering. Upon Helmholtz’s stimulus, a young Hertz, by a simple apparatus consisting of a sparking generator and a symmetrical dipole antenna, proved that electromagnetic waves were formed by fast changeable alternating currents, which confirmed Maxwell’s equations. Hertz’s great goal was to demonstrate that electromagnetic waves were the same as light. His apparatus produced strong muffled oscillations of frequency 50 million times in a second, and with such a frequency he got the waves which propagated in a straight line and, just like the light rays, they could not avoid the obstacles. Because of that, Hertz did not believe in the possibility of application of these currents for message transmission in global proportions.

“When I consider the events from the past, I comprehend how refined the influences which form our destinies are. An event from my youth can serve as an illustration for that. One winter day I managed to climb a very steep mountain in the company of other boys. Snow was very deep and a warm south wind pleased us. We made fun throwing showballs downslope, which were rolling, catching snow on them and growing, some less, some more…one snowball exceeded all previous, growing more and more…until it became big like a house and ran down a valley, with tremendous thunder. I was watching bewitched…Weeks after that a picture of the avalanche was being in front of my eyes and I was asking myself how possible it was that something so small could grow so much. From then I have been fascinating with amplifying of weak affects, and when, years later, I started experimental studying of mechanical and electrical resonance, I was interested in it from the very beginning. Maybe, without that experience from the childhood, which had left a powerful impression on me, I would not have followed a small spark which my coil produced and I would have never improved my best invention…”

The first Tesla’s alternators – devices for production of high-frequency current, were of a mechanical type, constructed on the principle on which his asynchronous motors and generators had operated. One such device, which he protected by his patent on March 10th, 1891, could produce alternating current with frequency of 10 to 20 kilohertz. He achieved his first important results in this area with them, and the effects which astounded the public at the lectures that followed. But the possibility of getting relatively

26 low frequencies up to 50 kilohertz, with such alternators, forced him to search further on for the machine which would give far higher frequencies and, regarding quality, produce different electrical oscillations. He has never hurried in making decisions on the steps in a research. Thanks to an inspired idea, in 1891, he discovered the oscillatory transformer, today known as Tesla’s coil. He had used, in that time well-known fact, that a condenser which was supplied by high-voltage generator, of defined capacity and its own induction, and which was discharged through and air split in circuit, produced very fast and irregular oscillations of frequency more million times in a second. Still in 1842, Henry noticed this phenomenon on Leyden jars and Lord Kelvin formulated it mathematically in 1853. As it had been the case with asynchronous motors, Tesla showed his ingenuity again. What for the researchers of that time, limited by electromagnetic theory, was a phenomenon completely explainable by the combination of well-known values like capacity, self- induction, resistance, frequency and voltage, for Tesla that was a possible beginning of the development of one whole technology. The basic patent in which he described the operation of a new device, the oscillatory transformer, he applied on April 25th, 1891, and acquired it on June 23rd, of the same year, under the number 454 622. He could produce weak muffled and continuous high- frequency currents by his transformer. Before the appearance of his invention, we can not even talk of existence of high-frequency currents, because that what has been produced up to then by well-known oscillatory circuits, were the packets of strong muffled high- frequency impulses. The new currents were, soon, called Tesla’s currents, and the device Tesla’s transformer. On May 20th, 1891, he was called to hold his second lecture before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers at the Columbia College in New York, under the name The Experiments with Alternating Currents of a Very High Frequency and Their Application in Artificial Lighting. The expert part of the public wanted to convince themselves if Tesla’s success with polyphase system had been accidental, or it was about a researcher of great possibilities. The lecturer did not disappoint those present. He demonstrated the newest generators of high-frequency currents which he was connecting with Ruhmkorff’s coil, in order to get high voltages and a great number of different discharges. He demonstrated illumination of the bulbs of original constructions, in which he brought the body, made of an adequate material, to be red-hot, connecting it to the source of current with high voltage and frequency. He also mentioned some other effects, like inductance heating, ozone production and medical effects. He also presented a commercially important idea that oil could be used successfully for insulation of high-voltage coils. He finished his lecture with the announcement that his future work would be directed toward comprehension of energy potentials of nature environment.

“We, all together, are rushing through an immense space by incredible speed, everything around us are rotating, moving, we are surrounded by energy. There have to be some more direct approach to this energy. With the light coming from the environment, by energy also drawn out from there, with many forms of energy from

27 boundless and inexhaustible source given to us without effort, the mankind will advance by giant paces.”

This lecture was also published in the journal The World of Electricity, on July 11th, 1891, and in the Almanac of The Society of Engineers and Technicians, it has been translated into all leading world languages and reprinted in professional journals. It made a great impression to Robert Millikan, and the inventor Mac Farlain More, who commercialized “cold light” in America, at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1891, he patented a series of new inventions: oscillatiory transformer, constructions of special bulbs, electric meter, condenser. In the journals The World of Electricity and The Electric Engineer, he published the articles on high-frequency current and voltage effects, discharges in vacuum tubes, electrolytic watch and single-pole dynamo-machine. On July 30th, of the same year, he became the citizen of the United States of America. He arrived to London on January 26th, 1892, on the invitation of The British Institute of Electric Engineers. A coach of the manager of the Post and Telegraph, Sir William Preach, waited for him, and the invitation to stay at his home. After resting of several days, on Wednesday evening, on February 3rd, he held a lecture under the title The Experiments with Alternating Currents of High Potentials and High Frequency, where William Crooks, James Deughar, William Preach, J. J. Thomson, Oliver Heaviside, Silvanus Thomson, Joseph Swan, John Ambrose Fleming were present. While being a pupil, he was reading the work of William Crooks, The Radiating Matter, in German, and now he saw him in the first row, how he was applauding him sincerely. The next day, during making a rounds of the Royal Institution and inspection of Michael Faraday’s laboratory, Sir James Deughar, persuaded him to repeat his lecture before the members of the Royal Institution. He seated Tesla in an armchair, poured him a whiskey from a crystal bottle and said: “Now, You are sitting in the armchair in which Michael Faraday was sitting and You are drinking the whiskey he was drinking.” Tesla’s address to English scientific public was with a particular conviction and inspiration. He was aware that England, in those days, had been a center of modern science. So he prepared for the appearance by choosing the equipment. The most spectacular was to install electricity of high voltage through his own body. Before leaving, he gave Crooks one of his transformers as a gift and was present at one spiritual seance. William Crooks, Oliver Lodge, Lord Rayleigh, and many other British scientists, at that time, were trying to explain scientifically the phenomenon of spiritualism which, then, was very spread in London. To everyone’s surprise, instead of exposing the deception, they became convinced spiritualists, demonstrating firm evidences on existence of ghosts. In his letter to Monroe Sunshine, on October 6th, 1919, Tesla wrote about spiritualism with skepticism:

“Personally I do not believe in these manifestations and all the mediums who have tried to exhibit them to me have failed miserably. Whenever they suggested a

28 method of procedure, I insisted on changes eliminating every possibility of deception and that settled it.”

In Paris, he repeated the lecture from London, before the members of the Society of Physicists and the International Society of Electricians. He was introduced to the belgian prince Albert, he met a French doctor D’Arsonval, who had experimented with high- frequency currents, not accepting that Tesla had announced observations on their physiological effect before him. Tesla has already had one court procedure on priority in invention of induction motor over Ferrari, and then he was thinking to start the other against D’Arsonval, but he gave up, being disarmed by the charm of the doctor from Paris. His rest was broken off by a telegram of his uncle Petar: “Your mother is on her deathbed, hurry up…” On April 15th, he arrived to Gospić by train and by coach, in time to hear mother’s last words: “Nikola, pride of mine.” Completely touched and tearstained, he was taken to the neighbour’s house to calm himself. As it can be seen from the notes of his distant relatives, he said good-bye to his badly ill mother, and went to Paris, where he had a mystic experience of seeing his mother’s death, although he was not present there, both when his mother and when his father died.

Boyhood and Youth – a mind which works like nature

Until he reached the age of eight, he had been weak and uncertain, he had not had strenght and boldness to make any firm decision. Feelings would arrive by turns and uncontrolled, in waves, and a little Nikola would constantly oscillate between two extrmes – enthusiasm and sadness.

“My wishes had a destructive power”, he remembers, “and they multiplied like the head of the myth Hydra.”

He was obsessed by thinking over the pain and the life, over the death, faith fear.

“Superstitious beliefs were destructing me, I have lived in constant horror of an evil spirit, of ghosts, of giant man-eaters and other Satan monsters of darkness. And then suddenly, a root change occurred and the whole my essentiality started a new way.”

At that time, many weird likings, intolerances and habits have developed in him, some of which can be explained by external impressions and allergy, but some stay almost

29 unexplained. It was enough to see a pearl, and something like an attack would catch him. On the contrary, he would be obsessed by glittering of crystal, of some objects of sharp edges and flat surfaces. He got fever whenever he would catch sight of a peach, and if there would be a particle of camphor in the house, that caused the most unpleasant awkwardness in him.

“Even today”, wrote he some sixty years later, “I am sensitive to some of those unpleasant stimulations. As soon as I put square pieces of paper in a dish with liquid, I usually feel some strange and unpleasant taste in my mouth.”

He loved books more than anything else, and as his father had a large library, he tried to satisfy his early roused reader’s passion in it. However, father opposed it and rage would seize him when he found him reading at night. He would hide candles from the son, because he did not want him to spoil his eyes. But, he would supply a tallow, and make wicks, cast thin tallow sticks, and night after night, after having clogged the keyhole and all cracks, he would read, often until dawn. With his mind overworked, he began to suffer from a strange disorder of “appearance of images, often accompanied by strong flashes of light”, which is the ability of people who have para-psychological power. “These strong light flashes covered the scenes of real objects and simply replaced my thoughts. That images of things and scenes had the character of reality.” Tesla remarked that he had differed them from imaginations very well. Explaining what had happened to him, he stated how the image of some scene, which thrilled the nerves, and he had seen it during the day, would appear suddenly by night as completely real, and stay as such in the space before him, even if he tried to remove it by hands. In order to make himself free from that suffer which the appearance of “strange real images” was bringing into his soul, he would try, in those moments, to concentrate on the scenes from everyday life.

“In order to make myself free in such a way, I kept searching for new images, and very soon, I exhausted all the scenes I had known – the scenes from the house and the closest environment. After I had applied these mental operations many times, trying to drive my visions away, I noticed that “the common life” was losing the battle, and reality of the visions was becoming firmer and firmer. Then, instinctively, I commenced making mind trips beyond the limits of the small world of which I had knowledge and I saw new scenes. These were at first very blurred and indistinct, and would flit away when I tried to concentrate my attention upon them but, by and by, I succceeded in fixing them; they gained in strength and distinctness and finally assumed the concreteness of real thing. I soon discovered that my best comfort was attained if I simply went on in my visions further and further, getting new impressions all the time, and so I began to travel – of course in my mind. Every night and sometimes during the day, when I alone, I would start on my journeys, see new places, cities and countries, live there, meet people, make friendships and

30 acquaintances and, however unbelievable, it is a fact that they were just as real and dear to me as those in actual life and not one bit less intense in their manifestations.”

To his satisfaction, Tesla noticed that he could clearly visualize his discoveries, he did not need experiments, models or drawings. In such a way he developed his own methods to give material form to his creative ideas. Tesla sharply distinguished ideas, which were coming into his mind and as visions, and those which appear due to analytic mind clearance.

“The moment when somebody designs an imaginary device is connected with a problem of transfer from raw idea to the practice. That is way any discovery made this way has lack of details, and usually it is inferior. My method is different. I do not hurry nor follow with an empirical check. When an idea appears, I immediately begin to elaborate on it in my imagination. I change its design, improving it – and “switch on” the device to begin its operation in my head. For me, it doesn’t matter whether I test my invention in the laboratory or in my mind. I can notice if something will prevent my invention from working properly... in the same way I can develop a perfect idea without any physical touch. Only then will I give a concrete look for this final product of my mind. All my inventions are developed by this method – with no exception, during twenty years… I think there is hardly any scientific discovery that can’t be foreseen mathematically, without visualization… Introduction of unfinished, crude ideas to the practice is always a waste of energy and time.”

Studying the mechanisms of his mental life, Tesla found that a number of visions “from virtual reality” always had certain connection with events of “true reality”. He had and ability to realize this causation. He was glad to understand that even his thoughts were the result of the influence of external impressions. He noted that not only thoughts, but actions, also appeared in the same way. Some time passed, and it became clear to him that he was only a kind of “automation of cosmic forces” endowed with abilities to move, respond to irritations of the sense organs and thoughts. His invention of teleautomatic control was a result of this conclusion many years later. He understood the laws of this control through a clear feeling and external conditioning of his own behavior. In contrast to Einstein, who emphasized a decisive significance of “kinaesthesia” and “agreement with internal feeling of accuracy and completeness” of some idea, or theory, Nikola Tesla underlined imagination of an invention as a psychological precursor of well- ordered disclosure made by mathematical methods. We can say nothing of this about his contemporary, inventor Thomas Edison, because having a weak knowledge in mathematics, Edison at first was guided by long and laborious experiments. In his records, Tesla often speaks about his predisposition to the mental processes. These processes correspond to the same principles, which Nature should follow. He considered this inborn gift to be given as a “diffused pressure”, which calls a sense to make another invention, because the experiment of a previous researcher was lacking something. Here he sees not only a source of invention in general, but also some proof that the law of

31 different realities affects the man. Briefly, Tesla considered creative imagination thresholds of a conscious discovery act. Particularity of Tesla’s relation of non-agreement with acquired,and by experiments verified scientific knowledges, as well as his non-agreement with the so-called university science,originated from the comprehension that the scientific principle also exists out of the area of human knowledge. For Tesla, as well as for the astronomer James Jeansohm and for the philosopher Leibniz, cosmos was alive in all its parts. According to Tesla’s words, certain conclusions were born in his mind spontaneously, in the form of geometric images. Then followed the understanding of the discovery and its physical interpretation. Only then, mathematical formalization took place, followed by finding the necessary technical properties and material essential for a continuous operation of the constructed physical model. In accordance with the personal experience of his inventiveness, Tesla thought that work was being done by natural laws, and not material structures. The work he understood at first as a struggle for mental clarification, i.e. elimination of secondary ideas and sensible details, which blur imaging principles and complicate the approach to the real nature of relations between fundamental geometrical element. According to Tesla, the principle was considered finished and ready to apply, when the connection between geometrical objects was stated. Thus, discovery appeared at the moment when correspondence of the elements and their physical manifestations was defined, so we can find a physical law, which rules in the real world, in the algorithm itself. For Tesla, an idea found its manifestation in the act of creative thinking. Only then, the operating parameters of a specific device took place, following from general understanding. The result can be a design of an inductive engine or a model of rotating magnetic field. As he told it, a method of mental improvement was polished to such a great extent. Making even minute corrections of the discovery in his mind, without any physical check, would assure it correct operation. It can open an illusive secret to his work, amounting to a great volume, taking into consideration all of his scientific and technical innovation; it is a remarkable fact. In Tesla’s work, inductive prediction is very rare, and the character of such a prediction is strictly stimulative, effects only the change of thinking into deductive. Tesla is characterized by a special type of deductive prediction which starts with an image, be continued by insight into geometric principle, from which, not until the third pace, the so called general attitude is formed, made mathematically, by a certain relation of the numbers. Further course is a usual hypothetical attitude which refers to an unknown fact, for example, operation parameters of an apparatus, and comes from a general attitude, as its consequence. That consequence is the construction of an induction motor, a model of a rotating magnet field etc. It is difficult to understand the facts on which Tesla insisted decisively in the descriptions of the ways he had carried his inventions, and it was, that a clear image of an invention preceded principle comprehension itself, as well as all other subsequent presumptions which led it to its realization in a concrete material. As he himself would say, in the course of time, he had improved his method of imaginative experimenting up to the level that he was able to do all the corrections of his idea in his mind, without a single physical test, which partly, but surely, enlightens the enigma of the quality of his work,the scope

32 of which, with regard to scientific or at least to technical innovations in many segments, is remarkable. In an attempt to explain to himself the secret of precise imagination of an applicable invention, prior to comprehension of operation principles themselves, he had also made a hypothesis on the extraordinary effects of external irritants on human thinking and memory, and referring partly to Rene Decart’s theory, he concluded that subjective human work and human life, as a whole, has such features as automatism, which is stipulated, by space. But since the result of automatic operation of a brain, just according to his own experience, can be creative (appearance of unknown visual ideas), because of coherence, he developed an additional supposition about the reversible effect of the brain visual centers on the retina. Here he saw a reason for the appearance of his images, which led to descoveries. Thus, though the human brain processes information about external irritants, it can create new images and relations between the phenomena of the real world reflected in it and images of the imaginary world. And finally, it was Tesla’s opinion that thought, memory, and motion are feedback processes, that’s why we should mention that with an attempt to understand his inborn gift of invention, he also understood the role of cybernetics as a reflection of cosmic principles of material and informational organization. Believing that the whole Universe is alive and people are “automates” in some extent, acting according to the Creator plans, Tesla made an original theory of memory. He considered that the human brain does not have the ability to remember in the way that we consider it (biochemical or rather biophysical way) and memory is only a reaction of the human brain recurring external irritants. It is unusual that Tesla, who had a very good memory (he spoke seven or eight languages) and had the ability for eidetic imagination, was sure that there was no human memory. It is more important that as the author of a few hundred scientific discoveries, Tesla did not consider his creativity to be his own, and surely stated, it is only a conductor of ideas, which come from the world of ideas to the world of people and practice. All this does not seem contradictory, if we remember that Tesla, being the son of an orthodox clergyman, answered the question about his religion, believing in the only God. Later Tesla himself became closer to Buddhism, he even went in yoga, watched after nutrition, meditated, and, the last years before his death he lived as an ascetic in New York City (like an India guru or an Orthodox monk). At the age of twelve, Tesla could override his visions by act of will and change them to other visions. However, as he noted, he couldn’t override the light flashes. These flashes usually appeared in cartain dangerous situations or when he was excited greatly. He wrote:

“In some certain moments I noticed that all air around me was full of tongues of real flame. Intensity of these tongues grew after a number of years instead of falling and reached maximum at the age of twenty-five. Once I had a feeling that my brain was enveloped in flames and a little Sun shines in my head. Tesla wrote when he was 65: “These light phenomena sometimes still appear, especially when some new idea shows me unprecedented possibilities, but their intensity is relatively weak.”

33

In the states of relaxation, before falling asleep, he would have interesting visions.

“When I close my eyes, I always notice as first a dark and a unique blue background, similar to the sky in clear night without stars. In a few seconds this field would fulfill with numerous green spots which oscillated, arranged in several layers which was approaching me. Then from the right side, a beautiful pattern of two systems of parallel lines would appear, mutually very close and under right angle. This image glistens in all colors, but yellow-green and golden prevail. Immediately after this, the lines become lighter and the whole scene would be covered densely with the spots of twinkling lights. This whole image is passing slowly through the field of the vision an disappears to the left, leaving the background of unpleasant and immobile grayness behind, which soon would be replaced by the sea of clouds for which it is obvious that they try to form themselves into living figures. It is strange that I can not project any form into that gray background before the scene goes to other phase… Each time before sleeping, the picture of people and objects would pass in front of my eyes. When I see them, I know that soon I will lose consciousness. If they are absent and refuse to come, that always means a night without dream for me”

Over a long period of time, Tesla tried to solve the question of death and attentively looked for any manifestations of death in real life. Tesla wrote:

“Only once in my present existing I experienced something that looked like supernatural. It happened during my mothers death. I was ill and exhausted with fever, and was lying in the bed. Suddenly I thought that if my mother dies far from me, she possibly will give a sign. Two or three months later I was in London with my now the late friend, English scientist sir William Crookes, where there was a discussion about spiritism. I was impressed by his case and remembered his work on radiant matter, which I read when I was a student. Due to this work, I understood my vocation to be an electrician. I thought that prerequisites for looking beyond were favorable since my mother was a woman with extraordinary intuition. All night every fiber of my brain was strained in expectation, but nothing happened until morning, and only when I felt asleep or may be began to nod, I saw a cloud, which carried cherubic figures of divine beauty. One of them looked on me with love, and little by little I recognized in it my mother. The ghost was flying along the room slowly, and finally disappeared. I abruptly woke up with the sound of indescribable pleasant voices. In this moment a confidence, which cannot be described by any words, came over me: I knew that my mother died. And it was true.”

The same day Tesla sent a letter to Crookes under the influence of this vision, and, while still being ill. These two scientists were in correspondence for many years, but Tesla’s letters to Crookes disappeared together with Crookes’s archives, in 1918. Crookes’s huge scientific material contains numerous records of spiritistic seances, held in a strictly

34 scientific and experimental nature, and gives clue to many hundreds of pictures with materialized ghosts from different historical epochs. The Tesla museum in Belgrade keeps Crookes’s letter to Tesla of 1893, where Crookes thanked Tesla for a special electromagnetic spiral coil Tesla sent to him. This spiral coil created a field, which made the contours of ghosts clearer and at the same time it had good effects on the mediums condition, making an experiment easier. At the same time when Crookes began his scientific study of spiritistic phenomena in London, Mendeleev began to do the same in Saint Petersburg in 70-s of XIX century. A committee of specialists formed in Saint Petersburg and after a short time, about ten seances later concluded that it is just a superstition. English and Russian science is subdivided on the conclusions, or secrets, calling them “factitious” (including Tesla’s physics of ether).

35 Figure 3: The Photo of the ectoplasm Spirit of Anne Morgan evoked by the medium Florence Cook; photo is made at Crookes`s home on photo plate by excitation of Louminoferous Ether

Let’s return to Smiljan, where Djuka Tesla died in the night of April 15th, 1892, shortly before Easter, on Holy Saturday, at one o’clock after the midnight. She was buried at the cemetery in Jasikovac, next to Milutin, in the silk dress Nikola gave her as a gift three years ago. After his mother’s death, on the invitation of his uncle Petar, a monk Nikolaj then, who in the previous 1891, having lost his wife and children, received a monk tonsure, Tesla went to the monastery Gomirje, located in the peaceful nature of the mountain Kapela, close to the river Ribnjak.

“Wandering through the mountain I searched for a shelter from the coming storm. The sky was covered with dark clouds, but it was constantly preparing to rain, while suddenly there was a flash of lightning, and some minutes later a deluge happened. This scene induced me to thinking. It was obvious that those two phenomena were closely connected, like a cause and a consequence. After thinking a little, I concluded that electric energy which had caused so pouring of water was insignificant, while the flash played the role of a sensitive trigger… If we could produce electrical effects, of required characteristics, the whole planet and living conditions on it would be changed… we would irrigate deserts… get water driving force in immense quantity. This could be the most effective way to use the Sun for human needs. Realization of this depends on our possibility to develop electrical powers identical to those in the nature.”

His closeness with nature, he had had in his childhood, from which the great idea had been born, was amazing. After the monastery, he went to Vienna, Varazdin, Zagreb, Budapest, where a delegation of the Belgrade Municipality, with Djordje Stanojevic at the head, found him, and on his invitation Tesla visited Belgrade on June 1st, 1892, for the first and only time in his life. He arrived by an express train from Pest in the evening, at 11 p. m. Welcome at the Belgrade railway station made a strong impression on him. As soon as he got out of the train, several thousand of gathered citizens, headed by the mayor and several professors of the High School, saluted him with stormy: “Long live Tesla!” He stayed in the hotel Imperial which today does not exist, but then it was located next to Kapetan Misino zdanje, today’s plateau in front of the Faculty of Philosophy. The next day, on Thursday, June 2nd, he had an audience with the king Aleksandar Obrenovic who gave him the Medal of St. Sava. He visited the Belgrade fortress and was introduced with the plans for introduction of electrical lighting by direct current. In those years, Belgrade had about 60 000 inhabitants

36 and a tram driven by a horse. Djordje Stanojevic will enlarge the plans for introduction of electrical lighting by a request for two machines of alternating current. A dancing party was prepared on Kalemegdan, in Tesla’s honor, but the most relaxed was at the solemn supper in Smutekovac, which was located at the place of today’s brewery on Topcider hill. At the moment when Zmaj was reading a welcome poem to Tesla, being touched, Tesla jumped and kissed his hand, many of the present cried. Before returning to New York, in the summer of 1892, he took advantage of the opportunity to visit famous German scientists Helmholtz in Berlin and his, even more famous pupil, Heinrich Hertz in Bonn.

“I had at that time already perceived enough to get the idea that energy could be transmitted without wires. It was of no consequence to me at that time whether it was to be used for telegraphy, or telephony, or power transmission… wireless transmission of energy, if it could ever be accomplished, is not an invention; it is an art. Bell’s telephone, Edison’s phonograph, or my induction motor was inventions, but the wireless transmission of energy is an art that requires a great many inventions in combination”.

Tesla made a plan of revealing the principle on the basis of which energy flows through the planet and over the planet, respectively the plan of researching the area of high- frequency currents and voltages, which should offer the answer to the key question – is it possible to realize global, and not only local effects, by electrical influences? The information that he was chosen to the Royal Society, arrived to him on September 12th, 1892. He was also the first scientist from America who got the award of the Society of English Engineers. Significant English awards made influence and soon he also got the awards from American institutions – gold medal of Franklin’s Institute “Elliott Cresson” and the honorary title of a doctor of the Columbia University. However, it is interesting, because it tells much about the envy of the Serbian “academic elite”, that in that same year, while choosing the regular members of the Serbian Royal Academy, Tesla was not elected by secret vote. At the lecture On Light and Other Phenomena of High-Frequency, on March 1st, 1893, before the National Association for Electrical Illumination in Saint Louis, he performed a spectacle. Over six thousand people came to see him conducting current of voltage of 200 000 volt through his body, without wires he turned on the bulbs of various shapes, “pulled” flame tongues out of the fingers of his hand, up to 20 cm long. He showed the improved variants of his oscillatory sparking transformer, and by such an improved transformer, he could obtain uninterrupted and weak muffled high-frequency currents and voltages of a very wide range. In the process of a hasty extinguish of the spark, he used powerful electric magnets, air streams or specially constructed rotary switches. In order to show that his alternating current, at defined frequencies was not dangerous upon life, many a times, he, in public, turned himself as resistor into the circuit of high-frequency alternating current and achieved a fantastic effect; the carried out electrical discharge of his own body, in the darkness, so that his whole body was lighting, which seemed as if he was burning, covered with the tongues of a ghostly bluish flame.

37 In 1892, in London, when he held his famous lectures before the Royal Scientific Society of Great Britain, he demonstrated lighting of lamps by wireless transmission of energy, simply placing a vacuum-filled neon tube near the field of one of his transformers, and the lamp illuminated. Due to these wonderful lectures on the topic Light and Other High-Frequency Phenomena, in England, he gained a great reputation and acquired many friends in scientific world, among them, the scientists, Sir William Crookes, Sir Oliver Lodge and Lord Kelvin.

“When I explained how I have shown a phosporescent bulb to Lord Kelvin in England, and told them that the bulb was going to spring into light, and the current was turned on and it did burst into light, there was stampede in the two upper galleries and they all rushed out. That was the way my experiments were received”

On his previous lectures, at the Columbia College in 1891, in London and Paris in 1892, he showed that, under certain conditions, high-frequency current could be transmitted through one wire, that a reversible conduct was not necessary and that the bulbs of special construction could be supplied in that way. Emphasizing the importance of resonance in operation of the apparatuses with alternating currents, he repeated the similar experiments, managing while doing it, to drive even the small motors with a disc by means of one wire.

“Now, when we know that electrical vibrations can be transmitted through one single conductor, why don’t we try to take the Earth to serve us for that?... When an electrician thanks about the speed by which electrical distrubances propagate through earth, all his ideas regarding distance must disappear completely.”

Tesla’s further considerations in this direction contained certain ingenious presumptions which would lead him to essential discoveries:

“It would be of great importance, as first, what capacitance of the Earth is? And what kind of electrical charge it contains if it is being electrified? Although we don’t have a positive proof that in space there is an electrified body, and that in its vicinity there are no other electrified bodies, there is a quite probability that the Earth is such a body, because if it had been separated from other bodies by any process – and that is an accepted attitude toward its origin – it must have kept electrical charge, as it usually happens in all processes of mechanical separation. If it had been the electrified body separated in space, its capacitance would have been extremely low, maybe less than the thousandth part of a farad. However, upper layers of the air are conductible, and that is maybe the halfway in the free space out of atmosphere, so they might contain the opposite electrical charge… If ever we could establish by which periodicity the Earth’s electrical charge oscillates, when disturbed, in relation to opposite electrically charged system or known circuit, we will know the fact which

38 is probably of the greatest importance for human race welfare… It is possible that external air layers which conduct current, or free space generally,contain opposite electrical charge and that, together with the Earth, form a condenser of a very high capacitance.”

From Kelvin’s lectures in 1860, published in the book Works in Electricity and Magnetism, which is today preserved in Tesla’s personal library in the Museum of Nikola Tesla, it is seen that what was known was only the fact that the Earth bore negative electrical charge. They knew nothing about electrical charge of upper layers of atmosphere. Already then, Tesla explained his fundamental plan of wireless telegraphy and introduced a notion of so called open current circuit which comprised antenna and ground. On the place of reception and transmission, he had a pair of circuits coupled in resonance. Both at the reception and at the transmission station there was a secondary of Tesla’s transformer, tied by its one end for the lifted insulated body of high capacitance, and by the other for the ground. By changing capacitance and self-inductance, all the four circuits were brought into resonance. The anniversary of the discovery of America was celebrated by the exhibition in Chicago, on May 1st, 1893. The President of the United States of America, Groover Cleveland, pressing the button of gold and ivory, turned thousands of bulbs in Chicago on. The buildings, fountains, squares, Venice-like canals – one whole town arranged specially for this occasion, glistened. It was the triumph of Westinghouse. In 6 months, for how long the exhibition had been opened,twenty five million of the Americans saw the possibilities of alternating currents. At the exhibition, Tesla had a separate stand, where there were exhibited induction motors, models of rotating magnet field, mechanical and electrical oscillators and the bulbs filled with rarefied gas, formed according to the names of Faraday, Maxwell, Franklin and the Serbian poet Zmaj. At the same time, III International Congress of Electricians was held, with the main aim of standard determination of electrical and magnetic units. Within the Congress, on Friday evening, on August 25th, in the hall of the Agriculture Pavilion, Tesla held his ninth lecture under the title On Mechanical and Electromechanical Oscillators, which has never been published, nor preserved. But, thanks to T.C. Martin, the contents of the lecture is retold in the book “Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla”, and the photographs are shown of some of the apparatuses the operation of which have been demonstrated there. Westinghouse’s success at the World Exhibition in Chicago was decisive for making a long-delayed decision of the International Commission for exploitation of the Niagara Falls, to whom the erection of the system should be committed. In became clear to everybody that Tesla’s polyphase system did not have any alternative. Still in 1890, initiated by “Niagara Falls Power Co.”, The International Commission for The Niagara Falls was founded , the head of which was the leading scientific authority of that time, Lord Kelvin. This Commission invited tenders and soon accepted 17 projects of 20 authors from 6 countries. Many of these projects seem funny today. Edison was one of the most serious participants of the competition, but his proposal on transmission of

39 direct currents was rejected. Only the plan of a Scottish professor George Forbes had foreseen the usage of Tesla’s polyphase system, but due to opposition to the system of alternating currents of Lord Kelvin, neither the plan of the professor Forbes was accepted.

To the question of Edward Adams, the writer of two-volume study on the Niagara project, if he was going to comment, in his book, the fact that Lord Kelvin, at the beginning, had been against the alternating currents, Tesla answered by the letter of August 19th, 1895:

“It might have been also better not to disappoint Lord Kelvin, as nothing can be gained, but much lost by pointing out an error of a great man.”

Officially, on May 6th, 1893, the Commission made a decision to use Tesla’s system. For Tesla, this decision was only the remembrance of a long-waiting destiny: not fulfilled twelve, when he read about the Niagara Falls, he said to his uncle Petar:

“One day I will go and build a big wheel on the Niagara.”

Tesla’s sincere friend, Robert Underwood Johnson, the editor of the Century Magazine, a poet, and his wife Catherine, often invited the guests to his house in Lexington Avenue, number 327, most often writers, poets, composers and painters. Tesla was one of the rare scientists who used to come. By the time, their drawing-room became famous as a place of spirit, nobility and taste. Some of the most important Tesla’s articles have been published in Johnson’s magazine. In the house of the Johnsons, Tesla got to know Mark Twain. He told him, how he became ill, after he had finished his final primary school examination in Gospić, and how the reading of his books, in German translation, helped him to recover. This caused tears in Twain’s eyes. In the conversation with ingenious pianist Ignacy Padarewski, he stated that they both had stayed in Strasbourg, in 1882, at the same time. With the Johnsons he also got to know Antonjin Dvorzak, the composer of the New World Symphony, which was performing in New York those days, Radyard Kipling, the writer of The Book of Jungle, as well as Theodor – Teddy Roosevelt, the future president of the United States of America. He often took his friends to his laboratory, where he would show rare and spectacular experiments, inducing the guests themselves to participate in them. He directed such gatherings with a lot of imagination, organizing supper in a restaurant at first,with the dishes according to his recipes, entertaining the guests by reciting the most beautiful Italian, German and English poetry, and then all of them would end in the laboratory, where Tesla, in the darkness, would show sparking of the powerful oscillators or the latest phosphorescent light.

40 Energy of sincere admiration of high and artistic society of New York was for Tesla a clearer stimulus than suspicious scientific asking questions. In the great fire, on March 13th, 1895, in the building on the South Fifth Avenue, number 35, Tesla’s laboratory burned to the ground, and with it also, a manuscript of the nearly finished book The Story on 1001 Induction Motors. He informed his new friend and a patron, the president of the Company for Civil Engineering, Edward Adams, by a telegram:

“Building 35 South Fifth Avenue caught fire this morning. All my mechinery, plans, writings, entirely destroyed. I am in despair.”

The fire in the laboratory, fastened the agreement on foundation of “Nikola Tesla Company”, where in the Management Board there were also, beside Adams and Tesla, Tesla’s partner from the previous company Alfred Brown and William Rankin, the secretary of the Company for Civil Engineering. At the end of March, he moved to the new facilities on the second and the third floor of the building number 46 and 48, East Huston street. Adams gave his writing desk as a gift. The fire in the laboratory hindered him to become aware that he was the first who had discovered X-rays. Just before the catastrophe, working with the currents of very high frequency and special vacuum lamps, he stated that some photographic plates, scattered around his laboratory, were being lit up under the influence of the unknown radiation. Investigation of the causes of this phenomenon he has postponed indefinitely. When he heard for Roentgen’s results and when he compared them to the experiments he had carried out earlier, he comprehended that he had been on the threshold of the great discovery. Not trying to deprive professor Roentgen of his priority rights, he finished his experiments and announced the results in the period from March 11th, 1896 to August 11th, 1897, in a series of articles in the journal Electrical Review, Enthusiastically, without a shadow of vanity, he sent a telegram to professor Roentgen:

“Have obtained with my apparatus extraordinarily intense effects. Convinced no ether waves, still great possibilities. All only fruit of your efforts. Thousands thanks for many joyful moments.”

A few years later, he revealed many details in connection with the significant work in this area, which had been left in the shadow of his other great results. On April 6th, 1897, in The New York Academy of Sciences, he held the lecture The Streams of Lenard and Roentgen and Novel Apparatus for their Production, where he also demonstrated the work of his special apparatuses for production of X-rays. In the letter to Richard Dodge, president of the Committee for organization of the lectures in the Academy of Sciences, dated May 7th, 1897, he wrote:

41 “It is probable that I would not have written anything on the Roentgen phenomena had I not thought that my former works have indirectly contributed to this development, and had I not been convinced that I had a higher right to investigate this field, since in my laboratory some of the first demonstrations were made.”

From the very beginning, he was interested in the global effects and the possibilities of transmission both signals and power, without wires. So as time went on, realizing non- efficiency of Hertz’s apparatus, he directed his investigations toward the area of low- frequency and long waves. Transmission of energy by wires, being a current interest in the world at that moment, thanks to Tesla’s inventions at all, made his new attempts to do it in some other way, without wires, completely uninteresting. Very soon, his work would become unintelligible to other experts, and differences in access to solution of the problems of energy transmission, insurmountable. On suggestion of Thomas S. Martin, who was a kind of a manager to him in those days, he agreed that all his published works, patents, lectures and articles would be collected in one book and presented to the public. In February, 1894, the book The Inventions, Investigations and Writings of Nikola Tesla was issued, published by the journal Electrical Engineer. The book was dedicated to “his compatriots in eastern Europe”. Next year, in 1895, the book was translated into German and published in Halley, and in 1894, in Belgrade, Djordje Stanojević, in similar form, published the book under the title Nikola Tesla and His Inventions. In the same year in Vienna, Etienne Fodor published Tesla’s investigations in the part called Experimente mit Stromen hoher Wechselzahle und Frequenz – Experiments with High-Frequency Alternating Currents. In that way, a paradox situation has happened: on one side, Tesla did not announce all he had known and which, later on, in the processes of establishment of the priorities of radio inventions could help to confirm his undeniable priority; on the other side, his up-to-then works, where he presented his completely new ideas which he had not protected by patents, were accessible to other inventors. So, he himself enabled his concurrents to build their work on his ideas. In March 1897, he filed a patent application, by which he protected the transformer with spiral primary and secondary. He continued to improve constructive parts of this apparatus and, gradually increasing the power of his oscillators, he realized that he got stronger propagation of emitted impulses at distance at lower frequencies and longer waves. He was making secret experiments with wireless telegraphy and, as he declared many years later, as a witness on one court trial, he managed to transmit wireless signals from his laboratoy in Huston street to Military Academy in West Point, at the distance of 30 miles. Having on disposal rough technology and imprecise measuring instruments, he made a break-through into the area, in which, not until the twentieth century, electronic revolution would happen. He boasted that he had worked for 75 hours without a break and then revealed the secret of this amazing condition: “All my efforts are the efforts of love.”

42 He got to know Far East teachings over an India monk and a preacher Swami Vivekananda. He discussed with Swami on Brahma, a universal mind who produces Prana – life power and Akasha – ether. “Long ago he recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary substance, of a tenuity beyond conception and filling all space – the Akasha or luminiferous ether – which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence, in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena.”

Man’s Greatest Achievements, Nikola Tesla, (Milwaukee Sentinel, Sunday 13. July 1930)

He was losing connection with his relatives more and more, by the middle of the nineties of the ninetieth century. His sister Milka, hoped that he would come to Lika to rest himself:

“Receive a nice regard from all of us here, who are looking forward to your coming, as once to Christ, they were looking forward…”

More and more rare letters were being replaced by Tesla’s telegrams written in a hurry, and soon even they stopped to come. In New York, a journalist of The Evening Post, D. Nichols, wrote to him:

“Mr Tesla, I have talked with Presidents and Governors, with Thomas Edison and Dr Einstein, but the glow of their personalities was as nothing compares to that indefinable lift and stimulation I got from you.”

Publicity was necessary in order that financiers would be provided easier. In Tesla’s legacy in Belgrade, about 50 000 newspaper clippings are preserved, which show his personality and his work. In the middle of 1896, on the occasion of his latest results in the area of wireless telegraphy, in the article Tesla’s New Miracle – Machine for Communication with Stars, he declared:

“From my recent experiments I am convinced that within a very short time we shall be independent of the clumsy methods of generating electricity now in vogue. The electrical fluid in the atmosphere will give energy enough. The same electric envelope of the earth will enable us to send messages from one part of the glove to another part in an instant of time. The same element, which I believe, is infinite and is not confined to this atmosphere, may be used to communicate with the other planets.”

43 Only a month before publishing this interview, Tesla visited the newly-built generator station on the Niagara Falls, together with Adams, Rankin and Westinghouse. During that time, sensational enough was the statement that signals could be sent without wires. To declare that messages would be transmitted to distant planets as well, was shocking. It was only one of a series of proofs more, of Tesla’s abilities to foresee clearly the development of technology. However,as a statement of a man who was just contracting new business agreements, this was an irrational act. Tesla himself is the real carrier of sensationalism which, even today, follows the mentioning of his name. Superiority and easiness of carrying out the experiments in the areas in which the others realized short steps with great difficulty, caused professional envy. The most persistent Tesla’s rival in those days was professor Elihu Thomson. Their conflict started as early as 1888, on Tesla’s lecture before the members of the American Engineer Society. Later on, they also found themselves on the court, but Tesla won in the dispute with Thomson regarding the priority in the invention of “the vacuum bulb.” Michael Pupin was also among Tesla’s enemies of those days, who, at the beginning, was defending Tesla’s work on alternating currents, but later on, he maintained a rival relation with him, and he often attacked him directly. One detail which Tesla had told to his nephew Sava Kosanovic, talks a lot about envious relation between these two Serbian compatriots. According to Tesla’s story, in the University club in New York, before the audience, they both were playing the then-popular game of thumb drawing. Tesla won and during the drawing he broke Pupin’s thumb. In 1898, Tesla’s former friend Thomas Comford Martin, also went to the enemy side. They entered the conflict regarding the lecture High-Frequency Oscillators for Electro- Therapeutic and Other Purposes, which Tesla had prepared and which was read before the American Electro-therapeutic Association, in Buffalo, on September 3rd. Martin published it without a permission in the journal Electrical Engeneer and Tesla protested fiercely. Telling the truth, in the same journal, in the period from 1890 to 1898, Martin had published 167 articles on Tesla’s work and he considered that he had a certain monopoly on publishing his inventions. All these mentioned people have been of great influence in scientific circles and they contributed to a great extent that, by the time, the mood of the scientific community would turn against Tesla, and that his work would be presented as being not serious and worthless. Professor Joseph Ams, in the article published in 1901, under the titile The Latest Triumphs of Electrical Invention – The Work of Marconi, Tesla and Pupin, wrote with eulogy on Marconi’s and Pupin’s investigations and works in radio-technique, and a critical chapter about Tesla he started with the words:

“It is extremely difficult to take Mr Nicola Tesla seriously, and still more so to understand the credulity of the people to whom the daily paper is an organ of science.”

In February, 1898, when, under suspicious circumstances the American ship “Main” sunk, and which was anchored in the Havana harbor, with 260 members of the crew,under the public pressure, the Congress declared war, accusing Spain. Rich

44 Americans like Hurst, Astor, Morgan and others, showing their patriotism, put their luxurious yachts on disposal to the navy. Sensational news on new weapons were being searched for. The reporters sieged the inventors. Neither Edison, nor Tesla overcame temptation. And so, on April 29th, 1898, Edison granted an interview, when he stated that he could produce the light which would make the Spanish fleet harmless, and Tesla, the day before, declared that he was improving a new war machine which he would put on disposal to the government of the United States of America. In those very days Tesla started the patent process for “remote control” The English journalists did not believe that he had really realized the mentioned invention. So to the news which was published in the London newspaper the Daily Mirror, on November 9th, over its correspondent from America, that Tesla had already made a model of remote controlled ship without a crew, which could bear explosion and be used for was purposes, the editor of a professional journal Electrical Engineer, reacted:

“The man who delivered such a nonsense is just the same as the editor who accepted and announced it as a truth, or near to the truth. Tesla has already been working for a long time with exceptional energy and directions in which he is operating are well-known, and each attempt that such nonsenses given in the Daily Mirror are connected with Tesla’s inventions, will finish by a disaster.”

Highly appreciating individuality and loneliness in scientific work, Tesla has had a complete control in all the phases of his inventions, up to the final model. Astor became interested in Tesla’s system of lighting, famous under the name “cold light” and on January 10th, 1899, he redeemed 500 shares of Nikola Tesla Co., at the price of 200 dollars per a share. By this, Tesla reached the capital 100 000 dollars worth. The progress he had made from 1892 to 1899, was more then satisfying. All fundamental elements of the system for radio-transmission were there, and if he had wanted to devote to commercialization, he would have been undoubtedly the first in this area. But, according to the theory he had developed, although in one grounded antenna system radiation of so-called Hertzian waves was also obtained, the main reason of economical possibility of signal and power transmission was in the fact that conducting of currents through the ground was also carried out simultaneously. He believed that the process of wireless transmission of energy could be able by conducting, and not by radiation. Before he went to Colorado, he had demonstrated a model of current conducting through rarefied layers of atmosphere, using the invention that conductivity depended on gas pressure proportionally as less as the voltage was higher. For current tansmission through the ground he had a hypothesis of a hydraulic analogy. Namely, according to his theory, the earth is full of electricity and behaves like a big ball with elastic walls, filled with water. “We do not know what electricity is – he would say, but we know that it behaves like stirred fluid.” Analogy between electricity and water was complete. If we place a piston on the rim of such a ball, which will act in accordance or in resonance to the waves which it itself produces, its influence can be registered on the instruments which are arranged all over the rim, and which, in that case, accept transmitted energy of pressure, and by adequate

45 reaction show its value. In the same way, he supposed, the earth transmits an electrical impulse. If it is strong enough and notified on resonant frequencies of the earth,it will reflect from antipode on the other side of the planet and return to the source, and in that case it can be amplified unlimitedly by new impulses. By such resonant “pumping in” of electricity, strong enough electrical disturbances can be produced which could be registered as signals on each part of the planet, and they would do some definite work. In May, 1899, he decided to leave New York temporarily, because the conditions he had in the laboratory in the street Houston, were not adequate any more to the plans of erection of oscillators of extremely high voltages. He accepted the invitation of his friend and a lawyer Leonard Curtis, to go to Colorado Springs, where free-of-cost location was offered to him for a new laboratory and the power for transformer supply. On his way to Colorado Springs, he stopped in Chicago and on May 15th, before the members of the Commercial club, he held an important lecture, a little known, unexplained, preserved only in parts,but of great importance for understanding of his philosophical thought, On Art of Remote Control. He reached Colorado Springs on May 18th, 1899. To the journalists, who were interested in the reasons of his arrival, he told that his gaols were to “construct a generator of high- frequency currents of great power, to improve the methods of individualization and mutual insulation of transmitted energy and to state the laws of current propagation through the earth and atmosphere.”

46

Figure 4: Research of the Louminoferous Ether and Ionosphere properties: Interior of Experimental Laboratory in Colorado Springs where Tesla discovered the Stationary waves, July 9th, 1899, Tesla is reading Michael Faraday`s laboratory Diary.

According to his instructions, a laboratory had been built in two weeks – a simple wooden hut, 20 m long, 17 m wide and 9 m high. Above the door he put the inscription from Dante’s Divine Comedy – ”Leave all hopes behind you, you, who enter!” The laboratory surmounted numerous storms, even one direct thunderbolt. It was located at a plateau, at the height above sea level of about 2000 m. That region had long been inhabited by the Cheyenne. The surrounding rivers, lakes and mountains even today bear the name Divine garden and Manitou springs. Tesla was absolutely delighted by the beauty of the sky above Colorado, incredible clouds of the most different colors and shapes, which reminded to “the balls of gold”, or, “pieces of red-hot metal”. A description of the nature in his diary, dated August 1st, 1899, is fascinating, as well as the descriptions of operation of his famous transformer of 12 million volts. Everything had been adjusted for maintenance of the connection with the world of ideas. He was surrounded by star-studded sky, enormous space and silence. “Originality of a flower in loneliness, free of external influences which threaten to cripple a creative mind. To be alone with an idea, that is the condition for invention.”– said he some time later.

47 It was here that he had constructed his mysterious apparatus, “oscillator with additional coil”. His aim was to get powerful effects at large distance. Discharges of this oscillator produced lightnings up to thirty meters long, which can be followed on the pages of his diary from Colorado Springs, neatly written in black ink. Yet, Colorado will be remembered by the invention connected to his third and the most ambitious aim – electrical properties of the planet. In a letter to the editor of The Magazine of Popular Mechanics, on June 2nd, 1912, he said:

“But what has impressed me as more wonderful than anything else is the discovery of the stationary waves I made in 1899, demonstrating that the entire planet on which we live, despite of its inconceivable size, can be made to quiver in response to the faintest whisper of the human voice.”

Immediately after the storm which attacked Colorado Springs, in the night between 3rd and 4th, of July, he described the experiment:

“It was on the third of July – the date I shall never forget – when I obtained the first decisive experimental evidence of a truth of overwhelming importance for the advancement of humanity. A dense mass of strongly charged clouds gathered in the west and towards the evening a violent storm broke loose which, after spending much of its fury in the mountains, was driven away with great velocity over the plains. Heavy and long persisting arcs formed almost in regular time intervals. My observations were now greatly facilitated and rendered more accurate by the experiences already gained. I was able to handle my instruments quickly and I was prepared. The recording apparatus being properly adjusted, its indications became fainter and fainter with the increasing distance of the storm, until they ceased altogether. I was watching in eager expectation. Surely enough, in a little while, the indications again began, grew stronger and stronger and, after passing through a maximum, gradually decreased and ceased once more. Many times, in regularly recurring intervals,the same actions were repeated until the storm which, as evident from simple computations, was moving with nearly constant speed, had retreated to a distance of about three hundred kilometers. Nor did these strange actions stop then, but continued to manifest themselves with undiminished force. Subsequently, similar observations were also made by my assistant, Mr Lowenstein and shortly afterward several admirable opportunities presented themselves which brought out, still more forcibly, and unmistakably, the true nature of the wonderful phenomenon. No doubt whatever remained: I was observing stationary waves.”

On the basis of discovery of stationary waves, he stated the fundamental electrical properties of the whole planet, necessary for adjustment of his oscillator with additional coil, so that these two systems, the oscillator and the earth, could oscillate in resonance.

48 In the patent Transmission Techniques of Electrical Energy through Natural Environment, which he applied on May 16th, 1900, he gave a datum that the lowest resonance frequency of the Earth was 6 hertz, which would be confirmed only in the sixties by the measurements carried out by Schuman. While this datum provided him great acknowledgement of modern science, one other datum was the cause of critics and opinions that, somewhere in his measurements and calculations, he had made a mistake. Namely, he claimed that stationary waves produced in a described way, were propagating over the planet by the average speed higher than the speed of light, more accurately 471 240 kilometers in a second. By the end of the year 1899, he had carried a series of experiments and come to other important discoveries and observations which were left in the shadow of his work on wireless transmission. He stated the conditions under which, during discharging of the oscillator, fire balls appeared, in one moment, in regular time intervals, he registered signals of unknown origin, for which he thought that were coming from intelligent beings from some other planet, he produced artificial fog in the laboratory and assured himself in technical possibility of artificial production of rain. Before leaving Colorado, Robert Johnson had sent him a photographer who made photographs of the most important details of his experiments. After Colorado, the world seemed different to Tesla. In the article The Problem of Enlargement of Human Energy, he exposed a new vision of the fundamental problems of mankind in future and caused stormy reactions, attracting the attention of the intellectual world to the energy as a factor of human life. By publishing the sensational photographs from Colorado, he wanted to assure the rich and influentail readers, that the one who could make a discharge of 30 m, could realize everything he promised. And, in his article, he was promising new technologies and their application, not only in wireless communication, but also in agriculture, metal processing and other important branches of industry.

QUANTUM MECHANICS, THEORY OF RELATIVITY AND TESLA’S ETHER TECHNOLOGY

In the theoretical and experimental physics of 20th century, we can mark three different styles of thinking. Quantum mechanics, relativism (near-light speeds), and traditionalism, to which Tesla belonged (although he is not recognized as such). Tesla tried to find the truth, the real nature of time, space, energy and matter, and particularly, the essence of motion. Before we go into Tesla’s metaphysics, namely into the world of fundamental principles of Tesla’s physics let’s try to pinpoint the place which Tesla ranked in the world of modern scientific systems.

49 Planks Constant, uncertainty of relations by Heisenberg, Pauli Principal, and Wave Function, by Schroedinger, were the main theoretical instruments of quantum-mechanical approaches to the cosmic phenomena during Tesla’s time. The main goal of quantum mechanics, to discover fundamental or elementary particles of matter, is still not realized to this day. In spite of the great success in studying the process of chain reactions, physics of atomic nucleus, processes of formation of nuclei of heavy elements from nuclei of light elements, etc., many things are still mysterious and they are beyond technical control. We can make a conclusion that the productive basis for the notions of quantum- mechanical physics are exhausted. It becomes evident that we should research such categories as time and space again, at a deeper level of realization, at an ontological level, to determine the true nature of physical processes. The Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein, published in 1905 in the German magazine “Annalen der Phisik”, in Bern, Switzerland, marked the second milestone in theoretical physics and used the four-dimensional space-time continuum by Minkowsky, as a model of physical reality. Logic consequence of setting conditions of local time by motion speed of the observer himself, was non-causality. According to this new theory, it was possible to foresee the events which would follow, or in other words,to know the consequence before its cause. Einstein marked light as a main informer of cosmic phenomena and postulated constancy and finality of its speed in vacuum. The theory of relativity is based philosophically on the statement of Emanuel Kant that time and space are primary forms of human experience. And due to the fact that there is no one physical system in cosmos which is absolutely still, and light moves by determined constant speed, the observers at all physical systems which move by speeds different than light will have their characteristic local time. In that way no one will perceive the events objectively, but only relatively. Using the works of a famous Irish mathematician Hamilton, Einstein formed such a calculation system of real parameters of physical events, which exceeded the variants of subjective impressions and described reality mathematically correct. In General Theory of Relativity, published in 1919, Einstein succeeded to replace Newton’s notion of force, by means of tensor calculation and assumption on space curvature, and calculate the orbit of the planet Mercury around the Sun more accurately than that he has used Kepler’s laws of heavenly bodies and Newton’s law of gravitation. In his famous “epistemological defect”, at the very beginning of the General Theory of Relativity, Einstein shows the possibility that the ball which is still, can be flattened, without application of any force, only on the basis of assumption on fast rotating of some other ball where there is an observer who controls the process. By the curvature of the space and introduction of so-called world lines of motion, he succeeded to obtain the acceleration of the body by changing the motion direction itself, without an additional impulse. He also explained suspension of heavenly bodies, their dynamic balance without a conception of force, only on the basis of the law of action and reaction, by equalizing inert and gravitational mass. Einstein considered the matter itself as a space-time event. His critic of Newton’s conception, isolation of absolute time, absolute space and rough matter, is well-known. “If we throw all matters out of cosmos, there will be left neither time nor space.”

50 The third method to understanding physical reality relating to Tesla’s ideas is to start from works by M. Faraday and D. Arago from one hand, and L. Galvani and A. Volta from the other hand. Tesla created his own original theory of the world on the basis of the theory of acoustic resonators by Helmholtz and modified ether model by lord Kelvin. This theory gave outstanding results in his experiments. The initial axiom of his theory was that universal energy of one physical system is based on the laws of resonance of vibrations, on the coincidence of oscillations of a system’s parts. He considered that the Theory of Ether can not be excuded from physics, because matter and space can not at all be completely and strictly separated. It was Tesla’s opinion that the electrified state is a fluid-state, based on the substance having the properties of perception and elements of consciousness. In mathematics, he was a follower of the realistic approach, holding the idea that properties of mathematical and physical objects directly correspond. In experiments, to solve problems, Greek mathematician Archimedes served as an example to him. Archimedes stated that “time should be excluded from physics” as an excess phenomena. It should be noted that even in XIX century scientists H. Hertz and D’Alamber tried to create theoretical physics without notion of force, but this attempt failed. Russian scientist N. A. Kozyrev was much better in it, but neither his theory brought to the level of micro-experiment, or laboratory application. The problem of relations between force and time in physics is still unsettled.

COLORADO SPRINGS AND THE TOWER WARDENCLYFFE – EXPERIMENTS OF TESLA’S LOUMINOFEROUS ETHER PHYSICS

Tesla’s experimental technique mainly consisted in ascertaining the joint properties of phisical systems, and how they may be brought into resonance. Evidance suggests his complex electormagnetic oscillator, Wardenclyffe Tower (built at Long Island near New York, in 1901 – 1905) was soles based on resonance. He could make simultaneous vibrations in the ionosphere and the globe by means of this tower. In mathematics as well as in physics, Tesla was the follower of strict determinism. He held sacred mathematics, but also considered that physical processes could be described further, and not just by mathematical methods, alone. It was Tesla’s opinion that control shall be made by foresight; just as foresight provides control. Such a position is radically different from the theory of relativity. According to this theory, objective (immediate) cognition is impossible and reality is recognized by mathematical calculation. Tesla’s and Einstein’s view on the problem of physical reality are fundamentally different.

1.

51 According to Einstein, the world is non– causative and relative, for Tesla strictly causative and determined.

2. According to Einstein, human experience is relative, fictitious and doesn’t correspond to true physical reality. For Tesla, physical reality is universal and penetrates all levels of cosmic existence, i. e. no body in any way can avoid cartain cognition of the truth

3. According to Einstein, the world is dual, consisting of human vision and objective cosmic reality, and mathematics is a pure gnoseological instrument by which human experience is brought to physical reality; for Tesla, the world is unique and the matter which arouses from spirituality is emanation of time and space.

4. Acorrding to Einstein, Ether is not s real category, but exists as a result of fallacious scientific opinions. For Tesla, Ether is a joint, undifferentiated field, which consists of time, space, enargy and the formation of matter and is a result of resonant process in Ether.

5. According to Einstein, force is a property of space which is demonstrated by its curvature; for Tesla, force is a series of mathematical operations which has real effect, manifested by conditions of the physical world; for Tesla mathematics has the nature of force, while for the majority of other scientists, as well as for Einstein, reversely, force has mathematical character.

6. According to Einstein,Time is only a rank phenomena; it is not a substantial physical entity nor category and it is registered only by means of measurements with reference to every system. For Tesla, Time is a real algorithm of materialized Mathematics. Matter is created from Ether due to time-resonance of physical systems, and returns to Ether.

7. According to Einstein, maximum speed is achieved in a Vacuum; the speed of light equal to 300 000 km/sec. For Tesla, the speed of electromagnetic waves was not limited, and experiments and calculations were made and showed that the transfer of waves and energy at any distance were possible in principle and the speed of mechanical and electrical waves penetrating the Earth, highly exceeds the speed of light in a vacuum.

52 Speaking to his friends, Tesla often refuted some of Einstein’s statements, especially those, which were related with the curvature of space. He considered that it “breaks the law of action and counteraction and if the roundness of space is formed due to the huge gravitational fields, than it should become staight due to the counteraction.” Einstein was a pure theorist and Tesla was mainly an experimenter. There exists no information about contacts and talks between these two scientists. Nevertheless, Einstein congatulated Tesla his 75th birthday. He underlined Tesla’s important merit in science, his multiphase system of generators and alternating current motors, which are to all appearances his less important discoveries.

TESLA’S NEW WORLD ORDER FROM THE YEAR 1900 – TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF GLOBAL SOCIETY

Upon his return to the United States of America, in 1893, he dedicated himself carefully to the problem of radio-technology, tele-guiding (by remote control), wireless transmission of energy to long distances without losses. In Colorado Springs, he experimented with the Earth’s stationary electromagnetic waves and wireless transmission. Although his diary of work from that period has been preserved and published, the real scientific results he has kept for himself. But, that what he had achieved there, encouraged him to promise the world system for wireless tansmission of force and intelligence. This planetary transmission of information and energy should be based on the application of such important inventions and discoveries like Tesla’s resonant transformer without iron core, and the amplifying transmitter, from which the scientist expected particularly a lot. It was a special transformer, particularly adjusted to excite the planet Earth. Still in Colorado, by means of it, he realized electrical discharges of intensity higher than atmospheric lightnings, and produced the current of such a power that he lighted up more than two hundred of bulbs arranged over the ground, in miles around the laboratory. For Tesla, it was an irrefutable proof of rightness of his conception of wireless transmission of energy – activity at distance. There is no doubt that Tesla had a great feeling of uniformity of terrestrial nature and cosmic processes. He brought the essence of his “World System” announced in 1900, to 12 positions, which reflect the very essence of technical and technological network of modern world telecommunications. At the same time, this system is also a technological basis to establish a global informational society. Tendencies of this society to the universal unification manifests in many things. Tesla’s “World Order” was constructed starting from the principles of his own inventions: Tesla’s Transformer Motors, i.e. device for creation of electro-vibrations with specific properties; Step-up Transformer – specially designed to excite the Earth (this

53 device with its electrical transmission is analogous to a telescope in astronomy); Tesla’s Wireless System – including certain devices, now considered to be an untouched method to transmit electric current without wires; Device for Individualization of a signal, which in comparison with a primitive method to match signal means the same as advanced language in comparison with inarticulate mumbling. Due to this device, it is possible to transmit secret signals both in passive and in active form, because they do not jam other transmissions can not be jammed by them; Any transmission is unique in its rhythm and has individual features; actually, it is an unlimited quantity of stations and intruments, which can act on one or two frequencies and at the same time they would not cause any mutual jamming; Wave Processes in Earth’s Ionosphere; in popular explanation, this discovery means that the Earth’s field reacts on electrical vibrations of a given frequency in the same way as a tuning fork resonates with a certain length of a sound wave. These electrical vibrations can have a strong influence on the Earth’s magnetic field. Such resonant effects can be used by different ways to change the universal energy system; Tesla defined the goals of “Worldwide System” in such a way that it becomes clear; that establishment of dense communicational network of all kinds and levels should serve to humanize scientific technology. In this sense, in the very beginning of the twentieth century, he was a prophet of the twenty-first century, since only now have real metaphysical problems began to penetrate theoretical physics, together with the origin of the Universe, time and space. Therefore,even in 1900 Tesla interceded in favor of:

1. Establishment of connection between existing telegraph stations and centers all over the world; (realized)

2. Organizing of secret state telegraph service, without the possibility of jamming (not realized, due to the fact that inventions by Marconi were used instead of Tesla’s patents on radio transmission. Marconi’s inventions required a separate frequency for every synchronous transmission);

3. Establishment of connection between existing telephone centers, or stations on the Earth (realized)

4. United diffusion of common gazette news by means of telegraph and telephone; (realized)

5. Organizing of service with principles of “Worldwide System” to transmit private information; (realized by the worldwide computer web, the Internet);

54

6. Establishment of interconnections of all telegraph systems in the world; (realized during Tesla’s life)

7. Organizing of service for distribution of music by means of this system; (realized)

8. Uniform timing clock, which marks seconds with an astronomic accuracy. (realized) Universal registering of time by cheap watches which, by astronomic precision, mark seconds and there is no need to take care about them; (realized)

9. Transmission of signs, letters, sound signals etc. all over the world, either they are typed on the machine or written by hand (realized – precise description of telefax)

10. Organizing of worldwide service for needs of mercantile marine, which should help in navigation, in compass-less voyages. It will help to determine location and speed, to prevent collisions and accidents and so on; (realized)

11. Introduction of worldwide printing system; on the land and on the sea (realized)

12. Reproduction of photos and all kinds of drawings or hand-written texts to send them over the world; (realized)

Though development of modern science and technology mainly confirmed Tesla’s oracular ideas, it did not match with them in the fundamental sense, namely – forethought ideas Tesla wanted to realize by means of transmission through the Earth, but not from surrounding orbits. Due to the same reasons, which made him stand up against using atomic energy, Tesla considered that any infringement of cosmic space, or the magnetic field of the Earth, was an infringement of harmony inherent to natural laws. In addition, it is a consequence of negative influences of people’s free will, which becomes destructive in the absence of ethical components in science. Free will can be creative only with kindness, which accompanies the higher understanding and conscious selection of positive intentions. He considered that humankind living on the Earth should understand all kinds of natural alliances with the planet – otherwise people will be deprived of it.

55 After Colorado, he attracted the attention of somebody who had been more influential than Astor – John Pierpont Morgan, a steel magnate and a powerful banker who stood in the background of all important financial projects in America. There was a rumor regarding Morgan, that in those days, he had controlled 700 manager positions in 250 greatest American companies. He was a man who had stood at the back of the great General Electric company,he forced Westinghouse to share the monopoly in exploitation of alternating currents with others, and he financed a great deal of the erection of the power plant on the Niagara. At the end of the year 1900, Tesla was invited to the wedding of Morgan’s daughter, which meant that he had belonged to the jet-set of New York’s noble society. At that time he lived in Waldorf Astoria, the most luxurious hotel in New York, and enjoyed a reputation of one of the best educated people on the Fifth avenue. He addressed his first latter to Morgan, in November of 1900, in which he exposed a part of his plan, regarding to overseas wireless communications. He failed to disclose his main goal, wireless transmission of power. He also stated how much money he needed for equipment: 10 000 dollars for transaltantic transmission of messages and 250 000 dollars for transpacific. Morgan did not react immediately. On December 10th, Tesla addressed him a new letter:

“Before going further permit me to remind you, that if there had been only faint- hearted and close-fisted people in the world, nothing great would have been done. Rafael could not created his marvels, Columbus could not discovered America, the Atlantic cable could not be laid. You, of all, should be the man to embark boldly in this enterprise only seemingly hazardous, prompted by superior insight as well as desire to advance an art of inestimable value to mankind.”

Morgan agreed, but not out of philanthropic motives. The advisors were talking to him that the solution of the problem of wireless telegraphy was visible and judging by the great success of electrification business, a control should be established over those who would bring a new techology of radio-communication. At the beginning of 1901, an agreement was concluded according which Tesla got 150 000 dollars for erection of his transatlantic system for message transmission, and Morgan, in return, established his control over 51% shares of Nikola Tesla Company. One of the most powerful man of the world stood insincerely on Tesla’s side:

“How can I begin to thank you in the name of my profession and my own, great generous man! My work will proclaim loudly your name to the world. You will soon see that not only am I capable of appreciating deeply the nobility of your action. But also of making your primarily philanthropic investment worth a hundred times the sum you have put at my disposal in such a magnanimous and princely way!”

56 The most violent Tesla’s enemy, Elihu Thomson, attacked him fiercely on the pages of the professional presses, declaring him to be “unpractical dreamer”. Tesla answered in a letter written to the editor of the journal The Dream, stating his position precisely:

“I know Thomson as I know my teleautomation, and last time I called I had it on my lips that such a letter was coming, but refrained from making the remark for fear that you might misunderstand me. Some of my recent statements, seemengly innocent, contained strong medicine and I expected that my patients, of which he was one, would be thrown into convulsions. Still, when I receive the letter last evening, I did not know whether to laugh at the amazing weakness he exebited, or to feel sorry about it… It is just as difficult for men of honor to make revulutionary announcements as it is to prove them. Thomson overlookes that I am not marely advancing ideas, but givin results. They are arrived at through expeirment, calculation and logical deduction, and not hit upon o. guessing… You must not allow yourself to be misleading by such efforts of a clique of techincal writers, who are envious of the power which a kind providence has given me, and which I am using conscientiously, often at the sacriffice of my own interest for the best of my fellowmen. I mind this crowd about as much as I would a pack of coyotes. Rest assured, I will soon cow them into submission. Some time ago they made a silly attempt to injure my credit by a vote, which was to show that I was not among the twenty-five “great men of the nineteenth century.” I gave the clique to understand that only jackasses could vote on such a question. With all that they could not get my name lower than the fifteenth on the list, and in the general ballot, which was less influenced, I came outh sixth. You know, of course, that I consider such an estimate altogether, for it is impossible to tell what one’s work is worth until a century his passed, and that at least.”

Tesla had forgotten his enemies and in March 1901, with a signed contract in his pocket, he concentrated himself to a great work. At first he had searched for an adequate piece of land and chose the place Shoreham, on the island Long Island, sparsely populated, some 100 km far from the center of New York. An afforested parcel 120 hectares large, he bought from James Warden, the manager of Suffolk Country Land Company. The whole area, according to the owner, bore the name Wardenclyffe. He confided carrying out of the project to his friend Stanford White and his cooperator V. D. Crow, and then he went to Pittsburgh, where he ordered required generators and transformers for primary supplying of a gaint oscillator from the Westinghouse company. The construction was of octagonal shape, 87 m high, with a flat platform on the top where there should have been a hemispheric dome. It was built of wooden girders, with metal junctions. Tesla ordered strict secrecy, banned giving any information, and leaving anybody to come to the property without his permission. Except for him, no other person did not know exactly what was going to be build and what was the final purpose of the project.

57 Thanks to the patent, Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy, which he applied in 1902, but which was not approved to him until 1914, some technical details of his great idea have been known today. A tower was the support of the giant transmitter terminal and it bore in itself the construction of the primary and the secondary of the oscillatory transmitter with a lifted additional coil, connected to the doom at the top. In order to realize the emission energy as higher as possible, Tesla conceived a doom of large curve radius,consisted of small metal semi-balls, which had low capacitance and allowed loading of extremely high voltages. The transformer primary should have been supplied by generators placed in the laboratory basement some fifty meters far. The greatest problem was a good grounding, important in oscillatory system, the transmitter – the Earth. For that purpose,in the middle of the tower foundation, a well was dug 40 meters deep, with spiral stairs which surrounded a steel telescopic exle connected to the transformer secondary, over which the transmitter energy should have been informed to the Earth. From the well bottom, tunnels were stretching, filled by salt water, so that grounding would be amplified. The essence of the construction of a new transmitter, to which the doom was given a special appearance, was harmonizing with electrical properties of the planet. His new apparatus he called Amplifying Transmitter:

“What is a telescope in astronomy”– he decared – “that is the amplifying transmitter in the technique of wireless transmission.”

58

Figure 5: Tesla is reading Boskovich`s Theory of the Natural Philosophy in front of his simple Magnifying Transmitter. Farady accepted the Boskovich`s theory of matter as nonextensive centers of attractive-repulsive forces and Tesla applied Boskovich`s correct Relativity of Time ad Space which Boskovich has mathematically and physically demonstrated on the pendulum.

When in May, 1901, a great collapse of valuable papers at New York stock exchange happened, followed by great fall of money value, Tesla still did not suspect that after so many successes and happy turnabouts his destiny would slow him down. The collapse at the stock exchange happened due to the conflict between two financial giants, John Pierpont Morgan and Ned Harriman for the control upon the shares of railway companies. Morgan controlled the Northern Pacific Railroad, and Harriman the Union Pacific. Harriman was interested in negotiation with Morgan about spreading of

59 his interests. Since Morgan had not reacted to his offers, Harriman, taking advantage of Morgan’s journey to Europe, in April, organized buying of the shares of the Northern Pacific company, with an intention to establish control over the company. When Morgan had heard that, he ordered that the shares would be bought back again at any price. So the value of the shares of this company, on May 9th, jumped from 150 to 1000 dollars a share. This caused panic, a monetary chaos and great fall of share values. Credit lines dried up, and goods value jumped abruptly. In the middle of February, 1902, Tesla’s former business partner, with whom he had maintained good relations even after their separation, called him to breakfast where Prince Henry, Morgan, Stillman and Vanderbilt would also come. Everything would seem to be all right, he would be invited to the most privileged circles of power and money, he would feel self-confident and his troubles due to the lack of money, which he had suffered a lot, would seem to him solvable. An event which had surprised the whole scientific world, and Tesla too, was Marconi’s success in signal transmission over the Atlantic. On December 12th, 1901, Marconi transmitted the letter “C” from Cornwall in England to Newfoundland in Canada. The news was accepted with great disbelief by many people. Tesla knew that Marconi, with the apparatuses he had protected by patents, had not been able to carry out such an accomplishment, and he suspected that Marconi had used his apparatuses. But he did not have evidences, and on January 13th, 1902, when, in Waldorf Astoria in New York, a welcome was prepared to Marconi, he congratulated the Italian inventor on his success insincerely calm. Marconi’s success would influence to the opinions of business people greatly. Marconi showed a simpler way to commercialization of wireless radio- telegraphy. The way he had done it, for a big business was not important. The competitors acted faster than Tesla. Then some other troubles hit him. The tower with the platform had already been erected, in November, 1902, and the laboratory building built and partly furnished. The tower doom frames made by the American Bridge company were delivered distorted and broken in transport, which caused great slowdown in work and costs. Thirteen years later, Tesla wrote to V. H. Connelly, from the same company:

“How different would it have been if your company had furnished that steel on time as agreed? I had to do with a noble but very impetuous old gentleman and four or five months delay was fatal to my project.”

Having seen that he would not be able to carry out his project to the end, with the money he had at his disposal, he tried to make some other financiers be interested in finishing of this project, like Guggenheim, Ryan and Frick,simultaneously writing long and degrading letters to Morgan, in which he asked for more money.

“Dear Mr Morgan, You wish me success! It is in your hands, how can you wish it?

60 We start on a proposition, everything duly calculated; it is financially frail. You engage in impossible operations, you make me pay double, yes, make me wait 10 months for machinery. On top of that you produce a panic. When, after putting in all I could scrape together, I come to show you that I have done the best that could be done, you fire me out like an office boy and roar so that you are heard six blocks away: Not a cent; it is spread all ower town. I am discredited, the laughing stock of my enemies… Are you going to leave me in a hole?! I have made a thousand powerful enemies on your account, because I have told them that I value one of your shoestrings more than all of them… Have you ever read the book of Job? If you will put my mind in place of his body you will find my suffering accurately described. Since a year, Mr Morgan, there has been hardly a night when my pillow is not bathed in tears, but you must not think me a weak man for that. I am prefectly sure to finish my task, come what may. I am only sorry that after mistering all difficulties which seemed insuperable, and acquiring a special knowledge and ability which I now alone possess, and which, if applied effectively, would advance the world a century, I must see my work delayed… You say that you have fulfilled your contract with me. You have not. I came to enlist your genius and power, not because of money. You should know that I have honored you in doing so as much as I have honored myself. You are a big man, but your work is wrought in passing form, mine is immortal. I came to you with the greatest invention of all times. I have more creations named after me than any man that has gone before not excepting Archimedes and Galileo – the gaints of invention. Six thousand million dollars are invested in enterprises based on my discoveries in the United States today. (This is not a boast, Mr Morgan; only my credentials.)… When we entered our contract I furniched: 1. Patent rights; 2. My ability as an engineer and electrician; 3. My good will. You were to furnish 1. money; 2. Your business ability; 3. Your good will. I assigned patent rights which in the worst case are worth ten times your cash investiment. You advanced the money, true, but even this first clause of our contract was violated. There was a delay of two months in furnishing the last 50.000 – a delay which was fatal… There is only one way to go, Mr Morgan. Give me tha money to finish a great work… Or else, make me a present and let me work out my salvation… Dear Mr Morgan, Let me tell you once more. I have perfected the greatest invention of all time – the transmission of electrical energy without wires to any distance, a work which has consumed 10 years of my life. It is the long sought stone of the philosophers. I need but to complete the plant I have constructed and in one bound, humanity will advance centuries.

61 I am only man on this earth to-day who has the peculiar knowledge and ability to achieve this wonder and another one may not come in a hundred years… Help me to complete this work or else remove the obstacles in my path.”

Morgan would not answer to all these letters, or, from time to time, his secretary would send a short information that his master was not interested for cooperation any more. Tesla had found himself in debts, which threatened to bring him in situation that his property could be confiscated. He wrote to his uncle Nikolaj deperately, who was then a metropolitan Dabrobosanski, asking for a loan with the Serbian bank, but that attempt failed.

“It has to be very difficult to You to struggle with such lions, the capitalists,” his uncle consoled him, in the letter dated Septembre 2nd, 1903,– “I am preparing for the journey to my eparchy, and I have to dedicate one new church far away from my residance, I shall pray to God for you, and the rest will be solved by God’s help.”

Wardenclyffe suddenly became deserted. In autumn, 1906, Tesla, with his cooperatiors, withdrew to New York, leaving behind the closed laboratiory and the tower. As his last attempt, he repeated his program the Proclamation of the World System of Energy Wireless Transmission in twelve items. Reaction of both, the financiers and the public, to Tesla’s repeated suggestion, was absolute silence. Marconi, Edison and many others, converted Tesla’s work on wireless transmission into a profitable business. At that time, even Pupin was on Marconi’s side, pretending that he was praising his work, but really connecting with Marconi’s compani by a contract on selling the license for using of his patents in the area of wireless telegraphy. Tesla’s long-time secretary George Scherff wrote on April 6th, 1906:

“I have scarcely ever seen you so out of sorts as last Sunday, and I was frigtened.”

On the basis of a graphological analysis of Tesla’s handwriting from 1906, Mark Seifert, in his doctoral dissertation, concluded that Tesla had a nervous breakdown in that year. But Tesla still did not see enough convincing signs that he should give up, that concurrence of higher circumstances was against his intentions – he only saw great difficulties which should be overwhelmed.

“The true awards are always in proportion with the work and sacrifices” – he used to say.

62 The fact that his destiny had not returned him with favorable circumstances for finishing of his project, forced him to think that his sacrifice had not been big enough. As a favorite of the ghost of inventions, he felt a secret connection with nature and he believed that a providence would help him at last. He withdrew from the public life completely. He would rarely get in touch with his friends, except the Johnsons. In the following twenty years, he would never send a letter to his sister Milka, of anybody of the rest of his family.

Figure 6: The Tesla Wardenclyffe Tower was destroyed on July 4th, 1917, The Independant Day of America. Tesla never made any comment on the event.

TESLA’S HEURISTIC METHOD AND THE POWER OF WARDENCLYFFE TOWER

Let’s visit Tesla’s laboratory in Colorado Springs again. We shall come across electromagnetic fields of very high-frequency and Tesla, experimenting on human brain, on himself. He wrote to his friend Jonhnson about some intelligent properties of electromagnetic fields. Biophysical principles of neurology were born. Just after this, in 1901, construction on Long Island began – Wardenclyffe Tower; the Magnifying Transmitter. The matter concerns a complex transmitter of electromagnetic waves. Tesla applied all his knowledge to design it: Teleautomatic control, Wireless transmission, non-Hertzian waves, original theory of ether and electricity, dynamic theory of gravity (according to which each natural element of Mendeleev system has its own characteristic gravitational constant, a specific G), as well as his own technique of time flow speed operation. In that year, 1901, a “new physics” was born. The question is asked what new concepts could be obtained by experimenting with resonant concentrated magnetic and electromagnetic fields? Let’s return for a moment to a mystic George Leonard and his picture of cosmos. Speaking about vibrations, he

63 underlines the present: there are different nations, races and tribes on the planet, but we would never meet anyone who could live without music and dancing. More than 2500 years ago, Pythagoras said to his progeny that stone is frozen music. Every particle of the physical Universe has a certain property, which is pitch and overtones of its separate frequencies, i.e. its melody. (harmonic and sub-harmonic frequencies). People create music, but before that, it creates people. The gift for listening opens to us the possibility of recollection of our deepest origin. Music is the expression of sound of the world various strctures and points out clearly to rhythmical characteristics of all things. Vibrato helps us to investigate ourselves and the world of which we are a part. That pulsation, rising out of a tone, can lead us to something which is the most spontaneous and the most creative in human life. Vibrato which stirs up the internal human tones can also be deeply erotic. With the light movement of Bach’s Fourth Brandenburg Concert, all woodwind instruments of one orchestra and the strings start to tremble and they pulsate together. It seems as if the public feel some awe that one such an intimate sound can be performed in public. Dangerous sensual characteristic of vibrato is explained by the fact that the vibration speed of seven pulsations in a second precisely corresponds to the state of a brain alpha- waves. That is the state between waking up and sleeping when the usual control of mind is absent. A dreamer, waking up, often has the feeling of accessibility to all the sources of memory and creation. The vision of numeral functions is well-known, which the mathematician Poenkare perceived before the very sinking into a deep dream: mathematical ideas were playing in a cloud before him, clashing as if being of some material,and combining into the result he had searched for a long time. In the same way, a strong and a long-lasting musical vibrato, catching the rhythm with our brain, creates conditions for some kind of conscious dreaming, in which mysteries are revealed and everything is memorized easily. The way how music acts is the same as the one in which the world of matters and events act, because all that is a vibration. Subatomic particles vibration speeds are incredibly high, and the waves in subatomic nucleus center look like even faster. Vibrations of all radiation energies – radio-waves, heat, light, reontgen rays, etc.– can be arranged in an order. Blacktromagnetic spectrum, observed in such a way, has more than eighty octaves, and visible light is only one volume of that order. Like in music, electromagnetic waves have their own harmonious upper tones, and there are also some similarities which appear between octave intervals. The laws of musical harmony applied to electro-magnetics give extraordinary results. Just because of that, Tesla has used Helmholtz’s works on sound, for his electrical resonators. Johan Kepler, an astronomer, who lived in XVIIth century, believed that every planet of the Solar system is alive and there is a guardian angel on every planet, which listens to its music. Planets “play music” on their circumsolar orbits. Mercury,which has the highest speed, sings squeaky incoming and falling scale of a piccolo flute. Jupiter, the slowest, produces deep strong roaring. Venus changes a tone from major to minor six, and the Earth plays the wonderful second minor. A particular combination of sounds, which we call music, is an expression of the relation between things, in other words, their likeness and their differences. It is also a principle

64 of appearance and disappearance of the phenomena as well, which shows how new and younger systems form from coordinated harmonious systems. The inner structure of music is the same as the structure of all the rest. In 1665, a Dutch scientist Christian Huygens, noticed that the pendulums of two clocks, hanging on the wall near each other, start to move in rhythm. It is a universal phenomenon. When two or more oscillators begin to pulse with sufficiently small differences in time (with small shifts in phase) their oscillators come into coincidence, spontaneously. They behave according to the principle of minimum energy since every separate pendulum requires less quantity of energy with synchronous pulsation than in the case of arrhythmia. This coordination is everywhere, but we rarely notice. We can say that all animate things are oscillators, which pulse and change their rhythms. Even the simplest unicellular organism is in complex oscillatory state. All motions on subatomic, atomic, molecular, sub-cellular and cellular levels are coordinated. In such an organism like a human being, it is very difficult and even impossible to determine corresponding parameters. Our inner rhythms are closely interconnected and they are coordinated with our external world. The physics acting on a man, on his rarified plane (astral), states that change in one rhythm, ie. the Earths movement around the Sun, its ebbs and flows, day and night cycles, and the many other cosmic rhythms, will effect physical change in the man, himself. Any violation of coordination between these rhythms causes discomfort and even near illness in the organism. Two galaxies can pass through each other like two smoke clouds, because the stars in the galaxy are arranged at the distances the same to the millionth multiplicands of their diameters. Collision is negligibly probable. Our solar system needs 10 billion seconds (240 million years) to describe a circle around the galaxy of Milky Way. Waves in the center of tome vibrate 10 to twenty-second degree times in a second. The whole atom at ambient temperature vibrates considerably slower, about 10 to fourteenth degree times in a second, while molecules pulsate at about 10 to ninth degree of the cycle in a second. Living cells react to direct stimulation with about 1000 cycles in a second and their internal cycles they adjust according to the day of 24 hours (rotation of the Earth), lunar calendar and solar year. Complicated group of cells called a brain has various shapes of cycles and varies about 40 cycles in a second (with active concentration) to less than 1 cycle in a second with deep dream. Brain rhythmic waves are transferred from one cycle to the other easily. Visible light waves pulsate between 390 trillionand 780 trillion in a second, which is exactly one octave,one duplication of frequency. Human eye can react to only one quantum of light and with only three types of retinal cells it differs about 10 million colors. Human body generates its own electromagnetic field and, in some known and unknown ways, electromagnetic waves of the environment in which we live, also affects us very much. Science still should make the first greater steps in the direction of this research. Our physical body serves as exponent of our inner lead pulse, and, at the same time, it is our individuality that is our distinction in the Cosmos.

65 The so-called “fine body” in essence has an electromagnetic material base. The Life of each of us is characterized by certain rhythmical schemes, which are subjected to physical death and retains an extracorporal experience of the spirit, which is reincarnated. There is a supposition that the so-called “Schuman waves” takes place in the telepathic trensmission of image and thought. These are waves of 7,8 Hz frequency, which form a field of standing waves in the space between the Earth’s Ionosphere and its surface. It is our natural electromagnetic layer, which can be fully felt at the seashore or in the forest, though sea and forest absorb other harmful frequencies. It may occur that the brain enters a state of resonance with some external structure; a result will be the appearance of its image at a distance, i.e. there is a contact made by means of resonance but not by means of radiation. Since these waves have a large length (38 000 km), then transmission takes place immediately. Waves with such an extreme low frequency cannot be screened by the usual means. In essence, waves of an organism often coincide with these waves by phase. However, the problem is that waves with such low frequencies can transmit little information and therefore it is often impossible to receive a clear picture and give a full description of images of things. Yet, this can be solved so that the receiver would be in resonance in the way of lower harmonic, at adequate still lower frequency, in order that in referential human time required for formation of the brain engram an information could be read out. It is technical shortening of telepathic reception time. Modern holistic (integral) approaches to understanding the Universe have sacral treditions These foundations were laid as traditions in religion, such as Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, where we can find a clear statement that every part of Cosmos includes the Whole. It is analogous to the principle of holography. It is considered that we can make a full hologram of the Universe based on any of its small parts. Formation of this hologram can take an arbitrarily long time. The Hologram of a real man is something different from the physical basis of an ideal cosmic rhythm. Consciousness, which is a continual manifestation of the rarified substances (astral) of a man, is shifted by its phase in comparison with genetic material, and conscious will is only one of the universal instruments of cosmic purposefulness. A “right” man acting in a “right place” is a man whose intentions are coonrdinated with cosmic rhytm. Conscious intention has power, and our main choice is to take responsibility for its results. So, actually we are made of waves, but not of matter, which would be called “solid.” All that we call –things– and -events– are manifestations of acting on these waves. Every man has his unique cosmic identifier assigned by a certain function of waves, which represent us. Every man has his own hologram, which contains a universal information about time. The Identifier is a main element of Cosmos; it characterizes an individual specificity of a subject, who using this identifier, can influence eveything by methods, which seem to be unusual. We are a peculiar hologram, so potentially we know all about all. The secret of Wardenclyffe is hidden. Nevertheless, many things show that the object built by Tesla in Long Island (at that time it was a New York suburb) went ahead of all

66 the dreams of modern scientists. It was a translator of electromagnetic wave systems. By means of these waves (that scientist called earthquakes), Tesla could attain “mental” shifts in people and animals, fires in the atmosphere, creation of an impenetrable energy barrier in the ionosphere, controlling time, splitting and condensing of the clouds by means of corresponding wave frequency, and, finally, an inexhaustible energy from the Ether using the principle of “Ether Technology,” which is still unknown to us. Tesla demonstrated his experiments to numerious witnesses, but he never announced all of the results nor divulged to anyone his scientific principles. The real reason for building this giant electromagnetic and mechanical oscillator and his motives, could be much more serious than we could yet imagine. A report by W. Pickering, professor of the Harvard Observatory, named Alternating Light from Mars, was published in New York Times on January 16, 1901. It may be shortened: Last year in the beginning of December we got a telegram from Lowell observatory at Arizona. This telegram informed that a strong light flux was noticed coming from Mars and lasted for 70 minutes. Lowell observatory specializes on observations of Mars, and observer was an attentive, approved and experienced man, so we have no doubt in his statements. We will consider these facts immediately and will notify Europe and America via telegraph. The light came from the known point on Mars and there is no unusual in this point according to scientific data. Whatever there was, now we have no means to research anything. We cannot say with certainty if it is a sign that there is an intellect. For the time present this phenomenon is inexplicable. When this information appeared, Tesla was in New York. He just returned from Colorado Springs, where he through the course of year, had made apochal and inexplicable experiments with electromagnetic fields of resonant properties. (Tesla’s laboratory in Colorado was situated precisely on the summit of Pikes Peak. It is interesting that this peak was deified by the Hopi Indians– they consider it the Spiritual Pole of the World.) Encouraged by the information from Lowell observatory, Tesla stated in the New York Gazette that during his research in Colorado Springs, he communicated with Mars himself. At that time, he made hints about having already designed a device for interplanetary communication, which would be improved in the near future. He wrote:

“Ill never forget the first feeling that I felt when I understood that I have a contact with something, which will have priceless and immense fesults for all humankind. Thing that I noticed, frightened me as if I saw something mysterious and almost supernatural. Little by little I understood that I am the first who hear message sending from one planet to another.”

Reaction of scientific community to Tesla’s short article was unusually severe and negative. The first who denied him was professor Holden, the manager of Lick observatory in California. Nearly angry, professor Holden told to the reporter the following:

67 “Mister Nikola Tesla gave the information that he was convinced the certain disorders of his apparatuses-nothing less than electrical signals had been received from intelligent out-of-earth source. Emphasizing that they donot come from the Sun, Tesla thinks that the signals are of planetary origin, most probably from Mars. It is absurd. The principle of thinking is to research all possible causes of one new phenomenon prior to introduction of those impossible ones. Every normal experimenter would say that it was nearly certain that Mr Tesla had made a mistake and that the mentioned disorders were coming form the streams in atmosphere or in the ground. Besides, how somebody can state that those electrical changes were not coming from the Sun? The physics of Sun is still unknown. In fact, it is not clear what is Tesla talking about at all. Weren’t there comets which could serve as an explanation for the caused regular electrical disorders? Couldn’t the instruments be induced by constellation of Big Dipper, Milky Way or by the light of Zodiac? There is always a chance, of course, for new discoveries, but the possibility that the new phenomena are explained by old laws is still greater. And until Mr Tesla show his apparatuses to other experimenters and persuade them like he himself, until then we can state peacefully that his signals are not coming from Mars.”

Respected Professor Holden didn’t consider Tesla’s contacts with extraterrestrial beings by means of electromagnetism, because he thought it was not a serious case. Tesla worked with some extremely long electromagnetic waves of very high frequency that do not correspond to accepted theory, because increasing of a wave’s frequency is always related with short-wave transmission. However, Tesla’s waves were different from those discovered by Hertz. They propagated with a speed, which far exceeded the speed of light, better to say that their propagation was instantaneous. Tesla had his own theory of electromagnetism, which is still not properly interpreted. He discovered not only the possibility of wireless transmission of energy through the Earth and atmosphere without any losses, but also proved an unprecedented “breakdown power” of these waves during their negotiation of space. There is an unconfirmed legend that Tesla was the first to send periodical signals to the stars. Supposedly, Tesla sent coded geometrical theorems like those of Tales, Pythagoras, and an Archimedean formula of the harmonic series (we speak about addition of the series 1+1/2+1/4+1/8+. the Sum of this series is equal to two, but the number of terms can be infinite). Three days later, Tesla was surprised – he got a response. He guessed the principle, which lie in the basis of the response code, and got a human face with regular features. At first he couldn’t understand if this picture was made by those who sent this signal and wanted to show that they know of our civilization, or they drew their own image to demonstrate that there are similar beings in Cosmos. If it is true, then it should be clear that Tesla refused any open discussion of this discovery because he couldn’t get a response. But soon, something occurred that returned discussion of this happening in the American press. In 1902, Lord Kelvin, a famous English physicist, visited America. When he spoke to Tesla, he expressed a full consent and understanding of the fact that details of Tesla’s “extraterrestrial communication” were not for public discussion. After a banquet

68 (organized in his honor), Lord Kelvin said some good words about New York: It is the city with the best illumination in the world and it is the only place on the Earth, which can be seen from Mars. In addition, as if in some kind of inspiration he finally exclaimed Mars is signaling New York. This time, nobody had objections. Even persistent Professor Holden kept silent. It was not polite to contradict such an old and respected man as Lord Kelvin. Instead of objections, an article written by the writer and publicist Julian Hotorn, Tesla’s associate, appeared as a direct conclusion from this discussion. He described Tesla’s sensational methods as a fantasy. Hotorn wrote:

“It is evident that people from Mars and other old planets had been visiting Earth for years and attentively observe the development of our civilization. Besides, Tesla’s birth changed all. Maybe, it is possible that people from the stars control his spiritual and scientific development, isnt it? Is there anybody who can know something concrete? In the heat of the disputes concerning Martians, Tesla was alone in his Wardenclyffe Tower and continued to work hard and insensibly on the biggest project of his life; Wardenclyffe Tower was to make radical changes in the development of our civilization. These changes cannot easily be considered true.”

ETHER IS TESLA’S REAL HOMELAND

When making a decision to build a relaying station, Tesla at first bought a plot at Long Island and then asked the famous J. P. Morgan for help. Morgan was a member of numerous secret organizations; also, he was a genius of business organization. He already had cancer and had a hope that Tesla’s science would help him recover. He expected that Tesla somehow would connect him to some energy source and make him young and healthy forever. Tesla thought that Morgan would be a man who would understand his plan. He considered that a man has predestination and every man is predisposed to its own activity. Negotiations between the two friends were private. There is no clear information about the time when Tesla decided to begin the construction of the Tower and about expectations of Morgan as businessman and financier. During his public appearances, Tesla changed his statements of Wardenclyffe Tower at Long Island, twice. At first, he stated it was for a universal telegraph and telephone system, and secondly, for wireless energy transmission through the Earth. The truth might be found in his letter to Morgan:

“What I contemplate and what I can certainly accomplish, Mr Morgan, is not a simple transmission of messages without wires to great distances but it is the transformation of the entire Globe into a sentient being, as it were, which can feel in all its parts and through which thought may be flashed as through the brain…”

69

Many authors, especially Tesla’s biographers, blamed Morgan for cutting off financial assistance at the moment when Tesla was on the threshold of important discoveries, when he should finish and put into operation his masterpiece – Wardenclyffe Tower. I have searched the subject and I came to the following two conclusions: the first, Tesla’s project of the transmitter on Long Island did not depend only on Morgan’s subventions; money was also offered by other industrialists, and Tesla himself could, quite easily, by selling medical apparatuses on the basis of high-frequency current,earn the required sum. The second, Wardenclyffe Tower had been generally finished and put on trial, and additional money was needed for building of the power plant for Transmitter supply, and not for transmitter itself. Tesla, in his autobiography “My Inventions” clearly tells us about it.

“In spite of all that was said, Morgan fulfilled all his obligations regarding me. My project was retarded by laws of nature. The world was not prepared for it. It was too far ahead of time. But the same laws will prevail in the end and make it a triumphal success.”

Tesla tested his transmitter at its full capacity on June 15th, 1903. He began his experiment sharp at midnight. This night New York citizens witnessed the event which would astound future science. Glaringly bright strands of electrical plasma, the length of more than a hundred miles connected the spherical cupola of Wardenclyffe with the sky. The next day the “New York Sun”, under the title Tesla’s Flashes Frighten, wrote:

“People living near Tesla’s laboratory at Long Island were intrigued very much in his experiments with wireless energy transmission. Last night they were the witnesses of a very strange phenomena – multicolored lightning made by Tesla himself, the inflammation of the atmospheric layers at different altitudes and along the New York territory, night suddenly turned to day. At times, the air was full of luminescence, concentrated along the edges of human bodies, and people present radiated a mysterious light-blue shine or glow. They seemed to be ghosts.”

According to Tesla’s initial plan, five towers, the same as Wardenclyffe, would be built. The second tower would be constructed in Amsterdam, the third in China and the fourth and the fifth built at the North and South Poles. However, the plan was postponed due to reasons that should be investigated. Finally, if all this could have been realized,what would be achieved? The Earth would become a uniform homogeneous system, which could be controlled by wireless telephone commands, which would start certain oscillators, producing and transmitting electromagnetic waves of various frequencies. The same electromagnetic system would be completed with a system for mechanical resonance with the Earth. These systems consisted of a tunnel passed under the laboratory and filled with water and oil, and hydraulic pumps serving as oscillators.

70 By synchronized actions, based on exact mathematical calculations, both systems would start vibration simultaneously together with the rarified stratosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere, as with all liquid and solid structures of the planet. The entire planet would vibrate and resonate in unison. Before conjecture relating to all the possible consequences of such an event, we should give two more examples that are unusual. In his interview of July 17th, 1930 given to the “New York Sun” Tesla redoubled his enigma, stating:

“That people who live near Wardenclyffe and were frightened with his experiments could see much more, if during last two years they were more awake than asleep, they could get acquainted with really incredible things. Sometime, but not now; I’ll announce something, which you can not find even in fairy tales.”

After the unusual night, with Wardenclyffe Tower (the Magnifying Transmitter) fully operational, he fired (shot lightning bolts from the tower) the sky not only above New York, but also above all the vast area of the eastern Atlantic Ocean – In 1905, Tesla suddenly left his laboratory without a clear reason and left everything untouched. As we know, he never crossed the threshold of Wardenclyffe, never visited it, and never appeared on its property again. It was very strange as, he didn’t take any calculation, drawing or document, not one paper. It was a turning point in his public scientific work. He lived forty years more, working continually, but applying only patents in mechanics and publishing exclusively the paper articles.

THE PLANET EARTH AS A RESONANT SYSTEM

Tesla discovered and used the law, concerning the fundamental properties of Ether. Supposition made about Ether’s continuity as one of the main cosmic mediums that the imaginary center of the Cosmos is everywhere, that law of structuring of such medium should have analogues with the law of location of points in geometric spheres. In modern scientific usage there are many notions, all of them mean the same physical phenomenon: zero, continuum, continuity, ether, infinity, entity, Eleian Being, Euclid point, vacuum, etc. Parts of continuum appear according to special algorithm which separates them so that they do not leave the entity, infinity, and we call them electromagnetic entities or usually – light. There is no information that Tesla formed or told his theory in such a way, but he left some principles of systems working, which are unknown to modern physics. The question is about an Ether Generator, i.e. electromagnetic ball, which has constant electrical potential in spite of any energy leakage, than about a synchronous motor working on the gravitational waves of the planets of the Solar System (this motor turns

71 on independently at certain seasons and reacts on the corresponding arrangement of planets. It also independently turns off, when the resonant interval of time ends). Besides, Tesla designed a metal disk, which could be hung at some height and has anti- gravitational properties, which do not depend on attractive force of any given place. Parts of this structured Ether can be resonant or not. In the first case, a condensation of subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons, or neutrons, takes place. These particles appear by means of resonant synthesis of photons, according to the same principles as during formation of photons as specific particles of Ether – Asynchronous, non-resonant parts of Ether form a space, in which resonating photons form matter. Tesla’s Wardenclyffe Tower was a “Pythagorean” oscillator. A Mathematical description of transmission of particular electromagnetic waves was identical with Pythagorean creative method. Signs used by Tesla in his equations have a single-meaning physical interpretation. Principles of Tesla’s ether tehnologies belong to the level of cosmic existence, on which it is possible to control space and time. The principle of resonance and harmonic oscillation of ether seems to be so clear that all problems of modern physics, especially problems of energy conversion, will be solved with its development. By means of his vacuum tube Tesla got protons, electrons and neutrons directly from the physical continuum (ether) and reproduced them at any distance. Instead of giving ability to the bundle of protons to move free through space to some place, he created conditions for momentary appearances of arbitrary quantity of particles in the given place. Quantity of protons, neutrons and electorns was not limited by anything, the difference in their quantity was stipulated by the created shift in time. Starting from the supposition that Tesla knew something (unusual for science) and still inconceivable to all the laws of nature, we should think about what technical goals he followed using Wardenclyffe Tower and what he expected.

1. To cause oscillations of the ionosphere. Since the difference of voltage between surface of the Earth and ionosphere constitutes about two billion volts, then the Tower is continually oscillating on upper and lower harmonics of oscillations of the ionosphere up to full coincidence with it by phase (up to resonance) and can discharge it in the same way as usual electrical condensers are discharged. Due to the reason that such a charge could pass immediately, there would be a real threat to New York. A high-energy plasma column of a very large diameter (possibly of several hundred kilometers) would appear from the ionosphere, and everything situated in this space would be disintegrated. Of course, Tesla had no intention to destroy New York. He only wanted to take energy from the ionosphere by means of short oscillatory intervals to recharge his huge oscillator, which required maximum voltage of one hundred million volts. As a system for hyperfine oscillating, Tesla used a huge quantity of ultraviolet lamps, placed at the top of his Tower.

2. To take energy from Ether. It is possible to shift time coordinates and produce an energy transmission by time cycles from the past to the future without any violent release of

72 electormagnetic equilibrium of environment by means of oscillation of non-resonance electromagnetic fields. Of course, it should be done strictly following mathematical law, which determines the interrelations of frequencies with a great accuracy. In an opposite case, the results can get out of control and an unexpected destruction of material and biological objects or their momentary dropout form segments of our reality can take place like in the Philadelphia experiment.

3. To open temporary windows in “parallel worlds”. Since parallel worlds have an electromagnetic structure with the wavelength and frequency of oscillations different from those of the Earth, then is could be possible to make some connection between frequensies of oscillations of our world and other worlds by means of complex harmonic oscillating. Due to this, some pictures of these worlds could become apparent in our earth conditions (and vice versa).

4. To accelerate human evolution. If we make a permanent high-frequency field harmonizing with collective electromagnetic field of people, then little by little it will be possible to achieve an increase in sensibility of perception and increase in ability to receive ideas. Radiation of these frequencies could be harmful: any disharmony of field (non-resonance) calls a partial separation of astral and physical substance of a man, it can lead to sickness (for example, cancer) or manetal disorders. Full separation of one substance from another, of course, leads to death. In addition, all these processes act slowly. Due to their lack of knowledge, people pollute their electromagnetic environment more and more by radio waves, microwave radiation form locators (which call cancer, it was proved experimentally). Other electromagnetic radiation also has negative impact. These electromagnetic waves are in disharmony with frequencies of oscillations, which are natural for vital fanctions and for informational field of Solar system.

5. To be able to transfer the Earth into “parallel realities”. If Tesla had finished the construction of the system made of five transmitters and started it, the whole Earth would be in a state of oscillation as a uniform, resonant structure, and in such oscillation, peculiar to some other reality, and thus physically move us to the “parallel world”. Thus possibly, he wanted to accelerate the evolution of civilization. However, it could be very dangerous, because if the Earth enters the state of resonance and is oscillating with “parallel worlds,” then catastrophes could occur like that was described in the myth about Atlantis. Tesla has left to us his precious scientific road sign. His work clearly show that the truth can never be completely realized, just like the continuum can not be built of discreet parts. The nature of the truth is such that it must be recognized immediately, up to the end, as a whole or in no way. Let’s just remember Decart and his discovery that the infinite precedes the finite and Spinoza, and his infinite substance, which is something that unites nature and God.

73 Modern experimenters should keep in mind that the secret of this physical world lies in metaphysics and as long as our science is blinded with research of “crude” matter, we will be in the state of an illusionary split consciousness. It is necessary to provide a breakdown of human consciousness, and it will happen in physics. We should free the human mind and adjust it to deep cosmological research.

74

Figure 7: Considering light as the sound wave we have... November 8, 1933 (Chicago private archive)

75

Ethics is a cosmic principle, which contributes to energy distribution, isn’t it? Then it can get a status of natural law. And we will be able to explain to the supposed inhabitants of worlds, which are shifted in time, why we can influence the Galaxy and stars by means of special reactors and why we take part in experiments, which directly change us. If ethics is really a harmony and kindness is equilibrium od energy, then mathematically, the cosmic ethics certainly act in the world. It is impossible to violate mathematical laws. “There is no Czar’s way in geometry” – said Euclid to the Czar Edip, who worked on solutions to difficult geometrical problems. The Cosmos itself seems to be a big experimenter. Our mind asks it questions, clever or not. That’s why every true philosopher and scientist chould reject the applied science and rigid theory, when he studies something concerning cosmic phenomena. Tesla’s evolutionary philosophical positions beginning from oraculer ones and finishing with engineering ones, beginning from engineering ones and finishing with metaphysical ones, such as Tesla’s private life – these all are the milestones towards formation of a new paradigm of scientific and technical civilization. His attitude toward people and to himself, is a result of a transpersonal absolute manifested in him. He had no personal attitude toward anybody including himself and that’s why he made so few mistakes during his life. Tesla is often cited in modern science. The scientists, who didn’t notice contradictions of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory until now, began to study Tesla, especially those who work on unification, electromagnetism, gravitation and strong and weak interactions. Is it true that matter is infinitely divisible or not? Can space be divided infinitely? Finally, what is the role of time in physical processes? Maybe time is only a measure, a usual coordinate, as it is supposed in modern physical theories basing on the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Tesla’s ideas about ether as a bacis medium, which sructurally joins space and matter, led to stagnation in physical thinking and to continual returning to out of date ideas. In scientific circles, which take a risk of creating a “new physics,” recognize Tesla’s concepts as now become increasingly valuable and they are (finally) being studied seriously. There are experiments with ultra low and ultra high frequency oscillations, which have specific modulation and form the radiation of the ionosphere. All the possible consequences of this are still unknown. This includes control of meteorological phenomena, especially hurricanes and atmospheric pressure, infusion of thoughts at a distance by means of electromagnetism, i.e. resonance with electromagnetic transmitters. It becomes evident that it is possible with techology to imitate external electromagnetic manifestations of human thinking. It is the position of Tesla’s cybernetics. “A man is an “automatic machine” of cosmic forces” – underlined Tesla in his main articles and lectures. Experimenters can say that it is much easier to excite the mass emotions of people by means of corresponding oscillations of the ionosphere, which includes harmonics of the collective unconscious state of all humankind. The Ionosphere is the key for controlling mass feelings and thoughts. Tesla understood all this as far back as 1899 during his Colorado Springs experiments.

76 Modern university science, especially the Serbian scientific community, reject Tesla’s ideas mainly because it cannot understand them. The second reason is the opposition, which Tesla presented to nuclear physics, and his prediction that application of corresponding technology would not be continuous and quantum mechanics has no serious scientific future. Tesla, as a comsologist, had his own philosophical and religious position:

“Aristotle stated that there is an independent higher spirit in cosmic space – enteleheia. This spirit sets matter in motion and though is his main attribute. In the same way, Tesla believed that a uniform Cosmos is joint in its material and spiritual sense. There is some nucleus in cosmic space, from which we take all strength, inspiration, and which attracts us forever. Tesla felt its power and its values, which it sends all around the Universe and keeps in harmony. He couldn’t guess the secret of this nucleus but he knew that it existed, and when he wanted to give it some material attribute, he ascribed that it is LIGHT, and when he tried to understand its spiritual principle, then it was BEAUTY and SYMPATHY. A man who keeps this (religion) in himself, feels strong, works with joy because he feels himself as a part of universal harmony.”

Figure 8: Velimir Abramović on the roof of Hilton hotel in Zagreb, Croatia, investigating the first imprint of Nikola Tesla`s Death Mask (in private collection, Zagreb) which

77 contains his DNA samples (skin and hair). The Death Mask was made by French sculptor Moyon 1943. There is also another Mask of Tesla’s face in bronze, taken when he was after 65 years of age, for which occasion he shaved mustache. It was probably made by famous mystical sculptor Walter Russel (in private collection, Belgrade).

Technical specifications of Tesla’s transmitting station are still unknown, and we can not state with certainty, what its real destination was. It was only remembered that it had been tested with full success. Lost in time are suppositions that Tesla was the man who caused a strong and strange (by its consequences) explosion in Siberia in the region of Podkamennaya Tunguska in 1908. In March of the same year, Tesla sent his assistant Scherff to the Congress library in Washington to borrow military charts of Siberia, especially of Tunguska. From the Russian esoteric sources I heard later that one Buriat lama, in the spring of 1908, informed Tunguska Shamans to move the inhabitants from that region, before explosion. It was considered that this explosion was caused by a meteorite, but there has still not been found the fragment of it. It is also true that Wardenclyffe Tower was a success in technical sense and Tesla passed energy through the earth and could accumulate and discharge simultaneously a huge quantity of energy at any place of the planet. It fully matched the results of his works of many years standing on studying of Earth’s properties as a medium for propagation of electromagnetic waves. In the same year, Tesla decided to find required means for completion of his project by himself. In the journal the New York World, on January 5th, the article was published under the title Nikola Tesla’s Forecast for 1908, where he dealt with different problems of science and technology, from wireless transmission and radio, to radio-activity and air forces. In the last passage he considers the problem of ship drives:

“There is abundant evidence that distinct improvements will be made in ship propulsion. The propeller is doomed in efficiency at high speed. A new principle will be introduced.”

Tesla had on his mind his idea of “steam and gas turbine” without blades, the working models of which he made still in 1907, i.e. original solution of fluid propulsion which was the basis for his turbo machine operation. In mechanical engineering, there is always an intention, when thinking on crankshaft machine project, to minimize friction appearing between the operation surfaces, as being a harmful element and produces losses. Why don’t we force friction to work for us, instead we attempt to lower or avoid it? Tesla came to simple construction of an operating circuit, which consists of equally moved-apart parallel discs without blades, with a central hole fixed by shaft brakes. There was no need for blades in Tesla’s machines, which are very complicated parts for manufacturing, because in the inter-space between two co-rotating discs a virtual blade was formed and which shape changed, depending of fluid flow conditions. Soon, John H. Hadley, the owner of two ships “Alabama” and “Dan”, in which he was the winner on the World Cup competition of motor yachts several times, signed a

78 cooperation memorandum with Tesla. The main Hadley’s reason was hip hope that the new driving solutions would enable the increase of his ship speed. For this occasion, Tesla changed the way of work. He hired the offices in Broadway street, 165 in New York, and organized there a project bureau,from which he controlled the work of constructions and experiments in Bridgeport and Providence, by phone and by letters. In his legacy, there are over 2000 letters which he had exchanged with the company engineers in the course of the next three years. In the period from 1908 to 1911, he invented and gave to be made and tested five hydraulic machines: a trial pump,a two-stage compressor, a blower,a high-pressure pump and a turbo-pump. Parallel trial tests were carried out on water, steam and gas turbine. The first tests carried out on the compressor with diameter of 50 cm already showed that the main obstacle would be weak materials and vibrations. Two years later, the results were greatly under expectations. Besides all efforts for improvement, in construction, the best material and the the most precise methods of measurement, the pump yield degree was in the best case 60%, and with the steam turbine much lower. Documentation regarding this work, which Tesla has preserved, gives a clear review of his way of running the job, projecting and manufacture of the ordered turbo-pumps. We can see a number of his weaknesses, incomprehensible entering into risk even if the price was to lose his own reputation, his self-confidence without cover. Before all, the term for realization of the work was short, less than two months. On February 21st, he sent his first drawings for for steam turbine housing, which was obvious that delay was unavoidable. In Bridgeport they started to make casting molds immediately. He sent, one after another, the required drawings: on March 3rd, for operating circuit; on March 10th, drawings for bearings and housing base; on March 18th, drawings for turbine steam regulator; and on March 29th, drawings for the pump operating circuit. The purchaser APCC, even due to a delay, did not break the contract, and the work on turbo-pump advanced well. But there were problems about the costs for the turbo-pump testing platform and payment of engineer Quinlan, there was a mistake in drilling of the discs on the pump rotor, about the plate hardening and according to Tesla’s instruction a mistake happened, the work was slowed down and all were nervous. On October 19th, on more test was gone, in the factory ABMC in Bridgeport, and finally APCC, on November 4th, 1910 cancelled the order. After this failure, mutual accusations happened and the cooperation between Tesla and Hadley was broken. According to Tesla’s calculation, for building of the turbo-pump, instead of 3000, some 9000 dollars have been spent. On the other hand, Hadley complained that from the beginning of their cooperation more than 100.000 dollars have been spent on the development of Tesla’s machines. The circumstances under which Tesla was running the business at that time, were not clear. John Pierpont Morgan forgave him a debt of 150.000 dollars;in 1910, he made a contract with his former assistant Fritz Lowenstein, to whom he gave the licenses for usage of his patents in wireless telegraphy and telephony, and for a certain time, he received compensation for that.

79 In February, 1911, Tesla provided favorable conditions for work in Edison Waterside Station in New York. He transported his newly constructed steam turbines there and started a series of experiments. He used to say that, in his career of an electrical engineer, his experiments were always such as he had panned and the invention worked in just such a way as he had imagined it. But now, the difference was too great. He expected that a degree of yield of his pump would surpass 90%, but it was max. 60%. It is interesting that after Tesla’s death, in a number of scientific calculations and testings of his pump, it has been found that a yield degree of operating circuit itself can surpass 90%, but the pump housing geometry is inadequate and during fluid inlet and outlet some 30% of operating energy is being lost. The first results of the experiments he published in 1911, in several journals, among which the most important were the Scientific American and Motor World. On March 15th, 1911, after a pause of twelve years, he held a lecture at the meeting of the National Association for Electric Illumination in New York, and there he introduced the professional public with a new principle of fluid propulsion and with the characteristics of his machines. He made a generator for locomotive head-on light for the factory Dressel Railway Lamp, and for Sigmund Bergman and the company Bergman Werke, a steam turbine, which should have been sent for testing to Germany for acquiring the patent protection. Some of these projects, for example, steam turbine for Bergman Werke, power 7 500 kw, belonged to great engineering enterprises. Neither of these projects Tesla succeeded to complete. There were more and more court demands and claims on his account. According to the files found in correspondence with a lawyer George Foster, in the period from 1912 to 1917, he had 34 court procedures. The factory Garvin sued him for a debt, the company Yellow Taxi, New York City, the company Waldorf Astoria (19 000 dollars), even his old lawyer Ker from the office Ker, Curtis and Page. He rarely brought charges against somebody, and if it happened it was mainly in connection of priority in an invention, like in the case against the inventor Asquit. The correspondence with a lawyer Foster is interesting because it additionally throws the light to Tesla’s behavior at that time. In spite to disastrous financial situation and bad predictions, obvious inability and suspicious prospects that he would ever earn millions being close to 60-ies, and which he needed so much, he continued his way stubbornly. At that time he worked out numerous drawings for a new fountain on request of his friend Louis Tiffany, constructed speed-meters on a new principle. Firmly believing that he was close to acquiring of great wealth he continued to behave in a hazardous way, and instead to adapt his life style to his scientific work, he joked at his expense.

“The motto that governs me now is: He who fights and runs away lives to fight another day.”

Towards the end of 1914, his old friend Robert Johnson wrote to him, complaining to bad financial situation, anxiety and helplessness to do the thing he liked the most – to write poetry. Tesla answered him:

80

“My dear Luka… Do not worry about finances. Remember while you sleep I work and am solving your problems… Please take my words seriously and do not worry and write your splendid poetry in perfect serenity. I will do away with all difficulties which confront you. Your talent can not be turned in to money thanks to the lack of discernment of the people of this glorious country. But mine is one which can be transformed into car-loads of gold. I am doing this now.”

Strong feeling of ingeniousness made him so blind that he himself believed in the stories told and written about him, that he was “a self made superman”. However, there were also some real reasons for it. In the article, Science and Inventions are significant forces which will lead to the war end, published on December 20th, 1914, on the basis of fact analysis from the previous wars, by an original logistic method, he successfully foreseen the duration of World War I – five years.

TESLA’S COMPREHENSION OF WAR AND THE FUTURE OF WAR PROCESSES

In contemporary conditions the character of warfares is changing essentially, due to transfer from territorial and economic goals to the level of information exchange. The main reason for this change of levels and types of war actions is establishment of the world telecommunication informational system, which is not possible to be controlled totally. It is not important any more who occupied some territory, or who controls raw and energetic resources of some country, while in a classic sense, it was crucial for the result of each war waged in the old-fashioned way. Classical sense, from paleolithic period up to Tesla, emphasized two fundamental components: a force combined with political shrewdness, and heroic ethic of self-sacrifice for the war ideal, both in defensive and in wars of conquest. Physical elimination of people was the basis of every war process, and lasting enslavement of economic properties and control of production and distribution, the goal of each post-war occupation. With regard to psychology of war participants, in war territory, especially in propaganda on the terrain, the main concern of experts was a control of mass emotions and, generally, emotional-instinctive segment of some military force. Studying of warrior characters was based on anthropological type parameters: ethno-psychology, people and nation history, folk-myth paradigm, exact socio-psychological testing of collective reaction to political, economic and ideological factors of pressure. War is treated as one new situation, a sudden turn-over or a catastrophe in otherwise historically peaceful consequences of events of low intensity, which, neither fast, nor essentially, doesn’t change traditional characteristics of life of some nation.

81 Regarding war territories and explanations of war causes, in contemporary informational society based on electronics, telecommunication systems and computer technology, they must experience a fundamental reconceptualization. The main change is that the key factor of a war process is not a man any more, but a logic scheme or a file with energetic influence. Tesla was the one who had foreseen this exactly, so it is worthwhile to be spoken of in details. Tesla did not considered war as a political relation of the sides in war prolonged by physical conflict, or, as it has been concluded by a Russian colonel and a theoretic Klauzevic, like “politics prolonged by war implements”, but like energetic exchange of different potentials, and, in deeper sense, like arrangement of energetic and material entities directly copied from hierarchy plan of ideas. Tesla’s comprehension of war is so deep and revolutionary that goes to the shift of paradigm of Christian civilization itself, based on the notion of life space and individual sacrifice for the community, and that, with no doubt, corresponds to scientific- technological civilization of our age and future. Today, a lot of people believe that the theory of games, as a logic basis of war technique will be replaced by Tesla’s conception of war as a rapid cosmological re-arragement of value scale of the civilization in transition. Each country, whether it defends or attacks, ruins its own tradition, destroying collective consciousness of the inhabitants.

COSMOLOGICAL CAUSES OF HUMAN WARFARE

Searching for astrophysical causes of cyclic world conflicts among the nations, Tesla developed the theory according to which solar magnetosphere, regular cycles of sunspots appearance, protuberance, magnetic disturbances and storms, shortly, changes in the Earth’s ionosphere appeard by the Sun magnetic induction, are directly in resonant relation with a human brain. Tesla has established mathematical correlation of wars and cyclic solar activity. Still in 1899, in Colorado, Tesla noticed the connection of human brain and electromagnetic field. His letter to Robert Underwood Johnson is famous, where he talks that “in scrawls of strong electromagnetic discharges he revealed the traces of mind,” or intelligent behavior. Modern biophysics and neurology give Tesla full rights. Namely, direct ionic currents of great power, double induced by the Sun activity and the Earth’s rotation flow through ionosphere. Direct ionic currents in the shape of nervous electric-impulses, by velocity of about 30 km/s (corresponds to the Earth’s rotation velocity) also flow through exons, nervous fibers and neural net of human central nerve system. Solar magnetic induction and its distrubances change electromagnetic parameters of ionosphere layer, and these directly affect the work of human brian. In electro-encephalography it is well-known that the so called Schuman resonances of Earth’s atmosphere, particularly ionosphere, are identical with brain wave frequencies, in range of 1,5 – 20 Hz. So those are extra low frequencies.

82 Natural electormagnetic environment is changing by production of artificial electromagnetic emitters, in other words, telecommunication and electronic technology. In towns, a man has created a new type of local electromagnetic conditions which are still not studied enough. He caused disorder of evolution time parameters, shortening the intervals of development in all areas of human activity. This quickening has its results in demolishing of classical forms of economy, for example, in substitution of goods exchange and markets by energetic exchange and electronic money. At the world banking level this process has already progressed. Tesla spoke just about it when foreseeing the replacement of human warfare machines. According to him, machines will carry out energetic discharges to equilibrium, while people will stay out of conflicts. According to Tesla, a war appears when potential difference is great enough, and ends, when potentials become equal. On the basis of this theory, in December, 1914, he announced his prediction of the course and the result of World War I, which astound, not only due to authenticity, but the simplicity of the logistics he had used. Being stirred up by the war events in 1914, he published the article Science and Discovery are Great Forces Which Will Lead to the Consummation of the War. At the very beginning, he presented his attitude that civilization alone is evidently insufficient for insuring permanent peace on the Earth.

“Whatever future ages may have in store for the human race, the development so far would indicate as its probable fate perpetual strife”.

World War I seemed, not only for Tesla, a horrible turning point of human progress. After the industrial revolutions in XIX century, and inventions like a motor with internal combustion, a telegraph, long-range cannons and submarines, destructive explosions and planes, war perspective seemed a cataclysm.

“Never before were such immense armies engaged in battle and such frightfully destructive implements employed; never was so much dependent on a victory of arms. Already the losses incurred amount to tens of billions of dollars. At the very beginning, more than three million men have been killed and disabled, and for each of these ten, at least, have been turned into nervous wrecks, which will impress their miseries on the succeeding generations and darken their days”.

All the world over countless sufferers, torn by anxiety, ask themselves how long is this appalling slaughter and sacrilegious waste to continue. He started with a presumption that war is essentially a manifestation of energy involving the acceleration and retardation of a mass by a force.

“In such a case, it is a universally established truth that the time necessary to impart a given velocity and momentum is proportionate to the mass. The same law also applies to the annihilation of velocity and momentum by a resisting force. Translated into pupular language this means that the period or duration of an armed

83 conflict is theoretically proportionate to the magnitude of the armies of number of combatants. It is obviously assumed that the resources are ample and all other conditions equal. Furthermore, in marking deductions from previous wars a number of factors have to be taken into consideration and all quantities estimated at their proper value on the basis of statistical and other data. Supposing that, as it appears 12 million men are engaged in the present struggle, a comparison with some of the past wars, gives the following results:

Wars No. of combatants Duration Remarks Year, Month Civil War 4.600.000 4,0 Protracted by distance, poor communication and ineffective arms Present War 12.000.000 10,0 Franco-German War 1.700.000 0,13 Equipment not quit modern Present War 12.000.000 7,6 Russo-Japanese 2.200.000 1,6 Lengthened by distance, poor communication and nature of campaingn Present War 12.000.000 8,0 First Balkan War 1.200.000 0,6 In all respect up to date Present War 12.000.000 5,0 Hypothetical 2.425.000 1,9 Various causes average War affecting duration Present War 12.000.000 8,6

Much more concordant and shorter terms would be obtained in these comperative estimates if the records available were corrected as indicated and due to allowances made for the facilities of transport and communication, increased power and destructiveness of arms and other factors tending to magnify the rate at which energy is delivered, and so to hasten the termination of the clash. The best interference is certainly that drawn from the Balkan war, as the most modern, according to which the term should be five years. Even though this be but a rough approximation, it is sufficient to show that, barring some extraordinary development, this war will be a long one. Indeed, it seems on purely scientific grounds that a conflict on such a vast scale can only be ended by exhaustion. The enormous extent of the battle front,

84 owing to numbers and attendant impossibility of striking a decisive blow,is in further support of this theory. It is also highly significant to observe in this connection how the original battle lines, determined in advance by strategy, have been gradually shifted and strightened, contact between the fighting masses being finally established on lines fixed by natural law and brute force of push in defiance of military design. The likelihood of such termination is increased by the fact that the disturbance extends over an immense area, making the supply of necessities to some of the affected regions exceptionally difficult.”

Obviously, Tesla considers warfare as energetic exchange within a closed system with a final charge. According to this if a drain of energy surpasses an influx, the war ends instantly. The way how the exhaustion of the conflicted countries will happen is very important. Damage or lack of equipment, shortage of food, munition, metal, chemical agents, lack of money, insufficient number of trained men or simply shortage of men are only some of the causes for ceasing the conflict. Those elements were for Tesla something like falling oscillation of war actions, and he foresaw it. It happened just like that:

“Military operations cost daily more than forty million dollars, and judging from the casualties recorded to date 25 000 men, on the average, are killed and disabled in battle every day. At that rate only four more months of active compaigns would result in an expenditure of five billions of dollars and a loss of life of three million of men. This is, manifestly, too great an addiotional burden to be borne, for even though the fighting material might be available, capital is sure to be lacking. It could be, therefore, concluded with certitude that peace would be restored before next winter, were it not for one possibility or rather probability, that of a deadlock, which would be the very worst calamity, for, in view of the real cause of the trouble and the temoper of nations involved, it could not fail to protract the war for years”.

So, the most important factor of war duration is the absence of the common sense component, which is connected to Tesla’s cosmology and his comprehension of a man as an automatic device of cosmic forces. This attitude he explained in a famous article How Cosmic Forces Form Human Destinies. Natural causes of a war Tesla deduces from cosmological presumptions of vibratory resonant processes of political and military formation collective mental plan, as well as from the nations as a whole and the mentioned elctromagnetic inducion process of war participants brain activities. From this chain of war causality which is, according to Tesla, unavoidable, due to its cosmological character, therefore it has the power of natural laws validity – only human consciousness has been excluded. What does it mean? If a war is a natural event, and a man a part of boundless world, the part which behaves according to the same laws as that world does, then only non-material and non-stretching entity, a spirit, together with consciousness and sense, is possible to influence that causal- resultant chain which causes a war process, to remove the cause by compensation of the consequence. Tesla is also the first theoretician of so-called “crawling wars” and “local

85 wars of low intensity”. Namely, controlled drawing of energy is possible, on the places where there are no balance of potentials, and that is one of the instruments if not the main instrument, by which formation of planetary society consisting of so different faiths, nations, countries and cultures is controlled. And those are living people, very militant. Aggression of people, due to the consciousness shortage on abstract character of war as an energetic exchange, is very expressive in high civilized and high educated environments. Why is it just like that? Culture of one nation, whatever high it has been placed, is organized in the way of informational local file. Extra-polarization of this closed local informational code, before all political and economical, and then the code of language, culture, art and scintific heritage is in connection with destruction of the same local informational code of other nations, who also put their culture on the first place. And the wisesst colonial powers have experienced, during history, fundamenal problem of informational file conflicts, which showed themselves as unchangeable, even in the most primitive societies. Only by establishment of the world telecommunication system, appeared the possibility of harmonization of different vibratory and qualitative ethnic structures, vibratory in the sense of audio-visual contents of cultural heritage, and qualitative in the sense of the forms of religious and specific semantics. Let’s return to Tesla and World War I:

“Prophesying is an ungrateful occupatin, but scientific forecasting is a useful form of endeavor and would be much more such if human nature were not so prone to leave advice and lesson unheeded. Having made a careful study, of the situatuion, an expert can predict certain happenings with perfect confidence. There are now onlt three possible issues of this war: first, collapse of Austria; second, conquest of England by the Germans, and, third, Germany’s exhaustion and defeat. The fall of Austria is inevitable and must occur within the next few months. She may defy German influence and sue independently for peace to save herself, but it is doubtful that she could offer anything acceptable to the Allies. Much more likely it is that the old Emperor, tired of life and recognizing the injustice of Austria’s cause, will himself abdicate and recommend partition. This may not be unwelcome to hard pressed Germany, for it will open up a way of making peace on terms which will not be humiliating and compensate her for the probable loss of Alsace-Lorraine and East Prussia. The dual monarchy has maintained herself through decades as if by a wonder. It would have been dissolved long ago had it not been for the stubborn adherence of Hungarian magnates to a promise given to Maria Theresa and the extraordinary popularity of the reigning dynasty, largely due to comparison of the subjects of all nationalities aroused by the many strange misfortunes which have befallen the house of Hapsburg. It is well recognized that the unnatural existence of this feudal state has been a constant menace to European peace and is the chief cause of the present upheaval. A division of Austro-Hungarian territory along racial lines will satisfy all warring nations on the European continent. This is sure to come. It is a process natural and unavoidable as the falling of an overripe apple from the tree.

86 Regarding the second possibility, it is still unsafe to make a prediction and further developments must be awaited before a conclusion can be drawn as to the outcome. There are many indications that Germany is preparing for an attack on England with all energy and speed, and perhaps her operations in the east and west serve the purpose of masking this move. The tension between the two countries is very great, the causes of the quarrel peculiar and a peaceful solution of the difficulty is next to impossible. The third of the issues mentioned would mean a very long war. Germany can not break through the steel wall in France and Belgium; her partial victories in Poland can make no impression on the Russian masses. Gradually she must settle on a defensive. She has the greatest load to carry and must give out first, according to financiers and statisticians. But with a people so intelligent, industrious resourceful and solidly united such forecasts are hazardous. The Germans are fully capable of “making two blades of grass grow where one grew before” and it is precisely because of this and their perfect military organization that the danger of a long conflict exists. Such a prospect is enough to cause the gravest apprehensions and the uppermost thought in the minds of seers is how to prevent such paralysis of progress and horrible carnage and waste. Can it be done? There is a grim determination of all directly concerned to fight the issues to the bitter end on the ground that a premature peace, leaving the vital questions unsettled, would only mean the continuance of the existing pernicious regime and repetition of the evil. A new and irresistible argument must be brought forward to stop the conflict. The case is desperate, but there is a hope. This hope lies in science, discovery and inventions”.

Considering material evidences on war as an exchange of energetic potentials, exposing the facts of political and emotional nature,like the one regarding the reasons of long- lasting monarchy of the Hapsburg, Tesla, in clairvouyant way, connected social psychology, industrial production and ethnic-psychological characteristics of European nations, carring out unusual logistic conclusions, which, at that moment, when the article was published, defy not only data of industrial intelligences, but generally well-known statistics of economy increase and power of the countries in conflict. Obviously, his logic was deeper, and his cosmology defined the future of so uncertain process, like World War I, better. If we recall Kant’s comprehension of natural law as a general principle applied to individual case, and compare it to Tesla’s prognosis of Austrian emperor abdication and Austria-Hungary disintegration along ethnic borders, we have to be impressed that Tesla has comprehended the nature of war deeper and better than any other philosopher or theoretician before him. Tesla’s main characteristic was his style of expression, elegant and concisely given conclusions and elimination of everything that was needless. War philosophy comes out of valid culture paradigm, and in informaitonal sense for enslaving one nation the most important is to replace his paradigm. Really,by this re- progamming of collective unconscious is carried out. All ideologies which cite on sensual reality are nothing else but the instruments of that re-programming. Replacement of one

87 religion by the other, proselytism, doesn’t violate the essence of religious relation in general sense, leaves saved transcendence as violation of world comprehension mind power, replacing only the form of that transcendence, the form of religiousness. If somebody converts from Islam to Christianity or Buddhism, he will stay religious further on. But if an individual replaces a religion by an ideology, in practical sense, it will, unavoidably, degenerate spiritually into the tools of some political doctrine. In wars, men imbued with an ideology, are the most insensitive to general suffering. Tesla had all this on his mind when he, in scientific-technological era, searched for meta- physical point of departure, an ontological view to which the validity theory of modern epoch could be relied on. Civilization shift is in question which he felt still in 1900, and for which he searched the philosophical cover and explanation. So the essence of his efforts is to comprehend war as a natural phenomenon and to replace fundamental ideas of anthropology-Christian civilization by abstract cosmological metaphysics and exact ethic, which is spiritual background of Tesla’s numerous patents, technical and technological inventions. He comprehended science universally and tried hard to introduce ethic into scientific researches as valid components of scientific inventions and main connections of humanistic and exact studying at all. An idea, over a scientist, embodies in a laboratory model and in industrial production, and then becomes alienated and begins its own action, often in a domain of merciless cosmological dehumanization. By searching of natural casualty in the relation of cosmos – human war conflicts, Tesla wanted to research and formulate ethic of a higher type, the character of which would be mathematical and which would have the power of a natural law, its inexorability, as the war itself has. According to extremely exact predictions which he predicted years in advance, it seems he succeeded in it. Tesla often asked himself if inventor’s work had ethic justification, when inventions could be used in destruction purpose, for causing sufferings and giving pains. Is there any science or invention which purpose is only goodness and exclusively good deeds? He gave the answer to this question later. In the moment of writing an article on World War I, he still had different point of view:

“Modern machinery wrought by science is responsible for this calamity; science will also undo the Frankenstein monster it has created. Centuries ago an ingenious contrivance of Archimedes is said to have decided a battle and terminated a great war. Be it a myth or a fact, this story affords an insiring lesson. What is needed at this psychological moment is some such revelation. A new force, a new agent, a demonstration by any means, old or novel, but of a kind to surprise and suddenly illuminate, to bring the belligerents to their senses and furnish irrefutable proof of the folly and uselessness of carrying on the brutal fight. This idea, to which I have myself devoted years of work, has now taken hold of scientific men and experts all the world over. Thousands of inventors, fired on by this unique opportunity, are bent upon developing some process or apparatus for accomplishing the purpose, and there is feverish activity in France, Russia and especially in Germany, among electircians, chemists and engineers. What a genius of nations will bring forth none can tell, but it is not too much to say that the results will be of such character as materially to affect the outcome and duration of the struggle.

88 It is on this account that importance attaches to vague reports of mysterious experiments with Zeppelins, explosive rays and magic bombs, for though such news items can not be accepted as true, they reveal just so many startling possibilities. In the production and application of novel means of warfare Germany should be first, no only by reason of superior facilities and excellent training of her experts, but because this has become a dire necessity, a question of life and death in her present trying position. The uncertain and often conflicting dispatches of the daily happenings received from various sources have made it difficult to form a decided opinion as to the actual state of things, but in spite of rigid consorship the main facts have gradually transpired. One of these is that the Germans were the only people ready for war. Not even the French, who boasted of preparedness, were able to mobilize on time. The invasion of East Prussia was but a daring stroke of the Russians to draw the enemy and relieve the pressure on France, successful but very costly to them. As to the complacent Britons, they were fast asleep. Whatever may be said against Great Britain, her utter unreadiness and the great danger to which she was exposing herself by her ultimatum to Germany would seem to be proof positive that she did not desire to enter the conflict. Another fact, equally apparent, is that Germany, not content with a partial, even if certain, victory, had determined to defeat all the Allies in quick succession. Her plan of dictating terms of peace first in Paris, then in Petrograd, and finally in London, was not adopted as a military necessity, but as a deliberate program based on the absolute confidence in the overwhelming power of her arms. Nor did she mean to stop at that. Her aim was much higher; she wanted nothing less than to rule all nations. This is now frankly admitted by many of her leading men. To most of us such an undertaking is dumfounding in its boldness and magnitude, all the more as it is intended to be carried through by force. But it woould be a mistake to accuse the Germans of conceit and arrogance. They are convinced of their superiority, and it must be admitted that there is some justification for their attempt. The question has often been raised as to whether our further development will be in the direction of the artistic and beautiful or the scientific and useful. The inevitable conclusion of that art must be sacrificed to science. This being so, the rational Germans represent the nearest approach of the humanity of the future. The Slavs, who are in the ascendency and will lead in their turn, will give a fresh impetus to creative and spiritual effort, but they too will have to concentrate on the necessary and practical. A world of bees will be the ultimate result”.

Tesla’s indication, according to which the progress of mankind will bring art sacrifice to science,opens the question of scientific creativity. Is there any specific difference between scientific and artistic ideas, or, does Tesla’s cosmological point of view justify differentiation of art artificial world artificial world of science and technology, when it is clear that the world and manking are not artificial products.

89 Both science and art must have a point of departure in mutual cosmological principles, but it does not deny their hierarchy arrangement. Tesla considers that increase of scientific knowledge lessens a degree of artistic freedom,even decreases human need for artistic expression. Deeper insight into natural laws will put, at first. Science above art, then, what Tesla did not carry out as a consequence, will put philosophy above science. Everything began just like that in the classical period, when special sciences were born out philosophy, out of the wisdom of primordial knowledge. Finally, from scientific arrangement of a society, a deterministic character of work distribution and all social relations would arise, which would really be similar to perfectly functional system of a beehive. This is in accordance with Tesla’s physical axiom which speaks that “all energy of one system originate from external environment.” So, in an absolute sense, according to Tesla, entropy is impossible, and in a sense of social structure, science dominance over the art, and philosophy over science will realize the ideal of Byzantium political doctrine: principle of economy, a perfect social order, directly copying cosmological laws to social and political plan of the world state. Tesla knows that it is a goal in distant future, Although he gives in to the Germans, acknowledging them their preferential inclination towards science, he also notices real, short-lasting decisive weaknesses of German attempt to plan the history.

“Germany has been foiled in her attempt. Though still undefeated, her campaign is a failure. Many statements have been made in explanation of the sudden halt of her victorious armies, as if by a miracle, at the very gates of Paris, but the views expressed are of speculative character and do not deal with the real physical causes. These may be briefly elucidated.”

The following chapters are something written most deeply, not only on weakness of German army which tried twice, during the period of forty years, to conquer the world (repeated mistake of one, the same generation of the Germans) but represents even the essential determination of fundamental weakness of military organization at all. From informational physics point of view, violent equalization of soldier individuality and their submitting to a mutual goal is really impossible attempt for conservaion of organizing, based on continuous increase of energy from the environment. That is the reason why every army which does not wage a war, or doesn’t win in a war, must disintegrate. This is the consequence of influence of the mentioned Tesla’s cosmological axiom. Every military organization is a closed system, of adiabatic type, which continuously must be supplied from outside (food, clothes, shoes, money..) so that within, the wished type of organization,i.e. military relations, could be maintained. If a military organization began, for example, to produce food and other economic goods, in order not to be dependent on the environment, the defined relation file would be changed, the system of values would also be changed, and a transformation into a civil society would begin. Widely observed, civil society organizing codes are also dependent on energy increase from the environment, and when such energy doesn’t come any more, they have to produce by themselves and can not resist to changes. For this, the best examples are

90 socialist countries which abruptly were left without foreign credits. And, in these countries, the military organizations were affected first.

“The German war machine is an attempt to substitute for an assemblage of loosely linked temperamental and problematical units a compact and apathetic mass moving at command with clock precision, machinelike, impassive, indifferent to danger and death, in battle the same as on parade. Its conception rests on a deeply scientific foundation. Every human being is swayed by courage and fear, but the former predominates. This is evident, for life or existence itself is a struggle fraught with perils and pains which must be met with determination and fortitude. Fear comes from the consciousness of inimical environment and is accentuated by isolation. When many men are placed close together the friendly surrounding and sense of connectedness are productive of a distinct psychological mass effect, calming the nerves and subduing the inborn dread and apprehension. On the other hand, frequent and severe drilling kept up for years, besides being conducive to precision and synchrony of movements, is of decided hypnotic influence, still further eliminating individual initiative and incertitude.

Thus results a strong and healthy body which moves and acts as a unit, which is without human failings and shortcomings and capable of maximum performance through well directed and simultaneous application of separate efforts. Such is the formidable engine Germany has perfected for the protection of her culture and conquest of the globe – as unfeeling automation, a diabolical contrivance for scientific, pitiless, wholesale destruction the like of which was not dreamed of before. It is believed to express the highest efficiency, but is deceptive in this respect, to none more than the Germans themselves. In reality this modern war machine, considered as a transformer of energy, is barbarously wasteful. Not only thus it call for enormous expenditure of money and effort when idle, but involves a fundamental fallacy which military writers ignore, namely, the conditions determining its performance, and therefore its efficiency, are largely, if not wholly, controlled by the enemy. Indeed, it is lack of appreciation of this truth that is responsible for the Paris failure. In this analysis, Tesla applies his knowledge of tele-automatic control, robotics and cybernetics. Exaggerated organized system of German army is not its virtue, because the consequence of this is robotization of behavior of military units. German reactions are predictable almost to the degree on which the reactions of feedback of the artificial intelligence machines are foreseen. The explanation of historical falls of many great civilizations which have been enslaved by the Barbarians are maybe hidden behind this. Namely, Barbarians act like nature, while sophisticated and stratified organization of civilized society often makes a mistake, entangling in many-folded and complex developed network of its defense mechanism. If a genius has a mind which thinks like nature, and he is a genius because of that, then Barbarians or the nations on lower degree of social development, identify their war activity with basic laws of cosmos,must get whenever the battle with every civilization, whose defense during development becomes

91 more and more complicated and due to it more difficult. This fundamental defect of all societies on higher degree of evolution, Tesla noticed in the foundation of German army organization, showing that what was considered its greatest virtue was nothing else but the main reason for its failure. On the other side, success of guerilla warfare should be searched for in unpredictable flexibility of individual guerrila actions, non-standard reactions to sudden situation and a great level of independence on any robotized behavior, which are the characteristic of larger military formations and state armies as a whole. It is clear that terroristic acts arise from still greater degree of freedom and there lies the vitality of terroristic organizations, which behave like virus microorganisms, being active or non-active, in direct dependence on circumstances. On the example of German-French battles in World War I, Tesla shows advantages of French army over German army, in other words, superiority of loose subordination over authority transfer to higher instances.

“The first of the two causes of German unsuccess is found in the admirable defensive tactics of the French, who refused to make a stand for a decisive battle, thus preventing the German machine from developing its full power and compelling it to work at low efficiency. The second, even more important, was the result of undue hurry of the Germans, who drove their engine too fast, thereby increasing greatly the losses without adequate gain in useful performance. Had they taken more time, which, as subsequent developments have shown, they could have well afforded, there would have been more energy conserved and the task in all probability successfully accomplished. The most surprising of the facts which have transpired is that there have been made in diplomatic transaction and conduct of the German compaign a number of grievous mistakes, so patent now that no representations of the press can disguise them. This is a revelation for which the world was least prepared and which shows clearly that German erudition and technical proficiency have been obtained at the expense of intuition, tact and good judgment. What a blunder was the violation of Belgian neutrality, what an error the expestation that England would tolerate an encroachment so dangerous to her existence, that Italy would sacrifice her fleet and commerce to please the alliance! The Germans had wonderful guns, rendering fortifications useless, and yet in attacking France, instead of the shortest route, they took a circuitous path through Belgium, thus losing time and conjuring new perils and complications besides. Tens of thousands of men were driven into certain death in vain assaults in mass formation when a few shots from these guns would have been sufficient to level the forts. Troops were withdrawn from France to less important points at the very moment when their presence meant certain victory. The Germans could have marched on Warsaw and Petrograd before the enemy was ready to put up an effective resistance, yet they delayed the invasion until the Russians brought up their millions. They could have taken Dunkirk and Calais without great effort and so avoided the terrible losses which this task, if at all realizable, must now involve. At present they are recklessly venturing far into Russian territory against overwhelming numbers and in a season

92 when snow-storms may cut the communications and put the whole army at the mercy of the enemy. What explanation can be offered for these and other singular errors of a nation to which economy is religion, which is admittedly the first in achieving success in the most scientific manner, along lines of least resistance? Only one reason can be given and it is one which has caused the downfall of many an empire! It is overconfidence and contemptuous disregard of the adversaries. Germany began the war with a blind faith in an offensive which knows no opposition. She has learned, after a frightful and unnecessary sacrifice of life and property, that France can be strong without Napoleon, that the rights of liberty loving nation,as the Belgian and Servian, can not be trampled upon with impunity, that Russia is no longer the clumsy and helpless beast of the north. She has finally recognized what she should have known from the first, that England is her most dangerous enemy. She might maintain herself against the armies of the Continent, but with Great britain shutting her off from the sea and srtangling her by degrees the task is rendered impossible. Victory over the Allies in the west, if at all obtainable, would weaken her to the point of danger; in the East the situation is becoming more hopeless every hour. Germany is losing ten thousand men and spending seventy-five million of marks a day. Her life blood is ebbing fast; in the end she must lose. The only way to win is to crush England. In doing this she frees herself from the deadly grip at her throat and triumphs over all her enemies. The fatherland is now aflame with this thought and has started,with energy never shown before, a new campaign which if undertaken four months ago might have terminated the war before it was fairly under way. Germany enters this mortal combat not with the cold deliberation of a military power but with the passionate resolve of a nation animated by that one desire. She depends for success not only on her generals but on her physicists, engineers, inventors, chemists and artisans and on her volunteers who will offer themselves as martyrs for her cause. She may make raids and demonstrations to trap the enemy, but she does not have the remotest intention to engage the British fleet in open battle. What she proposes to do is to destroy it by hellish means and artifices without losing a single ship of her own. Unless England wakes up immediately to this grave danger and prepares to meet science with science,skill with skill, and sacrifice with sacrifice, the next few months may be critical for her reign as mistress of the seas. That the rules set down at the Hague are ineffective in preventing the use of infernal devices has been already shown. International agreements are of two kinds and may be classified under two captions,which are: “United we stand, divided we fall” and “Circumstances alter cases”. The provisions of the Hague are of the latter kind. Those who would brush aside the above suggestion as highly improbable if not preposterous should bear in mind that a great nation leading in technical achievement is making a fight for its existence and that invention has already provided means by which such destruction can be accomplished, while others are foreshadowed in scientific investigations of recent years. The question that will interest everybody is

93 what methods and contrivances is Germany likely to employ in her cunning undertaking and how can her efforts be met and frustrated? In her attack upon England four ways are open to Germany: First, forceful invasion in disregard of the British fleet; second, engagement with the fleet in open battle; third, gradual destruction and weakening of the fleet by devices other than guns, and fourth, aerial attacks on land and sea. The British Isles have been invaded before, but it was in times of primitive arms. The means of defense have been brought to great perfection, it is true, but this is largely offset by correspondingly increased powers of offensive. The feat is difficult but not impossible. Strategy, however, can play no important part in its consummation. It is a case of Hannibal crossing the Alps, a problem of overcoming natural barriers. England has a small coast line on which landing can be effected and many places are likely to be well guarded and fortified. If the Germans contemplate invasion it will come like a lightning stroke. They will attempt it in broad daylight and in their favored manner of hacking through the obstacles regardless of loss. Their frantic efforts to get control of the coast would seem to indicate that such is their intention. Many experts are of the opinion that so long as there is a superior British fleet in existence an undertaking of this nature is wholly out of the question. It is certainly possible for the Germans to establish an operating zone in the Channel, protected on the sides by impenetrable mine fields and submarines.”

In addition to high level of technical education of wide masses of German nation, it must be noticed that a war in every civilization reveals the things which are undeveloped, expressing primitivism which is in peace latent. Primitive societies when they should change the level of civilization and pass into higher level of development, resort to a war as a defense of collective living. Among others, a war is also a form of forcing the individuals to collective life, putting them to an existential minimum. Dependence of an individual on a collective is magnified, and by reduction to fundamental life needs, an individual is steered to defense of collective values. By exactly this revelation of primitive forms of behavior of one of the most civilized European nations, the German,is explained the violence that the Germans committed during the war collectively, and what no one member of the collective, who participated, would never do alone. Tesla draws a really far-reaching prediction from this, that soon after World War I will follow one more war and even of still larger dimensions. He even predicts that it will happen in twenty, thirty years. He criticizes in detail the role of chemists who enabled the usage of poisonous gases, and then discusses the relation between invention and military means:

“Teleautomatics is a name suggested for the wireless control of the organs and translatiory movements of self-propelled automata. Fifteen years ago I showed its first applications and the results were received with an interest such as only few inventions have elicited. My demonstrations were repeated in Germany and other countries, but on account of the fact that Hertz waves and imperfectly turned circuits

94 were employed a general impression was created that such distant control of apparatus was not absolutely reliable. A further argument was advanced that if it were unfailing, volunteers could always be found ready for sacrificeand more dependable because of intelligence and judgment not possessed by an inanimate machine. This view is held by those who are now advocating the use of manned aerial torpedoes, but nothing could be more erroneous. A crewless vessel controlled by proper wireless apparatus is in every way superior as a means of attack. Large guns are now being manufactured in Germany so expensive and shortlived that a single shot from them costs a small fortune. It would be possible to produce for less than the price of a shot a teleautomatic aerial torpedo of much longer range and greater destructiveness which would hit its mark every time and dispense with the necessity of the gun altogether. The new principle can also be applied to a submarine, and, particularly in connection with control from great eleveation, it will afford the most perfect means for coast defense so far devised. But its full possibilities will only be appreciated when the use of certain electircal waves to which the earth is resonantly responsive becomes general. It will then be practicable to dispatch a crewless boat or balloon to distances of hundreds of miles, guide it along any chart at will and release its potential energy at any point desired. Great many of the present means and methods will then become obsolete. It is very likely that if this war protracted this invention will prove of importance. Recent reports would indicate that experiments are being made in Germany with teleautomatic torpedoes released from balloons. One good effect of this disastrous disturbance will be a long period of peace. This is a natural consequence of the law that action and reaction are equal. But in the present phase of human development occasional convulsions are in the order of things. A still greater struggle will probably come, that between the united race of the Orient and Occident.”

As a thinker of cosmopolitan character, Tesla thought that if a war was unavoidable,because it was a natural cycle of energetic potentials exchange,then human consciousness could be a factor of avoiding human participation in those energetic processes. Will, consciousness, and sense, under cosmic conditions,by acknowledging natural laws, can be placed so that energy is equalized in quantity, excusively on the level of electrical and electromagnetic processes. But, Tesla saw many obstacles immanent to human brain itself.

“So long as there are different nationalities there will be patriotism. This feeling must be eradicated from our hearts before permanent peace can be established. Its place must be filled by love of nature and scientific ideal. Science and discovery are the great forces which will lead to that consummation. I have just made known an invention which will show to electricians how to produce immense electrical pressure and activities. By their means many wonderful results will be achieved. The human voice and likeness will be flashed around the

95 globe without wire, energy projected through space, the wastes of the ocean will be made safe to navigation, transport facilitated, rain precipitated at will and, perhaps, the inexhaustible store of atomic energy released. Advances of this kind will, in times to come, remove the physical causes of war, the chief of which is the vast extent of this planet. The gradual annihilation of distance will put human beings in closer contact and harmonize their views and aspirations. The harnessing of the forces of nature will banish mistery and want and provide ample means for safe and comportable existence. But one more accomplishment will still be lacking to make the triumph of the mind of man complete. A way must be found to interpret thought and thereby enable the accurate reduction of all forms of human effort to a common equivalent. The problem is susceptible of solution. The consequences of such an advance are incalculable. A new epoch in human history would be inaugurated and a colossal revolution in moral, social and other respects accomplished, innumerable causes of truble would be removed, our lives profoundly modified for the better, and a new and firm foundation laid to all that makes for peace.”

Let’s sum Tesla’s points of view on war events: 1. War is unavoidable natural phenomenon established on influence of Sun activity to Earth magnetosphere and ionosphere; potential difference is formed which causes appearance of war consciousness of individual nations, because electrical activities of ionosphere are connected with the activities of human central nervous system, brain; 2. war itself is nothing else but exchange of unequal energetic potentials so, exact is only such war logistic which operates with minimal number of factors, the best only a single one, which complete energetic charge of some nation expresses as a number; 3. war is finished by establichment of energetic equilibrium; 4. war can be avoided only by acknowledgement of naturel laws, by conscious, scientific control of higher energetic potential discharge. In the article Tesla’s Views on Electricity and the War, published in August, 1917, he described technical conception of the radar:

“Now we are coming to the method of locating such hidden metal masses as submarines by an electric ray,” replied the electrical wizard. “That is the thing seems o hold great promises. If we can shoot out a concentrated ray comprising a stream of minute electric charges vibrating electrically at tremendous frequency, say millions of cycles per second, and then intercept this ray, after it has been reflected by a submarine hull for example, and cause this intercepted ray to illuminate a fluorescent screen (similar to the X-ray method) on the same or another ship, then our problem of locating the hidden submarine will have been solved.”

One of his favorite topics was contemplation on energetic potentials of makind:

96 “The world must stop to exploit energy sources which can not be renewed, like coal, oil, and gas. The process of obtaining energy from these sources is barbarian, and a man uses now the supplies which belong to future generations.”

He pointed out proudly that his polyphase system had enabled a pace to leaving aside the fossil fuels. He observed other ways for obtaining pure energy, like magnetism and gravity, he even suggested the project for rainfall control by means of electric energy. With regard to the fact that he had already controlled the machanisms of formation of enormous artificial discharges he claimed that it was simple engineering undertaking. He wrote clearly, combining imagination and skill. His friend from that time, princess Lazarovic-Hrebeljanovic, gave the following comment on Tesla’s articles:

“Classic – yet rythmic in splendor – charged with the flow and ebb of the measureless mystery it speaks of all – powerful immortal life.”

At that time, over a mutual friend, prince Lazarovic-Hrebeljanovic, he met Paja Radosavljevic, professor of psychology at the University of New York, a spiritual brother of the Russian mystic painter, Nikolay Roerich, who, in 1934, made a drawing of a pyramid with an all-seeing eye on the reverse side of the paper dollar. Radosavljevic would become a kind of Tesla’s secretary, through whom many Serbs and Slovenes tried to contact Tesla. Correspondence Radosavljevic-Tesla enlightens the Serbian community in America from inside, gathered in two oopposing societies, pro-Russian “Srbobran”, with a seat in Pittsburgh, and pro-English “Sloga” in New York. Paja Radosavljevic was at the head of the first, and Michael Pupin was at the head of the second. Tesla did not participate in the work of these societies, but, being in connection with Radosavljevic, and not speaking with Pupin at that time, it seemed to many that he was on the side of “Srbobran”. Really, he stayed away from both.

“Here it is how our Serbs in the provinces of America conceive You,” wrote Paja Radosavljevic to Tesla. “Somewhere in Pennsylvania, they say how, some years ago, all the factories had stopped in Amarica and nobody could repair them. Then they call for You, and You put everything in order in less than a minute – and so they work now there in those factories… The people of Lika, again, in Illionis, believe firmly that You go to Lika every evening… The others, as well, talk that the Christ was a man from Lika, and that the paps in Vatican know that well, and the whole church they call Catho – Licka Church.”

Dr Nikolay Velimirović came to America in 1915; the future bishop of Ziča, called Serbian Golden Mouthed (eloquent), due to his famous speeches. A thinker, and an expert of Christian preaching deepnesses, he has also known world philosophy, history and science. At the celebration of Cosmopolitan club in New York, held in 1915, disappointed by Europe, had a great hope in America, a new center of civilization.

97

“The greatest American minds, are occupied now by studying and making a new program for their New world. They are at the cross-road. They have to decide: Whether America will be alone for itself, and the world for America,or it will be for the whole world… America stands on climax of its power girded with two belts: creativity and mercy. Will it lift the world upward, up to that climax, or it will darken its vision by arrogance…”

The main reason of his stay in America was to help in solving the problems which the Serbian Orthodox church had. His idea was that Pupin, Tesla and Radosavljević together sign “Vidovdanski proglas” (the Vidovdan proclamation) and, by that, announce the beginning of different history of America Serbs. He had previous conversations with Pupin and Radosavljević, and over Radosavljević he asked for the meeting with Tesla. Their meeting on July 6th, 1915, was described by the priest Petar Stijačić, who prepared the meeting, according to an order of Paja Radosavljević:

“Tesla defined that the reception would be punctually at 3 p. m. in the Blue drawing room in the hotel Waldorf Astoria, where he lived and was the oldest ressident there. We also were punctual; at 3 o’clock, we entered the defined drawing room, and from the aside room Mr Tesla came, tall, straight like a candle and slim. After becoming acquainted with each other personally, the conversation started on our catastrophe in Serbia and Montenegro, and about the Serbian struggle generally, and then we talked about our discord in America. Dr Nikolay suggested that gentlemen Tesla, Pupin, and Radosavljevic would sign one common appeal,directed to American Serbian nationalities, to get along together during the war, so that they could help their people in homeland better. Tesla apologized that he was not active in any of our societies or unions, and that those organizations should be appealed first; but he recommended that Pupin and Radosavljevic did it, as being active presidents of the unions Sloga in New York and Srbobran in Pittsburgh. On repeated request of Dr Nikolay, Tesla answered like this: “Dear Mr doctor, I know our Serbian people, they have their views on everything; such an appeal would not meet the approval, and there are journalists among us who would “cut” us, the signers, by the blade of their pen. But now, when you have come from the homeland, why didn’t you bring such an appeal to the American Serbs from our two Serbian rulers: king Petar I. Karadjordjević and king Nikola I. Petrović? Tesla stuck to his decision, but due to the respect toward Dr Nikolay, he took a copy of that appeal to read it…”

The next day, after meeting with Tesla, Nikolay Velimirović informed Radosavljević:

“I was with Mr Tesla. I am satisfied that I got to know such an unusual man. But, on the other side I am sorry that I even tried to involve him into the things of

98 nation… It is a sin to dissuade him from doing his job and drag him to the other side. I have completely accepted his reasons.”

Radosavljevic and Pupin signed the appeal, without a visible result, and Radosavljevic suffered critics from Srbobran Serbs, who experienced this appeal as a treason. In February, 1915, Atlantic Communication Company bought up the right for using the patent under the name System for Electrical Energy Transmission and the Apparatus for Electrical Energy Transmission, which Tesla acquired in 1900. This company used his system for wireless telegraphy successfully, erecting a commercial transmitter in the place Seiwill, on Long Island, from which messages were exchanged with Germany. As a compensation, Tesla was getting 5% of the profit during the next several years. The second important job, Tesla contracted in July, 1915, with the German company Homag for the right of application of his system for wireless telegraphy on the radio station Tickerton, in New Jersey. This station also exchanged messages with Germany, with the station Elwese near Hanover. As a compensation, for the period July 1915 to December 1916, Tesla got about 15 000 dollars. At the beginning of 1917, Homag stopped to pay bonuses, because the American government took the control over this station due to war troubles… As a president of a new Tesla Company Incorporated, on August 9th, 1916, Tesla and Peasure to sign one contract more on selling the license, this time from mechanical engineering, for his last patent on taximeter, “speed indicator”, which had proved extremely reliable in operation, precise, and were advertised as unique aerial friction speedometers in the world. The principle of functioning was the same as in the pumps and turbines without blades. He had come to this discovery investigating the limits up to which there was a sense to reduce a distance between reversible disks of operating circuit and casing lateral walls, and observing that influence to the machine working characteristics. He noticed that dependency between realized moment and the fluid speed was reducing, and from square approached to linear. It was possible to realize complete linearity at sufficiently small distance. It was clear to him immediately that it could be applied for measurement of flowing fluid speeds, as for the body which rotated. Improving this discovery, he applied the patents for flow-meter and frequency-meter. On May 18th, 1917, he was invited to solemn awarding of one of the greatest American recognitions, golden Edison Medal, for discovery of alternating current poly-phase system. On repeated requests of persistent and well-intentioned Behrend, the vice-president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,Tesla answered positively in the end. At the reception ceremony itself, an interesting incident happened. Following the solemn dinner in the Engineers’Club, the brilliant and numerous group made their way across the alley and proceeded through the crowded lobby of the Engineering Societies Building, which Bryant park separated from the New York Public Library. The ceremony participants began to file onto the stage, but Behrend suddenly stated that Tesla was not among them. There was a search for Tesla, without results. Then Behrend remembered something that at first seemed to him incredible. He went out of the building, passed through the park

99 and, as he had supposed, in front of the library, he beheld a sight that amazed him almost beyond belief in what his eyes told him, there was Tesla doing his regular evening occupation – he was feeding the pigeons. They returned together and the ceremony continued. That evening, Behrend delivered a wonderful speech in Tesla’s honor, and among others, he said something which would be repeated later very often:

“Suffice it to say that, were we to seize and eliminate from our industrial world the results of Mr Tesla’s work, the wheels of industry would cease to turn, our electric cars and trains would stop, our towns would be dark, our mills would be dead and idle…His name marks…From his work has sprung a revolution in the electrical art.”

Tesla answered unusually:

“I can say that I am in my heart deeply religious, although not in orthodox meaning of that word, and I constantly believe that the greatest secrets of our being should have yet been explained, and that in spite of all opposite evidences of senses and knowledges of dry and exact sciences, neither death itself will not mean the end of wonderful metamorphoses the witnesses of which we are. In that way, I succeeded to maintain unalterable peace of consciousness, which makes me resistant to troubles, as well as to achieve content and happiness to such an extent, that I can draw them even out of dark side of life, temptation and sufferings.”

Still from 1898, and the American-Spanish War, Tesla tried to make the Army of the United States of America interested in some of his discoveries. Now he got the invitation from the Navy Department for Steam Engineering, to come to Chicago and demonstrate his system for secret transmission of messages and disturbance elimination in transmission. Immediately after departure for Chicago, he was informed that his tower on Long Island, on the pretext that it had served to German spies for sending the messages to submarines. He accepted it calmly.

“My project was retarded by laws of nature. The world was not prepared for it. It was too far ahead of time. But the sam laws will prevail in the end and make it a triumphal success.”

In Chicago he met with admiral G. F. Griffin and represented him his plan of secret and undisturbed message sending in a wireless way. He was asked to demonstrate the device in operation, and after that the Navy would invest the required money. Since he hasn’t had it, he took advantage of a sudden situation which the national company Pile from Chicago offered to him, and he made a contract with them for manufacturing of one turbo-generator. Since he also needed an identical machine for demonstration of wireless transmission system, he hoped he would realize both. He stayed in Chicago in the hotel

100 Blackstone, where he has spend more than a year. He made a turbo-generator for the Pile company, but their cooperation ended like many previous cases, by misunderstanding and separation. So the attempt of coorepation with the Army failed. He returned to New York in autumn of 1918, where unpleasant news waited for him. The old owner of the hotel Waldorf has died and the new owners asked for paying a debt. He was the oldest resident in this hotel, but the greatest debtor. On Septembre 11th, he had to move out of his comfortable apartment 1021, and he went to the hotel Ritz Carlton. Tesla’s popularity, especially among the wide public, was increased in those years. Hugo Gernsback, editor of Electroexperimenter, succeeded to pesuade him to write a series of autobiographical articles, which were being published in this scientific-popular journal during 1919. The articles were so pupular that number of copies printed increased from 20 000 to 200 000 sold examples. Delighted with the possibilitiy of great printings and earnings, Gernsback started to give announcements in the journal which Tesla did not like and cooperation broke up, and autobiography remained unfinished. In the first half of 20-es, Tesla filed a series of patents in the area of steam and gaseous turbines, processes of obtaining hish vacuum and aeronautics. His personal charm was irresistible, and in spite of the reputation of an unreliable business partner, he succeeded to find a patron again. Ideas were continually pouring in abundance. This time the victim of science was Edward G. Bud, the owner of a car company of the same name. Tesla succeeded to make him be intersted in procudtion of completely new car motors on electrical drive which, in the meantime, the American army adopted for ship drive. Here, he also had a double program. According to the public part of his plan, cheap fuel could be used fordrive of electric generator turbine. And in such a way give the current to electric motor. Secret Tesla’s plan was a construction of an automobile on radiant energy, which would use terrestrial electric field. But, even that what he had decided to announce as a conception of drive aggregates, was, at that time, utterly advanced and technologically risky for application. Yet, Bud was a man of courageous visions and Tesla got the support. A colonel Rugsdale was assigned to him, as an assistant in working out in details and projecting. The beginning of cooperation did not promise a lot, because Tesla violated delivery terms, but cooperation continued. Obviously, what he had officially promised Tesla worked marginally. From incomplete documentation saved in Nikola Tesla Museum it can be noticed that Tesla had solved many problems in construction of classic motors with a half of his attention and intellectual power. After three years of a joint work, a pile of invested dollars and unsuccessful experiments, a final quarrel happened, then mutual accusations of the partners in business. In his latter to Bud, Tesla cites the laws of higher order:

“It is maybe not clear to You that I am the one of few number of people who appear from time to time and who change the face of Earth by new ideas. To deprive

101 me of help which I have the right to ask for, tie my hands and bring me to helplessness, represents the historical crime.”

TESLA TRIES TO PREVENT WORLD WAR II

The title of this chapter has been taken form John O’Neill, the writer of Tesla’s biography Prodigal Genius. O’Nill’s work was published in 1943, immediately after Tesla had died. World War II was considerably in progress and a part of the text referring to Tesla’s plans of new and secret weapons was withdrawn from printing. Only in 1993, it became accessible to the public. When he was talking as a scientist, Tesla was opposed to wars on moral, economic and all practical and theoretical grounds. But, like most scientists, when he stopped thinking as a scientist, and let his emotions rule his thoughts, he found exceptions in which he felt some wars and situations were justifiable. As a scientist, he was unwilling to have the discoveries of scientistis applied to the purposes of war makers, but when the emotional phase of his nature took the ruling position he was willing to apply his genius to devising measures thatwould prevent wars by supplying protective devices. He had the illusion that it was possible to conceive the devices which would make a war senseless. As John O’Neill quoted, this attitude is exemplified in the following statement, which he had prepared in the twenties, but did not publish:

“At present many of the ablest minds are trying to devise expedients for preventing a repetition of the awful conflict which is only theoretically ended and the duraiton and the main issues of which I correctly predicted in an article printed in the Sun of December 20th, 1914. The League is not a remedy but, on the contrary, in the opinion of the number of competent men, may bring about results just the opposite. It is particularly regrettable that a punitive policy was adopted in framing the terms of peace because a few years hence it will be possible for nations to fight without armies, ships or guns, by weapons far more terrible, to the destructive action and range of which there is virtually no limit. Any city at any distance whatsoever from the enemy can be destroyed by him and no power on earth can stop him from doing so. If we want to avert an impending calamity and a state of things which may transform this globe into an inferno, we should push the development of flying machines and wireless transmission of energy without an instant’s delay and with all the power and resources of the nation.”

Tesla saw preventive possibilities in his new invention which embodied “death ray” characteristics, and which was made several years after the foregoing statement was written. He saw it providing a curtain of protection made of ionic plasma, which any country, no matter how small, could use as a defense against invasion. While he might

102 offer it as a defensive weapon, however, there would be nothing to stop military men form using it as a weapon of offense. While I did not know the nature of Tesla’s plan I was convinced that it did embody many discoveries that would be of commercial value, and these were the angles he should seek to develop. I felt that if he could be induced to develop some minor phase of his work that would have immediate commercial use he could derive an income from it which would enable him to proceed with his more elaborate plans. To this end I sought to gain some insight into his thoughts that would enable me to get a practical plan in operation. This was no secret to Tesla and he successfully parried every thrust I made.” From the scientific point of view, the parts of the testimony of John O’Neill, who was friendly with Tesla at that time, are extremely interesting: “The clearest conception I got, and that was largely from scattered remarks, and by making deductions from them, concerned a possible manner in which one phase of his curtain of protection might operate. This was a “war” angle and as such it did not interest me, but since it involved “lightning balls”, or “fire balls”, I was very curious. Fire balls had always fascinated me, and I had read everything I could may my hands on about them. A fire ball is a strange phenomenon associated with lightning. Some of the energy of the lightning stroke appears to become locked into a ball shaped structure which may be of any size from a couple of inches to a foot in diameter. It looks like a perfect sphere, brightly incandescent and floats like a bubble, being easily carried by air currents. They may last for a short time, from a fraction of a second to many seconds. In this interval, during which they stay fairly close to the ground, they may come close to many objects without damaging them or being damaged by them. Suddenly, for no known reason, the ball explodes doing as much damage as a bomb, if close to structures, and no damage if in the open. The fire ball looked to me like a gigantically enlarged model of the tiny electron, one of the building blocks of matter, which acts as if it were just a spherical area of space in which an amount of energy was crystallized to give it structure. I felt that if it were possible to discover how a large amount of energy was stored in this fairy bubble structure of a fire ball a new insight might be gained into the structure of the electron and other fundamental particles of matter. Also this method of storing energy could be applied to a thousand useful purposes. When I approached Tesla with pleas along this line to develop this possible phase of his discovery he would evade direct reply by indulging in a, not always, tolerant lecture on my gullibility in believing theories about the complex structure of the atom. While he had in earlier years discussed some of his experiences with fire balls in his laboratory at Colorado Springs and explained his theory of their formation, he would not in the later years permit himself to be drawn into a discussion of them as a possible part of his system. This, of course, made me suspicious that the clue was “hot” but I could be completely wrong in my conclusions. Tesla was very quick in detecting my technique when I sought to narrow down a field by trying to get him to deny statements when he was adamant to direct questions.

103 Tesla became familiar with the destructive characteristics of fire balls in his experiments at Colorado Springs in 1899. He produced them quite by accident and saw them, more than once, explode and shatter his tall mast and also destroy apparatus within his laboratory. The destructive action accompanying the disintegration of a fire ball, he declared, takes place with inconceivable violence. He studied the process by which they were produced, not because he wanted to produce them but in order to eliminate the conditions in which they were created. It is not pleasant, he related, to have a fire ball explode in your vicinity for they will destroy anything they come in contact with. It will be necessary to reconstruct his statements from very fragmentary notes and a long distance memory. “Parasite oscillations, or circuits, within the main circuit were a source of danger from this cause. Points of resistance in the main circuit could result in manor oscillating circuits between terminals or between two points of resistance and these minor circuits would have a very much higher period of oscillation than the main circuit and could be set into oscillation by the main current of lower frequency.” And further: “Even when the principal oscillating circuit was adjusted for the greatest efficiency of operation by the diminution of all sources of losses the fire balls continued to occur but these were due to stray high frequency charges from random earth currents. From these experiences it became apparent that the fire balls resulted from the interaction of two frequencies, a stray higher frequency wave imposed on the lower frequency free oscillation or the main circuit. As the free oscillation of the circuit builds up from the zero point to the quarter wave length node it passes through various rates of change. In a current of shorter wavelength the rates of change will be steeper. When the two currents react on each other the resultant complex will contain a wave in which there is an extremely steep rate of change, and for the briefest instant currents may move at a tremendous rate, at the rate of millions of horsepower. This condition acts as a trigger which may cause the total energy of the powerful longer wave to be discharged in an infinitesimally small interval of time and at a proportionately tremendously great rate of energy movement which cannot confine itself to the metal circuit and is released into surrounding space with inconceivable violence.” It is but a step, from learning how a high frequency current can explosively discharge a lower frequency current, to using the principle to design a system in which these explosions can be produced by intent. The following process appears a possible one but no evidence is available that it is the one Tesla evolved: An oscillator, such as he used to send power wirelessly around the earth at Colorado Springs, is set in operation at a frequency to which a given warship is resonant. The complex structure of a ship would provide a great number of spots in which electrical oscillations will be set up of a much higher frequency than those coursing through the ship as a whole. These parasiste currents will react on the main current causing the production of fireballs which by their explosions will destroy the ship, even more effectively than the explosion of the

104 magazine which would also take place. A second oscillator may be used to transmit the shorter wavelength current.” Somewhat later I learned the reason for Tesla’s reticence to discuss details. This came shortly after Stanley Baldwin replaced Neville Chamberlin as Prime Minister of Great Britain. Tesla revealed that he had carried on negotiations with Prime Minister Chamberlin for the sale of his ray system to Great Britain for $30,000,000 on the basis of his presentation that the device would provide complete protection for the British Isles against any enemy approaching by sea or air, and would provide an offensive weapon to which there was no defence. He was convinced, he declared, of the sincerity of Mr. Chamberlin and his intent to adopt the device and it would have prevented _e outbreak of the them threatening war, and would have made possible the continuation – under the duress which this weapon would make possible – of the working agreement involving France, Germany and Britain to maintain the status quo in Europe. When Chamberlin failed, at the Munich conference, to retain this state of European equilibrium it was necessary to get rid of Chamberlin and install a new Prime Minister who could make the effort to shift one corner of the triangle from Germany to Russia. Baldwin found no virtue in Tesla’s plan and preemptorially ended the negotiations. Tesla was greatly disappointed by collapse of his negotiations with the British Government. With it there collapsed his hopes of providing a demonstration of his most recent, and, what he considered, his most important discoveries. He did not, however, dwell on the subject; beyond the single conversation he did not mention the matter again. He did not get another chance to finance the demonstration of these discoveries. During the period in which the negotiations were being carried on, Tesla declared, efforts had been made to steal the invention. His room had been entered and his papers examined but the thieves, or spies, left empty handed. There was no danger, he said, that his invention could be stolen for he had at no time committed any part of it to paper. He could trust his memory to preserve every fine detail of his investigations. This was true, he said, of all of his later major discoveries. The nature of his system makes little difference now; he has gone and has taken it with him. Perhaps, if there is any communication from beyond the veil that separates this life from whatever exists hereafter, Tesla may look down upon earth’s struggling mortals and find some way of dropping a hint concerning what he accomplished; but, if the situation is such that this cannot take place, then we must await until the human race produces another Tesla.” At the time when physicists have already deeply entered into quantum-mechanical processes of nuclear fission, and relativity quantum mechanics, Tesla, on the basis of his own ether theory, really the supplemented ether theory of Lord Kelvin, in his own way studied fission processes. From resonant induction fields, primary and secondary “Tesla coils” connected in various systems of special cascades, Tesla was producing not only the plain energetic structures in space, so-called “fire balls”, but also complex systems of fireballs in dynamic balance, which were closely resembling what we today call atoms. John O’Neill was often present to such experiments, and he himself had been educated enough that he could comprehend their strangeness and significance.

105 At the very beginning Tesla was only ecquainted with destruction properties of fire balls still in Colorado Springs, 1899, while experimenting with high voltage, as well as with low-frequency currents and establishing the resonance of Earth and Earth’s atmosphere. Like Benjamin Franklin, he succeeded to catch atmosphere electricity, fill his condensers with it and control natural courses of current. In these experiments, quite accidentally, he also produced fire balls, or ball lightinings and, more times, he was watching helplessly how they were exploding, cracking his high antenna or destroying the apparatuses in the laboratory. Destructive effects followed by break down of a fire ball happened with unbelievable force. He had studied the processes which led to formation of fire balls, not because he wanted to produce them in the beginning, but with the intention to avoid the condition for their formation. It is not pleasant, he noticed once with a smile, to have explosion of a fire ball in the vicinity, because it destructs everything coming in touch with it. With regard to the fact that he did not like to reveal the secret of formation of the fire balls, he did not leave engineering note about it. Once, being in a good mood, he confided the secret to John O’Neill, and he, later, wrote down from memory the following (the unrevised version):

“Incidental oscillations, or current circuits, inside the main circuit, were the source of danger due to the reasons I am going to explain. Resistance terminals in the main circuit can appear in peripheral oscillationg circuits between the ends, or between two resistance terminals, and these peripheral circuits have then much faster period of oscillation than the main circuit, and can be made to oscillate by low- frequency current. Even when the main oscillatory circuit had been adjusted to the highest efficiency of operation, by reducing all sources of losses, fire balls would have continued to appear, but this must have been stray high-frequent charges of non- directed currents of Earth itself. From this experiments, it became obvious that fire balls appear from two frequencies in correlation, when curved high-frequent wave is joint with low- frequent free oscillation of the main circuit. Free oscillation passes through different stadiums of changing, and when two currents react to each other, in one of the shortest moments currents can be moved incredibly fast, with the violence of some million horse powers. This condition serves as a trigger which can cause powerful longer wave energy to discharge in boundless small time interval with proportionally frightful amount of energy which can not be contained in metal circuit and it is released into surrounding space with unimagned fierce.”

This released energy, due to surrounding fields, gets a spherical shape. That is the way of appearance of fire balls. There is only a step from comprehension how high-frequency currents can discharge low- frequency currents by explosion, to the concept of a system where this principle would be applied, and in which explosions could be caused on purpose.

106 Here is the way how the fire ball production could be applied in a war. The process which is going to be described, according to Tesla’s experiments, is certainly possible, but there are no evidences that he developed it to the end: oscillator, the same as he has used in Colorado Springs to send current around the Earth wirelessly,is put into operation at frequency on which one war ship resonates. Due to ship complex construction, there are many places where electrical oscillations lift to far higher frequency than the one flowing through the whole ship. These parasite currents will react to the main current, causing appearance of fire balls which will destroy the ship by explosions, more successful than explosion of ammunition dump itself, which would also happen. The other oscillator can be used for effect amplification by sending corresponding currents of shorter wave length. Tesla was restrained in discussion on details of this project, and O’Neill stated the reasons, because Tesla revealed to him that he had negotiated with the president Chamberlain on selling his radiation system to Great Britain for thirty million dollars, on the basis of persuasions that the device could protect the islands completely against any enemy from the sea or the air, and it could also represent offensive weapons. But Stanley Baldwin dismissed Nevil Chamberlain from the position of the prime minister of Great Britain. Tesla declared that he had been convinced in sincere intention of Mr Chamberlain to adopt his invention,which would have prevented horrible war to break up and made the agreement among France, Germany and Britain possible, and to maintain status quo in Europe. When Chamberlain had experienced fiasco at Munich conference, not succeeding to preserve the existing conditions of European balance, it was necessary to get rid of Chamberlain and appoint a new president, who would be able to remove one of the main points of western countries defense from Germany and bring closer to Russia. Baldwin did not take Tesla’s plan seriously and finished the negotiations, keeping the option to buy. Tesla was very disappointed with the fact that negotiations with the British government had been ruined, and with that his hope to ensure showing of his latest and the most important inventions, failed. He has never mentioned this, except in one conversation, and up to the end of his life he has not got the opportunity to finance the presentation of his inventions. O’Neill cites that, during negotiations, somebody tried to steel his invention. Thieves or spies broke into his room, checked all his papers, but they did not find anything. Tesla has never put anything on the paper. He believed in his memory that everything, regarding his investigations would be preserved in detail in it. Undoubtedly, Tesla was a person who had made great impression to those talking with him. Although a world man, scientific cooperator of the New York Times, who was meeting many famous people due to his profession, O’Neill was fascinated with Tesla. This, for a long time hidden chapter on Tesla’s attempt to interfere in preparation for World War II, and, with his inventions, establish the balance of forces, which would make war conflict senseless O’Neill ends:

“Today it is all the same what the nature of this system was. Tesla has gone and taken it with him. Maybe, if there is any connection between this and the other world,which separates life and death, Tesla will look down to the earth mortals in

107 conflict and find some way to direct them a hint of knowledge he had achieved; but if this can not happen, we have to wait until human race bear another Tesla, and finally, on time, listen to the advice of such a man.”

There are unconfirmed stories that Tesla, dealing with control of meteorological circumstances, formation of rain clouds and electromagnetic storms and hurricanes, had produced such oscillators which could intersect electromagnetic fields appeared in operation of a human brian and create mass frame of mind. There are many indications for such researches, and numerous Tesla’s inventions are certainly scientific foundation for leading of so-called electronic and informational war.

WAR AND FORMING OF PLANETARY SOCIETY

Engineering texts of visionary nature are extremely rare in history, there exists only one text the conclusions and scientific attitudes of which are fully materialized in the period of only one century, like Tesla’s technological manifest World System, published long ago,in 1900, where, precisely, Tesla anticipates evolution of global informatics system. Finally, he was the first to use the term “teleautomatics”, “teleautomat”, “teleautomatic control”. His clear picture of the evolution of civilization and its political resources was based upon personal experience, on already realized discoveries of remote automatic control, in 1898, wireless transmission of energy, in 1899, and an still earlier advanced system of transformers and transmitters. Deep processes of adaptation of mankind and its political organizations to the world societi in rising, are to the greatest extent based on spontaneous adoption of laws in immanent to Tesla’s inventions. On the other hand, it is clear form the “World System” that Tesla, almost in 1900, was completely clear that the development of technology and science would lead to inevitable unification of the world, which Alexander Macedonian, Genghis Khan, Napoleon, Lenin and Hitler, had tried naively and by undeveloped classic warfare implements to carry out. Where they had failed, Tesla succeeded: Laws of Cosmos that he had discovered and embodied in the devices all over the world, are respected ritually and without exception as one unique informatics pattern in the basis of the world telecommunication system. It is obvious that he has shown, with his work, that the essence of every dominance is on the level of mind, and he pointed out to the path of elimination of warfare natural necessity: the path of cognition of the deepest natural principles and bringing them into conformity with cosmic harmony. Thereby, he made a key step toward the world unification, adding up human thoughts and activities on their mutual denominator: the world communication and informatics system. Aspect of modern conflict, from space, over economic, made his way to informatics level, and that is a change in quality, comparing to all epochs. He was forth aware of this,

108 when he, ontologically, defined war processes as non-identity of energetic quantum, and he expressed them mathematically as energetic commutation on a physical scheme. Since in World War I planetary energetic equilibrium was not established, World War II followed, and wars will be waged until all points on the planet Earth suddenly enter the state of war. Informatics type of war enables relation of feedback, which in any moment, by exchange of information, establishes the balance of energy. Negentropic characteristic of information, to arrange a system, in which it was sent, in the world informatics system, gets anti war character. Structural characteristics of modern world informatics system are typically Teslian:

a. Every indivudual, using different types of terminals, can easily send his, inside the global information network.

b. Due to information flux, reaction speed and informatics network selectivity, practically, it is impossible to have cetralized control of global type information, and not to damage or disconnect the system.

c. The value of derived information and method of usage depends directly from the intellectual level of the informatics network user.

He anticipates this, when he says, that advancement of communications, in the future, will eliminate physical causes of wars, from which the main thing is enormous magnitude of our planet, disproportional to a speed of exchange of human knowledge and reports. Thereby, in the course of history, on our planet, disjointed centers of power were formed with different and mutually inconsistent informatics patterns, which led to “super plunge”, occasional catastrophic conflicts. Current persistent exchange of information on a planetary level, will lead to a state of permanent war, every man for himself, which in essence has to rearrange informatics world system and establish natural hierarchy of its elements, information, and informatics networks, which is in essence compensation of cosmic reasons of war and equivalent of applicative peace. Persistent exchange of information will greatly amplify the number of low intensity “energy discharges”, in still shorter and shorter time intervals, which will disable forming of great “potential differences” and, as told by Tesla, eliminate the possibilities of war conflicts on a physical scheme. According to Tesla, not just the body of planetary society, but the very planet Earth, should be understood as living being. Only then we will have peace between individuals and the society, human society and the planet, the planet and its galactic environment. Every living system has a characteristic that matches the energy reactions on the impulses of the environment, while preserving its functions and structure. Problem of mankind, in

109 terms of ethical components of scientific and technological development, is the high-set evolution of central nervous system, human brain, which has equi-finality. The same goal can be achieved in various ways. What is the right way cannot be said with guarantee, before the goal has been achieved. In Tesla’s opinion, stated in the letter to J. P. Morgan, peace on Earth may not be, if the whole planet “does not turn in emotional being through which thoughts shaft as through the brain.” In this attitude hides the deepest purpose of the global information society which, when- then, will be compatible in its organization, with significant cosmological principles of existence, on the genesis of matter and energy level.

IN THE WORLD WHICH DOESN’T UNDERSTAND HIM – TESLA’S SPIRITUALITY

Many women were trying to approach him, unsuccessfully. Among them there were beauties, Flora Dodge, Lenka Dundjerski. Laza Kostić, our great poet, brought Lenka and Tesla together; without a result. Tesla’s connection with female principle of cosmic existence was deeper than simple physical plan. He was not a scientist who had learned from books,or from other people, but directly from the collection of cosmic knowledge written everywhere in the nature. He was not a thinker of oppositions, but of a deep union. He had his secret source of cosmic principle of female energy – white dove, which was his greatest love, and at the same time, a mystic herald of his end and transformation. On the photographs from 1929, childish happy and mysterious smile can be noticed on Tesla’s face. Great economic crisis made his each day of life easier. He dismissed secretaries, withdrew the company, closed the drawing office. He relaxed, opened and became more accessible. Then he gave many interviews about his habits, wishes, he was closer to a common reader, explained many motives of his actions:

“In contrast to the majority of the people of my age, I am not discouraged and bitter about loosing my youth. I am not tired of life, and I am not eager for rest. I feel filled with energy. I have still so many tasks to fulfill that I can not die now. I don’t have time. I want to stretch my life to many, many years more. Just now I feel that I can easily catch hundred, and it should be even more than that. I think I am going to do great things for the world, if my life prolongs. Everything I need is constant energy and time – precious time to do many projects I have conceived. I need neither ideas nor mental stimulation. I have a lot of that, too much. Time to fulfill all my plans is everything I need.”

110 From 1926, he started to celebrate birthdays, inviting journalists into his hotel and preparing dinner or a cocktail, talking about his newest ideas. He talked about his new theory of gravitation, invention of the motor operating by cosmic rays, expressed his suspicion in possibility of nuclear energy production. Newspapers wrote about him:

“Nikola Tesla in his seventy-eight works on a revolutionary project of a new source of energy and also he is ending the process of thought photographing.; “Nikola Tesla is astonishing fourteen reporters by fantastic new scientific theories.”

Dehumanized financial-technical order, which was spreading over America during those decades was unacceptable for Tesla:

“We are living in an age of unprecedented technical achievement leading to a more and more complete mastery of the forces of nature and annihilation of time and space. But this development, while contributing to our comfort, convenience and safety of existence, is not in the direction of true culture and enlightment. On the contrary, it is destructive of ideals… The real cause for the fall of nations is the inability of mankind to solve the social, moral and spiritual problems. So long as the struggle for existence is such that only the fittest can survive, there is a healthy development under the sway of individualism. When reaction sets in the individual is eliminated, original effort and initiative suppressed and the creative faculties impaired, the race gradually lapses into savagery and perishes. A similar end threatens our present civilization… Looking into the distant future I see a community very much like that of bees with all racial and national distinctions extinguished with one language, with one sex, the male, virtually eliminated and every individual working furiously to the limit of its power… It is a horrible world to contemplate, heartless and cold without ideals, one from which the hardest human being of the present day would shrink…”

He was giving up slowely from transformation of the age he was living in and turning his thoughts toward distant future, our days, in which we have to return again to his scientific solutions and respect his predictions, because of saving endangered civilization on the Earth. The last then years, he spent in the hotel New Yorker, where he stopped, after he had been given notice, due to pigeon feeding, in several hotels: Marguery, St. Regis and Pennsylvania. He had problems with the menagement everywhere. He would give prize in money to everyone who brought him an ill pigeon, whom he cured then. As little he was interested in people, who brought him so much “cosmic pain” during his life, as much, and with unusual attention, he was interested in pigeons, taking care about their nourishment and illness. About one white pigeon and Tesla’s close relation with it are talking their friends John J. O’Neill, the author of Prodigal Genius, the Life of Nikola Tesla, and William L.

111 Laurence, the New York Times science writer. Later, they will call this “the only love story in Tesla’s life”:

“I have been feeding pigeons, thousands of them, for years; thousands of them, for who can tell – But there was one pigeon, a beautiful bird, pure white with light gray tips on its wings; that one was different. It was a female. I would know that pigeon anywhere. No matter where I was that pigeon would find me; when I wanted her I had only to wish and call her and she would come flying to me. She understood me and I understood her. I loved that pigeon. Yes, I loved that pigeon, I loved her as a man loves a woman, and she loved me. When she was ill I knew, and understood; she came to my room and I stayed beside her for days. I nursed her back to health. That pigeon was the joy of my life. If she needed me, nothing else mattered. As long as I had her, there was a purpose in my life. Then one night as I was lying in my bed in the dark, solving problems, as usual, she flew in through the open window and stood on my desk. I knew she wanted me; she wanted to tell me something important so I got up and went to her. As I looked at her I knew she wanted to tell me – she was dying. And then, as I got her message, there came a light from her eyes – powerful beams of light. Yes,… it was a real light, a powerful, dazzling, blinding light, a light more intense than I had ever produced by the most powerful lamps in my laboratory.”

Tesla admitted to O’Neill that “when that particular pigeon died, something went out of my life. Up to that time, I knew with a certainty that I would complete my work, no matter how ambitious my program, but when that pigeon flew into the beyond, I knew my life’s work was done for good. Yes, I have fed pigeons for years; I continue to feed them, thousands of them, for after all, who can tell…” In the New Yorker he had a two-room suites on the 33rd floor, far from the street noise. There, at the height, the air was clearer, and conditions for devotion to his ideas excellent. Material existence has never been Tesla’s goal. The sense of his life aspirations still from childhood has been preservation of integrity of his dreamer spiritual life, and everything was devoted to it. Here is the explanation of his great business failures:

“My work has always filled me with enthusiasm, it was an immense source of my satisfaction; all my works were the works of love; I have never had the feeling of slavery, which very often press people, that mortal feeling that I have to work for others up to the end of my life. Since I like my work above all, the only natural is that I want to continue working it up to the end of my life. I don’t want vacation – no kind of relaxation from work. If people chose their life vocation in accordance to their temperament, general amount of happiness would enormously increase in the world.”

In 1934, when the Yugoslav consul in New York, Radoje Janković, delivered him Pupin’s offer to provide him help over some companies, he refused at once:

112

“Please inform Mr Pupin immediately before some great evil happens, that I don’t even want to hear about his suggestion, although I thank him… I don’t need help, but difficulties. I work in struggle the best.”

The next year, Pupin was on his deathbed and, over consul Janković, he expressed his wish to see Tesla. The Colonel Milos Tošić, Tesla’s friend, royal military attache in New York, described in his recollections the scene of reconciliation. Tošić cabled Tesla in the hotel New Yorker, described Pupin’s bad condition and delivered his wish to see him. He asked Tesla if he accepted and his answer was: “Oh, that will be hard”. After a pause, he asked for the time to think about it and told Tošić that he would inform him about his decision tomorrow morning. After a sleepless night, he agreed and the next day, together with Tošić and consul Janković, he visited Pupin in hospital:

“In Pupin’s room we found a few doctors beside his bed. The encounter was heartbreaking. Tesla approached to the patient and stretched his hand saying: – How are you, my old friend? Pupin, being stirred up, couldn’t utter a word, only wept. We went out, leaving them alone. When they parted, Tesla said that Pupin and he would meet again in the scientific club and talk just like in the old days.”

THE DEATH RAY

In the mid-thirties, he tried to interest the governments of some countries in his two great projects: telegeodynamics – technique of mechanical energy transmission at distance, and a new weapon, popularly called “death rays”. On the occasion of commercialization of this weapon, in the journal Liberty, dated February 9th, 1935, an interview with Tesla was published by George Silvester Wierick, under the title Machines Will Put an End to Warfare, in which Tesla announced these inventions:

“All devices for defense can be used for attack as well. This fact annihilates the value of the process of improvement the the weapons in the purpose of peace… I was happy enough to improve the implements which can be used only for defense. The idea of these weapons will make a revolution in international relations. Thanks to this, all states, large or small, will be unconquerable for army, planes and other implements for attack. My invention, once it placed could disintegrate anything approaching within the radius of 200 miles. It will, as to say, form an energetic wall which will be a powerful obstacle for all types of attackers.”

113

Two days upon publishing this article, G. von Heften, the vice-consul of Germany in New York, appealed to Tesla in a written form. He asked for an encounter and he was interested in Tesla’s work, especially for that part where he had spoken on the weapons for defense. But Tesla was not willing to contract new weapon with a representative of Nazi Germany, and he only answered to his letter kindly. Immediately after that, his contact with Russian trade mission in New York followed, and on April 20th, 1935, he signed a contract with the company Amtorg Trading on protection of the Soviet Union against enemy aggression, by erection of impenetrable energetic wall. Tesla’s obligation was that in the period of four months gave a detail project with drawings of the plants which could develop potential of 50 million volts and discharge the beam of concentrated particles to the distance 100 miles at least, with maximal velocity not lower than 35 miles per a second. As a compensation, he should have got 25 000 dollars. The Soviet partner retained the right that the whole project and built-in installation could be used for further investigation in the area “of power transmission, nuclear and similar scientific researches, transmutation, production of intensive radiations and everything coming out of it.” The contract was secret and the only two countries which could know for the project, according to the items of the contract, were the United States of America and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Tesla was in constant contact with A. Vartanian, the representative of Amtorg Trading and K. M. Narisky, the Russian consul in New York. He delivered the project, The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-disperse Energy through the Natural Media, to Vartanian in May, where he explained the principle and showed the drawing of the weapon. The project was delivered to Moscow, to the Soviet experts. A short correspondence followed, in which they made a list of questions referring to the project. Tesla wrote to Vartanian: “Your experts are on electricity knowledge level from Franklin’s time.” The cooperation was broken up, and informaiton on further Russian activities regarding this weapon got the status “strictily confidential”. In a letter date August 28th, 1936, Tesla addressed to War Cabinet in London, with the offer of his new weapon for protection of London against the enemy attack. Negotiations had been carried on the whole autumn, and over the diplomatic mission in New York, in June 1937, Tesla was informed that his proposal had been accepted and that their representative from Canada would visit him. It was the beginning of very unusual events. During negotiations, Tesla was constantly in contact with Yugoslav ambassador in Washington, Konstantin Fotic, whom he was informing on the course of the situation. Immediately after conversation with the British diplomatic representative, a traffic accident happened, when Tesla was badly injured, and the conversations with the British were postponed. It is not certain that the accident was by pure chance. In September, 1938, one new contact happened with the British representatives. Tesla was visited by general Mac Notton and Dr Rose. Finishing the conversations, the Brithish government gave up from further cooperation. The reports of Bliss Fitzgerald, FBI agent, are preserved in the archive of the Nikola Tesla Museum, who had the task to follow Tesla’s work, and there are also his two letters

114 addressed to Tesla, in 1939 and 1940, in which he asked for meeting and conversation with Tesla. It is very interesting that Tesla had not negotiated with the government of the United States of America on application of this discovery, but he tried to get the money for his experimental station from foundations like Carnegie’s. On February 9th, 1935, in his letter to Franco Wanderlip ,Jr. whom he wanted to make interested in the discovery, Tesla says:

“There is no least doubt that I could get the government support, if I tried hard to “pull my connections”. I have known five presidents of the United States well, and two of them, especially Theodor Roosevelt, were particularly interested in me. But I don’t like the idea to continue my investigations with the money ensured by fascist methods, against the wish of the inhabitants.”

Konstantin Fotić was constantly informing Belgrade on Tesla’s connections with the governments of other countries, regarding the new weapon. On March 5th, 1941, the military attache of Yugoslavia in Washington, Marko Burje, asked for the weapon data, which he would deliver to the Ministry in Belgrade. On December 26th, 1941, Tesla wrote to his nephew Sava Kosanović, then still the member of Yugoslav government in exile:

“I have produced recently a new principle of boundless power transmission for complete defense of our dearest homeland. That power that I had practically proved, will give to Yugoslavia horrible power.”

There are no reports that in Yugoslavia any experiments have ever been tried. On the basis of documentation preserved in the Nikola Tesla Museum, it seems that from all the negotiations he had led, only the negotiation with the Soviet government could have had the result. In this Museum there are also the drawings of the architect Tithys de Bobula, who, on Tesla’s request, had designed the building with the tower where the plant for emission of particle beams should have been placed. On the basis of the same documentation it can be concluded who is the consignee of this job. The “Death ray” has remained one of Tesla’s project, which will be discussed a lot after his death. The secret on weapon which should have stopped the war, Tesla had taken with him. Tesla’s friend, Milos Tosic, testified that Tesla had told him, on several occasions, pointing to the safe,that there he was preserving the invention by which he could destroy the plane at distance. The German writer Kurt Doberer, in his book Electro-Warfare, published in 1939, presented the aspects of modern warfare by electrical implements and contacted Tesla, asking him for the advice and opinion. In a letter, dated November 4th, 1939, Tesla wrote:

“You have extraordinary imagination, but what I have discovered and shown surpasses even your most horrible dreams.”

115

The traffic accident happened to him in the middle of 1936, brought him serious inside injuries, and forced him to long lasting bed rest. Since he did not want to lie in hospital, he cured by himself, by his own methods, in the hotel room. At that time, great celebration of his eightieth birthday was held in Yugoslavia, after which Yugoslav government made a decision to award him a monthly financial help of 400 dollars. The chief organizer of the celebration was an engineer, Slavko Boksan, who also instigated the celebrations in Prague, Brno, Graz, Poatie, Paris, Bucurest, Sofia. Tesla was delivered several medals and titles from these towns. In 1936, in Belgrade, the Institute “Nikola Tesla” was founded, with the aim to study Tesla’s scientific paradigm and develop his influence to the future of the world science, but neither to this very day, 2009, it has started with its work. While recovering from the consequences of the traffic accident, in 1936, he got on of the last letters from Robert Johnson:

“Oh, if I could help you in your illness in any way. In the night like this twelve years ago, my dear wife, who had loved you tenderly, died. Before she died, she had obligated me to take care of you. You know how I had tried to do so and how difficult it was to maintain a connection with you. Call agnes to come to you, because I can’t … You should only phone. Yours, in deep love faithfully R. A. Johnson (alias Luka Filipov).

Tesla had firm inside support in a long habit of lonely life in uncertain existence, and that what tortured Johnson – loneliness, for Tesla was common. Many countrymen have visited him. He had believed in Yugoslavia still before its formation, and when it was founded as a kingdom, he supported it as well. On the occasion of meeting with the king Petar II, in the autumn of 1942, he said:

“I am proud to be a Serbian and a Yugoslav. Our people has the strength that there is no power which can destroy them. Hitler will perish very soon. It’s my greatest honor and I am glad you are in your youth, and I am content that you will be a great ruler. I believe I will live until you come back to a free Yugoslavia. From your father you have received his last words: “Guard Yugoslavia”. Our people cannot perish. Preserve the unity of all Yugoslavs – the Serbs, the Croats, and Slovenes. God bless You!”

Some time before meeting the king, he wrote to his friend Luka Kristiforović:

“I am still full of strength and hope… I look at death with a philosophical indifference.”

116

However, the expression on Tesla’s face on his last photographs, made during his meeting with the young king, a month before his death, shows clearly that he has withdrawn of life struggle. Complete isolation and loneliness preceded his last days. His death was revealed almost two days later, because on the door of his room he had put the sign “don’t disturb”. Tesla’s nephew Sava Kosanović was informed immediately, and he came accompanied with a journalist Kenneth Swezey:

“On the table, unlocked and opened, there was a metal box where he held the letters of his very close persons and some photos which must have excited and stirred him… obviously, he was watching them before death..”

Tesla’s body was exposed in Campbell’s Funeral Parlors at Madison Avenue. Funeral services were held at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. Thirty Yugoslav officers shifted, standing vigil at the casket. 2000 people were present at the funeral, among which famous scientists Armstrong and Alexanderson. The wife of the president of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt, sent a telegram of condolences in the name of the president and her own. The vice-president of the United States of America, Henry Wallas, long-time pupil of the Russian mystic Nikolay Roerch, left-orientated politician, expressed the most striking:

“By the death of Nikola Tesla a common man looses one of his best friends.”

Muriel Arbus, Tesla’s long-time secretary, left the following testimony:

“In the morning, on January 7th, 1943, I heard the news over radio that the famous inventor, Nikola Tesla, had died in dream in the New Yorker. That news upset me and immediately I tried to come in contact with reliable sources, for further details. That very evening, Miss Sceritt (also Tesla’s long-year secretary) and I were watching the body in in the drawing room in Campbell, in Madison Avenue, and so every day after it, including the day of his funeral. The face looked as if it gradually was loosing its earthly appearance, and each day his face was more and more transparent. On the funeral day it was the most transparent… While I was watching enormous crowd of people, about two thousand of them gathered on ceremonial service, I didn’t notice any pain on their faces, there were no aggrieved …on their faces only admiration could be seen. The casket was placed in the middle of the church and it was opened. Brilliant beams of soft and white light were spreading over the face of Dr Tesla, which were coming through the stained glass window. When we looked at this body for the last time, we could see that a complete transformation has already happened; his face didn’t look the same as on the first night after death… Tesla now looked happy… we

117 were witnesses not of Tesla “from this world” but Tesla spiritual – and it was very beautiful, exalted scene.”

In spite of the promise given to the priest Dušan Šukletović who, in the name of the Serbian Orthodox Church held the funeral service in the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, that Tesla would be buried according to Orthodox tradition, his body was exhumed and cremated. According to merit of his nephew, Sava Kosanović, collected inheritance was transferred by the ship “Serbia”, from America to Belgrade in September 1951, and was placed in the Institute “Nikola Tesla”. After a year on the initiative of the Institute, the Museum “Nikola Tesla” was opened in the street Krunska, number 51, and all the inheritance was transferred there. The commission which inspected the inheritance, presided by Sava Kosanović, found over 155 000 original documents, of which 70 000 were letters and over 40 000 scientific texts, notes drawings and patents. On December 5th, 1952, the Nikola Teslsa Museum was founded and for the public, it was opened in October, 1955. Tesla’s posthumous ashes was brought by the ship “Triglav”, from New York, in February 1957, and today it is kept in the Nikola Tesla Museum. To the scientist whose time will yet to come, with the ideas that should be adopted and achieved in future:

“I don’t work for the present any more, but for the future!”– said Tesla to the gathered journalists in New York, more than seven decades ago. “The future is mine!”

The inventor of alternating current, poly-phase motors and generators, rotating magnetic field, radio, teleautomatics, the inventor on whose patents the energetics of the twentieth century is founded, has been working for decades completely isolated on scientific explanation of cosmic processes, with the intention to unite theoretically the material and the spiritual, in the same way as he did it by his visions of practical inventions. Mentioning Telsa’s name today mainly associates to so-called Telsa’s coil, induction motor and international unit for measurement of magnetic field force. Many facts about his life and unusual cretive gift have been forgotten. The most fruitful period of his creativeness he spent in the United States of America. He has patented over 700 inventions in America and many other countries. Many of them are even today unrepeatable, for example receiver of radiant energy (US patent, March 21st, 1901, no 685957 and 685958), operating principle and construction of which are not known, except that it is not a converter of cosmic ray energy, which is possible today. As we know, in the period from 1899 to 1900, he carried out investigations with very low frequencies in a specially built laboratory, in Colorado Springs, and two years later he started to build, near New York, on Long Island, the world emission station which he has never finished. This experiment was financed by Amarican magnate J. P. Morgan, Tesla’s close friend.

118 After the project Wardenclyffe had been suspended, in 1905, he withdrew into scientific anonymity, until his death, in January 1943. He died alone, in the hotel New Yorker, not asking for doctor’s help. During his last years of life, he did not publish anything else except newspaper articles and interviews. But that period of his life has not passed in vain and deprived of new knowledges. Just then, as a mature scientist, he achieved crucial general conclusions which would soon open a completely new page in modern science. It is well-known from history, that whenever a scientific thought finds itself in crisis, on roadless area, scientists turn themselves to ideas from the past, searching for inspiration and a road sign.

THE BELGRADE TESLA ARCHIVE AND MUSEUM

Heritage history of the great scientist is complex,just as his life in the hotel itself is, without a family. He has never bought even the smallest apartment. His best and the closest friends had died long before him, and after his death, there was a problem concerning legal inheritance. As far as it is known, Tesla didn’t leave any written will, and about allegedly verbal will to his closest cousin alive, Sava Kosanović, it can be only guessed. Kosanovic stated that Tesla’s last wish had been that his personal and scientific legacy would be reallocated to Belgrade. Although the scientist spent only two days in Belgrade (2nd and 3rd of June 1893), his last will can be comprehended due to many reasons. He was welcomed in Belgrade and he was received in audience by young king of Serbia Aleksandar Obrenovic, and, in his honor the writer Zmaj Jovan Jovanovic composed an ode. Finally, in 1936, Science Institute Nikola Tesla was founded, to continue his work. When he died in New York, in 1943, his nephew, Sava Kosanović collected signatures of Tesla’s farther cousins, by which they gave up from their part of inheritance. That was the legal backbone for Kosanović to assume Tesla’s full assets. He accomplished this in front of a court of America, and he transferred all Tesla’s private properties in Belgrade, after the Second World War. He donated all that to the city of Belgrade. The Nikola Tesla Museum was founded in 1952, and opened to public eyes on October 20th, 1955, in a villa designed by one of the most famous Serbian architects Dragiša Brašovan. Scheme of the museum contains small number of original exhibits, larger number of models of reconstructed Tesla’s patents, personal obhects, presents from Tesla’s homeland, several hundreds of photos and over 155 000 archive documents. There is also Tesla’s private library, precious for studying of the sources of his philosophy of science, especially for sources of mathematics and phusics he well knew, but regarded useless or incorect. A visitor to the Museum will notice the bust of Nikola Tesla at first, the work of Croatian sculptor Ivan Meštrović. In addition to many photos, there are the personal documents: birth certificate, secondary-school diploma from the Karlovac gymnasium, and Austrian Empire passport, which he used to arrive in New York in 1884. There are also pictures of

119 his native home and the church in Smiljan, and a number of personal letters of scientists: Einstein, Crookes, Kelvin, Roentgen, Miliken, Popov, Pupin, Lee De Forest, Armstrong, Compton and others. A visitor can also see the Tesla’s cylinder, a stick, a traveling bag, an inkwell and number of little things for everyday use. The embroidered peasant’s bag from Lika holds a special place, handcrafted by his mother Djuka, which he kept his whole life as a favorite memory. From the original items Tesla’s circles, rulers, electric measuring instruments, analytical balance, and one medical instrument (the emitter of high currents field for his personal curring) – were saved. His scientific creativity and inventions are displayed in five parts: electricity, alternating current system and its application, Tesla’s transformer, radio transmission with remote control and discoveries in mechanical engineering. The group of patents in the field of producing, transferring and use of poly-phase alternating currents, includes discoveries of the asynchronous and synchronous motors, generators and transformers of the poly-phase system, methods of connecting circuits and different electric switches. There is also the most important exhibit, one of the saved original inductive motors, for two-phase alternating current, made for the Westinghouse Company, in 1895. A series of working models shows a genesis of the idea of Tesla’s rotating electromagnetic field. Starting from Arago’s expriment in 1825 – rotation of the copper plate by alternating currrents, continues with the model of the engine with commutated direct currents and immovable electromagnetis, of the American physicist Bailey form 1887, and ending with the Tesla’s model of the two-phase generator, with models of asynchronous and synchronous motor, which are also driven by two-phase alternating currents. A special layout, created according to Tesla’s idea – analog hydraulic model, serves for more complete introduction of the physical principles of rotating electromagnetic fields nad visual displays of the vector addition of the two-linear oriented fields and which indicates on the mutual nature of the mechanics and electromagnetics. At the World Exhibition, held in Chicago in 1893, Tesla showed his famous, humorously created induction motor, whose rotor is one freely rotating metal egg. This model, together with the induction motor with rotor in short circuits, illustrates the most important part of Tesla’s poly-phase system. In addition to this, there is replica of the plates from the Niagara Falls hydroelectric power plant generators. Date of putting into operation of this plant is the actual beginning of electrification of the world. Also, a small model of hydro- energetic system with three-phase alternating currents additionally displays all important elements of Tesla’s inventions applied to the Niagara. In the most interesting exhibits are Tesla’s inventions of turbine without blades, pumps and tachometers which attract attention with its originality. These inventions have been applied in industry recently. His inventions in the field of high-frequency currents and high voltages are represented with models of his oscillators and a big model of Tesla’s coil – Telsa’s transformer, by which, for the first time in history, he got voltages higher than million volts and current frequencies of more than tenths of thousands Hertz. Results of these experiments even

120 today instigate scientists all around the world to reconstruct Tesla’s coil and oscillators. Experiments with them are announced in Tesla’s working diary from Colorado Springs. One of these, a high frequency oscillator, with a big transformer, with voltage of 500 000 volts, is installed in the central room of the museum and it is used by visitors for experiment with semote lighting of neon tubes. It is hardly known that, parallel with Roentgen, and it seems even before him, Tesla got exceptional depth pictures of skeleton, experimenting on himself. These very interesting pictures are also in the Museum. Wireless transmission of messages and energy is a special segment of Tesla’s work and it is still insufficiently investigated. Beside the first tele-automat – a boat patented in 1898, with which the era of tele-automatics and telecommunications began, there is also a big photo of the World radio station, erected on Long Island near New York (1900– 1905). The purpose of this world emission station, so-called Wardenclyffe Tower, has never been fully investigated, and neither Tesla tried hard to explain it fully. It is known that it is complex electormagnetic oscillator, attuned for emitting large scope of electromagnetic frequencies from extra low to very high. Low frequencies concurred with resonant frequencies of Ionosphere, atmosphere and the planet Earth. The Museum archive, alongside of Tesla’s handwritings and drawings also contains his correspondence with more than 6700 correspondents, and many precious clippings from the journals and newspapers in which it is written about him and scientific and technical problems he has been interested in. In a separate room of the Museum, on a stone pedestal, there is a golden urn in a sphere shape with Tesla’s remains, carried over to Belgrade from New York in 1957. At the end of the exhibition premises, Tesla’s death mask is positioned, beside which the words of American inventor Armstrong are written: “World will have to wait for a long time before a mind equal to Tesla’s…” Why is Tesla’s work, after so many years after his death, still attracting to many modern scientists? What answers are they looking for in Tesla’s diaries and notes, what are they expecting from studying his scientific heritage? Tesla was not only the technological and scientific mind, but the philosopher endowed with special insight into natural Methaphysics, whose visions of natural laws and the principles of invention were in the same way deeply personal and deeply cosmological. If you ignore those who, among Tesla’s documents at the Museum, sought in vain designs of the “secret weapon” it will remain to us to explain why engineers of the “new techologies” as well as advocates of the “environmentally safe energy sources”, are trying for decades to figure out Tesla’s unpublished and probably unwritten “theoretical physics”. Their goal is the reconstruction of Tesla’s thinking about physical reality and his, today unknown, system of the scientific assumptions that were guidelines in his work. It is known that he had apprehension of electromagnetics, different from adopted by the university science, that understand gravitation force differently, that he had his own vision of the structure of matter, not in accordance with valid (existing). This would not have any importance if his experiments were not so efficient, amazingly precised and that predictable result wasn’t often given only to him. By using this simple mathematics and logic that is mysterious to us, he succeeded to achieve in practice, much more than

121 many of his contemporaries. This ability of his mind to see and think, conforming to the nature itself, is what will always bring scientists to his Museum.

THE SECRET OF TESLA’S ELECTROMAGNETICS – NON-HERTZIAN WAVES

Upon his return to the United States of America in 1893, he devoted himself completely to the problems of radio technique, remote control and wireless transmission of energy at large distances, without losses. In Colorado Springs, he was experimenting successfully with terrestrial stationary electromagnetic waves and wireless transmission. Although the working diary from that period had been saved and published, the real scientific results he kept for himself. What he had achieved there, encouraged him to promise the world system for wireless transmission of power and intelligence. This planetary transmission of information and energy should have been based on application of such important inventions and discoveries as Tesla’s resonant transformer without iron nucleus had been, as well as his magnifying transmitter, Tesla expected so much. It was a type of transformer especially adjusted to excite the planet Earth. Still in Colorado, by means of it, he realized electircal discharges of the intensity higher than atmospheric lightning, and produced currents of such power that, with strong, white hot light, illuminated more than two hundred bubls arranged on the ground, in miles around the laboratory. For Tesla, it was an irrefutable proof of correctness of his energy wireless transmission conception, effects at distance. After the experiment in Colorado, in the end of 1900, he returned to New York, and started with preparations for erection of the first station of his World System for energy wireless transmission, Wardenclyffe Tower, which he would test three years later, with a great success. All technical characteristics of Tesla’s destroyed emission station are not known today, and it can not be said for sure what its real purpose has been.

TESLA’S SCIENTIFIC WAYS NEED UNDERSTANDING AND FOLLOWING

Contents of studying Tesla’s work in detail would comprise complex and deep solving of problems in many fields. From the point of view of logics and epistemology,it is needed to analyse his testimonies on the way by which he was inventig new technical and scientific principles, because it might help us to reveal some new ways for knowledge

122 achievement. Then there would also be opened the problem of element defining and syntax formulating of Tesla’s thought logic structure, as an inventor. If we had ended all this succcessfully, only then we would have found us before the most difficult task, understanding of meta-assumptions of Tesla’s original scientific-researching method and investigation unsolved theoretical questions, which is nothing else but human soul and practical execution of still unknown cosmological principles, a conneciton realized with the world of ideas. Tesla could create visual images competitive with images perceived by the eyes. He changed the usual direction of nervous impulses in the opposite dierction, from brain to retina, eliminated external images and substituted it with eidetic one. A man usually gets light impulses from outside, then they travel to the center in the brain, where the perception is formed. Tesla sent his impulses from “inside”. He called it his mental laboratory. In addition, it was his main method of experimenting. He had an ability (which has not been met in the history of physics, maybe in complete science) to transfer mathematical principles of “Summerian – Pythagoras – Plato idea world”, abstract notions into visible images, give them geometrical interpretation, and then transfer them into a form that could be physically realized, and form working models for realization of each device. It was his primary method. He was performing corrections by adjusting a device for operation in his mind. Later, when this device was made, of wire or another material, it always worked. As Tesla said,there was not a case when such invention didn’t correspond to nature, i.e. didn’t work as a physical prototype. His method was unique in comparison with other scientific prodigies for example, Michael Faraday, or Albert Einstein. Tesla, who felt a kinesthetic premontion in the moment of discovery (it was pressure and motion in peritoneum region), had some kind of mental stress in the moment when an idea appeared. Mendeleev dreamed of the periodic table in three dimensions colored with bright almost fiery red colors like it is in all prophetic dreams. But he draw his picture from dream in only two dimensions. A chemist Friedrich August Kekule had dreamed a snake biting its own tail and an idea struck him to represent benzene ring (cyclic hydrocarbon) in three dimensions. In such a way, in a dream, stereo chemistry has been officially established. However, this is very rare, with few people and only at certain moments. Tesla was in this condition all his life, and had trained during many decades to maintain his spiritual and creative activity. This power he achieved after the bad and strange illness in his childhood, which he had scarcely survived. Years after he persistently used to control his nervous system, not only in psychological, but also in physiological sense.

“I believe in one God who is not described in religions”, he used to tell. That is a philosophical God, Logos, Pythagorean God , the God of Non-Being, the God and at the same time the creator of infinity and the creator of abstract, non-material and non-spatial cosmic legislation.”

THE MISSING THEORY

123

Tesla didn’t give us his own theory of physics, but with numerous experiments, he created a basis for a new, resonant understanding of electromagnetism. We should bear on mind here that “resonance” is but a “technical word for synchronicity”, as synchronicity is the necessary precondition for any physical interaction. He considered the World as a uniform, continuous, electromagnetic medium where matter is one of the manifestation of organized electromagnetic oscillations provoked and described by mathematical algorithms. He assumed resonance the most general natural law, which eliminates time and distance, as all the relations between phenomena are established only by means of various simple and complex resonances or coordinated vibrations of physical sistems of purely electromagnetic nature. Finally, instead of Newton’s integrals, Liebniz’s differentials and Maxwell’s theory lying in his calculations, Tesla used simply the mathematics of Ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes, first making an analogy between mechanics and electromagnetism. It is not possible to fully evelaute the significance of such method of thinking, which directly points out the necessity of full physical interpretation of elementary mathematical notions. Obviously, the study of Tesla’s heritage is not related merely with history of physics. We shouldn’t look for technological aspects only; its essence is in miraculous human creativity in science. Tesla’s scientific ways need understanding and following. We need analysis of Tesla’s evidence relating with creativity lying in the bases of new physical and technisal processes discovered by him. It leads to opening a new way of cognition. It is important to understand the original scientific and research methods of Tesla and non-developed cosmic principles (relations), which are realized, with the world of ideas. Tesla was a man, whose main philosophy and axiomatic didn’t belong to the modern world. We can easily attribute him to the epoch before Socrates, from ancient philosophy. It was not an accident that he was born on Balkan Peninsula. Ancient civilization appeared firstly in the northern (Vinča neolitic culture at the river Danube – 7000 yeras B.C.) and then spread to the southern part of this peninsula. Probably, the reason is an endemic geomagnetic informational field, or an neurological algorithm, which is crucial to the evolution of neural structures of the brain, that possibly gives explanation to the creative and brilliant minds of Pythagoras, Plato, Zeno.... and Tesla. Tesla’s physics requires a quite different understanding of mathematics, in some extent it is sacral one in the spirit of Pythagoras who teached that things are realized numbers since subjective consciousness and natural mathematics are interrelated. They correspond to each other in property due to informational and mathematical aspects of matter existing as one of the manifestations of the Divine Logos. Attentive researchers can immediately notice that there are no infinitesimals or differentials in Tesla’s works. Tesla, of course, well knew James Maxwell, creator of the theoretical electromagnetism. He told (Maxwell) that his elegant differential equations are as poetry. One could find Maxwell’s works in Tesla’s library; these works were published when Tesla was twenty

124 years old student in Graz. There is no reason which allows to explain why Tesla didn’t use them except one: Tesla discovered a more simple, more effective and more felicitous physical interpretation of mathematical notions. By means of these original mathematical-physical objects, he better foretold the course and results of his experiments. It is evident that he was a man of such strength and astuteness that he could keep away his systems, notions and mathematical apparatus from conclusions of science which were far from perfection. It is not accidental that Tesla didn’t finalize his studies and get his diploma. It was an indication of his spiritual independence for him, but not idleness or revolt as it can be sometimes. His method of work could turn him to the absolutely different direction. It proved that he could control the essence of his psychic visions and other conscious or unconscious manifestations that were the basis of his creation. In the moment when he felt effects of impulses coming from outside, he could override them, control and analyze. He could do impossible things. By means of exercises, which he developed himself, he got up to the level of a man who does not depend on impulses provided by the external world, but relies on his own inner psychic states. This essence of his genius was that things understood by him and that appeared in his subconscious under the influence of an external field, was nothing but a picture of cosmic processes or the same natural laws. Because of it, he was distinctly different from other people. Regarding the rotation of a magnetic field, with which the rotor of an engine began to rotate under the influence and changes taking place in the external field, Tesla said, “Now I know how the Cosmos works”. This is the source of Tesla’s theory on people as “automates of cosmic forces.” If we add Tesla’s prractical discovered axiom, that the energy of a system is derived from its environment, than we will find the reason for his conviction that the entire Cosmos acts on the principle of vibration and resonance. Finally, if we agree with the fact that all energy of a system appears under the impact of external induction, than it will be easy to fancy Tesla’s cosmological model as a series of circuits of magnetic fields, which rotate concentrically. The Galaxy rotates, the Solar System rotates around the center of the Galaxy, the Earth rotates around the Sun, and molecules, atoms and electrons rotate… All this is nothing but a range of rotating magnetic fields, which can be desctribed by only one law, the same law that was responsible for starting Tesla’s inductive motor. An open question is about Tesla’s real understanding ot time and space categories. We can say with certainty that his research of how low frequency electromagnetic waves are transmitted through the Earth, Tesla didn’t face the problem of conjugation of force and space, as, for example, the General Theory of Relativity. This theory has some complexities in its physical explanation of differential equations, which describe the prperties of curved space under the influence of gravitational forces of differential power. According to this theory, the constantly increasing attractive force can influence time itself, returning events back and violating the principle of causality. Rene Decart, in creation of his coordinate system, used the same geometrical notion to picture abscissa and ordinate. They are two straight lines – interminable in their lengths, which he interpreted as time and space, as if there is no difference between them. Is it possible? It is hardly possible! You know, space and time are different physical

125 categories and we don’t currently understood their nature. Besides, abscissa and ordinate are divided by an angle, which does not have a special physical interpretation. That’s why picturing physical phenomena is so geometrical and loosing the physical meaning of geometry we risk not taking into consideration the criteria of reality in checking mathematical hypotheses. There is no doubt that Tesla, by means of his physical research, discovered a fundamental physical law, which is not clear yet, and applied it so easily and with such a accuracy, that a dilettante as well as a specialist could similarly undestand that he spoke about exact knowledge. But, it is hard to imagine what these mathematical operations of division and multiplication actually WERE, for example natural logarithm, or square root, taken separately; and they played so significant role being so powerfull in Tesla’s experimental works. Univocal Physical explanations of mathematical methods, are situated on the very boundary, from where we can see the field of transcendental mathematics. However, it is evident that if all physical reality can be reduced to the mutual relation of electromagnetic fields, then natural mathematics is the only theory, which can express the essence of these connections fairly and most effectively. If electromagnetic oscillations correspond to the (mental plan) discovery made by Tesla at Colorado Springs (and is still proved experimentally now), then it means that this mental plan itself chould have the same nature and follow the laws of resonance. A conclusion arises that numbers are some “programs” of organization. Tesla’s research, as it were, proved the Verity of Cognition theory, by Plato. In his theory, Plato stated that mathematics is a link between the world of ideas and the world of material phenomena. To be more precise, mathematical algorithms and mathematical logic is properly a method to realize ideas. Finally, all old innermost legends teach that matter is only a concentrated light, and it is Tesla’s all-penetrating cosmic substance, Luminoferous Ether.

WARSHIP AS A TIME MACHINE

There is a story, several books and two movies, describing an event, in 1943, when the American Navy made an unusual experiment to make one of its warships invisible. It was necessary to make the ship create a strong field around itself using powerful magnetic generators. This field should be able to change the direction of light beams as well as to grade the radiation from radar sets and thereby hide its location. It took place as recently as six months after Tesla’s death (coinciding with the disappearance of important scientific documents and apparatuses from his room). The event took place in Philadelphia’s seaport. When the generators were engaged, something unexpected happened. The whole range of strong electromagnetic fields changed local time-space coordinates and the “Eldridge DE-173” cruiser disappeared for some time. Then the cruiser appeared for few seconds in another place, i.e. in one of the biggest sea bases at Norfolk, VA, in the port at south-east Virginia’s Atlantic coast, which is 350 km far from Philadelphia! The strangest things happened to the crew. One half of the sailors

126 disappeared forever, some of them went crazy or had an ability to disappear and appear again by their own will. Part of the crew that survived, stated that they “have changed the world” and saw or even spoke to non-earthy beings. A thick greenish fog preceded the disappearance of the ship. Three ships took part in this experiment. The above mentioned cruiser was in the middle, the shell of other two ships served as a mirror. Actually, the case in point is open “lasers”, which do not need vacuum. Beams of these lasers can be transferred at any distance and in any medium. Tesla produced such lasers in his New York laboratory even in the XIXth century. He illuminated the room without any lamps, just calling on the luminescence of air. Let’s return to the significance of Tesla’s experiments in Colorado Springs in 1899-1900 and see, what are the real results of his work there? When making experiments with ultra low and ultra high frequencies of electromagnetic waves, he obviously was successful in determining the frequency and type of modulations (numerous articles are devoted to it, but these articles are lacking of theory and contain inexact suppositions). Most likely, he could create a field using ultra high frequency. This field corresponded to resonance frequencies of disincarnate souls (souls which have no connection with the body) and thus he bacame proficient in visualization techniques of the so-called “astral level of being” for biological organisms. Calculations in Tesla’s records could seem to be insignificant for modern specialist since they are very simple and can be understood without additional explanations. Only the mind, which has similar perceptive ability, can understand them.

THE FIREBALLS SCIENTIFIC ENIGMA – STILL UNSOLVED

As it is already noted, Tesla could reproduce complex energy structures in laboratory conditions. He called them “fireballs”. Russian academician Peter Leonidovich Kapiza also studied them, but he couldn’t reproduce them in dirigible kind without Tesla’s resonant transformer. Nowadays physicists (Corum brothers in America) reproduce some of Tesla’s experiments with certain success. They could create small “fireballs”, standing and only three millimeters in diameter, but with metal powder cores. Tesla produced “ball lightning” (fireballs) the size of a football, without a core, like they in nature after storms, kept them in hands, put them in a boxand covered it with a lid, then took them from the box, and held them in his hands again!!! These fireballs, or “ball lightning” were quite stable structures, which could be kept for minutes. Certainly, Tesla knew much more about this phenomenon than modern science; he knew the secret of cold plasma fusion in free space. Thus, Tesla penetrated the field, which was unexplored before, i.e. time-engineering technologies. He also emphasized that his electromagnetic waves were different from Hertz’s waves and without magnetic component; the length of a wave transmitted

127 equaled the distance on which is transmitted. In other words, it is equal to the distance between the sending object and the receiving object, emitter and receiver, as it is in natural enviroment. Those waves are having speed that is proportional to the distance of propagation, or other words, they are of infinite velocity. On the other hand, Hertz’s space/time measures are changing in opposite directions: one Hertz is taken as corresponding to the wave length of approximately 300 000 km, 2 Hz – 150 000 km, 3 Hz – 100 000 km etc., which means that real length in space is decreasing with number of Hertz, which are increasing. And finally we find that number of waves in time and number of waves in space are not corresponding. That is why Tesla did not count in Hz-s (technically, one meter of wire gives one Hz, two meters of wire 2Hz and so on. Obviously, Hz’s measures are not adjusted to the technical properties of electromagnetic tools). Notes from Alexander V. Frolov: In 1932 N. Tesla wrote: “I have showed that universal medium is a gaseous body. Only longitudinal impulses can propagate to this body. They create variable compression and decompression like those, which are created by the sound waves in air. Thus, the wireless transmitter does not create Hertz’s waves, which are a myth, but it creates the sound waves in Ether. The behavior of these waves looks like the behavior of sound waves in air, excluding the fact that the huge elasticity and very small density of this medium makes their speed equal to the speed of light.” Besides, there were not only circles of oscillations (which took part in the transference) but in resonance, as the entire system was also in resonance with natural electormagnetic waves of the corridor of their passing. It meant that an oscillator starting to transmit, almost intercepted Ether in the space between transmitter and receiver and there it created a distinctive field of standing waves. Generally it indicates that every natural enviroment has it specific superconductivity vibration. Thus, a waveguide is formed at first, but it couldn’t transfer energy on its own. Then Tesla turned on a low-frequency field and transmitted waves, which were the lower harmonic components of the main field carrier, in the ratio of 1:4. In such a way he could transmit energy at the desired distance and make strong continuous electromagnetic discharges in certain zones while creating the wall from iono-plasma. Nothing could make its way through such an energy wall without decay on a molecular or atomic level!

TESLA AS A CLAIRVOYANT

It is evident that Tesla well knew and practized the phenomena that we call parapsychology. As told above, the method Tesla used to make his discoveries work in the laboratory has no analogues in all the history of science. There are more that 150,000 documents in the Nikola Tesla museum in Belgrade, but he didn’t leave any explanatory description of his scientific method, which is comparable only with states experienced by yogis or with manifestation known by saints. Now few people consider Tesla to be a philosopher or a spiritual man. They do think he was a man who inspired physics, technology and science. Finally, he founded a basis of a new millennium civilization with

128 all his life’s work. Though now his influence one the modern tendencies in science is minimal, his role heeds overestimation. Only the future will give a real explanation of Tesla as a phenomenon, because he went far ahead and he stands higher than the methods currently accepted. A well-known Indian philosopher Vivekananda, one of the member of Ramakrishna mission, who was sent to the West to find out a possibility to join science to all the existing eastern religions, visited Tesla in his New York laboratory in 1896 and immediately sent a letter to his Indian colleague Alasingh. He rapturously described his meeting with Tesla:

“This man is different from other western people. He showed his experiments with electricity. His attitude to electricity looks like an attitude to a living being. He speaks with it and gives orders to it. I speak about the highest degree of spiritual person. It is no doubt that he has a spirituality of the highest level and can call all our gods. In his electrical multicolored lights, I saw all our gods: Vishnu, Shiva… and I felt the presence of Brahma himself”.

Through the kind services of Natalija Toots, the editior-in-Chief of the Moscow scientific-philosophical magazine Delfis, I found out that in Ramachrisna’s mission in Calcutta, in India, there is a big portrait of Tesla, and that it is among those who have contributed to realization of the mission’s tasks spiritually the most.

“MYSTERIOUS PILGRIM” BY MARK TWAIN

Famous writer/author Samuel Clemens (under the pseudonym Mark Twain) often visited Tesla’s laboratory at night. Tesla was very close to him and after Twain’s death he spoke about him as if he were alive. The writer Mark Twain died in 1910, and his enigmatic novel “Mysterious Pilgrim” was published six years later. In this novel, he told about an angel who left the heavens and came to Earth to a small Austrian village. There he met a group of boys and told them the secrets of the universe. If we recognize the little Austrian village as Smiljan and the figure of the Angel as Tesla, then an explanation of very strange theory on human destiny and cosmology will appear. This theory expressed in this short story made it different from other stories of this writer (Mark Twain). The Angel tells about the source of all people’s troubles and misfortunes. It all comes form misunderstanding the true sense of each minuscule events. Each of these events defines the future and links the next series of events. As he considered it, people’s free will is an illusion, since all is predetermined and will come to a predictable result. Why? Because the given human individual’s psychosomatic structure is limited in number of its elements, from where it follows the limited number

129 of possible combinations or destinies (ranks of evets) and a man can switch back and forth due to the will of higher beings. For example, Angel takes part in the event, when a woman closes or opens a window, which was predetermined for her to do. In additon, the destiny of this woman will go another way depending on her specific action, and will call a new succession of events. This entirely coincides with Tesla’s idea of a man as an “automaton of cosmic forces” and it is brought out clearly by simple dramaturgic tools used by Marc Twain. Finally, before Angel left his friends, he let them in on the last magic secret, which would be terrible for them to know, i.e. secret of Non-Existence. He said that all is only a thought. There is noone and nothing existent:

“For as much as a year Satan continued these visits, but at last he came less often, and then for a long time he did not come at all. This always made me lonely and melancholy. I felt that he was losing interest in our tiny world and might at any time abandon his visits entirely. When one day he finally came to me I was overjoyed, but only for a little while. He had come to say good-by, he told me, and for the last time. He had investigations and undertakings in other corners of the universe, he said, that would keep him busy for a longer period than I could wait for his return. “And you are going away, and will not come back any more?” “Yes,” he said. “We have comraded long together, and it has been pleasant – pleasant for both; but I must go now, and we shall not see each other any more.” “In this life, Satan, but in another? We shall meet in another, surely?” Then, all tranquilly and soberly, he made the strange answer, “There is no other.” A subtle influence blew upon my spirit from his, bringing with it a vague, dim, but blessed and hopeful feeling that the incredible words might be true – even must be true. “Have you never suspected this, Theodor?” “No. How could I? But if it can only be true -” “It is true.” A gust of thankfulness rose in my breast, but a doubt checked it before it could issue in words, and I said, “But – but – we have seen that future life – seen it in its actuality, and so -” “It was a vision – it had no existence.” I could hardly breathe for the great hope that was struggling in me. “A vision? – a vi - ” “Life itself is only a vision, a dream.” It was electrical. By God! I had had that very thought a thousand times in my musings! “Nothing exists; all is a dream. God – man – the world – the sun, the moon, the wilderness of stars – a dream, all a dream; they have no existence. Nothing exists save empty space – and you!” “I!”

130 “And you are not you – you have no body, no blood, no bones, you are but a thought. I myself have no existence; I am but a dream – your dream, creature of your imagination. In a moment you will have realized this, then you will banish me from your visions and I shall dissolve into the nothingness out of which you made me... “I am perishing already – I am failing – I am passing away. In a little while you will be alone in shoreless space, to wander its limitless solitudes without friend or comrade forever – for you will remain a thought, the only existent thought, and by your nature inextinguishable, indestructible. But I, your poor servant, have revealed you to yourself and set you free. Dream other dreams, and better! “Strange! that you should not have suspected years ago – centuries, ages, eons, ago! – for you have existed, companionless, through all the eternities. Strange, indeed, that you should not have suspected that your universe and its contents were only dreams, visions, fiction! Strange, because they are so frankly and hysterically insane – like all dreams: a God who could make good children as easily as bad, yet preferred to make bad ones; who could have made every one of them happy, yet never made a single happy one; who made them prize their bitter life, yet stingily cut it short; who gave his angels eternal happiness unearned, yet required his other children to earn it; who gave his angels painless lives, yet cursed his other children with biting miseries and maladies of mind and body; who mouths justice and invented hell – mouths mercy and invented hell – mouths Golden Rules, and forgiveness multiplied by seventy times seven, and invented hell; who mouths morals to other people and has none himself; who frowns upon crimes, yet commits them all; who created man without invitation, then tries to shuffle the responsibility for man's acts upon man, instead of honorably placing it where it belongs, upon himself; and finally, with altogether divine obtuseness, invites this poor, abused slave to worship him... “You perceive, now, that these things are all impossible except in a dream. You perceive that they are pure and puerile insanities, the silly creations of an imagination that is not conscious of its freaks – in a word, that they are a dream, and you the maker of it. The dream-marks are all present; you should have recognized them earlier. “It is true, that which I have revealed to you; there is no God, no universe, no human race, no earthly life, no heaven, no hell. It is all a dream – a grotesque and foolish dream. Nothing exists but you. And you are but a thought – a vagrant thought, a useless thought, a homeless thought, wandering forlorn among the empty eternities!” He vanished, and left me appalled; for I knew, and realized, that all he had said was true.”

In old Sumerian notes two destinies are mentioned. One is, by human will changeable with limitations, and the other is divine, unchangeable. Not only physicists, who continue Tesla’s work, but all people who think about scientific problems, agree that modern physics is a contradictory system of knowledge. On one hand, time is relative and depends on the observer. From the other hand, it is stated that time of a quantum transfer cannot be measured. Nuclear reactions are studied on

131 cathedras of history of physics. In the course of these reactins, transformation of matteer into energy goes without residue. In Astrophysics, full transformation of matter into energy is not possible. In his Birthday statement 1937, on the topic of energy-mass transformation, Tesla kept the radical opinion:

“A few words will be sufficient in support of this contention. The kinetic and potential energy of a body is the result of motion and determined by the product of its mass and the square of velocity. Let the mass be reduced, the energy is diminished in the same proportion. If it be reduced to zero the energy is likewise zero for any finite velocity. In other words, it is absolutely impossible to convert mass into energy. It would be different if there were forces in nature capable of imparting to a mass infinite velocity. Then the product of zero mass with the square of infinite velocity would represent infinite energy. But we know that there are no such forces and the idea that mass is convertible into energy is rank nonsense.”

It is also known that mass calculated as an effect of the force of attraction differs from the mass calculated from the speed of rotation of the stars around the center of the Galaxy by means of “Doppler’s” shift of lines in spectrums of their radiation. Therefore a significant defect of visual matter or mass can be found, and it amounts over 90%. Instead of changing the theory, scientific schools speak about “defects of mass”. In other words, the mass which is missing is guilty, because the chiefs of the cathedra are “the state at cathedra”, and professors “think good and teach the truth”. Unfortunately, things have not changed much since Galileo and Giordano Bruno. Tesla worked on special “vacuum tube with an open tip, “which serves to transmit particles at any arbitrary large distance. The laying was made by electrostatic may by the lines of electromagnetic layers of atmosphere, which can be distinguished by the naked eye. It is the layer where clouds float. It became known that a multiphase system, inductive motor and generators of alternating current are the less significant Tesla’s discoveries. The most important should be those which relate to his experiments with Ether and Time. We can underline a perfectly new cosmological physics, which is based on electromagnetic resonance of ether, and on the resonant effects of time activities. Tesla’s main inventions are: transmission of energy at any distance (super conductivity of natural medium), his fire balls (fusion of ether structural elements into the matter), Tesla’s high-frequency resonant oscillator for his non-Hertzian waves with so-called lateral modulation (a kind of mind-machines which produce the fields of such characteristics that they directrly interfere with electromagnetic fields of human brain, jamming brain oscillations or changing the very nature of oscillating, which in emotional segment induces different feelings and frames of mind, as well as changed states of consciousness, like creativity, hyper-perception, hypermnesia, up to the hyper-cognition when “relativistic” anomalies in the area of time appear), dynamic theory of gravity (differential theory according to which each element of Mendeleev system has its G, its own gravitational constant). Tesla has here continued Etvesh’s works and made a series of confirming measurements,and finally, Tesla’s electromagnetic theory, never published, nor formulated in public, which does not use common notions like “energy”, “wave length”, “frequency” and others, but instead of them “order curve”, “coil system

132 vibration”, “electric pressure”, “transmission proportion”, “ether”, “dynamic of electrical fluid”, “tube geometrical abilities”, etc. Regarding modern mathematics, Tesla used only Fourier’s numbers to develop electromagnetic entities in higher and lower harmonics,because it was in accordance with his basic assumption on simultaneousness of all parts of infinite physical continuum. It is clear that infinity can not be consisted of non-simultaneous parts. Tesla’s cosmology is cosmology of a general type, which relates to an isotropic and infinite Universe. At the same time, Maxwell’s electromagnetism can be applied at comparably small distances. In essence, Maxwell made a mathematization of Faraday’s experiments, but he didn’t build a concept of this problem to an end. Due to the incompleteness of Maxwell’s theory, great difficulties in Special theory of relativity appeared (interrelation of speed of propagation of energy and speed of light). Einstein himself ingored relativist changes of space and time with motion in photo-effect, since if energy changes together with speed, then there is no effect, when energy equivalent to electron trajectory split out by photon is absent. In general, theory of relativity, and shortcomings of Maxwell’s theory led to an idea of “world line” (in essence, it is a pan-cosmic extrapolation of magnetic force lines, which are visualized by iron filings on laboratory tables) and finally, to the notion of Cosmos finiteness, which alternately shrinks, up to the “point,” which is located out of measurements, or explodes…an unlikely development. It could be surprising not only for Tesla, but also for many philosophers and scientists, Pythagoras, Plato, Euclid and others. Nikola Tesla and his science are very significant for the modern world of tele- communicational systems and to find a way out of scientific and technical civilization, which needs philosophical ontology. During hundreds and thousands years, we had many great scientists, but nobody has a temple built in his honor. Neither Plank, Einstein, Bor, Pauli, Torichelli nor Newton in spite of their interest in alchemy and theology (Newton), mystics (Laplace) and astrology (Kepler), none of them could convince people of transcendental significance of their scientific views. Christian civilization is based on suffering, sacrifice and atonement of Christ, on the mystery of Christening, resurrection and the other world. It is full of human feelings and emotions. Thecnical epoch under the badge of Tesla is a humane symbol of spirit and matter unity and establishes not a religious belief, but belief in scientific principles, and gives a discernment in fundamental laws of Cosmos. Historically, Tesla radically changes the form of religious belief on the planetary level. That’s why he is not only a scientist but also a universal and historical phenomenon of a higher level. He changed spirituality of theology to the spirituality of science. Besides, modern physics already became a philosophy of new times, since it openly works with the structure of matter, genesis of Cosmos and, recently, Ethics. Quantum mechanics of the Copenhagen Circle including N. Bor, W.Heisenberg and W. Pauli, does not give an answer to the question about the structure of the main or elementary unit of mass. The Theory of relativity doesn’t solve the problem of time substantiality and doesn’t explain the essence of force in any concept. Tesla’s physics relating to the real physical space or Ether, and his scientific thought derived from the position of ancient cosmology and Pythagorean mathematics (not from electromagnetism of XXth century) couldn’t be continued as long as there appeared other limits on the way of creation of general physical theory, which includes events of

133 physical reality. After Chernobyl, all people undestood that to play with nuclear energy is nothing more than irresponsibility without real understanding of matter’s structure. And the tragedy of spaceship Challenger reminds us that humankind still does not have enough experience in long space travels. It is better not to speak about the medical aspects of interstellar journeys . Tesla’s physics gives answers and instruments to use it in cosmology. Sometimes expressions that we use to denote some physical notion didn’t exist in the time of Tesla. The same is with the method of introduction of mathematical symbols to make calculations. It gives a great benefit to a young electrical engineer, who many a time heard that Julius Mayer never used the word energy, that Archimedes and Galileo calculated all by mathematical methods, but had no signs for calculations, which are familiar to us, now, Newton, who opened infinitesimal quantities, nevertheless made all proofs by means of geometrical symbols, as well as Euclid and all other scientists living in the period between them. To understand Tesla, it is necessary not only to read his original works, but also to comprehend correctly and explain the meaning of terms in his scientific account, from Tesla’s point of view. Advanced modern science gradually begins to study Tesla’s heritage. We do not speak about commercial or universal aspects of scintific knowledge, but about summits of scientific thought – unknown to wide intellectual community, about the knobs of separated net of worldwide global informational space for humankind, in which everybody is connected with the others by the channels of planetary tele- communicational net. This connection is made by two main coincident parameters, conformity of ideas and intellectual level. However, the thing that joins all is a time acknowledgements as a basis for new civilization. All early civilizations originate only from their attitude to space. According to Tesla, in planetary communities of the future, all energy will be taken from inexhaustible and free sources. He pointed out that the Earth is a nucleus of a huge generator, which in rotation, creates a difference of potentials equal to billions volts with a slowed ionosphere, and that humankind really lives in a spherical condenser of huge capacity, which continuosly self-charges and self-discharges. In this condenser the ionosphere is a phase, atmosphere is a dielectric and the Earth is zero. Thus, a global electrical process proceeds on our planet. Electrical energy does its work and then returns to the natural environment of the planet Earth. Tesla built linear accelerators in the form of open vacuum tubes, i.e. tubes working in room temperature without energy losses, since while laying at target, electrostatic properties of the target itself are used; that’s why it is possible to project, not to transmit, any quantity of energy at any distance by means of induction. Kenneth Corum, who repeated Tesla’s experiment in America and achieved some results, but still didn’t understand the essence: Tesla’s particles do not travel in space as other known particles or Hertz’s waves, but they are self-generating from inductive field like fire balls. The question is about an original Tesla theory, which is related with cosmic radiation and was proved by him experimentally. Tesla’s reversible magnetic field has a universal significance. It is a mathematical idea, which is realized directly in every echelon of cosmic being.

134 I seem bold to state that even Tesla’s inducive motor, the so-called asynchronous motor, is not studied enough in its conceptual sense. Among Tesla’s inventions, there are many mysteries that are left unstudied. There is also unrevealed the secret of rotation of celestial bodies and rotation in general. Accelerated motion of Tesla’s egg is the result of geometrical field change, not out of adding quantum to magnetic power. Operation of this motor seems clear, as it seemed clear to everybody, before Galileo and Newton, that the body weight is the cause of its free fall, that two kilograms of iron must fall faster than one kilogram.

OTHER TESLA’S UNSTUDIED ENIGMAS ARE:

 in radio engineering there are some transmissions on the same frequency, which cannot be jammed (Twenty unused Tesla patents);

 in the structure of matter, “I used to split the atoms, without relesing any energy” – it is Tesla’s statement of 1933;

 concerning attractive forces, there is a model of Tesla’s gravitaional motor with a tin engine and glass stator, which only works once a year under the influence of certain planetary arrangements;

 in the theory of Ether (matter is structured from ether and dissolves in ether again following simple mathematical laws, but if generated energy is more than the dissolved one, then cosmic catastrophes take place);

 Tesla’s medical devices have been left almost unstudied;

 and on the influence of low-frequency waves on the brain’s operation and thought/memory processes, we can only guess. All of these have been left unstudied and far too often, ignored.

Tesla’s attitude to the concepts of Buddhism is that “I” is illusionary.

“Really, we are something different, like waves in subjective time and space, and when these waves disappear, nothing remains from us. There is no personality. We cannot saw that waves in the ocean have individuality. There is only an illusionary sequence of waves, which go one after another. We are not the same that was yesterday; I am only a sequence of relatively existences, which are not similar. This

135 sequence is that thing, which create an effect of continuity, but not my subjective and mistaken understanding of my real life.”

I cannot imagine Tesla smiling. I see him sad, since I seem in him what a man could accomplish, when he gave all his essence to the power of natural laws.

FOR AND AGAINST ETHER EXISTENCE: TESLA VERSUS EINSTEIN

“Long before discovery of radio-activity, after years and years of deep thinking, I came to a conclusion that firm matter doesn’t contain any other energy, except the one was received or is received from outer medium. Still at the beginning of XIX century it was completely clear that every motion on Earth had been caused by Sun and that the energy of all terrestrial bodies, including The Earth itself, originates from that source. Widely explaining this attitude from philosophical point of view, I observed development of primary matter from ether, that primary substance which permeates Universe. There are evidence that this process goes on continuously, and in such a way that at the same time the matter dissolves in ether. Htat is in connection with rotations similar to winding and unwinding of the clock; my fundamental discovery which I intend to announce in near future showed that the first of these operations exceeds the other. I want to say that in Cosmos, slowly, but stably increases the amount of appeared matter and its energy, opposite to classical theory of Lord Kelvin, otherwise generally accepted as one of great truths of science.” I had studied available documets on Killy’s experiments, until I came out to Einstein’s lecture on ether, held in 1920, in Holland town Leiden. Having studied sharp relativistic arguments against ether existence I comprehended at once that just by final and official rejecting of ether in physics, science of matter, space and time, a serious mistake had been made. Up to then, scinetists had tried to define ether, to explain it and give its physical model. By adopting relativity as ing the main physical theory, notions of matter and space had lost their main notion connection. Why? Simply because matter and space have the same ontology, they can not be completely separated, neither theoretically nor practically,because something like “non-spacious matter”– doesn’t exist. So, in the theory which follows reality, matter and space must always go together. The real solution of the relation matter-space is finding their mutual common name. Until then, the question about the real nature of ether will stay unanswered. Ether is nothing else but very fluid matter or “ponderable space”, or space with determined material characteristics. Eliminating ether conception out of theoretical psysics, Einstein enabled himself to comprehend the relation of space and matter well, which produced unbridged difficulties in general theory of reletivity, like “singularity”, cosmological concept of infinity, which does not have physical sense, and Einstein’s unsuccessful attempt to replace logica-

136 mathematical procedure of gravity forces by curved-line space and motion of natural cosmic bodies reduce to pure goemetry. Although his idea was good in the basis, Einstein hasn’t finished it and did not make physical line of time from Euclid’s cosmology Elements. He did not comprehend that Euclid’s geometry was not a simple mathematical system, but operational philosophy of beings, strictly mathematically formulated Plato’s idea philosophy… Einstein’s thought was positive, did not go deeper than mathematical play of an observer and sense, that’s why he did not succeed to realize his life’s deam, to explain the world by unique field theory, which should have united all natural phenomena. According to my opinion, the key obstacle for Einstein was his conviction that time really does not exist and so he could not put into connection ontology, mathematics and physics, fundamental notions of beings, points, number and time. Unfortunately, in 1920, Einstein himself clamed that ether did not exist. Until that moment physics has been opened for philosophical thinking. Eliminating ether out of physics, Einstein broke the notion connection of space and matter (matter is a normative notion for space, necessarly includes space), and confirming that that time does not, that time is “only what we see on the clock”, Einstein had separated physics from metaphysics, or separated changeable world of science from eternal world of principles. Discovery of natural laws can not be explained by characteristics of a scientist’s personality, neither by his intelligence,nor his invested effort and sense properties. Scientific laws have cosmic, objective character and once being discovered and formulated mathematically, they act completely independent on any psychological characteristics of a scientist. A scientist is only a “permeable canal” for ideas. If in that canal the scientist himself places the obstacles due to his wrong-directed will, that the consequence of that will be that a being reveals the secret to somebody else, gifted with higher degree of psychical freedom. Cosmic truth is received directly, as a gift, and that what demands men’s time and work is the formulation, translation into the language understandable to everybody. Obviously, the Nature itslef stays constantly the same, but science is changing.

PHYSICS OF TIME ACCORDING TO TESLA

Resonance is simultaneous, and if we alternate the periods of oscillations of electrical contour, then geometrical pictures of magnetic field distribution will change and the generator is set in motion only under the influence of temporary factor. Motion is a result of asynchronism, i.e. motion appears as sinchronicity conservation effect. It proves the fact that it is possible to obtain the change in speed of an engine and thereby its mass without an additional impulse, what means without an additional force. Tesla’s reversible magnetic field is proof of this fact, isn’t it?

137 Isn’t Tesla’s reversible magnetic field one evidence more to the claim of academician N. A. Koziryev that time is that unique and fundamental general cosmic power? Tesla wrote from Colorado Springs to his New York friend Johnson that he found a thought in a “scribble” of high-frequency electromagnetic discharge and soon Johnson would be able to read his poetry personally to Homer, whereas Tesla would discuss his discoveries with Archimedes. In the same way, we can find a detailed description of “green” electromagnetic waves in his research journal. These waves looked like a fog, which appeared when the warship in Philadelphia disappeared. When Tesla returned to Colorado Springs, he told journalists that he made a connection with exrtaterrestrial civilizations. Few people regarded this claim seriously, however, there is evidence that Tesla continued his research on “parallel worlds” alone and silenty without publishing the results. To all appearances, he made a device to tune the electormagnetic oscillaions of his own brain, in other words, to control his mental activity. Thus, he could communicate with realities displaced in time (parallel words) without any problems. This research open a new page for modern science. It shows a possibility to merge material and spiritual aspects in human consciousness (matter and spirit in nature are already merged). Tesla had an ability to develop both directions of uniform science. He studied the physical basis of mind and the mental basis of physics with the same success. He came to the general concludion that matter consists of organized parts, which are manifestations of Ether in its excited state. One of these manifestations is electromagnetic oscillation and the possibiliy of its shifting. That’s why resonance is generally natural law and it’s of time nature, too. A connection between phenomena is provided by resonance of a different kind. Electormagnetism is the basis for these resonances. Needless to say that on one hand, if physical reality can be reduced to the interrelation of electromagnetic fields, then mathematics is a theoretical expression for these relations. On the other hand, if electromagnetic oscillations interact with the mental plan, which has the same nature, then numbers are some reflections of the organizational structure of electromagnetic fields. Tesla’s investigations are the first unrevokable and clear step in explanation and application of true Plato’s dictrine where it is said that mathematics is a connection between the world of ideas and the world of material phenomena. More precisely: mathematical algorithms (inherent logics of mathematics) are methods of idea incarnation into physical objects. Finally, as all old (and new) mystic traditions united say: the matter is only condensed light. Tesla has believed that that all universe is alive and that people are automatic machines who behave according to cosmis laws. He also considered that human brain does not have the property to memorize in the sense it is expected, but that memory is only a reaction of human nerves to repeated external stimulus. More important is that somebody, with more than thousand fundamental scientific inventions, doesn’t attribute invention and merit to himself, but explicitly declares that he acts the role of a science conductor, from the world of ideas to the world of human practice. He firmly believed in reincarnation. Tesla’s death itself was a kind of his personal ceremony and looked more like conscious moving of the soul into the other level of existence than a death of a man, confused and scared before self-release. Two days before the moment of discarnation, he stopped to work and close himself into the hotel room, asking not to be disturbed. When the hotel menager and the room-maid finally entered,

138 they found him elegantly dressed, lying dead, his arms crossed on his breasts, completely ready for departure. He had double funeral, a Christian and a Buddhist (after the first funeral, he had one more, he was burnt). Tesla’s nephew Sava Kosanović and Croatian vice-roy Ivan Subasic, exhumated him, and in peace took him to another cemetery, where there was a crematory and burnt him. I personally believe that mathematical and physical truth, or rather geometrical and arithmetical phenomena, should join and become the basis of uniform Cosmology; we should take into consideration that now we are staying on the threshold of this Cosmology. Somebody calls it “New science” but “Uniform science” is more appropriate term, because uniform laws make the basis of our Cosmos. In fact, Uniform Science is the Science of Time. Tesla’s electromagnetic theory was an apt illustration of unification of material and spiritual origins of world organization. Possibly, he could leave us a religion but he didn’t want to do it. He knew that God in science needs conscientious followers. Studying of Tesla is not only a scientific question, in his work it should not be searched primarily for technological solutions. Tesla is practically (“Louminoferous Ether”) just the same as Euclid (“Point is which has no parts”) in theory, a link of western and eastern civilization. On his work a new spirituality of man can be founded, a man who will conprehend time (which is completely non-material and represents only the influence of mathematical laws but exists) and protrude into more perfect levels of cosmic existence. That is according to my investiogation, a real message of Telsa’s work and that is the reason why only today the time has come for adequate understanding and exploitation of Tesla’s earthly mission.

ORIGIN OF MAGNETISM FROM GRAVITATION

Dynamo theory of Earth as a rotating magnet producing electricity was questioned even by Pierre Curie (Curie’s point) who showed that a magnet loses its magnetic characteristics when heated. The Earth has a boiling core, so the Earth’s magnetism can not originate from ferrometal in its core. The Physicist Jovan Đurić performed a fundamental experiment proving that the magnetism derives from gravitation. Starting from an obvious fact that during unequal distribution of masses, the celestial body’s center of mass does not match its gravitational center, he assumed that as matching of the magnetic and mass moments of Earth. Then he performed a genial experiment where needles made of non-magnetic materials (wood), were oriented along North-South axis, just like the needles on a compass , based on inequality of masses of wooden needles. Đurić has then corrected Maxwell, who relied on Gauss and made symmetric the Maxwell’s equations. Let’s take a look at differential form of Gauss magnetism law:

139  x B = 0 where  represents divergence, and B magnetic field.

For divergence B (of magnetic field) Đurić determined that this is not zero, and that the vector operator of “separation” – (divergence), is pure Gaussian mathematical abstraction, without any physical (experimental) proof. According to Gauss, there is no magnetism inside the body and therefore the divergence of B is zero, and if the B divergence is not zero, then Maxwell-Đurić equations shall be valid, and not the Maxwell ones, as stated in their original form. And how the magnetic field B can be zero, when the electrons inside the body are magnetic? And why zero for Gauss? Therefore, if that wasn’t zero, a surplus of magnetic effect would follow. That “surplus” has been calculated by Đurić as gravitation and his experiment with North- South orientation of “unequally distributed wooden masses” shows that without any doubt. Bigger mass turns towards the South. Đurić expresses the internal magnetism of a body (which is not zero as in Gauss and Maxwell) mathematically, as a mass moment and receives correct calculation also for the magnetism and for the mass, and for the gravitation. This is going to soon become a hot topic in the world of science, because it is a kind of Copernican turn in understanding unity of natural forces. The total Đurić’s theory derives from relocating of the origin of coordinate system from the center of mass to the center of body’s own gravity, so that the center of the mass shall be separated from the gravity center, as is the case in natural bodies – due to unequal mass distribution, and those points do not match. Đurić has done the same in electromagnetics as Copernicus did in Celestial Mechanics, changed the origin of coordinate system, with huge consequences for the micro-world. (As we know, the Copernican turn in science is name for the relocation of the origin of coordinates from Earth to the Sun). We shall remind you here that there are also Tesla’s linear accelerators in the form of open vacuum pipes, i.e. the pipes working on room temperature, and the energy beam from which does not scatter, because it does not travel through space, but is guided by electrostatic characteristics of the target, so that one can transfer any quantity of energy based on induction through any distance. Those are famous Tesla’s “Rays of Death”, made modeled upon the Sun’s functioning. Kenneth L. Corum, who repeated Tesla’s experiment in America achieving the same effects, still hasn’t grasped the essential point: Tesla’s particles do not travel through space like balls or Hertz waves, but they result from induction fields, just like his already mentioned “fire balls”. This is about Tesla’s original theory of cosmic radiation, which he also proved experimentally. Tesla’s rotating magnetic field has universal validity. Simply, this is one truth deeper than human gnoseology and human sensitivity, the truth of mathematical type, the idea of which is directly implemented in each instance of the Cosmic Being. Tesla considered as true the Buddha’s idea about “self” as an illusion. “Really” he used to say, “We are nothing else but the waves in subjective space and time, and when those waves are gone, behind our material selves remains nothing… There is no space- mass individuality. There is only illusionary sequence of waves one after another. You are not the same person you used to be yesterday, and I am just a sequence of

140 approximate existences, not completely the same ones. This chain is what creates the effect of durability, similar to mobility of a picture, and not my subjective and wrong notion about my real life.” Imagining Tesla, I do not see him smiling, but sad, due to the things people are doing to themselves, in their immense subordination to unknown natural forces.

A SOLILOQUY ON SCIENCE

1. Why did I wish to conceptualize the Universe?

On November 11, 1976 when I arrived from Ljubljana by train in the port city of Rijeka, it was already evening, clear and cold, without wind, the sea was completely calm, bonazza. Without thinking for too long I entered the bus to Opatija, just to escape the city buzz. I was the only traveler. Some twenty minutes later I found myself on empty Opatija sea beach. Wandering alongside the shore in search for accommodation, I chose the first open and illuminated hotel. I drank one Campari in the bar, and went straight to my room. I closed the door, lit the light and all of a sudden felt an inflow of enormous “living force” in my organism. First the stomach, and then all the other muscles have started spontaneously to contract and relax hard and fast, and into my consciousness entered amazingly new, but completely staid thoughts, crystal clear and so striking that I can even now recall them in detail. At that time I was a poet and movie director, a collaborator of Belgrade Television and I have always had a notepad and a bunch of papers for mechanical typewriter. It was around twenty-one hours when I started to write down the things that started to emanate out of blue to me, and I did that incessantly for nine hours, in a “superconscious trans”, as I would name it today. At six o’clock, on the floor in front of me were over hundred pages of manuscript, and I was so fresh and rested, as though I had the deepest of sleeps. During those years I suffered from frequent colds and during travelling I normally took a thermometer with me. I measured my temperature: in the left armpit it was 38.6 degrees Celsius, while in the right it was normal, 36.5. I also noticed that the left ear canal was full to the top with ear wax, while in the right ear canal there was none of it. I looked at the things I wrote. The text pertained to the contents of matter, especially of light, from which, as it was written at the bottom of the page, the whole matter consists of. The first page started with equation C x D = WW, meaning: C(ontinuum) x D(iscontinuum) = W(hole) W(orld). Two decades later, when I read Édouard Schuré book translated into Serbian and his theosophical textbook from the nineteenth century, The Great Initiates, I found in the

141 footnote a quite similar form of that attitude, marked as “the first thesis of mystical mathematics: Zero x Infinity = Whole”. In the meantime, dealing in Astrology, without any doubt the oldest empirical science, the data and predictions of which are meticulously and constantly recorded and which are known for at least five thousand years backwards, I saw in Astrological Ephemeris that exactly during those days, Uranus, the planet which according to Astrology triggers big discoveries, revolutionary changes and deepest spiritual insights, has passed through my natural constellation of Scorpio. And so in my twenty-fourth year of life, in the night between November 11 and 12, 1976 in earlier Ancient Roman and Habsburg resort of Abatia, in half-empty hotel Residenz, I have experienced the thing called “changed consciousness” or “supernormal experience”. It was a spontaneous initiation into the primal will of people to understand the Universe, direct experience of general human spiritual yearning for “explaining everything”. I immediately knew that nothing will ever be the same as it was for me, that from that night on my life has changed radically, and my further destiny has been redirected. With calm joy and a feeling of crucial importance of the things that happened to me, I have accepted the invitation from above, my new life path, although I didn’t understand it at all.

142

Figure 9: Opatija at Adriatic sea coast, November 11, 2014. In front of Residenz hotel, 38 years after the start of work on the Secret of Time. I have found myself there based on the will of the Cosmic Intelligence, with the assistance of a secret friend, Metaphysicist Daecon Bert Zweistein, Director of the movie “The Return of Tesla”, Roman Tolić and

143 the most important person – Esoteric White Dove. In the middle of ethereal influence and the importance of that moment, the photography was blurred, despite several attempts to sharpen. The aether was constantly performing double exposition for us.

2. Whom does Tesla represent for me, what road did he show me?

I have studied relativism and quantum mechanics, for years but this didn’t satisfy me. The third approach to understanding physical reality was Tesla’s. Relying on the works of Faraday and Aragon on one side, and of Galvani and Volta on the other, Tesla succeeded to construct, based on Helmholtz theory of acoustic resonators and modified aether model by Lord Kelvin, his original concept of the world, which experimentally gave amazing results. His main axiom was “that the total energy of one physical system originates from the external environment”. In his opinion, excitation, i.e. mutual communication of physical systems is based on the laws of resonance vibration, i.e. on simultaneous oscillation of the system parts. He thought that the concept of aether is inevitable in physics, because matter and space cannot be absolutely divided. The electricity was for Tesla a fluid substance endowed with powers of perception and consciousness. In mathematics he was supporter of realistic views, based on which there is identity of mathematical and physical objects, i.e. materialization of mathematics. In the method of setting up the problem his model was the Greek mechanist Archimedes, who claimed “that the time should be discarded from physics” as a redundant concept. Already in the nineteenth century, scientists Heinrich Rudolf Hertz and Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert tried to create theoretical physics without the concept of force, but this attempt has ended in failure; Russian scientist Nikolai Alexandrovich Kozyrev was much better in doing so, but even his theory was not brought to the degree of micro-experiment, i.e. laboratory implementation. Substitution of force by the principle of actions of time itself, is still an unresolved problem in physics, because Tesla did not leave behind him the theory of his successful technology based on synchronicity. Teslian unification of Balkan people shall happen simultaneously with the unification of the World, by achieving the global society, based on Tesla technological communism and free and unpaid cosmic energy, as well as by synthesizing the necessary forms of mass derived from light. Remote control of artificial intelligence (Tesla’s experiment from 1896, patent from 1898), has already enabled modern cybernetics and transfer of human labor to automated functions.

3. After 37 years of studying time, what insights have I reached?

Already in the beginning of research it showed that time is independent both from matter and from the space, and that Euclidean Element are the only system of human thinking, directly speaking about nature and the power of Time. During the work it became evident to me that the mysterious “point” from the first definition of Euclidean

144 geometry – “the point is something without parts”, despite the fact that it does not belong to the domain of perception, and cannot be subjected to the usual scientific procedure of checking by measurement, it still denotes “something physically existing”, but those are for sure not matter, or space. Questions arose. Why is geometry allegedly, the science of the space based on a “point”, “thing without parts”, a concept which theoretically can in no way express the space from our thoughts? And whether the idea of “space without parts” also contravenes our whole sensual experience? Finally, why and in what manner “the point” can so well transform our exact theoretical knowledge into physical consequence, into real action? And as one cannot write a “point” in sand, or on a paper, from the first Euclidean definition, also in physics one cannot measure, for instance, “the present time”. Generally speaking, time has been abnegated its realistic existence in modern physics, and there it has been brought down to convention, to a simple measuring benchmark of spatial and material changes, to symbol “t” in equations, to “physical size which cannot be defined”, as it is literally written in many encyclopedias and textbooks. From a complex concept of “physical reality” any “real time” is omitted. On the other hand, although geometry abounds in “movements”, like translations, rotations and the very creation of multi-dimensional forms in the most variegated geometrical constructions, the time even there does not play any role. For instance, the mathematicians do not try to find out in which periods shall a line and an angle originate from the point, and parallelograms from angles? Obviously, there operates a wide application of most different movements, without a serious attempt to determine participation of time in it. An exception, but not in the same meaning, and surely not giving answers to the question “what is time?” is “fractal geometry” in which at least, an assumption is discussed, that moving same forms of different sizes somehow causes timed physical processes. There is a famous fractal-geometry fairy-tale about the butterfly waving its wings, thus moving the mountains, causing earthquakes. But there lay hidden a series of wane questions starting with “who and why moves the wings of a butterfly”, going on and on, down to the Aristotle’s “first mover”, or God. The experience that “nature is similar to itself” really directs to existence of just one main natural law, to which the whole world subordinates itself, but there is no explanation why it is so, not has that basic law been nominated in science. However, numerous mathematicians and philosophers sensed that the logical key of the theory of everything is in realistic understanding of the concept of continuity, which out of all fields of human knowledge has the most important role and verbatim application in geometry (R. Bošković). How is that? Through the “point”, which is by its definition continuous, because it has no parts? All geometrical changes happen through a point, all geometrical events belong to the point potential. No point – no geometry. And so the same: if there is no time – no space, no mass, no matter in general. The valid opinion is grossly inaccurate, the one that was also shared by Einstein, that the Euclidean geometry is an idealization of a sensory experience. Whoever knows anything about ancient civilizations cannot accept that standpoint. It is exactly the opposite. Euclid applied noumena to internal phenomena; he reconstructed the algorithm of creation by using spiritual entities. Elements are real, the sensual world derives from them, originates from them. Geometry represents a natural method of creating matter out of time.

145 By starting the Elements with a point, Euclid made the geometry “a science of time”. But in order to understand how geometrical shapes can cause physical consequences, it is necessary to introduce the geometric definition of time into physics, so that it, one and the same, shall be valid in both sciences. There is no physics without movement, like there is no movement without time, and therefore, atemporal changing of spatial configuration in geometry, although usual in mathematics, has been stripped in my opinion of any theoretical base, especially because I stick to the classic philosophical attitude that theory and reality are in the deepest unique correspondence, equivalent and unique in the Being. This is the reason why ancient Greek cosmologists, those before the time of Socrates dealt so deeply with it. The concept of time lays at the root of all other concepts we have about the world and pervades them, inseparably. And accordingly, it is for sure that mathematics without time does not represent sufficiently good physical gnoseological instrument, because it neglects the main physical component – Eternity. The physics is not wrong, but incomplete. Physicists are unaware of time, the mightiest physical instrument they wield. Balkan is today a modern global center of re-awakening of higher consciousness, necessary for the beginning of new civilization which would join spirit and science, soul and technology in the scientific type of religiousness, the only adequate way towards God – for us, in our Telecommunications Age.

4. Whether Constant Present Time, actually represents Eternity, the only time of physical reality?

From birth to death, the Man lives in constant Presence, Constant Present Time and only Now is the time of total human experience. All the other times belong to human imagination, we conceive them, but do not live through them. For instance, when I look at a chair, I know that the chair and I are in the present time, but the image of that chair that I see belongs to the past. Difference between the presence and past is huge, because you cannot sit on the image of a chair. All objects are always in the present time, but images of those objects belong to the past, while the future is an order of macrosystem, a picture in the sky. Therefore Astrology has so high correlation with real events.

5. In Zodiac age of Aquarius, for which they claim that this is the era of new consciousness, we shall acquire deeper knowledge about time and space…

The Age of Aquarius means strengthened humanity, philanthropy and compassion for sufferings of others, due to cognizance of objective laws of cosmological ethics, equally applicable to micro and macro-cosmos. The action of the constellation of Acquarius requires turning to the future, to our Galaxy, for instance, which is enormous. Its

146 circumference is 100 thousand light years, and it is in itself a part of the galaxy cluster swirling around the center of all those cosmic vortices. Tesla shouted, when he discovered rotating magnetic field: “Now I know how the universe works!” And really, from an atom to the Milky Way, everything rotates one into another. Regardless of the object, an atom for instance, consists of layers of spatial-time spheres with the same common center. Observed as a whole, the World is homocentric, because the center of infinity is anywhere, unlocalized, it is everywhere. In the Age of Aquarius we shall discover that in parallel realities there are many Intelligent Worlds, phase-shifted, i.e. in an order of differing time synchronicities, so that we cannot see them, but they are inhabited by creatures from many universal cells of life.

6. What are my objectives globally?

I have two objectives, the scientific and the social one. The scientific objective has to do with research of theoretical setting of New Physics, and then checking correctness of physical results of many researchers who have been inspired by Tesla’s wireless technology, harmonized with our natural surroundings, and also experimental check of Tesla’s theory of matter, different from the relativism of Einstein and Quantum Mechanics of Niels Henrik David Bohr. Laboratory confirmation of Tesla’s claims that natural balls of lightning are actually macro-models of electrons, protons and neutrons, of elementary particles all elements of Mendeleev’s system consist of. So, those are all atoms and molecules of reality – this shall bring us to the revolutionizing in the field of atom core physics, and indirectly, also to revolutionizing of all fields of human cognizance. In order to accelerate the social metamorphosis, I deal with clear scientific answers to eternal questions, because the findings about the nature of time, of endless world and technology of physical immortality shall become the foundation of new scientistic civilization, which shall evolve from the modern – informatics civilization.

7. Is there infinity the way I imagine it, and if it does, can I grasp it physically? Would science accomplish physical immortality of a Human?

It is only the infinity that exists, and this is our everyday experience. But, this is not about spatial infinity, as the naïve and sensually framed human mind conceives it. Infinity is solely of temporary nature, this is the eternal presence that we only have and live, all of the time, and which is nothing else but our own consciousness. The scientific religion shall finally achieve physical immortality, by understanding the time itself and its role in changing space and matter.

147 Time does not have a flow, this is arithmetic zero, from point to point in space we hop up and down the zeroes of time. It is permanent present time. For instance, you start from Belgrade to Kragujevac at 3 o’clock and you arrive in Kragujevac at 4 o’clock. In the moment you arrive in Kragujevac, what is the time in Belgrade? Without any doubt, it is also 4 o’clock in Belgrade. And because 4-4=0, it is clear that the time did not pass. And look at the Einstein’s equation for synchronization of watches in the Special Relativity Theory! According to that theory, it is still 3 o’clock in Belgrade, although you are already in Kragujevac. Understanding time shall secure us control of durability in physical and biological processes and shall enable conservation of living systems without time limitation, in other words, physical immortality of men. Resolution of this is closer than anyone can even assume. The cosmic channel for scientific cognizance of the secret of time has been opened already, since the time of Tesla.

8. Tesla stated that the science, from the date of onset in researching spiritual phenomena, shall progress more in one decade than it has had in all centuries of its previous existence….

Tesla was completely aware that all physical laws have spiritual nature, as well as the whole mathematics. No one has ever seen the numbers or geometrical point. The laws of nature are extrasensory, out of senses. In that sense, Tesla knew that the science shall develop towards the abstract concept of spirit, and not towards material-magic powers opposing gaining awareness of the construction of the cosmos and of the God’s work. The whole technology is based on physical laws of spiritual nature; the principles based on which material devices and machines work are unobservable. We can see a lever, not a law of lever, we can see planets rotating around the Sun, but we cannot see the law of gravity, we see three matches, but we can’t see the number three itself. But, in the end, it will show that nature of all physical laws is – based on time. Harmonization of the man with all cosmic forces must be performed by wisdom crowned with enlightenment of a philosopher, scientist and in general, a researcher for the basic truth about the World. The Science is just one specific way towards the God, maybe the hardest and the longest one, because it means rationality. Descartes has nicely stated that each reasonable man must believe in God. Therefore the atheists look somehow shallow to me, as thought they have incomplete thought process.

9. Tesla’s healing by reconstruction of human automatism of cosmic forces…

The real Tesla’s medicine is based on an idea about regenerative therapy, which would utilize the electromagnetic stimulation of genes to naturally regenerate and thus replace

148 the diseased organ. We would replace organs like parts of an automobile, and the memories of those organs would remain intact. This reparation starts from assumption that all human organs, like all matter, have been made in the end – from light. Finally, a hologram has been discovered and detected around our DNA, which is capable of influencing the restitution of molecules, the chemical contents of the DNA and their repairing. We forget that the atoms and molecules of the body are also immortal, and not just our soul, which is physically speaking, one complex of electromagnetic waves, unified by internal time. Because nothing in the psycho-somatic structure of the man actually cannot fail, the difference in between life and death is essentially one mathematical issue. Similarly, like a pile of stones and a house made of stone cannot be discerned material- wise, but can be discerned regarding the order of things, the mathematics.

10. Why did it take me so much of my life-time to decipher the Tesla’s science?

Tesla’s technology which he received as a gift from the Creator of the World in the form of technical visions, shall just come to be applied. He was capable to personally connect himself to the ocean of energy created by concentric rotating magnetic fields. It should be constantly repeated until people awaken themselves: Planet Earth is a giant rotating magnet, and in itself it is a generator of inconsumable quantities of electricity. This is something we can see on every step. From where does come such electricity in clouds, for instance, and also in ionosphere? Of course, from the rotation of the Earth. The Sun ionizes the atmospheric gas, but the earthly gravity and magnetism keep it together, so that we can use it without limits. And the people whine about the shortage of energy. Unbelievable! It is necessary to establish completely new understanding of energy and matter, the human understanding cries out for one new, deeper and smarter physics, which would open up the cosmic resources to us, and rescind any form of human work in converting matter and energy into the forms we need. In our new civilization, which is emerging throughout the planet at once, the scientific wisdom shall replace toiling, and philosophical justice harmonized with cosmic laws of ethics shall replace the moral relativism of the human system of rewards and punishment.

11. What is the difference between our and cosmic reason?

The cosmic morale is analogous to Hinduistic and Buddhistic Law of Karma, which cosmologically speaking objectively distributes energy in equal shares. Mathematically, karma is an equation which stops its activity by equalizing the value from the left and the right side of the equation. Against this law there is no, and cannot be any objection, because this is the Divine Law of Physics. Human morale is something else. Primarily, the living systems due to their complexity accumulate time and that enables them to have

149 deferred reaction. An atom reacts immediately to a photon reaction, based on physical laws. But the living system can have deferred reaction to an action from the external environment, within five to ten days, for instance. This enables an error, and therefore the human morale is artificial and burdened with local regulations which do not directly express the cosmic nature of a being, but by an indirect link they can even act destructively. How? Whenever I failed to react according to the instructions of the destiny sensor, the heart chakra and its sinus node, but I slept over the decision, I was wrong. Whenever I thought about it, I was wrong. This is my experience of human wisdom and human morale.

12. Are there any special God’s particles?

A God’s particle is a clumsy name, imprecise, senseless actually. What is that particle that does not come from God? Whether proton, electron and neutron are not God’s particles? The world has been created at once, and not from parts, because the world in its foundation is infinite, and infinity can be never build out from parts. The infiniteness precedes parts. In my opinion, the space is constantly emerging as a part of perpetual presence, as a part of space, and simultaneously an equation is constantly formed, an elementary mass, following golden cross-section principle. Why the golden cross-section principle? Because the Continuum, i.e. the basic infinity of our world can be divided only internally, and just based on continual proportion. Otherwise, holes would appear in the continuum, discontinuations, which cannot be the case.

12. Matter?

The concept of matter covers time, space and mass. But speaking about the last pillar of existence, then I think that in the last instance we have just time, and this is an extra- sensory, non-spatial and intangible entity, from which the world originates. The time represents infinity creating reality in natural language or mathematics. That generic natural mathematics is Sumerian-Pythagorean secret science, which we now re-discover, with an idea to finally apply it. In ancient times it was not possible to do that efficiently, because the technology was at sub-quantum level, i.e. on the level on which technical manipulation of electro-magnetic spectrum is possible, of that basic natural material, which is present in unlimited quantities and which can serve as a basis for creating everything else.

13. The nature is similar to itself – secret of the number 37

1x3x37 = 111

150 2x3x37 = 222 3x3x37 = 333 4x3x37 = 444 5x3x37 = 555 6x3x37 = 666 7x3x37 = 777 8x3x37 = 888 9x3x37 = 999

Figure 10: Tesla’s Spiral Vortex – esoteric meaning

TESLA’S SPIRAL VORTEX OF TIME, SPACE AND MOVEMENT

151

Technical description:

a) 15 solid lines (number of synchronicities); b) 15 dotted lines (number of asynchronicities); c) 2x15 shorter lines (two per each solid line, in total 30 of them, this is a number of higher harmonics, so that the number of a/synchronicities– 15, through the number of harmonics – 30, gives basic harmonics proportion of the Universe 1:2); d) The dotted lines have 9 short lines and 9 interruptions, but if you count from the center, starting from the interruption – there are in total 19 changes, i.e. 1+9=10. And 10 is on the surface of unit sphere, the maximum number of positions with mutual radius distance, i.e. positions in which its time-space mechanism can be activated; e) 15 dotted lines times 9 short lines results in 135: square root of 135 is 11.618…, and that is actually Tesla’s numeric message, because 0,1,1,… is the first member of the Fibonacci sequence, (0+1=1), and 1.618 … is a golden cross-section (for Fi=0.618, 1/FI=1+Fi=1.618).

Learning of Tesla’s spiral

Sumerian-Pythagorean-Tesla’s natural arithmetic has been based on radius and diameter of sphere, i.e. harmonics proportion (1:2), constant proportion or Fi (golden cross- section) and number Pi, i.e. morphological constant of the space, because the space between two points has to be curved, according to Pi. Everything else derives from those numbers, i.e. from the point, line and angle, because they present all the most general laws of Cosmos, completely unknown to the current science. The modern mathematical physics uses those biggest knowledge as simple technological tools, without any deeper understanding of, for instance, point and zero, which are mathematical models of Present Time. Physical Reality does not start with unlimited emptiness like envisaged by Judeo- Christian or English physicist Stephen William Hawking, but it starts with Eternity, constant present time, represented by a Number for Eternity, i.e. arithmetical object of Zero. This is white unit sphere in the very center of Tesla’s 3D Spiral. This is also the sphere of the full spectrum of white light created out of the Time. Layers of Tesla’s Spiral have been entered into homocentric spheres, or physically, into electromagnetic balls and they exist in the directions of action in certain radii, i.e. temporal generators of the Space from unlocalized Point of Cosmic Time (center of the Spiral). Internal Time of the Space has just one dimension, length (Sphere Diameter), and the Space is a square of internal time distributed according to spherical law n.

152 Alternative realities differ only in wavelengths. Phase movement results from that difference. The wavelength concept is a key to the whole reality. The wavelength is internal time of the light, appearing as a dimension of space. At the foundation of existence of space and mass is a wave-form. Waves, if they are synchronous, act one upon another as particles. Each World has limit wavelengths, the smallest and the biggest one. Violent atomic research inflicts upon the harmony between the parallel realities and non-standard answers from higher intelligences to human laic scientific aggression are possible. Between every two levels of existence there is a phase leap into space, a barrier that has to be crossed, but when one travels through those different levels of new realities, one gains insight that they are all intertwined, making a time continuum, and although there are so many of them n+1, still zero of universal time is just one (n-0=0), because the Infinity is unique, this is the Continuum of Time, or physically, Permanent Present Time. Every man has the power to change the wavelength of his individual consciousness. The one who does so, shall disappear in one and reappear in another world. Different worlds have been separated by an angle of 90°. Our complete reality is only the light determining everything we think and feel. Tesla’s Spiral is his integral message to the humanity, containing absolutely all the deepest secrets of his knowledge. Based on it, link shall be established with higher cosmic self, using small steps, bearable for human beings.

TESLIANA CIVILIZATION

As the writer of this paragraph, I risk many things by publishing it. Scientists can easily object that everything I claim is just fiction without scientific base, the clerical people can accuse me even for heresy, because I unjustifiably credit to one human being, although supernaturally gifted engineer Tesla, an earthly role of Godly character. But, I am the warrior of light and for me there is no religion above the truth. Therefore without any reserve I stand out with Tesla, the scientist in whom I believe, the scientist in which all of us have to believe, if we are the true researchers of the science of the future, which would be collective spirituality of the new planetary society. By stepping on the lane of Permanent Cosmic Mind I have met Tesla and since then we are together. Many people join Tesla’s Global Brotherhood, forecasted by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, as a modern synthesis of science and religion. There are more and more people joining, faster and faster. The one who has been given a chance to see God is Godly himself…

Why Tesla is just now present in Russia (Secret of Tunguska)

153

Tesla’s spiritualized Physics is a foundation of the culture of the Global Society of our Third Millennium. Tesla, already during his experiment in Colorado Springs in 1899 started Tesliana planetary scientific civilization. Its starting program has been published by Tesla in 1900, in the column Global System, where he announced in 12 points, the complete modern civilization. All this has been continued in 1903 by successful testing of Wardenclyffe tower in Long Island near New York. And on June 30, 1908 he made the experiment from that place, of transmitting the energy through natural media, known as Tunguska Event/Disaster. On the other hand, in modernistic position of warriors trying to overcome the Universe, the naïve scientific researches of today fight the battle with infinity, the battle they can’t win. Understanding the scientific vocation as a war skill and the role of scientist as a warrior against the nature have caused accelerated decline of the Western civilization of white man, lead by spiritually impotent clergy of modern scientists (especially of physicists and astro-physicists), so much devoid of deeper spiritual insights, that many of them are not even interested in the concept of cosmological ethics. And as the division of church and state in French Bourgeois Revolution lead to sudden development of economy, so the division of state and science in our time would lead to sudden development of fundamental researches and to adoption of new paradigm of planetary society, one new form of religiousness necessary for today’s mankind. It would result from spiritualized science and technology. There is no need to specially note that Tesla and his work are the real foundation of that and such scientific-religious global civilization, because exactly Tesla and Tesla the most, links human soul and technology with Holy Spirit, which is actually Sumerian-Pythagorean-Ancient Egyptian-Ancient Greek supreme Holy Law (Greek Hieros Logos), of mystical natural mathematics. Geographical center of the world culture moves through history. Once it used to be Babylon, Ancient Egypt, Athens, Alexandria, Rome, Paris, London, New York. In our time, after internal transformation of the Soviet Union, the center of new global scientific culture moved to Moscow. There, according to the Law of Attraction (Similar attracts Similar), also moved Tesla. The common Godly mission of Tesla and Russia represents transformation of the whole planet Earth into the scientific-technological paradise, with spiritualized physics as predominant global religion, acceptable for all races and nations. There is a human morale and a cosmic morale. And especially the second one, the cosmic morale gives the sense to Tesla’s defense of J.P. Morgan, whom people still unjustifiably condemn to be the villain financier to whom the money was more important than the progress of humankind. In his autobiography My Inventions, Tesla completely clearly states that his Long Island project – where the whole planet Earth has been networked into unique resonating system with his tower Wardenclyffe – was postponed by natural laws, until the mankind matures to the degree that they can accept the management of the whole planetary energy, when as Tesla says, the same project shall be triumphantly restored. This explains why he has, without a single word of protest accepted the tearing down of Wardenclyffe tower, which was deliberately done as a ritual on the Independence Day, July 4, 1917 at 11 o´clock in the morning. Tesla has just exited the train in Chicago, where he came following the invitation of the American Naval Forces Admiral, when he was handed-over a cable note that his tower has been destroyed by the

154 American Army. Tesla didn’t even glimpse on that news. Obviously he accurately knew in advance what this is all about, and that this is just an execution of the decision of Unofficial World Government, whose main economic lever has been established four years ago, just before the Gregorian Christmas 1913. At that time Thomas Woodrow Wilson has suspended the American Constitution for just one day, just before the Catholic Christmas, in order to establish the Federal Reserve, the Central Bank, a private institution which is since that time the real owner of the United States and in the work of which even the Senate and Congress cannot gain any insight. The only one who openly but unsuccessfully opposed that was Senator Lindbergh, father of Charles Augustus Lindbergh, the pilot who was the first to flew the Atlantic, but whose son was kidnapped and killed, and who later supported the Hitler’s technological dream of new mankind; the German philosopher Martin Heidegger, who in the beginning also supported the Nazis, saw in Nazism some positive elements and has formulated them as a “meeting of planetary determined technology and new-age man”.

“Each reasonable man must believe in God” – René Descartes

In specific procedures Tesla was inexorable. His social attitudes were consistently supra-political and elite: he refused to sign Serbian Bishop Nicolaj Velimirović’s political appeal during the First World War, for uniting the Serbs outside their country, which the Bishop understood and commented on saying: “I am sorry that I have even for a minute distracted this big man from his profession”. The alleged Tesla’s statement supporting the Yugoslav national-liberating movement during the Second World War was written jointly by, at that time Vice-President of USA Henry Agard Wallace and Tesla’s nephew, Sava Kosanović. Believing in the top automatism of cosmic forces, Tesla considered achieving social happiness and peace possible only by strictly scientific means. In real science (and as such I consider solely the line of Sumerian-Chaldean-Pythagorean mathematical religion), mental recipes, formulas, must be awakened, fully clarified and understandable to everyone. We oftentimes forget that natural laws influence every human being, regardless of his personality, because all cosmological laws are super- personal, even those forming our very personality. Because he was extremely clairvoyant, Tesla had completely conscious insight into living Pan-Cosmic Being. He had the access to the Emanation Core – Center of Radiation of Love and Light, while as a comparison, Niels Henrik David Bohr and Werner Heisenberg felt the same Cosmic Being as ordinary humans and on a much lower level, i.e. magically, gloomy, metaphorically, in the form of ill-considered concepts of quantum- mechanics activity of experimenter on the experiment and of uncertainty relation. Albert Einstein was ironic atheist (“I would like to know the God’s plans”, he stated in relation to the work on never-ended Tesla’s Unique Field Theory), and essentially he was imbued with deep doubt regarding the God’s existence. By comparison, Tesla as an Ecclesiastic of Science does not have a serious match in the modern history.

155

Where does the science go?

The Chaldean wisdom teaches us that the cosmic structures are condensed light, and the cosmic events are the music of micro and macro-celestial spheres. The music we listen to, because we can hear it, is just a small scope of music of natural scales, produced by innumerous parts of the Continuum. The very gene is of pre-biotic character, it precedes life and belongs to spiritual category. There is an invisible law arranging the known chemical components, organization of each, including the human genome is clearly mathematic, and the mathematical objects, as we know, have extrasensory existence – no-one has ever seen the numbers, including the geometrical point. The complete substance of a Man – is eternal. It is not just a complex of electro-magnetic waves forming a material base of human soul, but also atoms and molecules of the human body are immortal. Difference between the life and death is purely mathematical, in the mathematical order of living system’s organization. Introduction of Spirit into science through the Hypothesis of Time, shall enable physical immortality. In the modern science, especially in Physics, are studied just two logically graded levels of existence – sensory material outcome and formal language. The deepest level of existence from which everything derives and depends – Spiritual level, has been omitted from the modern researches. The average scientist of our age consciously waves off Spirit, and of course, cannot progress theoretically on the grounds of forecasting by inspiration, as Tesla, but just technologically, using innumerous attempts (neo-quantum mechanics – CERN, searching for the Higgs boson/Higgs particle, which has been inappropriately, as in some parody, termed God’s particle). As though electron, proton and neutron are not also God’s particles. Natural, as well as physical laws are not phenomena, they do not appear anywhere, or if you want, they appear in a Pythagorean manner – as the reality itself. The mathematical formulas – such as they are now applied in physics, do not express the end nature of physical laws, but they form an unclear scientific language, a magical script. Just in direct physical interpretation of elementary mathematics, the one that has been imposed naturally, and not the one constructed by humans, we meet the Spirit in the basis of Physical Reality. It is interesting that in the total psyche-related science – psychiatry and psychology, including the experimental ones, only in the Archetypes Theory of Carl Gustav Jung we see the living scientific consciousness about the ultimate importance of Spirit for the existence of matter. With Jung himself, obviously this was the activity of the principle of unique basis of the infinity of the World – the Continuum Archetype. Geniuses like Tesla do not take personally the situations of their own lives. When they love someone, they actually love the Cosmos materialized in that person, and not the mortal-passer-by with all his weaknesses inevitably imposed on one by the state of living. My experience of checking the most variegated Tesla’s statements showed that he is not philosophical, nor imaginative type, but a pure visionary, in the sense in which the Medieval Jesuit from Palma de Majorca, Ramon Llull defines phantasmagoria, a whole century before the Kepler’s Divine images – archetypes. Ramon considers that the human

156 soul is a dark room (in Latin camera obscura), with narrow opening towards God, who sends in it phantasmagorias, pictures of Godly reality, which differ from human imagination because they are real. All really big visionaries are verbatim types. They describe in detail the sceneries of their visions. Also the scientific visionary, Tesla, has transferred his visions into matter, without any logical thinking, which would just slow down his process of materialization of ideas. The speed of his work in materializing his profession, was actually the main reason why Tesla did not leave behind any physical theory. And as the nature just creates, without explaining anything to anyone, so acted Tesla. Well knowing that Tesla was a verbatim visionary, and therefore completely reliable, I asked myself for decades not what was on Tesla’s mind, but what did he see in front of him, when writing the following unusual sentence about his early deceased brother Danilo:

“Memories on what my brother achieved made each of my attempts futile in comparison to him”.

I knew from analyzing the other Tesla’s statements, that he was not prone to exaggeration, even when his statements sounded fantastic, he always had in mind something very specific and achievable, and therefore, the things he said about Danilo must mean something much more than the common exaggeration in an outburst of brotherly love. Four years ago I received, for reading in the presence of the carrier and immediate return, the detailed dossier of Tesla’s family, which was made in 1893-4 for the needs of secret political police of Habsburg monarchy, immediately after the Tesla’s lecture in the Society of Physicists in Paris, and after that also in the Royal Society in London – About Light and Other High-Frequency Phenomena. There I found the right explanation of Tesla’s strange words about his brother: Danilo Tesla has had highly developed para-psychological powers and when concentrated, he could move things by looking at them, which Nikola never achieved, despite all the arduous exercises. Tesla’s brother Danilo had the same gift as Douglas Home, a medium who was explored by Tesla’s friend, famous English scientist William Crookes, i.e. the same capability as Nina Kulagina. Of course, something like that is possible. It is about the relationship energy-matter, contravening the classic law of energy maintenance. If by invoking a word Petar, we could move a man of hundred kilos from his chair, or by a visual signal we can stop a truck, then there must be a way in which we can reasonably talk with atoms and molecules. Not just the whole matter, but the natural language also consists of an order of light frequencies and accordingly, every atom has its light name. If the scope, order and modulation of frequencies are adequate, the atom shall obey you as every reasonable creature. On the other hand, if we wrongly call Petar Pavle, he would remain seated. Not many years shall pass, and the human dialogue with the Cosmos shall expand to the level of knowledge about the whole nature as a living organism endowed by consciousness.

157 It is known that Nikola Tesla read other people’s thoughts with ease (witnessing by his school-mates from Gospić, Graz and Prague) and he forecasted events (in 1899 in Philadelphia he kept by force a group of acquaintances from travelling by train, which had a big accident that night; he talked out J.P. Morgan from travelling by Titanic, about which there is his writing in the Morgan’s archives, including the first-class ticket for Titanic). He was also a supreme hypnotizer (New York dinner with Lika boxers, brothers Živić, whom he has inconspicuously hypnotized, together with John O’Neal and Colonel Tošić, about which New York Times also wrote), but he didn’t have the quoted exceptional gift of his brother Danilo.

And in the end, who is Tesla and what is his role in our future?

I thought for a long time where to position Tesla in medieval theological architectonic of Christian Angel Hierarchy, to somehow relate him with his Christian orthodox clerical family, but for Tesla I have found as only appropriate place in the hierarchy of superhuman beings from theosophical teaching (theosophy is a synthesis of science and religion, the founder of which was H. P. Blavatsky in 19th century): Tesla is an Archeus. Archei are superhuman creatures materialized in great people on the crossroads of human history. Their task is to take care of man. They are above the Archangels, but beneath Seraphims and Cherubims, who are a pure light about which Tesla openly spoke depicting them as a core from which he receives all his ideas. Seraphim in Chaldean language means love. For better understanding, I shall quote the hierarchy as a whole, divided into triads. Otherwise, the Holy Trinity, triad or number three to which Tesla was extremely attached, is for Aristotle the number of the whole, because it contains beginning, the center and the end. Here is the ladder of beings above men: The lowest are guardian angels of each man, in charge of leading him. Archangels, who are above the angels, rule the souls of nations; that is, according to theosophists, the world of collective unconscious. Archei (the name originates from Dionysius the Areopagite) to whom belongs Tesla, are above archangels, and they manage all big transformations of mankind in the form of big personalities in fateful turning points of human history and science, they are the spirits of personalities and of cosmic instincts. That is the first group of spiritual forces rising above man; their actions are the most vivid and the most complex, and they penetrate deeply into matter, as well as in the secret of human individuality. Behind them comes another triad of forces, those are Devas from Indian mythology. Dionysius calls them: the mind (in Greek exusiai), ruling (in Greek dynemeis), and kingdom (in Greek heriotes). They are closer to Deity than to a man, they cannot like archangels decline into the depths of matter, nor can they love a man, because they are infallible. Those creatures maintain matter, their forces are the norm of physical systems.

158 Far above the human understanding and the possibility to imagine rises the third triad of beings or forces, the highest one: Thrones – supreme powers of dedication and kindness, Seraphims – love and Cherubims – the sense of wisdom of the primordial force and they are so close to God that they directly radiate his light. They do not work, but they glare, they do not create but transfer the God’s rays of life and awaken them on lower plains of existence. The Throne, Seraphim and Cherubim make the supreme triad emanating light and inspiring the cosmos with its life-breath. They are a part of Godly sphere in the narrow sense, because by their nature they are above the space and time, as well as the God himself, but they materialize the Deity in time and space. This is the core about which Tesla spoke to the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Vladić, out of which, according to his words, “he received all his ideas, but in the secret of which he did not penetrate”… Each line of forces receives the stimuli from the upper line, but the opposite is not the case, the influence of streaming is unilateral, from top to bottom. The top Ruler is the Holy Law (in Greek Hieros Logos), ruling the principle of continuity of the whole infinite world. The Lord Creator (in Greek Demiurg) is incognizable. Lead from the bottom of the cosmos by central archetype of mystical light, Tesla has his whole life consciously and with joy acknowledged archetype laws of natural operations, by giving them as a gift to people. Tesla has, before his own transfiguration on Orthodox Christmas 1943, even himself become the live archetype of the founder of new scientific religion.

TESLA TIMES: THE MOST IMPORTANT DATES AND PLACES OF NIKOLA TESLA’S LIFE

1856, 9-10 July – born in Smiljan (In Serbian orthodox Calendar it is Vidovdan, The Day of Seeing, 28th of June, as it is written in Tesla’s church birth certificate; the date marks the battle of Kosovo as well as the assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo). So Tesla was born in Lika, (precisely in the small village Deringay, in the ports of a Serbian orthodox church at lightning stroke of midnight), in the province of Austrian monarchy, in the family of Serbian orthodox priest.Two days after his family returns to Smiljan. 1856-62 – lives in Smiljan, Lika, western military district (Krajina), Empire of Habsburg’s 1861 – death of his older and only brother Dane, 1862 – family moves to closest town, Gospić, 1862-66 – attends elementary school in Gospić, 1866-70 – attends Real Gymnasium in Gospić,

159 1870-73 – lives in Rakovac, Karlovac, with his aunt & Collonel, “old war-horse”, 1873 – graduates Gimnazija Karlovac, 1874 – recovers from Cholera, escapes life as priest or officer, 1875 – for a short time, father sends him into hills to hide from army.

Becomes Continental

1875 -accepted at k.k. (kaiserlich konigliche) Technischen Hochschule in Graz, Austria, 1875-78 -attends “Joanneum” polytechnic (now Technische Universitat Graz (TUG)), Rechbauerstrasse 1878, spring– drops out of Hochschule before 3rd year exams, 1878-79– lands first job, assistant engineer, Maribor, Slovenia, 1879, 24 March– police escort the “vagrant” Tesla from Maribor home to Gospić, 1879 – death of his father, Milutin, 1880, summer – audits classes at the Karl – Ferdinand University of Prague, 1881, January – arrives in Budapest too early for job with Puskas brothers, 1881 – AC epiphany on walk with Antal Szigety in Budapest’s Varosliget city park, 1881 -Budapest Austrian Telegraph Office, engineer, 1881 -Budapest Central Post Office, draftsman, 1881 -American Telephone Company, repairman, 1881 -Budapest power company, electrical engineer, 1882 – Charles Batchelor oversees Tesla at Edison lightbulb factory, 1883 – in Strasbourg he was employed in Edison’s Continental Company and built a model of the first inductive motor.

Becomes an American

1884, spring– lands in New York (4 cents in pocket), 1884 – Thomas Edison hires Tesla to fix designs of DC dynamos, 1885 -quits Edison’s Etna Iron Works, 104 Goerck St, 1885 – founds Electric Light & Manufacturing Co, Rahway, NJ, 1886-87, winter – digs ditches for $2/day, 1887, April – Peck and Brown fund the Tesla Electric Co, 1887, 30 April – Tesla files first patent, 1887, 10 May – old firend Antal Szigeti lands in NY,

160 1897 – he registered twelve patents in radio engineering, 1887-88 – invents AC induction motor, 89 Liberty St, NY, 1888, 15 May– speech to American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), 1888, 7 July– sells AC patents for $25,000, 150 shares in Wetinghouse, plus $2.50/horsepower, 1888-89 -trains Westinghouse engineers in Pittsburgh, PA, 1889 -becomes US citizen, 1889 -opens own lab on Grand Street, 1890, Novembar– lights vacuum tube, wirelessly, with high-frequency coil. 1891 -invents Tesla coil, 1891 -first Westinghouse– Tesla engine installed at a Colorado mine, 1891, 20 May– speaks to AIEE at Columbia University, 1892– London lecture to Royal Institution of Electrical Engineers on the topic “Experiments with alternating current of high voltage and high frequency”; then, before Royal Society, lecture, “Light and other high-frequency phenomena” then the same lectures he read in Paris; registered patents of “spark oscillator with resonance transformer”, 1892, 15 April– Tesla’s mother Djuka dies, 1892, Jyne– Tesla visits Belgrade; meeting The king of Serbia Aleksandar Obrenovic, 1893 – AC plant power Chicago’s Columbia Exposition, 1893, 24 February– lectures to the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1893, 1 March– wireless remote-control boat in St. Louis, 1893, 1 May – President Grover Cleveland pushes button to light 100,000 lamps in Chicago’s “City of Light”, 1894 – Tesla’s AC powers Telluride and Cripple Creek, CO, 1895, 13 March– fire burns lab, 35 S 5th Ave (now ̴ 539 West Broadway), 1895, 20 May– lands in Pulizer’s World after girl, 16, leaps from pie at JL Breese’s studio, 5 W 16th St, 1895, July – earthquake at lab, 46 E Houston St, 1895 -Century editor R.U. Johnson runs Tesla article by T.C. Martin and “Pudd’nhead Wilson” by Mark Twain, 1896, 19 July – tours Niagara Power House with George Westinghouse, 1896, 16 November – trasmits electricity 26 miles from Niagara Falls to Buffalo, NY, first 3-phase AC power plant, 1897, April 6 – lectures NY Academy of Sciences, 2 E 63rd St. 1898 – first efficient-magnifier Tesla coil, 1898 – high-tension conductor produces pressures of 100 million volts,

161 1898 – skipped a high-frequency current through his body and demonstrated a model of reversible magnetic field, the so-called “Tesla’s rotating iron egg” – The EGG OF COLUMBUS; Madison Square Garden demos teleautomat boat with ‘borrowed mind” remote control, 1898 – registration of the paten for teleautomatic control (experiment with the ship on the lake in New York, Central Park. Tesla made a wireless control of the ship and staggered all withesses), 1899 – a construction of hydroelectric power station at Niagara was finished. 1899 lights 200 bulbs wirelessly 26 miles from Pike’s Peak, 1899 – 1900 -discovers terrestrial stationary waves, Colorado Springs. 1900 – 100 foot discharge ‘flashed a current around the globe’, 1900 – J.P. Morgan buys 51% of Tesla tele patents for $150,000, 1901 – builds “Radio City” at Wardenclyffe (Shoreham, Long Island), 1901, 12 Dec– Marconi beams a… Morse-code “S” across the Atlantic, 1903, 15 July – NY Sun reports on Wardenclyffe’s “blinding streaks of electricity”, 1905 – opens office at 165 Broadway (Now 1 Liberty Plaza), 1906 – build speedometers for Waltham Watch Co, 1907, 3 May – NY World reports Tesla’s “magnifying transmitter” hits 25M horsepower, 1908 – Gernsback meets Tesla, writes robot story “Ralph 124C 41+”.

Bankruptcy

1909 – G. Marconi, C. Maxwell & H. Hertz share Physics Nobel for radio, 1912 – creditors repo equipment from Wardenclyffe, 1914 – opens office in tallest skyscraper: Woolworth Building,233 Broadway, 1915, 6 Oct – NYT falsely reports Edison and Tesla to share Nobel, 1915 – Waldorf-Astoria’s manager George Boldt demands back rent of $19,000, 1915 – surrenders Wardenclyffe deed to Boldt, 1915 – declares bankruptcy, 1917, 16 May– wins AIEE’s Edison medal, flees to feed pigeons, 1917, 4 July– Navy explodes tower at Wardenclyffe, 1918 -Chicago turbine project with W.W. Wilhelm, 1909-1922 – he registered patents only in mechanical engineering (pumps, tachometers, bladeless turbines), 1922 – his beloved pigeon dies at Hotel St. Regis, 2 E 55th St (5th Ave) #1607, 1924, 25 May – Hotel St. Regis sues Tesla for $3,299 in back rent, 1924 – Sheriff’s deputy serves debt liens on office, 8 W 40th St 20th floor,

162 1931, 20 July – “Tesla at 75” on cover of Time magazine, 1931, 18 Oct – Edison dies at 84, 1934, 11 July – NYT A1: “Tesla, at 78, Bares New ‘Death Beam,’ 1937 – hit by cab in Manhattan, but refuses care, 1937 – honorary doctorate from Tesla’s former Hochschule in Graz, 1937 – experiments under 59th Street Bridge near 2nd Ave, 1942, July 8 – birthday meeting with exiled King Peter II Karadjordjevic of Serb, 1943, 5 Jan – admits last maid service, asks for no disturbances, 1943, 7 January – maid finds Tesla dead in his room, in “New Yorker” hotel. At first, he was read the burial service according to Orthodox tradition, and then his body was burnt according to Buddhist ceremony.

Posthumous

1943, 8 Jan – Pentagon seizes 80-trunk archive of Tesla’s papers from his rooms, 1943 – body to Campbell’s Funeral Parlors (Madison Ave & 81St), 1943 – cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery, Ardsley, NY 1943, 12 Jan – memorial at Cathedral of St. John the Divine, NYC, 1943, 13 January – service by Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Sava, 20 W 26th St, 1943, 21 June – U.S. Supreme Court reverses itself, favor Tesla radio patents over Marconi, 1943 – John J. O’ Neill publishes “Prodigal Genius”, 1944 – Bela Lugosi plays Romanian scientist/vampire “Armand Tesla” in long feature movie “Return of the Vampire, 1952 – Tesla estate-shirts, suits, shoes & papers-sent to Belgrade, 1955 – Tesla Museum opens in Belgrade, 51 Proleterskih brigada, 1958 – Tesla’s remains sent to Belgrade, 1960 – Tesla’s declared unit of magnetic induction by Intl. Cmsn. For Electrical Engineering, T=Wb/m2, 1976 – Rev. Sum Myung Moon buys New Yorker Hotel for $5M as Unification Church HQ, 1977 – NYC declares 40th St & 6th Ave “Nikola Tesla Corner.” -40th St & 6th Ave, SW corner of Bryant Park, behind the NY Public Library, where he fed pigeons,

Main Laboratories

163 89 Liberty St (now 1 Liberty Plaza), y. 1887, 175 Grand St (now 179 Grand St, Wu Lim Back Rub), y 1889, 35 S 5th Ave (now ̴ 539 West Broadway, Wachington Square Village: 3rd/Bleeker), y. 1890-1895, 46-48 E Houston St (now Soho Billiards), July 1895-99, Queensborough Bridge, 59th St near 2nd Ave. y. 1905.

Main Offices

165 Broadway (now 1 Liberty Plaza), 1905, 233 Broadway, #1136, Woolworth Building, 1914, 1 Madison Ave, #202-203, Metropolitan Life Tower (23rd St), 1914, 8 West 40th St, #2006, (5th Ave) 1915-1924, 350 Madison Ave, old Conde Nast HQ (44/45th St.) y. 1925.

Main Hotels

1889 – 92 Astor House Hotel, 140 Broadway (Barclay/Vecey Sts), 1892 Hotel Gerlach (Radio Wave Bldg) 49 W 27th St (Broadway/6th Ave), 1892 – 7 Metropolitan Hotel, 580 Broadway (op. Guggenheim SoHo), 1897 – 1920 Waldorf-Astoria, 5th Ave & 33rd St (now Empire State Building), 1918 – 23 Hotel St. Regis, 2 E 55th St (5th Ave) #1607, 1923 – 25 Hotel Marguery, 270 Park Ave (48th St), 1925 – 30 Hotel Pennsylvania, 401, 7 Ave, 1930 – 34 Governor Clinton Hotel, 535 W 31 St (now Southgate Tower),(7th Ave), 20th fl, 1934 – 43 Hotel New Yorker, 481 8th Ave (34th) #3327.

NIKOLA TESLA AND SERBS

In the preface to the poem collection of Jovan Jovanović – Zmaj (Nickname The Dragon), which Tesla translated into English personally, in 1897, Tesla wrote: “There is

164 hardly any nation who has experienced gloomier fate (,,,) The Serbs are the people of thinkers and poets.” In 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war to the Kingdom of Serbia, to his friend who was H. Blavatsky – N. Roerich line Theosophyst – Pavle Rankov Radosavljević (Nickname Paja), professor of Antropology and Pedagogy at the University of New York and the great reformist of American Educational system, Tesla complained: “The heart aches me due to horrible fate of Serbia, that one of the most gifted nation after ancient Hellenes is being crucified unfairly.” Tesla’s telegram directed in 1936 to the Institute in Belgrade which bears his name, ended with the world: “Mention me to our people…”

Bio Data of Velimir Abramović

165

 1952 Born in Belgrade, Serbia.  1967 Collection of poetry, “Smeop”.  1985 Ph.D. dissertation “Problem of Continuity in Natural Philosophy of Leibniz and Boskovich”  1989 Professor of Film Theory, University of Arts, Belgrade  1990 Professor of the History of Ideas and Concepts of Time, Space and Matter in Natural Sciences, Center for Multidisciplinary Studies, University of Belgrade

166  1992 – 1994 Founder and Editor in Chief of scientific-philosophical magazine “Teslijana”  2001 Founder of a private philosophical school “Institute for The Time Nature Discovery”, Barajevo, Serbia, lecturing the Seminar of the Applied Metaphysics  2003 Editor of Theosophical magazine Delphis, Moscow  2004 Member of Russian Interdisciplinary Temporological Seminar, Lomonosov State University, Moscow  2007 Dean of Faculty “Academy of Arts”, Belgrade  2009 Monograph about Nikola Tesla “Inextinguishable Light”  2010 Founder of private scientific forum for Tesla’s cosmological studies, Belgrade  2011 Russian/Serbian group for Ether Physics, Belgrade/Moscow (works in secret)  2012 After 37 years of research, starts formulating The Foundations of the Science of Time with the main hypothesis that the Constant Present Time, (of which mathematical models are Point and Zero) – is the only actual time of Physical Reality, further leading to redefinition of Space, Mass and Motion and to experiments in controlling temporal characteristics of physical and biological systems as the most desirable result in the whole history of science.

 2013 – 2015 Works on Time Science in Barajevo forest, 37 kilometers south of Belgrade.

 2015 Joined to the New Tesla-Patents Scientific Institute as the president of Scientific research Council,

 2016 Establishing The Free University of Serbia on Internet.

APPENDIX I

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF NIKOLA TESLA WITH J. P. MORGAN SR. AND J. P. MORGAN JR. (1900 – 1938) WITH SUPPLEMENTS

167

INTELECTUAL PROPERTY OF SERBIA ARCHIVE BELGRADE

Excerpts of the Translator's Foreword (Serbian translation is still waiting to be published – already 13 years)

The correspondence of Nikola Tesla with J. P. Morgan Sr. and J. P Morgan Jr. takes place from 1900 to 1934, in the second half of his life characterized by a long-lasting creative activity. In this period Tesla commenced two significant projects: construction of a great transmitter at Long Island, intending to realize his “World Wireless System”, and, later on, the original construction of special blade-less turbines, characterized by high efficiency and small sizes with respect to their power. (…….) As every admirer of Tesla's work and his significant attainments – to mention only his polyphase system and the experiments at Colorado Springs – this translator was always puzzled what the cause of these failures was and what would have occurred had he these projects successfully completed. The answer was often replaced by imagination excited by photographs of the great tower of the transmitter under construction. Its huge hemispherical terminal looked like one pole of an enormous spark discharger directed at the sky, the other imaginary pole being hidden behind the clouds, somewhere in the ionosphere... The correspondence published in this book, together with supplements, although still does not afford a complete and unambiguous answer to all the questions which could be raised, explains to some extent the causes of the disaster of these projects and the contribution of involved personalities as well as of general situation in the world politics at that time. The translator does not pretend to give decisive answers but, rather as his comment, to point to some Tesla's actions which at a distance of hundred years do not appear suitable, as well as to some acts of his financial supporters, lacking in the greatness of mind if not in benevolence. Let us start with Tesla's letter of March 1, 1901 addressed to J. P. Morgan Sr. According to this letter of agreement Tesla assigns to J. P. Morgan an interest of 51 per cent in already obtained patents “and also in any patents and inventions which [he] may hereinafter secure ... “ in connection with fluorescent electric lighting, wireless telegraphy and telephony. On the other hand, J. P. Morgan allows $150 000 to Tesla “to construct the apparatus necessary for putting [these] discoveries and inventions to practical use... “The above mentioned sum had to be paid to Tesla “from time to time, on ... submitting ... proper vouchers for expenditures made ... in connection with the subjects above mentioned.”

168 This agreement of the assignment of the 51 per cent interest in the above mentioned patents for the sum of $150 000 as an equivalent compensation is by some authors regarded as a contract concluded between Tesla and Morgan1. However, both its form and contents are deficient for such a document. If we let the form aside and concentrate on its contents we can ascertain the following. First of all, this letter of agreement of March 1, 1901 does not specify the exact meaning of “putting ... discoveries and inventions to practical use.” It does not stipulate any Tesla's obligation to construct a transmitter of specified performances, e.g. for wireless transmitting of messages to a minimum distance of, say, 300 km. From this agreement it cannot be deduced that Morgan had any interest in the construction of such a transmitter. It seems rather as if he intended to get under his continuous control the application of Tesla's patents in that field, both at that time and in the future, and to proceed with investments when he finds it advantageous for himself. Furthermore, this agreement does not stipulate what would occur if Morgan for some reasons would not continue the payment of submitted vouchers, or if the payments would be detained. Such a delay really occurred and caused great losses to Tesla.2 There is no “Force Major” (exemption) clause (natural catastrophes, extreme weather conditions, fire, war, strikes, hostilities, etc.) in it, and also no clause regulating the case of unexpected stock market disturbances, e.g. sudden increase in the price of copper with consequent increase in the price of necessary equipment for a powerful transmitter. The increase of the sum agreed upon by investments of a “third party” is not presumed. Moreover, Morgan effectively obstructed Tesla's attempts to procure additional funds from other successful businessmen. It is not evident how long the agreement will be valid, how can it cease to be in force and, finally, in the case of disputes which cannot be settled amicably, which court will be the court of jurisdiction. Briefly stated, the agreement allowed both parties arbitrary interpretation of their respective rights and obligations, and such things frequently occurred to Tesla's disadvantage. Deeply impressed by Morgan's investment of $150 000 (at that time a great sum), Tesla overlooked to consult his attorneys who would unmistakably point to all the deficiencies of such an agreement and risks comprised in it. After hundred years it is obvious that with such an agreement in hand Tesla should not have riskily played “Aut Caesar aut nihil”; he should not have imposed on himself a moral obligation to construct a transmitter of signals detectable on the whole Earth, risking to lose all his property for that goal. He should have been more cautious; as the first step he should have constructed a replication of the Colorado Springs transmitter with which he had experience and good results, and organized it for commercial exploitation, e.g. for sending messages to distances of minimum 300 km. In spite of all the stock market disturbances which caused the increase of prices and delay in delivery of necessary equipment, caused predominantly by Morgan's acts, this goal could have been attained and the financial results would probably have been satisfactory. The positive

1 E.g. M. J. Seifer, Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla. A Birch Lane Press Bool. Publ. by Carol Publishing group, p. 260. 2 M. J. Seifer, ibid,315 – 316; (Tesla”s letter to J.P. Morgan of Dec. 19th, 1904.)

169 financial results of such a transmitter would have been for each businessman, perhaps also for J. P. Morgan, an indisputable argument for further investment into a more powerful transmitter and the financial disaster would have been avoided. Tesla realized it, however too late. In Tesla's correspondence with J. P. Morgan Sr. there are no technical data of the transmitter constructed at Long Island. However in his notes from 1902 there are calculations relating to a “magnifying transmitter” of 7 million HP in the secondary of the transformer, intended to send messages at a frequency of 50, 100 or 150 kHz 3 by Morse's signals at a rate of 60 words per minute. Briefly, it had to be similar to the transmitter in Colorado Springs but more powerful. Its operation was apparently successful only a couple of days in July 1903, until it “fell silent”.4 It will never be possible to establish precisely the cause of the failure. Tesla probably detected it, but had no financial resources to repair the defects. Likewise it will never be possible to ascertain what the real range of transmitted signals was, although his German competitors, leaded by Nobel prize-winner F. Braun, probably had reliable reports. In February 1915, when the war raged in Europe, they offered to Tesla a full compensation for previous use of his patents, expecting from him to make their plant at Sayville (at Long Island, in the neighborhood of Tesla's transmitter) practicable to communicate directly to Berlin!5 Tesla's correspondence with J. P. Morgan Sr. terminates at the end of 1907 by Tesla's last attempt to persuade him to continue his financial support. In March 1913, after J. P. Morgan Sr.'s decease, Tesla established communication with his son J. P. Morgan Jr. A greater part of this correspondence relates to the new design of a bladeless turbine, developed by Tesla in 1911 and patented in May 1913. This correspondence inevitably reminds to the financing of the Long Island transmitter, as if it were occurring according to the same pattern. Morgan Jr. three times allows a credit to Tesla, $25000 in total. Tesla constructs the proto-type of a 500HP bladeless turbine which in the test-run shows certain defects in the construction i.e. poor quality of castings. Tesla fails to deliver the turbine to the highly interested German firm, and the whole enterprise fails because Morgan Jr. refuses to support it further. A reader could now cast a critical eye over Tesla, who spent again a large sum of money and did not manage to construct anything useful. However, if one reads in parallel his correspondence with Sigmund Bergmann, distinguished German industrialist and Privy Councillor and A. Bender, his representative, the whole affair seems somewhat differently. In the USA the energy was abundant, and Morgan as steel magnate was not very much interested in the turbine which requires less steel to be manufactured. In Germany, however, which at that time was intensely preparing its national economy for

3 For approximate calculation of frequencies Tesla used the well-known relation of W. Thomson. For exact calculations see: A. Marincic, Explanations and notes. In: Nikola Tesla, Colorado Springs Notes 1899- 1990. Publ. by Zavod za udžbenike i nast. sredstva, Belgrade, 1966, p. 546-554 (in Serbian). 4 M. J. Seifer, ibid, p. 292. 5 Tesla's letter to J. P. Morgan Jr. of February 19, 1915; also: M. J. Seifer, ibid., p. 370.

170 forthcoming war, the mass utilization of such turbines, which require less steel to be manufactured and consume less coal for the same power, resulting in savings of limited steel resources necessary for construction of warships and other armament, would be a great contribution to preparation of the land for war and accompanying economical efforts. It can only be supposed why A. Bender for the manufacture of the turbine prototype recommended a factory which, judging by its name, was owned by Frenchmen, but there can be no wonder why the job accomplished was neither in due time nor of good quality. Whether the German patent office rejected Tesla's application by some formal reason i.e. as a matter of principle, or for “reasons of state”, after someone's suggestion, it will never be known. After the disaster of the last project of which he had great expectations, Tesla did not become discouraged. (…) “The finest speedometer ever offered to motor car industry” was an accomplishment, but not a real achievement of a true genius...

Belgrade, November 2004, Milan Ćirić

THE CORRESPONDENCE WITH J. P. MORGAN SR.

New York, Nov. 26th, 1900. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, Wall Street, New York.

Dear Mr. Morgan: - Since last Friday, when I took the liberty to bring my project to your kind attention, I have carefully considered the facts and features, which seem to me essential and which, briefly stated, are as follows: 1. I have succeeded in perfecting methods and apparatus which permit the transmission of messages to any distance without wires and make long and expensive cables, as a means

171 of conveying intelligence, a commercial impossibility. These inventions render easily practicable the production and safe manipulation of electrical pressures up to a hundred million volts and movements of electrical energy measured by rates of hundreds of thousands of horsepower, which are capable of bringing into action instruments at any point of the globe, no matter how distant from the transmitting station. Long practical experience with apparatus of this kind and exact measurements embracing a range of nearly seven hundred miles, enable me to construct plants for such telegraphic communication across the Atlantic and, if need be, across the Pacific Ocean, with the fullest assurance of success. 2. I have devised means for operating selectively a great number of instruments without mutual interference, and can guarantee the absolute privacy of all messages. 3. Broad rights have been secured by me on these methods and apparatus in patents granted or allowed. 4. I am free and unhampered to enter into such agreements regarding the exploitation of these, and my future inventions in this field, as you might desire. 5. It would be my wish, subject to your approval, to identify my name with any corporation which might be eventually formed for the above purpose. 6. Although the development of these inventions has consumed years of effort, knowing that I have to deal with a great man, I do not hesitate to leave the apportionment of my interests and compensation entirely to your generosity. 7. The first necessity is the provision of a fund to cover the expenses of construction of two plants for trans-atlantic or trans-pacific communication. 8. With temporary buildings the former would involve an expenditure of about one hundred thousand dollars, the latter approximately two hundred and fifty thousand. 9. The working capacity of the Atlantic plants would be equal to at least that of four of the present cables; the Pacific plant would do the work of more than eight trans-pacific cables. 10. Six to eight months would be necessary for the erection of the former, and the latter could be put in working order certainly within a year. Hoping in the interest of the art, if not in my own, that you will earnestly consider the project, the realization of which is rendered quite easy by my inventions, I have the honour to be Yours very respectfully, N. Tesla.

New York, Dec. 10th, 1900.

172 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – Appreciating the immense value of your time and also – the weight of circumstantial reasons, I have withdrawn more or less hastily last Friday, preferring to make a few condensed statements at long distance which, with a small effort on your part, will put you in the possession of that knowledge, which I have myself gained only after a long and exhaustive study of the questions involved. 1. A casual remark you made the other day, showing that you have been somewhat impressed by newspaper reports, skillfully circulated, but without foundation in fact, prompts me to quote, as one of many acknowledgements of my pioneer work, from a letter of Prof. A. Slaby, Privy Councillor of Germany: “I am devoting myself since some time to investigations in wireless telegraphy which you have first founded in such a clear and precise manner” ... “It will interest you, as father of this telegraphy, to know,” ... 2. Apologising for this digression, which I would have avoided had I not thought it necessary to illuminate the situation, I beg you to bear in mind, that with my patents in this still virgin field, should you take hold of them, you will command a position which, for a number of reasons, will be legally stronger than that, held by the owners of Bell's telephone inventions or by those of my own discoveries in power transmission by alternating currents. 3. For not only have I secured broad rights on the fundamental features and elements of the system, but I have also patented, independently of the same, methods and appliances for the productions of powerful oscillations, which are universally identified with my name, and without which a wireless transmission to very great distances and individualization of messages are not practicable. The necessity of substantiating my statements compels me to cite my illustrious friends, Lord Kelvin and Sir William Crookes. The former says: “This is a wonderful development of the induction coil and destined to be of great importance;” the latter: “The performance of your machine is marvellous.” 4. The legal position is rendered still more secure by my inventions of entirely novel methods for receiving as well as for individualizing the messages, with which none now known has the remotest chance of competing, and which are likewise patented.

173 5. Furthermore, I have secured rights on improvements of wholly different nature, applicable to any system and offering such advantages that any of them would be sufficient to exclude competition. 6. Then again, I have made certain scientific discoveries, which in themselves are of transcendent importance in wireless transmissions to great distances, which I chiefly contemplate, and which offer such unprecedented chances in commercial exploitation that they deserve your fullest attention. 7. Without endeavouring to give you more evidences of this kind, I venture to state – not without apprehension of being misunderstood by you – that you have a further guarantee of success in my extensive experience and ability acquired through years of experimentation with electrical vibrations, of which my co-workers will give you testimony. 8. Besides in this country, I have protected myself, though not quite so completely, in England, Victoria, New South Wales, Austria, Hungary, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Russia and Switzerland. 9. In view of the intense activity in this field it is desirable, that I should be placed without delay in a position enabling me to turn to profit my advanced knowledge and to secure patents on features which, though of less moment now, may soon become important. 10. Before going further permit me to remind you, that had there been only faint-hearted and close-fisted people in the world, nothing new would have ever been done. Rafael could not have created his marvels, Columbus could not have discovered America, the Atlantic cable could not have been laid. You, of all, should be the man to embark boldly in this enterprise, only seemingly hazardous, prompted by superior insight as well as desire to advance an art of inestimable value to mankind. 11. Coming to financial questions – please remember: These inventions, – the results attainable only by their means – which now I alone am able to accomplish – in your strong hands, with your consummate knowledge and mastery of business – are worth an incalculable amount of money. 12. Although I have expressed myself in my last letter, I will be more explicit relative to my share and compensation. The control is yours, the larger part is yours. As to my interest – you know the value of discoveries and artistic creations – your terms are mine. 13. Referring to your remark about the state of affairs in England, the acceptance by the Post office of the Hertzian system which, by the way, is of no practical value, since it does not permit transmissions to great distances and selective signalling, would, if anything, help my inventions. But if the government should adopt certain modifications, which are infringements on my system, I would again be in a good position. I have, however, assurance from England, France and Belgium, that I shall have no difficulty whatever to place and operate my apparatus. Yours very respectfully,

174 N. Tesla.

Dec. 12. 1900.

How can I begin to thank you in the name of my profession and my own, great generous man! My work will proclaim loudly your name to world! You will soon see, that not only am I capable of appreciating deeply the nobility of your action, but also of making your primarily philanthropic investment, worth a hundred times the sum you have put at my disposal in such a magnanimous princely way! With many, many wishes, from all my heart, for your happiness and welfare believe me ever yours most thankfully N. Tesla. Mr. J. P. Morgan City

Copy of letter forwarded

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, February 15th, 1901.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 46 East Houston Street, New York.

My dear Mr. Tesla: – I enclose draft of a letter which I think covers the arrangement you talked of with Mr. Morgan. If you will write him such a letter as this and send him at the same time

175 assignments of the fifty-one per cent interest in the various patents, he can confirm the understanding by letter and that will complete the arrangement. I have showed this to Mr. Morgan and he thinks it is all right. Yours very truly, Charles Steele.

New York, Feb. 18th, 1901. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

Mr. Charles Steele, Care Messrs. J. P. Morgan & Co. 23 Wall Street, N. Y. City.

Dear Mr. Steele: – Upon receipt of your kind note of Feb. 15th, with formal letter to Mr. Morgan, confirmatory of our verbal understanding, I called on you last Saturday but learned that you were engaged. I need scarcely say that I would sign any document approved by Mr. Morgan, but I believe that there exists a misunderstanding in regard to my system of lighting, which was not included in the original proposition. I have been engaged in perfecting it since a number of years and believe it will create an industrial revolution. The inclosed excerpt from a business program which I have been preparing may give you an idea of this invention, while the appended statement relative to the cash expenditures I have incurred, prepared by my secretary, will bear out the fact that with which you are no doubt familiar, that it takes, among other things, capital to develop valuable inventions. Of this one, while it has been paid for dearly, I am proud, knowing that the world will be grateful to me for it. I am well aware of its great commercial value, but any sum, however large, which I might obtain from other people, I would consider scarcely more than a carfare, as compared with the honor and satisfaction which I would feel in being associated with Mr. Morgan and, just as soon as practicable, I shall show my light to him and he may take it on his own terms. Under inclosure please find my letter, in all respects the same as you have suggested, with the exception of the slight amendment which, I hope, will be found just and agreeable to him.

176 Some of the patents concerned in our agreement are owned by a Company, in which, besides myself, Col. Astor is interested and which I control. It will be necessary for me to comply with a formality before making the assignments. I shall attend to his matter at the earliest possible moment. With assurances of my personal sympathy, which has been kindled in our short conversation the other day, I remain Yours sincerely, N. Tesla. Incls. (Kindly return at your convenience.)

TESLA'S ARTIFICIAL DAYLIGHT

In order to convey an idea of the great commercial possibility of this invention, attention may be called to a few facts of which the general public has little knowledge. A common impression is that electric lighting systems, as now commercially introduced, are a vast advance over older methods of illumination, leaving little room for improvement. This is far from being so, as usually but a fraction of one per cent of the total energy consumed is obtained in the form of light, all the rest being dissipated in invisible rays, of no value for the purpose. When considering that hundred of millions of dollars are invested in the United States alone for producing light in these crude ways, the importance of a radical advance in this field will be appreciated. The present systems, however, are not only wasteful, they are also inseparable from other disadvantages as the large cost of installation, which is chiefly due to the great quantity of copper required; the frequent renewal of the lamps, owing to their unavoidable deterioration; the disagreeable character of the light which, coming from a small surface, is naturally too intense and detrimental to the eyesight; the necessity of employing more or less opaque screens, which involve a considerable loss in illuminating power, and many other drawbacks of a nature. It is true, that recently Nernst and others have secured some gain in the efficiency of incandescent lamps or burners by the use of coatings of rare oxides, which permit higher degrees of incandescence. But this departure has not done away with the objectionable features above mentioned, on the contrary, it has only added to them. In Tesla's new lighting system all these disadvantages are successfully removed. The light is produced with a much smaller expenditure of energy, scarcely more than one eight of what is presently consumed for the same quantity of light, it is soft and agreeable to the eye, closely resembling daylight, and the cost of the copper conductors is much less. Still better results as regards economy are, however, realizable with this kind of light and are sure to be reached soon in the course of its introduction. The lamps are very

177 simple and ornamental and can be manufactured cheaply, need never be renewed and, what is very important, it has been ascertained in long experience that their rays have, like those of the sun, certain germicidal and sanitary properties, so that their use in dwellings will become imperative. Referring particularly to street-lighting and illumination of public places, Tesla's systems offers features of an ideal character. The lamps may be of any desired candlepower and may be adapted to any kind of current of supply, and they last indefinitely. The plant is cheaper and more economical and, owing to the softness and diffusive character of the light, the illumination is incomparably better. In view of this it is highly probable, that the arc-light will be driven out of the market entirely, being unable to compete.

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, February 25th, 1901. Nikola Tesla, Esq., 46 East Houston Street, New York.

My dear Mr. Tesla: – I have showed Mr. Morgan your letter of the 18th instant, and he would like to see you on the subject before reaching a conclusion. Would you kindly drop in at your convenience. Yours very truly, Charles Steele.

New York, Feb. 25th, 1901. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

Mr. Charles Steele,

178 Messrs. J. P. Morgan & Co. 23 Wall Street, City

My dear Mr. Steele: – I have just received your kind letter an accordingly will call to-morrow, hoping to find Mr. Morgan disengaged. Yours sincerely, N. Tesla.

New York, March 1rst, 1901. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

J. P Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Sir: – For several years past I have been engaged in perfecting a system of electric lighting and in carrying on investigations relative to wireless telegraphy and telephony, and I have made certain discoveries and inventions in connection with these subjects, for which patents have been issued to me in the United States and also in foreign countries. I am anxious now to construct the apparatus necessary for putting my discoveries and inventions to practical use and for continuing my investigations on the subject named. For this I desire to procure the sum of and I hereby agree that if you advance such sum to me as hereinafter stated, I will assign to you an interest of fifty-one per cent in all of said patents and inventions, and also in any patents or inventions which I may hereinafter secure or make having relation to or being useful in any way in connection with electric lighting and wireless telegraphy or telephony. Such sum of is to be paid to me from time to time on my submitting to you proper vouchers for expenditures made by myself in connection with the subjects above mentioned. Understanding that you are prepared to accept this offer, I herewith hand you assignments of an interest of fifty-one per cent in the patents designated upon the schedule hereto annexed, and if, as and when, any other or further patents for inventions relating to or useful in electric lighting, wireless telegraphy or telephony shall be secured or made by me, I agree forthwith to assign you a like interest of fifty-one per cent therein.

179 Will you kindly confirm this understanding by letter. Very respectfully yours, Nikola Tesla,

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, March 4th, 1901.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 46 East Houston Street, New York.

Dear Mr. Tesla: – I have talked with Mr. Morgan regarding the form of your letter and it is satisfactory to him to have the sum of $150,000 filled in. Will you kindly have the letter completed in this respect and Mr. Morgan will confirm it at once. Yours faithfully Charles Steele

New York, March 5th, 1901. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

Mr. Charles Steele, 23 Wall Street,

180 New York City.

My dear Mr. Steele: - Under inclosure I forward my formal letter to Mr. Morgan, filled out and signed as requested. On this occasion I would renew my assurances of esteem and gratitude and also express the hope, that in a time not distant I may be able to prove myself worthy of the confidence he has placed in me. Now, that all danger of conveying a wrong impression to Mr. Morgan is removed by his kind acceptance of my proposal, I would call to his attention, that I consider my fundamental patents on methods and apparatus for the wireless transmission of energy as the most valuable patents of modern times and as to my system of lighting, I am convinced, that it constitutes one of the most important advances and is of enormous commercial value. Yours very sincerely, N. Tesla.

/Enclosure:/

New York, March 1rst, 1901. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

J. P Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Sir: – For several years past I have been engaged in perfecting a system of electric lighting and in carrying on investigations relative to wireless telegraphy and telephony, and I have made certain discoveries and inventions in connection with these subjects, for which patents have been issued to me in the United States and also in foreign countries. I am anxious now to construct the apparatus necessary for putting my discoveries and inventions to practical use and for continuing my investigations on the subject named.

181 For this I desire to procure the sum of ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY THOUSAND DOLLARS ($ 150,000), and I hereby agree that if you advance such sum to me as hereinafter stated, I will assign to you an interest of fifty-one per cent in all of said patents and inventions, and also in any patents or inventions which I may hereinafter secure or make having relation to or being useful in any way in connection with electric lighting and wireless telegraphy or telephony. Such sum of ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY THOUSAND DOLLARS ($ 150,000) is to be paid to me from time to time on my submitting to you proper vouchers for expenditures made by myself in connection with the subjects above mentioned. Understanding that you are prepared to accept this offer, I herewith hand you assignments of an interest of fifty-one per cent in the patents designated upon the schedule hereto annexed, and if, as and when, any other or further patents for inventions relating to or useful in electric lighting, wireless telegraphy or telephony shall be secured or made by me, I agree forthwith to assign you a like interest of fifty-one per cent therein. Will you kindly confirm this understanding by letter. Very respectfully yours, Nikola Tesla.

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, March 4th, 1901.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 46 East Houston Street, New York.

Dear Sir: – I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 1st instant together with assignments of an interest in various patents as shown upon the schedule and assignments handed me herewith, and to confirm the understanding therein expressed. Very truly yours,

182 J. Pierpont Morgan

New York, March 7th, 1901. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

J. P Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter confirming our understanding. It is one of my warmest wishes, that your investment would prove financially as profitable as it has been generous. With many thanks, believe me, Ever yours most faithfully N. Tesla

New York, August 8th, 1901. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

J. P Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – I beg to submit herewith a statement relative to the patents and applications partly assigned to you last March, which is self-explanatory.

183 In a short time I expect to be able to report satisfactory progress along the two lines specifically mentioned in our agreement. Hoping in the interest of this country and the world at large for the conservation of your precious energies, I remain Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

New York, Sep. 13th, 1901. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

J. P Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – 1. I respectfully apologize for disturbing you at a time, when your mind must be filled with thoughts of a more serious nature than usual. 2. My efforts are now centered upon that element of the plant I am constructing, on which the effects at distance chiefly depend. 3. The transmission of energy by my system is exceptional in this respect, that a small increase in the sum invested in the apparatus results in a very great increase in the performance of the same. 4. On the basis of many estimates which I have lately made, you may accept it as not being far from true that, if the sum invested in the element referred to be doubled, the apparatus will be competent to convey messages across the Pacific instead of only across the Atlantic, and if the sum be tripled, it will be fully adequate to convey signals to any point of the globe, no matter what the distance. 5. As to my ability of accomplishing this, I can only assure you on my word that, were the technical difficulties a thousand times greater than they actually are, I would still be certain of the result, if the limitations of capital were removed. 6. I do not state this with the object of inducing you to add anything to your exampleless generosity, but merely to acquaint you with a positive and unquestionable fact of incalculable importance. 7. What I contemplate and what I can certainly accomplish, Mr. Morgan, is not a simple transmission of messages without wires to great distances, but it is transformation of the

184 entire globe into a sentient being, as it were, which can feel in all its parts and through which thoughts may be flashed as through a brain. 8. Consider that from one single plant I can operate, at the same time, – not a hundred, or a thousand, or even a million, but thousands of trillions – a practically infinite number – of instruments, each costing no more than a few dollars, situated at all parts of the globe. 9. Only two power plants, one located, say, on the old continent, and the other in America, can transmit more messages that millions of the present cables working continually at full capacity, and this would be true even if their working capacity were increased a thousandfold. 10. You only need to realize this great truth to at once recognize that as a means of conveying general knowledge the cables are absolutely and hopelessly doomed. They may be employed for special purposes, but not for the distribution of general news. 11. Here is a result, Mr. Morgan, of overwhelming humanitarian as well as financial importance, worthy of your energies, and one that would give you a new hold on the world, which has been already benefited so much by your genius and activity. 12. Believe me, that however keen my satisfaction would be in completing this great work, an equal pleasure I would find in telling to the whole world that it is yours more than my own.

With expressions of admiration and gratitude believe me, Ever yours most faithfully, / N. Tesla. /

46 & 48 East Houston Street, New York, Nov. 11th, 1901.

J. P Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – Under inclosure please find assignments of patents which were granted to me recently and which fall under the terms if our agreement. They cover certain new departures in the transmission of electrical energy through natural or artificial channels, and its utilization for various purposes. I am securing the rights in some of the foreign countries.

185 Pardon me for trespassing on your valuable time in order to give you, on this occasion, in the fewest words a clear idea of the bearing of my patents relative to energy transmission so far assigned. Any problem of this kind will present itself to you in three aspects – first, the production of the energy; second, its transmission, and third, its utilization at the distant point. As to the first, my patents cover novel methods and aparatuses for the production of electrical effects of virtually unlimited power, not obtainable in any other ways heretofore known. In regard to the second, my inventions cover the only practical and economical method of transmission by conduction through the earth with “tuned” circuits. They also cover new methods of transmitting great amounts of energy for industrial purposes without wire. The practical significance of my system resides partially in the fact, that the effect transmitted diminishes only in a simple ratio with the distance, whereas in all other systems it is reduced in proportion to the square. To illustrate, if the distance be increased one hundredfold, I get 1/100 of the effect, while under the same conditions others can obtain, at the very best, only 1/10,000 of the effect. This feature alone bars all competition. In regard to the third, there are only two ways possible of economically utilizing the energy transmitted for the production of qualitative effects: either storing it in dynamic form as, for instance, the energy of well-timed thrusts is stored in a pendulum, or by accumulating it in potential form as, for example, compressed air is stored in a reservoir. In the patents assigned last spring I have embodied the first, and in some of those now assigned the latter principle. My rights on both are fundamental. Referring particularly to telegraphy and telephony, I have still in the Patent Office two applications, one of which is allowed, while the other is about to be allowed. I have kept them back for a number of reasons. In one of them I describe and claim discoveries relating partially to the transmission of signals through the earth to any distance, no matter how great, and in the other a new principle which secures absolute privacy of messages and also enables the simultaneous transmission of any desired number of messages, up to many thousands, through the same channel, be it the earth or a wire or cable. On this latter principle I have applied for patents in the chief foreign countries. I consider these inventions of extreme commercial importance. Hoping that I shall soon be able to satisfy you that your generosity and confidence in me have not been misplaced, I remain, Yours very respectfully, / N. Tesla /

186 J. P Morgan & Co. P. O. Box 3036. New York Nov. 11 1901.

Nikola Tesla, Esq. 46 East Houston Str. N. Y. City

Dear Sir, Mr. J. P. Morgan has received your letter of 11th instant with the assignments of patents mentioned therein. Yours truly, Chas. W. King. Private secret.

New York, Dec. 26th, 1901. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

J. P Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – I have received information to-day, that my United States patents referring to the means and methods for securing absolute privacy of wireless messages and the simultaneous transmission of any number of them without interference will be allowed. I am also practically assured that the British and German patents will be granted. Through these rights, independently of others I already have, I am securing a great advantage, because they will control largely the business, no matter what others may do. The principles are likewise applicable to transmissions through artificial channels. With heartiest wishes for your welfare and happiness, I remain as ever, Yours most faithfully, / N. Tesla /

187

New York, Jan. 9th, 1902.. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

J. P Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – I have carefully examined the records and find that, in what the Marconi-Fleming Syndicate are now using, not a vestige of their old patented apparatus is left. Under inclosure I forward a few extracts from technical papers, which have come to my hand and which you will greatly oblige me by returning for file. All the essential elements of these arrangements, in many respects defective, are broadly anticipated by my patents of 1896 and 1897 (which I took out in most if the civilized countries, Canada excepted) on methods and apparatus for the production of high frequency currents or oscillations and transmission of electrical energy without wire. They have adopted my resonating transmitter which magnifies enormously the currents conveyed, and in this connection my grounded receiving circuit or “multiplier”, my transforming circuits at both ends, my “Tesla coil” and my modern type of the same, the “Tesla transformer”, my system of dependent tuned circuits and numerous minor improvements. Nothing can be done just now, but as the water finds its level, so every one will get his due. Anxious as I am not to detract your attention from your great labors, I find it indispensable to make the following communication in view of the importance which it has for myself, and possibly also for others. A few years ago I made discoveries, which enable any skilled expert to produce electrical oscillations of virtually unlimited intensity and to transmit, without wire, small amounts of power to the greatest distances, over seas and continents. To insure the practical success of these discoveries in their obvious application to long distance “wireless” telegraphy, it was necessary to devise means for securing absolute safety and privacy of the messages. After mastering this difficult problem and applying for patent protection of the principle, I approached you with the result you know. It was my intention then to quickly erect a temporary plant merely for demonstrating the practicability of my system and had nobody, who would be moved only by financial considerations, joined me in my undertaking, I would have certainly done so. But your support was so unselfish and I valued the honor of being associated with you so much, that a quick result was no object for me. My desire was to produce something worthy of your energies.

188 I need not tell you that I have worked as hard as I have dared without collapsing. I have examined and rejected hundreds of expedients aiming at improvement in every way and at the attainment of the best result with the capital at command, and I am glad to say, that by slow and steady advances I have managed to contrive a machine, with which I shall produce an electrical disturbance of sufficient intensity to be perceptible over the whole earth. It will be feeble at some places and, I fear, unsuitable for practical use, but I am sure that, when my apparatus is worked in and in condition to deliver its maximum energy – at the rate of one million horse-power – with the first throw of the switch I shall send a greeting to the whole world, and for this great triumph I shall be forever grateful to you! Being perfectly confident of this result, I have evolved a system of what I call “World Telegraphy”, to which I have referred in one of my letters to you and on which I am now preparing a specification for a patent. The fundamental idea underlying this system is to employ a few power plants, preferably located near the large centers of civilization and each capable of transmitting a message to the remotest regions of the globe. These plants are to be connected by wires, cables and any other means with the civilized centers nearby, and as fast as they receive the news, they pour them into the ground, through which they spread instantly. The whole earth is like a brain, as it were, and the capacity of this system is infinite, for the energy received on every few square feet of ground is sufficient to operate an instrument, and the number of devices which can be so actuated is, for all practical purposes infinite. You see, Mr. Morgan, the revolutionary character of this idea, its civilizing potency, its tremendous money-making power. Carried out successfully, it will do away not only with the cables, but with the newspapers also, for how can journals as present exist, when everybody can have a cheap machine printing in his own house the world's news. But more than this can be done by my system, and I certainly expect that a beautiful invention, which I am now developing, will enable me to speak your name in a telephone, and it will be repeated loud everywhere in the tone of my voice. This, I may tell you now, I have since long ago conceived as a means of acquitting myself fittingly of my debt to you. The transmission of power without wire has been a problem, to which I have devoted a large portion of my energies since ten years, and I have arrived at its solution in the manner of an architect who builds. If I have made discoveries, they were not of the nature of those which are stumbled upon, but like those which are reasoned out. From the practical point of view, there are three distinct steps to be made. 1) the transmission of minute amounts of energy and the production of feeble effects, barely perceptible by sensitive devices; 2) the transmission of potable amounts of energy dispensing with the necessity of sensitive devices and enabling the positive operation of any kind of apparatus requiring a small amount of power; and 3) the transmission of power in amounts of industrial significance. With the completion of my present undertaking the first step will be made and the result will be of great value to the world. But of incomparably greater value would be the transmission of energy in appreciable amounts,

189 enabling at any point of the globe the positive operation of innumerable contrivances. All recording, reproduction, printing, etc. could be simultaneously effected in all parts of the earth, and the effect of this on the advancement of humanity is beyond estimation. To do this, a plant of five thousand horse-power would be needed. This power could be had at Niagara. The land necessary for the plant could likewise be obtained there. The preliminary work, the plans, estimates, options, etc., – all the work on paper, would not involve an expenditure of more than twenty-five thousand dollars. By the time my present plant is completed and I have made demonstrations to your satisfaction, all this preparatory work could be done and, if you should elect so, before the next winter the large plant could be put in operation. Now, Mr. Morgan, am I backed by the greatest financier of all times? And shall I lose great triumphs and an immense fortune because I need a sum of money!! Is it not due to the honor of this country, that it be identified with this achievement. Have I not contributed to its greatness and prestige and have my inventions not exercised a revolutionary effect upon its industries. These are not my claims, Mr. Morgan, only my credentials. With expressions of devotion and esteem, believe me, Ever yours, / N. Tesla. /

New York, Feb. 17th, 1902. 46 & 48 East Houston Str.

J. P Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – I forward with bearer a photograph, which will give you an idea how my oscillator on Long |Island will look when completed. The dimensions are: base 94 feet, and height over all 169 feet. The power plant, factory and laboratory are, of course, independent of this. As I have stated in a previous letter, with this apparatus I shall be able to produce an electrical oscillation of sufficient intensity to be clearly perceptible over the entire earth, that is, it will enable me to send a wireless message to any place on sea or land, no matter what the distance may be. Believe me, Yours most faithfully,

190 / N. Tesla /

New York, Sep. 5th, 1902.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – Hoping that you may now have a free moment to spare, I venture to respectfully submit the following: 1. Under inclosure please find assignment of some foreign patents, chiefly relating to an invention, which I have mentioned in my earlier letters to you. In this country my fundamental rights are likewise assured on this beautiful principle which permits of an indefinite cheapening and unlimited extension of telegraphy and telephony through natural and artificial channels. Knowing your interest in scientific advances, I will attempt a simple explanation. We are able to receive numberless distinct impressions, because the controlling nerve fibres lend themselves to innumerable combinations, and we can distinguish an individual from all others by reason of a great many characteristic features which in no other individual exist, or if so, not in that particular combination. In this reside both the essence and virtue of the invention. The transmitter is not primitively characterized by a single note or peculiarity, as to heretofore, but represents a very complex and, therefore, unmistakable individuality, of which the receiver is the exact counterpart, and only as such can it respond. To go a step farther, I make the operation of the receiving instrument dependent not only on a great number of distinctive elements in combination, but also on their order of succession and, if necessary, I go so far as to vary continuously the character of the individual elements. These latter refinements I shall introduce in the transmission to the most important centers of the world. You can see, how impossible it will be to intercept my messages or to interfere with them. With proper facilities for manufacture and technical assistance it is practicable to prepare instruments which would enable the transmission of ten thousand simultaneous dispatches through the Earth or a wire. 2. Some time ago, finding that my inventions in the wireless transmission of energy and production of electrical oscillations had been boldly appropriated, I came to the conclusion, after carefully considering every course I could adopt, that the only way to fully protect myself was to develop apparatus of such power as to enable me to control effectively the vibrations throughout the globe. Now, if I had recognized this necessity earlier, I would have gone to Niagara, and with the capital you have so generously advanced I could have accomplished this easily. But, unfortunately, my plans were already made and I could not change. I endeavoured once to explain this to you, much to my sorrow, as I impressed you wrongly. Nothing remained then but to do the best I could under the circumstances. My efforts will be in a large measure rewarded, for by straining

191 every part of my machinery to the utmost I shall be able to reach what I consider almost the maximum possible performance with the power available – a rate of energy delivery of ten millions of horse-power – more than twice that of the entire Falls of Niagara. Thus the waves generated by my transmitter will be the greatest spontaneous manifestation of energy on Earth. I believe I have told you in a previous letter, that in my system the strongest effect is produced at a point diametrically opposite the transmitter, which, in this instance, is situated a few hundred miles off the western coast of Australia. The waves will be the weakest in the countries which are at a distance of about 6000 miles from here. It will be possible, however, to use the transmitter so that its effect will be exactly equal over the whole surface of the globe, but then it will be comparatively feeble, though the variation of potential will amount to fifty volts or more. 3. It is now imperative to provide facilities for manufacturing great numbers of receiving apparata. These will be inexpensive, and there is virtually no limit to the number which I can operate from my plant. They could be placed wherever desired and could be actuated simultaneously or separately. For this purpose it would be necessary to connect the plants by wires with the New York Telegraph and Cable Offices. At first, of course, the replies would have to come through artificial channels, but if agreements were entered into with Cable Companies the scheme would be very profitable to all concerned for the following reasons: a) Revenue would be provided by charging for the wireless messages; b) the existing lines would have more to do; c) the public would be benefited by increased convenience and cheapening of the rates, and d) there would be no opposition and friction. 4. Since your departure for Europe, Mr. Morgan, I have had time to reflect and to get a better knowledge of the importance and scope of your work, and I now see that you are no longer a man but as a principle and that every spark of your vitality must be preserved for the good of your fellowmen. I have therefore given up the hope that you might aid me in establishing a manufacturing plant, which would enable me to reap a fruit of my labors of many years. But some ideas which I have not simply conceived – but worked out – are of such great consequence that I honestly believe them to deserve your attention. If you should wish it, I shall submit them to you, and in this hope I inclose a copy of an application filled by me in the U. S. Patent Office on the 16th of May, 1900. A perusal of the paragraph on page 4 may convince you that what I contemplate are not unrealizable projects of a visionary but rational undertakings of an engineer. 5. The necessity of a factory with modern tools has compelled me to devote all the energy I could spare to this, and I have formulated a plan which has a fair chance of being put through. I only need your kind approval, assuring you that whatever attitude you may take, I have no greater desire than to prove myself worthy of your confidence, and that to have had relations, however distant, with so great and noble a man as you will ever be for me one of the most gratifying experience and most highly prized recollections of my life. With these sentiments and awaiting your pleasure, I am, as ever, Yours most devotedly,

192 / N. Tesla. /

New York, Sep. 17, 1902.

Dear Mr. Morgan: - Complying at the earliest possible moment with your wish, I forward under inclosure: 1) a brief descriptive of the inventions to be introduced, outlining plan proposed and accompanied by list of patents; 2) a few of my patent specifications with technical comments, and 3) copy of letter to the subscribers, to whom similar papers are to be submitted. I scarcely need say that none who are ready to take part in the enterprise and who are all people of high standing know of your interest, and that all pertaining to this transaction will remain among friends, strictly private. As the Nikola Tesla Company, the owner of the patents, has incurred great expenses in perfecting the inventions, and as under this plan it would receive no [re]imbursement, it is proposed to sell a part of the bonds received by the Company for cash. I have thought it my duty to make the prospective subscribers understand this and no objection has been raised. This will enable me to refund the sum which you have in generous spirit advanced, and as to your share in the whole property, it will be left entirely to yourself. Of my own interest I intend to give away one quarter to an associate, in whose ability and integrity I believe, and who is to unite all of his energies with mine, to bring to the greatest possible success this undertaking, in which our honor will be engaged. Hoping that there is nothing in this of which you would nor approve, and assuring you of my deepest respect and gratitude, I remain, as ever, Yours most faithfully, / N. Tesla. /

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia.

193 MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, Sept. 24th, 1902.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 46 East Houston Street, New York.

Dear Mr. Tesla: - Will you kindly drop in and see me in the next day or two about the matter concerning which you wrote Mr. Morgan. Yours very truly, Charles Steele.

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, October 21st, 1902.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 46 East Houston Street, New York.

Dear Mr. Tesla: – I understand the plan of your proposed electrical company to be as follows: The company is to acquire all your patents of which you spoke to me and will be capitalized as follows: Bonds, $ 5,000,000 Preferred stock, 2,500,000 Common stock, 2,500,000

194 It is intended that the company should go into the manufacture of the various devices covered by your patents and for this purpose it is proposed to raise working capital of $ 2,500,000 by the sale of bonds $ 2,500,000, preferred stock, $ 1,250,000, common stock $ 1,250,000. The present Tesla Company, which includes yourself and associates, is to receive 40% of the new capitalization: $ 2,000,000 bonds, 1,000,000 preferred stock, 1,000,000 common stock, so that there will remain in the treasury of the new company, $ 500,000 unissued bonds, 250,000 preferred stock, 250,000 common stock. I understand your suggestion to be that of the securities which go to yourself and associates, a certain amount will be used to provide cash to reimburse the advances which have been made to you and the balance will be divided among yourself and associates. I have discussed the suggestion with Mr. Morgan and it is in substance agreeable to him. As to the amount which he should receive out of the balance of securities remaining after providing for reimbursement of advances, he does not understand the facts fully enough to decide. If as he understands, the principal patents to be acquired by the company are those in which he held an interest of 51%, he thought that possibly it would be fair to give him about one-third of the securities. I should be glad to know what you think of this. Yours faithfully, Charles Steele.

/ Telegram/

Wardenclyffe, L. I., oct.23, 1902. To Mr. Chas. Steele, J. P. Morgan & Co., Wall Street, New York,

Thanks for letter and attention. Nothing could be more generous. Will call tomorrow. Tesla

195

New York, April 8th, 1903. Dear Mr. Morgan: – I would respectfully report, that I have secured U.S. Patents on the important principle repeatedly referred to in my previous letter to you. There were four contestants in the Patent Office, but all came too late and my broad claims have been granted in their entirety and without the slightest restriction. This invention in itself makes it impossible for others to compete with me in the lines of my present endeavors, as it secures perfect privacy of the messages and permits me the simultaneous transmission of virtually any desired number of them without interference. These improvements are, of course, being embodied in my plant at Wardenclyffe, and will enable me to communicate intelligence to any part of the globe, irrespective of distance, with the same precision and exclusiveness as through a private wire. I am carefully watching the wireless speculators, who since I began this work have quietly abandoned their processes and appliances, which precluded the possibility of signalling to any considerable distance and with precision, and have appropriated my patented methods and apparatus, with which every blacksmith and woodchopper can send reliable messages to great distances. As I have told you, I have these people in my pocket. Their doings are so manifest a departure from all rules of fairness, that they are bound to collapse. My attorneys, Kerr, Page & Cooper assure me, however, that I shall have no difficulty in shutting them up. It is my hope, Mr. Morgan, that nothing has occurred to slight me in your appreciation, which has always filled me with a sense of great honor and satisfaction. I recognize the fact, that I should have reached some practical results before expending so much money, but under circumstances it was impossible. First of all, you have raised great waves in the industrial world, and some have struck my little boat. Prices have gone up in consequence – twice, perhaps three times higher than they were. Then there were expensive delays, mostly a result of the activities you have excited. The special machinery I needed I obtained only after nine months of promise, and I had literally to beg for it. Then again, I had a great number of patents to work and to maintain. This took a considerable sum of money, for which no provision whatever was made. Furthermore, as in every technical project, unforeseen difficulties presented themselves, causing trouble, delay and expense. But as I examine all my work to-day, I feel and can conscientiously assure you, that I could not have done better in a single feature. Improvements may be possible, but they are beyond my knowledge and power. Two plants such as mine – one here and one in the Orient – can earn at least ten thousand dollars a day. Yours most faithfully,

196 N. Tesla.

New York, April 22, 1903. Dear Mr. Morgan: – My work is now in such shape that it can be completed in three months. I would then be enabled to transmit at low cost absolutely reliable private dispatches to any part off the world, and what this means I need not say. You have extended me a noble help at a time when Edison, Marconi, Pupin, Fleming and many others openly ridiculed my undertaking and declared its success impossible. What has happened, Mr. Morgan, that just at present, when I am more than ever deserving your support, you should hesitate? I am a century ahead in my art and my patents cover the only practical means and methods for the transmission and individualization of telegraphic and telephonic messages without wires. With these patents you can control inventions which will create a revolution such as the world has not seen before. Will you now let me go from door to door to humiliate myself, to solicit funds from some Jew or promoter and have him participate in that gratitude, which I feel for you? Hoping for your health and welfare, I remain, as ever, Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

July 3, 1903. Dear Mr. Morgan: – Under inclosure I forward assignments of seven patents relating to the principle referred to in my previous letters, Nobody who respects these rights can guarantee secret and non- interferable messages. I also send a photographic view of my plant taken some time ago. The work has been carried on without interruption, but it is about as close to stoppage now as I can admit consistently with my dignity. I have expended $ 150,000, which you have so generously invested and in addition $ 35,000, which I obtained by sale of a personal property; besides I have borrowed $ 10,000 from my bank and have a lot of bills to pay. Financially, I am in a dreadful fix. But if I can complete this work, I can readily show that by my wireless system power can be transmitted in any amount, to any desired distance and with high economy. Of the three hundred horse-power developed by my oscillator on Long Island two hundred and seventy-five, – perhaps a little more – can be

197 recovered at the greatest distance in Australia. If I would have told you such as this before, you would have fired me out of your office. Now you see, Mr. Morgan, what I work for. It means a great industrial revolution. It will be something worthy of your attention, as I have always assured you. There is no incertitude about this, it is as absolute a fact as anything I know of electricity can be. My patents confer a monopoly. Will you help me or let my great work – almost complete – go to pots? Ever yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

J. P. Morgan & Co. P. O. Box 3036 New York, July 3rd, 1903.

Nicola Tesla, Esq., Waldorf-Astoria, New York, N.Y.

Dear Sir: – Referring to your favor of even date, addressed to our Mr. Morgan, will you kindly call and see him on Monday, July 6th, in reference to the subject therein referred to? Yours truly, J. P. Morgan

RECEIVED AT THE PUBLIC TELEPHONE OFFICE TIME 3 59 PM ______190__

To Mr. Tesla

Mr. J. P. Morgan has written you wishes to see you at his office on Monday morning

Call received from Telephone No. ______

198

/ The copy of Tesla`s letter of July 16th, 1903 is missing/

J. P. Morgan & Co. P. O. Box 3036 New York, July 17th, 1903.

Nicola Tesla, Esq., City,

Dear Sir, I have received your letter of 16th inst. and in reply would say that I should not feel disposed at present to make any further advances. Yours truly, J. P. Morgan

Sept. 13, 1903. Dear Mr. Morgan: - Many years ago I was at your door with this invention, but I did not go in thinking that it would be useless. I have now another one which is a hundred times more important and valuable. Help me to complete this work and you will see. Ever yours most faithfully, N. Tesla

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Sept. 21, 1903.

199

Dear Sir: – I hope I did not impress you as asking for a generous contribution to science. It was simply a business proposition. My last undertaking has returned more than two dozen times the original investment and this, in strong hands, should do better still. I had the same difficulty in convincing the world of the practicability of my invention referred to in the editorial inclosed. The present one is comparably more important and valuable. Apologizing for the intrusion, I remain, Very respectfully yours, N. Tesla.

New York, Sept. 24, 1903. Dear Mr. Morgan: – There is no day without such notices as the inclosed. All this power can easily be transmitted by my new patented processes almost without loss and to any distance. If you will give me your earnest support in this you can have a greater income from these inventions than Rockefeller from his oil-wells. And you will have at your mercy the cut- throats who are trying to undo your work and get your royal mantle. I only need to complete this plant, Mr. Morgan, the rest will take care of itself. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Oct. 15, 1903. Dear Mr. Morgan: – Please excuse me for troubling you at this time when, much as you may disdain the small doings of your enemies, you must be deeply pained to see the progress of your great economic ideas retarded. But it is precisely for this reason that I beg you now to hear me. I have never attempted, Mr. Morgan, to tell you even a hundredth of what can be readily accomplished by the use of certain principles I have discovered. If you will imagine that I

200 have found the stone of the philosophers you will be not far from the truth. They will cause a revolution so great that almost all values and all human relations will be profoundly modified. These new developments do not concern any country in particular, but the whole world and they are in line with your own efforts. The commercial possibilities they offer are simply infinite, and you are the only man today who possesses the genius and power to compel the universal adoption of these ideas and that is why I approached you two years ago. If I am only aided to reach the first result – the most insignificant of those to which I allude, yet very valuable – to girdle the globe with wireless messages, you will become interested and convinced. With my present experiences and knowledge of the wonderful appliances identified with my name this task is so easy, that it is for me no effort at all. I have had a long talk with Mr. Th. F. Ryan last night and he will see you in regard to providing the money still necessary. He is a great admirer and loyal friend of yours and for this reason as well as on account on his ability I am very anxious to enlist his co- operation. I have told him that one hundred thousand dollars will be sufficient to reach the first commercial results, which will pave the way to other and much greater successes. Knowing your generous spirit, I have told Mr. Ryan that any terms you may decide upon will be satisfactory to me. Yours very respectfully, N. Tesla.

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Dec. 7th, 1903. Dear Mr. Morgan: – Will you permit me to call this or any other evening at your home and to bring a small instrument along to show you one or two experiments with my “daylight”? I merely wish to have the first honor, the shark who will probably come after me, will get the contract for lighting your house. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

Tel. Waldorf.

201 The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Dec. 11th, 1903. Dear Mr. Morgan: – Will you enable me to complete this work and show you, that you have not made a mistake in giving me a checkbook to draw on your honored house? It is my honest belief that I am a century ahead in the fields in which I am working, and that is just the trouble which confronts every pioneer. You see how your own advanced ideas are hampered. My enemies have been so successful in representing me as a poet and visionary, that it is absolutely imperative for me to put out something commercial without delay. If you will only help me to do this, you will preserve a property of immense value. As regards the wireless project, I beg to call again to your attention that my patents control absolutely all essential features and that my work is in such a shape, that whenever you tell me to go ahead I shall girdle the globe, within three months, as surely as my name is Tesla. I have promised the St. Louis Exposition people to open the door of the Exposition with power transmitted from here. It is a great opportunity, Mr. Morgan. I can easily do it, but if you do not aid me soon it will be too late. Please think for a moment what this means for me. What I have told you long ago has happened. My competitors have collapsed, since wholesale appropriations as they here attempted do not go. Now is the time to aid me, you know this better than anybody else. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

/ no date / Dear Mr. Morgan: – Since many years I have known one side of your character intimately. I believe that in my first approach to you I have given you evidence of this knowledge and I do so to-day. You have already put aside the money necessary to complete the work begun, – in your thoughts, and that is as good as done. But I did not understand you as a business man until lately. I have worked for results carrying with them a dignity and force such as to deserve your attention. What you wanted was simply a result. Now, Mr. Morgan, will you let me profit by this later knowledge and give me the opportunity to rehabilitate myself in your opinion as a business man. I need only a little ready capital to put some of my devices on the market. They will bring immediate returns. Will you make me an advance for this purpose and to preserve what I have already developed with so much pain, on any terms you choose?

202 Yours most faithfully, / N. Tesla. /

/ no date / Dear Mr. Morgan: – When this work is completed you will have something of incalculable value. As it now stands, I could be in three months in a position to establish communication with the chief cities of the world. This in itself would insure the realization of the financial plan as outlined in Mr. Steele's letter to me of Oct. 21, 1902. In two months more I would be able to demonstrate that power can be transmitted by my wireless system, regardless of distance, without appreciable loss. Think only, Mr. Morgan, what this means in your hands. You can not permit that such a marvelous opportunity is lost after what you have already done. Would you be willing to advance the money if the Nikola Tesla Company were to authorize a bond issue for the amount. You could attach to this any condition you consider fair. My work is thorough, Mr. Morgan; it may seem long to complete, but I assure you that the ultimate results will be very gratifying to you. /no sign/

New York, Jan. 13, 1904. Dear Mr. Morgan: – 1) The Canadian Niagara Co. will agree in writing to furnish me ten thousand H.P. for twenty years without charge, if I put up a plant there to transmit this power without wires to other parts of the world. My system permits the transmission to be effected practically without loss. These people have great faith in me. Besides furnishing the power they will take financial interest in my enterprise. With this splendid start I hope to realize the project I submitted to you about a year and a half ago. As outlined then, I would use energy, not for industrial purposes, bur for operating clocks, stock tickers1 and other apparatus, of which there are millions now in use. On the average I shall require not more than one tenth of one H. P. for each instrument. With ten thousands H. P. I shall be able to offer a great convenience to the whole world. I have calculated that with an investment

1 [Stock] ticker: a telegraphic device that automatically prints stock market quotations and other reports, such as baseball scores etc. on a paper tape. – Ed. note.

203 of about half a million dollars from two to three millions can be easily earned per annum. To illustrate one of the features, I would start a manufacturing company there, which would simply turn out clocks. These instruments will be extremely cheap, having practically nothing but the hands and a couple of coils. They could readily be produced for two dollars, and sold for, say, ten. They will require no winding up, no attention at all and would indicate absolutely correct time. They would be adopted everywhere on land and sea. 2) I have made preliminary arrangements for manufacture of some of my inventions with a good manufacturing concern. (This has nothing to do with the above.) They will produce and put together all purely machine parts and I shall have only the electrical parts to make. This reduces the capital which I need to manufacture to about one third. 3) I am organizing an office in this City as Consulting Engineer for the two fold purpose of facilitating all my commercial undertakings and drawing a permanent issue. I have so far never accepted a fee in my life. I am sure I can earn about fifty thousand dollars a year in this capacity. Now, Mr. Morgan I want a small capital to put myself on an earning basis. Will you help me on any terms you choose and enable me to insure and develop a great property, which will ultimately yield hundredfold returns. Please do not do me an injustice I believing me incapable simply because a certain sum of money was not sufficient to carry out my undertaking. It is not my fault that prices have gone up, that there have been delays, that there is a panic. You may see that my work remains uncompleted because of the lack of funds, but you will never see, that machinery which I construct does not fulfil the purpose for which it was designed. To-day being my New Year, I take the opportunity to renew my heartiest wishes for your triumph over your enemies. Yours faithfully, N. Tesla.

Jan. 13, 1904. 23 Wall Street

My dear Sir, In reply to your note I regret to say that I should not be willing to advance any further amounts of money as I have already told you. Of course I wish you every success in your undertaking. Yours very truly,

204 J. P. Morgan N. Tesla, Esq, Waldorf – Astoria.

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Jan. 14, 1904.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – That was a nice letter to receive on my New Year! Had you at least waited till to-day, bad news travel fast enough. You wish me success: it is in your hands, how can you wish it? We start on a proposition, everything duly calculated it is financially frail. You engage in impossible operations, you make me pay double, yes, make me wait ten months for machinery. On the top of that you produce a panic. When after putting in all I could scrape together I come to show you that I have done the best that could be done you fire me out like an office boy and roar so loudly that you are heard six blocks away: not a cent. It is spread all over town, I am discredited, the laughing stock of my enemies. It is just fourteen months that the constructive work on my plant was stopped. If I would have been helped at that time three months more with a good force of men would have completed it and now it would be paying ten thousand dollars a day. More than this, I would have secured contracts from governments for a number of similar plants. I am the discoverer of the principles and the inventor of all the essential devices and no one would have had the slightest chance in a competition with me. You have favored the schemers who have no knowledge or skill, but merely the cursing sense of fraud, to fool the world and to hurt my work more by their incompetent attempts and far more than they ever could by success. Now when I have practically removed all the obstacles skilfully put in my way and need only a little more to save a great property, which would pay you ten million dollars as surely as one cent, you refuse me help in a trouble brought on by your own doings! Twenty-five thousand dollars would enable me: 1) to start the manufacture of oscillators, which would make my undertaking with you self-supporting and insure the ultimate success of my plans; 2) to put my light on the market; 3) to form a lighting company and realize the cash still necessary to complete my plant; 4) the completion of this plant will put me in the position of carrying through the plan at Niagara; 5) my office will naturally facilitate all this and yield a permanent income.

205 This would be to reach success in a slow and painful way. If I had now what I need to complete the plant, that would be different! I am as anxious to succeed on your account as mine. What a dreadful thing it would be to have the papers come with your name /... / in red letters /...... /. It would be telegraphed all over the globe. You may not care for it, Mr. Morgan, men are like flies to you. But I would have to work five years to repair the damage, if reparable at all. I have told you all. Please do not write to refuse. I am pained enough as it is. Yours sorrowfully, N. Tesla.

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Jan. 22nd, 1904.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – Are you going to leave me in a hole?!! I have made a thousand powerful enemies on your account, because I have told them that I value one of your shoestrings more than all of them. Do not grow old and ...... as weak men do. You are good for another twenty years, if you hold on to life, to your people and young ideas. Could I not pledge you in / ...../ my plant a while for twenty-five thousand dollars I need to carry out the plan outlined in my last letter? If it is not worth that much, I am not an engineer of world repute, but a chump. The better way, however, would be to enable me to complete the plant at once. This would mean for you many millions of dollars, and, what is more important still, a power which you could use effectively. I hope that you never for a moment confounded my art with the incompetent efforts of my imitators. I could do better than any of them, if ninety- nine parts of me were paralyzed. In a hundred years from now this country would give much for the first honors of transmitting power without wires. It must be done my methods and apparatus and I should be aided to do it first myself. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

206

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, April 1rst, 1904.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – I have solved the greatest industrial problem which has confronted humanity since ages. My success is absolutely certain. I can deliver power in any desired amounts to any distance without wire, in a practical and most economical manner. This will be of incalculable consequence on the cost of necessities and commodities. The prices of oil and coal in particular will be greatly affected, merely by the moral effect of the first public demonstrations. I am tired of speaking to pusillanimous people who become scared, when I ask them to invest five thousand dollars, and get the diarrhea when I call for ten. Will you aid me to complete this great work? I have managed to advance it considerably. A little more and I shall have practical results which will give you the basis for a business of a magnitude such as the world has never seen before. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, April 6th, 1904.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – Please accept my best wishes for a happy journey. The books I forward are great, but a thousand libraries of such books will not be valued in a few years from now /as / the article I inclose. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla. J. P. Morgan, Esq.

/ Telegram /

207

RECEIVED at 10 58 A.M. 6 / 4 1904 Dated New York City To N. Tesla Ws. Favorable answer received J. P. Morgan & Co.

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, April 15th, 1904. Mr. Chas. Steele, 23 Wall Str., New York.

Dear Mr. Steele: – You said yesterday that I have made some representations which did not materialize. Permit me to ask whether the same is not true of you also and even of Mr. Morgan? And is not banking, in theory at least, as positive a line of effort as electrical engineering? What I undertook to accomplish was for me no more than would be for you a simple business operation, But my financial resources proved inadequate. This was due to unforeseen conditions and about the forces which brought them on you will know more than I do. I hope that you are mistaken in believing that Mr. Morgan was disgusted. He certainly had no cause to feel so. In interesting himself generously with me he has once more shown his knowledge and foresight. He has made an excellent investment, which will bring large returns. It has been impressed upon me as a duty to leave careful note of all my acts and following this impulse I must place on record the fact that I have called on J. P. Morgan & Co. in an hour of distress, to ask for a loan of small sum of money and that I have been refused. You will see from the inclosed article, a copy of which was forwarded to Mr. Morgan before he sailed, that nothing can possibly occur which should make him regret the assistance he has given me. You will see that I shall ultimately triumph over my enemies and carry my work to a glorious end. Yours truly N. Tesla.

208

New York, April 24, 1904. Dear Mr. Morgan:- Have you ever read the book of Job? If you will put my mind in place of his body you will find my sufferings accurately described. I have put all the money I could scrape together in this plant. With fifty thousand dollars more it is completed, and I have an immortal crown and an immense fortune. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla. TESLA LABORATORY, Wardenclyffe, Long Island, N. Y. July 22nd, 1904.

J. P. Morgan, Esq., New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – I hope the misfortunate misunderstanding, the cause of which I have been vainly trying to discover, will be removed and that you will recognize that my work is of that kind that passes into history and worthy of your support. My plant here, when completed, will enable you talk from your office to any part of the world as clearly and distinctly as across your table, and it will make possible the transmission of telegraphic messages to all points of the globe with a speed and precision surpassing by far those practicable through wires, and its capacity of transmission will be greater than that of the entire cable system of the world combined. What is still needed can now be very closely estimated. Three months would suffice to complete the work, which has now been cruelly delayed for eighteen months. If you will aid me to the end, my country will be grateful to you. Yours most faithfully, / N. Tesla. /

New York, Sept. 9, 1904. Dear Mr. Morgan: – When you interested yourself with me, I told you that I would return your investment a hundredfold. Despite of the unfortunate delay, I shall fulfil my promise to the letter if you

209 will aid me to complete this work. Kindly remember that your money has so far not yielded returns simply because of the enforced departure from my original proposition. This plant completed will transmit telegraphic and telephonic messages to any part of the world and its earning power will be enormous, certainly not less than ten thousand dollars a day, as I have already stated before, and besides, it will insure the universal adoption of my system. I am also assured of contracts for several such plants in England and Russia. This is a work which you will not be displeased to be associated. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

We know now that the announcements of transatlantic messages were not founded on fact, but on this point I disdain to say more.

New York, October 13th, 1904. J. P. Morgan, Esq., New York City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: - I would beg you, in all earnestness, to peruse the following statement of facts which I have brought separately to your attention. 1. Five years ago, (as you may have gathered from my original announcement in the Century of June 1900, copy of a patent specification filed May, 16, 1900, and article in the Electrical World and Engineer of March 5, 1904) I succeeded in encircling the Earth with electrical waves. What gave to this result, far-reaching in itself, a tremendous significance, was the observation that in their passage, from Colorado Springs to the diametrically opposite region of the globe and return, the waves suffered no perceptible diminution of intensity, thus affording an absolute experimental evidence, that by my system power in unlimited amounts can be transmitted, without wire, to any distance and, virtually, without loss. 2. I recorded my discoveries in the Patent Office and secured broad and uncontested rights in Patents, some of which I am still keeping back, for reasons which it is unnecessary to explain. When they appear they will create a profound impression. 3. I was, even then, firmly convinced that these advances would prove of greater importance than the steam engine, the telegraph, the telephone and my multiphase motor combined, for they offered an ideal solution of the problems of fuel, transportation, and intelligence-transmission, in all their ramifications.

210 4. Desiring to obtain a support such as this work was deserving, more for the good of the world than my own, I approached you, naturally enough with the easily realizable project of establishing communication across the Atlantic, which required a smaller investment. 5. I was fortunate to enlist your interest, but not quite on the lines of my own suggestion. I contemplated the formation of one or two companies, to which all my inventions in wireless telegraphy and telephony and in my system of lighting were, respectively, to be assigned, and proposed that you take fifty-one percent of the stock (not fifty, as you yourself said in our first conversation, because then you would not control), the remainder to go to my Parent Company. But when I received your formal letter it specified an interest of fifty-one percent in patents on these inventions. That was different though my share was the same. It was a simple sale. The terms were entirely immaterial to me and I said nothing, for fear of offending you. You have repeatedly referred to some stock and it is just possible, that a mistake was made, and that you intended to take exactly what I proposed, and what would have been, for many reasons, greatly to my advantage. 6. Your participation called for a careful revision of my plans. I could not develop the business slowly in grocery shop fashion. I could not report yacht races or signal incoming steamers. There was no money in this. This was no business for a man of your position and importance. Perhaps you have never fully appreciated the sense of this obligation. 7. When I discovered, rather accidentally, that others, who openly cast ridicule on what I have undertaken and discredited my apparatus, were secretly employing it, evidently bent on the same task, I found myself confronted with wholly unforeseen conditions. How to meet them was the question. Of course, I could not enjoin the infringers. In Canada, almost midway, I had no rights. My Patents on the art of individualization, insuring non- interference and non-interferability, were not as yet granted in England and the United States. Suppose I was anticipated in this invention? Then I would have to rely on ordinary tuning. This was in a measure, satisfactory so long as I was alone, but shrewd competitors, with the advantage they had, could make me fall short, as the capital I had at disposal was only sufficient for two small plants. Once I failed with you in the first attempt, you would not listen to any other proposition. Once I lost your support I could not because of your personality and character of our agreement, interest anybody else, at least not for several years, until the business would be developed and the commercial value of my patents recognized. But there was one way, the only way, of meeting every possible emergency, and making the ultimate success perfectly certain. 8. Here I must add a purely explanatory paragraph. Suppose a plant is constructed capable of sending signals within a given radius, and consider an extension to twice this distance. The area being then four times as large the returns will be, roughly, fourfold an account of this alone. The messages, however, will become more valuable. Approximately computed, the average price will be tripled. This means that a plant with a radius of activity twice as large will earn twelve times as much. But it will cost scarcely twice as much. Hence in investing a certain sum destined for two small plants into a

211 single one, the earnings will be sixfold increased. The greater the distance the greater the gain until, when the plant can transmit signals to the uttermost confines of the Earth, its earning power becomes, so to speak, unlimited. 9. The way to do was to construct such a plant. It would yield the greatest returns, not only for the reasons just mentioned, but also because every other plant erected anywhere in the world, by anyone, was sure to be turned into a source of income. It would give the greatest force to my Patents and insure a monopoly. It would make certain the acceptance of my system by all governments. It discounted in advance all possible drawbacks, as anticipation of the results by the trespassers of my rights and delay. It offered possibilities for a business on a large, dignified scale, commensurate with your position in life and mine as a pioneer in this art, who has originated all its essential principles. 10. The practicability of such an undertaking I had already demonstrated in Colorado, but to make those feeble effects, barely detectable by delicate instruments, commercially available all over the Earth, required a very large sum of money. You had told me from the outset that I should not ask for more, but the work was of such transcending importance and it was of such enormous value in your hands, that I undertook to explain you the state of things on your first return from abroad. You seemed to misunderstand me. That was most unfortunate. Had I obtained your hearing, your enemies would not had succeeded in inflicting you injuries, for the first motor or lamp operated across the Pacific would have delivered them in your power. To achieve a great result is one thing, to achieve it at the right moment is another. That favorable moment is gone forever. Your popularity has suffered, the moral force of my work has been weakened by delay, the audacious schemers who have dared to fool the crowned heads of Europe, the President of the United States, and even His Holiness the Pope, have discredited the art by incompetent attempts and spoiled the public by false promises which it cannot distinguish from those sure of fulfillment, based on knowledge and skill and legitimate right. That is what pains me most. 11. Still, in spite of all this, Mr. Morgan, I can realize what I have held out to you when you yourself said to me that “you had no doubt”. I know you must be sceptical about getting hundredfold returns, but if you will help me to the end you will soon see that my judgement is true. When my first plant is completed I can place a dozen of such at once. I do not need to wait for returns from subscribers. There are one thousand million dollars invested in submarine cables alone. This immense property is threatened with destruction because just as soon as people find that messages for, say, five cents a word can be transmitted to any distance, nothing will stop the demand for cheaper and quicker means of communication. The investment in cables is too large to pay on this low basis and the only chance the companies have is to take hold of the new advances. My patents control every essential element of the art. They are impregnable. In your hands, and backed by these great results, they should be of enormous value. 12. My work is now far advanced and could be finished quickly. I have expended about $250,000 in all and a much smaller sum separates me from a great triumph. If you have

212 lost faith in me have you not someone in whose knowledge and ability you have greater confidence than in mine, and to whom I could explain? Seventy-five thousand dollars would certainly complete the plant and then I would have no difficulty whatever in getting all the capital necessary for the further commercial expansion. 13. Since a year, Mr. Morgan, there has been hardly a night when my pillow was not bathed in tears, but you must not think me a weak man for that. I am perfectly sure to finish my task, come what may. I am only sorry that after mastering all the difficulties which seemed insuperable, and acquiring a special knowledge and ability which I now alone possess, and which, if applied effectively, would advance the world a century, I must see my work delayed. In the hope of hearing from you favorably, I remain Yours most faithfully, / N. Tesla /

23 Wall Street New York, Oct. 15th, 1904.

Mr. Nikola Tesla, Waldorf-Astoria, New York City.

Dear Sir: – Referring to your letter of 15th October, Mr. J. P. Morgan wishes me to inform you that it will be impossible for him to do anything more in the matter. Yours truly, C. W. King Private Secretary

New York, Oct. 17th, 1904. Dear Mr. Morgan: –

213 You are a man like Bismarck, great but uncontrollable. I wrote purposely last week, hoping that your recent association might have rendered you more susceptible to a softer influence. But you are no Christian at all, you are a fanatic Mussulman. Once you say no, come what may, it is so. May the gravitation repel instead of attract, may right become wrong, every consideration, no matter what it be, must founder on the rock of your brutal resolve. It is incredible. A year and a half ago I could have delivered a lecture here, which would have been listened to by all the academies of the world, in the tone of my voice! That would have been the time to thank you. You let me struggle on, weakened by shrewd enemies, disheartened by doubting friends, financially exhausted, trying to overcome obstacles which you yourself have piled up before me. I know, Rankine told me what a time they had in placing the Niagara bonds. And what a time must I have?! “If this is a good thing, why does not Morgan see you through?” “Morgan is the very last man to let a good thing go!” So it has been going on for two years. I advance, but how? Like a man swimming against a stream that carries him down. Will you not listen to anything at all? Are you to let me perhaps succumb, loose an immortal crown, will you let a property of immense value be depreciated, let it be said that your own judgement was defective, simply because you had once said no. Can I make you a new proposition to overcome the difficulty? I tell you I shall return your money a hundredfold. Yours faithfully, N. Tesla.

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Nov. 5, 1904.

Dear Mr Morgan: – The inclosed bears out my statement made to you over a year and a half ago. The old plant has never worked beyond a few hundred miles. Apart of imperfection of the apparatus inside there were four defects, each of which was fatal to success. It does not seem probable that the new plant will do much better, for these faults were of a widely different nature, and difficult to discover. As the remedies, I have protected myself in applications filed 1900 – 1902, still in the office. Yours faithfully,

214 N. Tesla.

(Note. Sent clipping from Electrical World and Engineer, of Oct. 5th, 1904, relative to removal of Marconi station.)

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Nov. 18th, 1904.

Dear Mr Morgan: – The inclosed written by the ablest man in the field of electrical transmission by my system reminds me of the difficulties I had of convincing people of the value of that invention. What I have now is immensely more valuable and consequential. Yours faithfully, N. Tesla.

(Sent: Editorial by C. F. Scott from Electric Club Journal, October, 1904.)

/The Tesla`s letter of December 16, 1904 is missing/

23 Wall Street N. Y. Dec. 17/04 N. Tesla, Esq., Waldorf-Astoria, City.

Dear Sir, I have received your note of 16th inst. and in reply would state that I am not willing to advance you any more money, as I have frequently told you.

215 As to your third proposition I am not prepared to accept this either. I have made and carried out with you in good faith, a Contract, and, having performed my part it is not unreasonable that I expect you to carry out yours. Yours very truly, J. Pierpont Morgan Per C. W. King, Private Secretary. (Letter dictated by Mr. J. P. Morgan.)

/ Tesla/s important letter to J. P. Morgan is missing / #

New York, Dec. 18th, 1904.

Dear Mr Morgan: – To-day is my patron saint, who has always stood by me. Will you let me complete the important work and tell the world, in a way which will be forever recorded in history, that I have to thank only to the generosity of a great man and my own efforts? I am fully aware, Mr. Morgan, that your hands are full and that you are perhaps grieved. But permit me to tell you that in the eyes of those who see far you have shown yourself greater and stronger than ever before. (Those that know you believe in your complete triumph!) Yours most faithfully, N.Tesla.

New York, Dec. 19, 1904

Mr. J. P. Morgan

# M. J. Seifer, Wizard, s. 315.

216 New York City Sir:- Owing to a habit contracted long ago in defiance of superstition, I prefer to make important communications on Fridays and the 13th of each month, but in my house is afire and I have not an hour to waste. I knew that you would refuse. What chance have I to land the biggest Wall Street monster with the soul's spider thread! Your letter reached me just on the day of my patron saint – the greatest of all – St. Nikola. There was a silent agreement between St. Nikola and myself that we would stick to each other. He did well for a time, but during the last three years he has forgotten me, – as you have. You say that you have fulfilled your contract with me. You have not. I came to enlist your genius and power, not because of money. You should know that I have honored you in so doing as much as I have honored myself. You are a big man, but your work is wrought in passing form, mine is immortal. I came to you with the greatest invention of all times. I have more creations named after me than any man that has gone before not excepting Archimedes and Galileo – the giants of invention. Six thousand million dollars are invested in enterprises based on my discoveries in the United States to-day. I could draw on you at sight for a million dollars if you were the Pierpont Morgan of old. When we entered our contract I furnished: 1) patent rights; 2) my ability as an engineer and electrician; 3) my good will. You were to furnish 1) money; 2) your business ability; 3) your good will. I assigned patent rights which in the worst case are worth ten times your cash investment. You advanced the money, true, but this first clause of our contract was violated. There was a delay of two months in furnishing the last $50,000 – a delay which was fatal. I complied conscientiously with the second and third obligations. You ignored yours deliberately. Not only this, you discredited me. There is only one way to do [sic], Mr. Morgan. Give me the money to finish a great work which will advance the world a century and reflect honor on all that come after you. Or else, make me a present and let me work out my salvation. Your interest is sacred to me and my hearty wishes for your happiness and welfare will always be with you. Faithfully yours, N. Tesla

J. P. MORGAN & CO.

217 Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, January 6th, 1905.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., Waldorf-Astoria, New York, N. Y.

Dear Sir: – We enclose herewith receipted bill for Exchange ordered by you and also check for difference. Yours truly, J. P. Morgan & Co. Enclosures 2.

New York, Feb. 17th, 1905. Dear Mr. Morgan: – Let me tell you once more. I have perfected the greatest invention of all times – the transmission of electrical energy without wires to any distance, a work which has consumed ten years of my life. It is the long sought stone of the philosophers. I need but to complete the plant I have constructed and in one bound humanity will advance centuries. I am the only man on this earth to- day, who has the peculiar knowledge and ability to achieve this wonder and another one may not come in a hundred years. There has been a long and painful delay. My nerves are not of iron, and all this knowledge and ability may be lost to the world. Please do not delay further to act either one or the other way. Help me to complete this work or else remove the obstacles in my path. I was heartily glad to see you in such splendid health yesterday. You are good for another twenty years of active life. Faithfully yours,

218 N. Tesla.

New York, Feb. 27th, 1905. Mr. J. P. Morgan, 23 Wall Str., New York.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – Understanding that you are to sail the day after to-morrow I would earnestly beg you not to leave without some understanding offering me a chance to complete soon the work which, but for unfortunate circumstances, would have been finished three years ago. The attention of the whole world is turned upon it and something must be done for your as well for my sake. There are a number of ways which might lead to quick results without further expenditures on your part. If you will kindly accord me a few moments at your convenience, for the purpose of choosing a plan, I believe that a time not very distant you would have every reason to be satisfied. Yours faithfully, N. Tesla.

New York, Aug. 11th, 1905. Mr. J. P. Morgan, 23 Wall Str., New York.

Dear Sir: – Under enclosure please find assignment of a patent recently granted to me on certain discoveries to which I have referred to in my previous correspondence. In view of this, the specification I forward might possibly be of interest to you. Rights have been reserved in three foreign countries. On this occasion I take liberty to enclose copy of a letter addressed to you shortly before your departure for Europe. My Secretary who was its bearer and in your presence, seems to be under the impression that it was miscarried. Yours faithfully,

219 / N. Tesla /

New York, Sep. 29th, 1905. Mr. J. P. Morgan, 23 Wall Str., New York.

Dear Sir: – I have developed conjointly with another well-known practical engineer a novel system for the propulsion of vessels, in all important respects superior to any now in use. We eliminate virtually all moving machinery, reducing the whole apparatus to simple, stationary elements, apply the energy of the fuel more directly and with a minimum loss and complication. This means reduced costs of construction, much greater speed, cruising radius and carrying capacity. The system is readily applicable to any existing vessel at small expense and without material alteration, except for the removal of engines, boilers, condensers, smoke-stacks, etc. I have never forgotten your generous help in the development of inventions which are so far in advance of time, that they have as yet brought no commercial returns. This is a peculiarly timely, strictly commercial engineering proposition, which should be of exceptional value in the present unsettled state of the art and it is herewith respectfully submitted to you for refusal or acceptance on your own terms. Yours faithfully, N. Tesla.

23 Wall Street New York, Sept. 30, 1905.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., Waldorf-Astoria, New York City.

Dear Sir: –

220 Referring to your letter of 29th inst., Mr. Morgan has carefully read same but regrets he cannot do anything in regard to the matter which is entirely out of his line. Yours truly, C. W. King Private Secretary.

New York, December 13th, 1905. Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, 23 Wall Street, City.

Dear Sir: – Under enclosure please find Assignment of two patents which have just been granted to me and come within the terms of our agreement. These patents describe an important discovery which I made in Colorado in 1899. Ordinarily the Earth responds very feebly and only locally to electrical disturbances much like the Ocean to a stone thrown into it. But there are certain waves to which the Earth is sympathetically responsive and when these are impressed upon it the globe as a whole responds very vigorously. I take liberty, on this occasion, to tell you that I have just recovered form a severe illness which has brought more vividly to my mind the unfortunate state of affairs confronting me since three years. Just fourteen years ago I undertook to solve the problem of transmitting electrical energy without wires and in 1899, after spending a large private fortune, I finally succeeded in achieving what seemed impossible. As you will kindly remember, I approached you with a very easy and simple proposition of establishing telegraphic communication across the Atlantic, in the hope that I might later interest you in the transmission of power for industrial uses. Circumstances which we did not foresee made the original proposition impracticable and I adopted a plan which would make my success absolutely sure, irrespective of what might be developed by others and which would lay the foundation to a development commanding universal respect. You never advised me with one word and I did the best I could do myself. The result has been that for want of a certain sum of money my work has remained, up to this day, unfinished. But despite all the unfortunate delay I could still return twenty times your investment if I could complete my plant, for then I would be able to send messages in type, in handwriting and by telephone to any part of the world. More than this, I could establish clearly the fact that with my system, energy in unlimited amount can be transmitted practically without any loss to any distance.

221 As you will see, Mr. Morgan, all depends on my being able to complete this work. To do this, more money is required. Whoever advances this capital must receive a fair interest. Consequently if there is such a person to be found it all depends on you, for, as far as I am concerned I am satisfied with the smallest interest. I believe that I have found a man generous enough to advance One hundred Thousand Dollars. It is Mr. Frick, whom you well know. What has passed between us has impressed me with the feeling that he will certainly do if I can only frame some kind of a proposition in harmony with you. I beg you to consider what the completion of this work means to me and to the world and act accordingly in your noble magnanimous way in which you have already assisted me and for which I am profoundly grateful. Yours very respectively N. Tesla

23 WALL STREET Dec. 14/05

My dear Mr. Tesla, I have received your letter of 13th Dec. and in reply would state that I am not willing to invest any more money in the enterprise. I should be very glad if Mr. Frick would join you. You could have no better associate and I should be very glad to work with Mr. Frick in the matter putting in what I have against his $100,000 to which you allude. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan N. Tesla, Esq. Waldorf-Astoria N.Y. City.

(Draft:) Jan. 24, 1906. Dear Mr. M/organ/: I have just learned that the Germans have commenced the construction of a plant, in all respects similar to mine, which they expect to complete in a year.

222 They consider the first establishment of a wireless girdle around the globe as a great .... honor. The Emperor is ...... and Prof. Slaby is working very hard to win the prize. In Germany a number of features of my system are public property and Prof. Slaby has franckly acknowledged their indispensable use. He is a thorough and skilful experimenter and perfectly sure of success. Now, Mr. Morgan, you do not wish such a horrible thing to happen. If Frick will aid me, I can finish without delay my plant in ..... by July next. Please accept him at your earliest opportunity, I have not much time to lose. Yours gratefully, N. Tesla

(Draft:)

The Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Feb. 6, 1906

Dear Mr. M/organ/: In a few months I could light from my plant the lamps in your London office or at your yacht, no matter where it is and ...... that the energy is transmitted without appreciable loss. I could transmit the voice to any distance and perform my ...... wonder. Think, Mr. Morgan, what this means to the world! Please see Mr. Frick. He is a ...... worker and I do not wonder now that you ..., so much ...... Time is passing and if he delays much longer I shall not be able to finish the work in proper season. Yours faithfully, N. Tesla

Feb. 15, 1906.

Dear Mr. Morgan, We are committed in an enterprise which must be carried to success for you as well as for my own sake. It will be if you will give me a reasonable foundation to build upon, to which I am justily entitled.

223 Will you agree, by letter, that in exchange for your patent interest you will take one-third of the stocks and bonds in Companies which I shall organize for the expoundations2 of my inventions in telegraphy and telephoning without wires and lighting by my system? I suggest one-third for you only because it is essential for me to show others, that all are coming in on the same basis. I you will do this before sailing you will give me a chance of putting my delayed projects through. You need not fear that anybody, with whom you would not care to associate, will get in. Out Caesar out Nihil is my principle. Please do not spoil the letter by an unnecessary reference to your unwillingness of furnishing more money. The whole towns knows it. Yours Faithfully, N. Tesla

Feb. 16, 1906.

Dear Mr. King, My letter to Mr. Morgan yesterday was written in a hurry and needs amplification. As You know Mr. Morgan owns an undivided patent interest in some of my inventions. He could go ahead without me, and so could I without him. This destroys the value of both the separate rights. To enlist new capital it is essential that our interests be merged. A statement from Mr. Morgan to this effect is therefore indispensable. Both the necessity and justice of this will certainly not escape him. In proposing a third for him I can only hope to get for my parent Company – the original owner of these franchises – sixteen per cent, as the control will have to be surrendered to the new capital. My personal interest will consequently be small. Will you kindly bring this before Mr. Morgan at a favorable moment to-day. Should he sail without doing any thing in this matter he would make me absolutely helpless. Although one of Mr. Morgan's partners has told me that he is disgusted with me, I have never believed it. On the contrary I have always have felt sure of his sympathy and feel all the more so now after passing through misfortunes the like of which can scarcely be found in history. In granting my requests he will give me a chance. Only a slim one, unfortunately, for a project abandoned by Mr. Morgan is as dead as a door nail. Yours very truly, N. Tesla

2 (sic!) could be exploitations?

224

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, Feb. 16th, 1906.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., Waldorf-Astoria, City.

Dear Sir: – I would say that I am quite prepared to take one-third of any securities of any Company that you may be interested in, or under your control, as full settlement, so far as that particular Company is concerned, for my loan, provided there is secured other capital adequate for the purpose of carrying out the business. Yours truly, J. Pierpont Morgan

Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Dec. 18, 1907. Mr. C. W. King, 23 Wall Street, New York City, New York.

My dear Sir: –

225 Acting on your suggestion I made my letter to Mr. Morgan with reference to patents as short as possible, but that made it necessarily incomplete. As I am anxious not to disturb him I would ask you to kindly bring the following, at the earliest propitious moment to his attention. The value of patents is not so much dependent on the commercial success of the original invention as on the general development of the art. Whoever succeeds commercially is bound to put his business under the protection of the controlling rights for the simplest reason that he can make more money in this way than by fighting. Besides, it is a matter of principle. A competent business-man is not disposed to devote himself to an undertaking with the sword of Damocles constantly above his head. Now I have in the U. S. Patent Office since four years several inventions which should be protected in the foreign countries without delay. They are of the greatest importance and value. It would be difficult to explain them in a short letter, but just to convey an idea of one suppose that all boilers heretofore made were of material full of holes through which steam would escape so that the most furious fire would not raise but a feeble pressure. My discovery enables me to make the boiler absolutely tight and get any pressure I may want. Only in this way it is possible to get some of the results I published in 1900 (experiments I performed in 1899), and only so can a plant be made to carry a voice, say, across the Atlantic. As I wrote Mr. Morgan three years ago my present plant will transmit speech over the Pacific with equal facility. I would like Mr. Morgan to feel that I am not actuated by my own financial interest but only by the desire to achieve for his sake. What little money is needed he might perhaps advance simply as a small loan to the Company. Five thousand dollars ($ 5000) would be ample provision for all expenses during the next few months. Treasury shares might be pledged until we get some returns. The shares cost at present $ 175.00 in actual cash expended. So far I know only a few of my own have been disposed of at that figure. Under inclosure I forward a letter, one of many evidences on this nature, which please return. Yours very truly, N. Tesla

New York, Dec. 20, 1907. N. Tesla, Esq., The Waldorf-Astoria, New York City.

226 Dear Mr. Tesla: – Referring to your letter of December 18th, Mr. Morgan desires me to inform you that he can do nothing whatever in this matter. I return herewith the enclosure you forwarded. Yours truly, C. W. King Private Secretary.

Waldorf-Astoria New York, Dec. 22, 1907. Mr. C. W. King, 23 Wall Street, New York City, New York.

Dear Mr. King, Your letter relieves me, at least, on an harassing responsibility, but that is an unusual attitude to assume for a man of Mr. Morgan's broad view. In all I attempted for the past few years I have encountered a strange and firm resistance. Mr. Morgan will rather have the property go to the dogs than to help. I think I understand. Yours truly, / N. Tesla. /

June 9, 1908. Messrs. J. P. Morgan & Company, 23 Broadway, New York City.

Gentlemen: - Some crank has forwarded letters addressed to me to your care, which have reached me apparently through your courtesy.

227 You will greatly oblige me if you will henceforth throw such letters in the waste-paper basket, where they belong. Very truly yours, N. Tesla.

Waldorf-Astoria, March 31, 1913.

J. P. Morgan & Co., 23 Wall Street, New York, N. Y.

Dear Sirs: - Please accept my heartfelt condolences on the death of the great man who was the head of your famous firm. When I can feel such a void in my heart and brain at the passing of Morgan I can appreciate, in a measure, the depth of feeling of those who were his lifelong comrades. The loss is irreparable but I hope that his wonderful mind will further guide your house and that it will continue an example of banking on the highest plane, for the honor of the country and benefit of the whole world. Believe me, Very truly yours, N. Tesla.

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, April 1, 1913.

228

N. Tesla, Esquire, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City.

Dear Sir: – We beg to thank you for your courteous note of condolence and to express our gratification at the tribute which you pay the memory of our honoured and beloved chief and our profound appreciation of your sympathy in our bereavement. Very truly yours, J. P. Morgan & Co.

37 EAST THIRTY-SIXTH STREET Sunday, April 13/13 Dear Mr. Tesla – I have only three cards for the gallery left and take pleasure in sending you one. I am sorry that at this late hour, I have no better seat for you. Very sincerely yours Herbert L. Satmen

Funeral Service of the late J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq. ------ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH Stuyvesant Square and East 16th Street

Monday, April 14th, 1913 ------Please present this card between 9 and 9.45 a. m.

GALLERY

229

NEW YORK--PHILADELPHIA APRIL 22, 1913.

Dear Sir: It is with the deepest regret that we are called upon to announce the death of our beloved senior partner, MR. J. PIERPONT MORGAN. which occurred at Rome, Italy, on the 31st ultimo. In accordance with the co-partnership and testamentary dispositions, the business will be continued without any change, the estate of the late Mr. MORGAN continuing his interest as heretofore. We desire to avail ourselves of this opportunity to acknowledge with warm appreciation the numerous kind expressions of sympathy which we have received from the many personal and business friends of our late partner. J. P. MORGAN & CO. DREXEL & CO.

By messenger

Nicola Tesla, Esq., The Waldorf-Astoria

219 MADISON AVENUE

Mrs. Morgan and her family beg to thank Mr. Tesla for the sympathy shown by his beautiful gift of flowers.

230 THE CORRESPONDENCE WITH J. P. MORGAN JR.

202 Metropolitan Tower May 13, 1913.

J. P. Morgan, Esq., c/o Messrs. J. P. Morgan & Co., 23 Broad Street, City

Dear Mr. Morgan: – Respect for your sorrow has kept me from writing before this and asking the favor of a short interview. I am very anxious to see you in regard to some matters of importance and will be much obliged if you kindly appoint a meeting at your convenience. Very truly yours, / N. Tesla. /

23 WALL STREET N.Y., May 14, 1913.

N. Tesla, Esq., 202 Metropolitan Tower, 1. Madison Avenue, New York.

Dear Sir, I am directed by Mr. J. P. Morgan to say that he has your letter of yesterday and that he expects to be at the office all next week and will be glad to see you if you call. Yours very truly, J. Axten

231 Secretary.

202 Metropolitan Tower, May 19, 1913.

Dear Mr. Morgan: - Realizing the great demands upon your time I am enclosing a few short statements, bearing on the subject of our discussion, for perusal at your leisure. As you may know, it was my good fortune to discover an electrical principle which has been universally adopted in the transmission of power and in which incalculable capital is now invested. My present invention is, I believe, still more important and valuable. It is my firm conviction that this new principle is destined to work a tremendous revolution and that not one of the present forms of apparatus used in the production of mechanical power will remain. Its application to the manufacture of iron and steel, alone, will yield a new revenue of $ 100,000,000 a year through the utilization of the waste heat and other economies, and it will have a similar effect on ship propulsion, railroad- automobile, and many other large industries. Knowing this as I do, not merely as an expert but as a seer, you may judge how anxious I am, for the sake of the world, to connect myself with a man of your integrity and power to whom I am attracted by sympathy and esteem. Yours very sincerely, N. Tesla. J. P. Morgan, Esq., 23 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. – . –

202 Metropolitan Tower, May 20, 1913.

My dear Mr. Morgan: -

232 Please accept my sincere thanks for your generous loan. I feel happy to have enlisted the interest of so big-hearted a man. After a careful review of the situation I shall make a clear statement, setting forth the propositions which I have put before you today. With renewed thanks and expressions of high regard, believe me, Faithfully yours, / N. Tesla. / J. P. Morgan, Esq., 23 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

/ The 9 month bill $ 15 000, with 6 % interest per year is omitted/

202 Metropolitan Tower June 6, 1913. J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

Dear Sir: Under enclosure please find statements concerning two groups of my inventions, respectively, in the wireless art and fluid propulsion. As regards the first, I had the great honor of associating myself with your father. Needless to state that he carried out his promise to the letter, generously advancing one hundred fifty thousand dollars, but others deserted me. Although I managed to raise by personal sacrifices an additional capital of over two hundred thousand dollars, it was not enough to complete my project and I was compelled to devote myself to other inventions which I am glad to say are now perfected and ready for commercial use. In either of these fields in which I have the good fortune to be a pioneer the possibilities are immense and I can vouch for the fullest success, but my appeal for your support is on a higher plane. In brief, my interest is controlling in the first group of inventions; in the second, I have 50% clear and have secured by option an additional interest.

233 The proposition which I would respectfully submit is to organize two companies and to turn over to you my entire interests in both, of which you may accord me such a part as you choose which, moreover, will be honorably pledged to yours so as to enable you to carry out any plan of policy you may deem best. Hoping that you will do me the honor shown by your father and assuring you of my gratitude and high regard, I remain, Yours faithfully, / N. Tesla. /

23 Wall Street New York June 11th, 1913.

My dear Mr. Tesla, I am greatly impressed by your letter of June 6th, but could not, of course, consent to your doing as you suggest, that is, turning over to me your entire interest in the two companies which you propose to organize. I wish to make a counter suggestion in that connection, which is that you should proceed to organize your companies, and, if and as they work out, repay to Mr. Morgan's Estate, either in securities or in cash, the money Mr. Morgan advanced, as may be best arranged at that time. It seems to me that you are entitled to the profits on these companies, but that Mr. Morgan would in strict justice, be entitled to a return of his money if it could be arranged. I presume that all this does not have any connection with the turbine matter in regard to which we talked the other day. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan.

Mr. Nikola Tesla, 202 Metropolitan Tower New York City.

__ . __

234

1 Madison Avenue, June 15, 1913. My dear Mr. Morgan, Many thanks for your extremely kind letter which I value very much as evidence of your sympathy and appreciation of my work. It is clear to me now that you are moved by the same great spirit of generosity which has animated your father and I am more than ever desirous of enlisting your interest and support in these important advances, knowing that the world will then see their full possibilities. Destiny has placed you in a position of great power and influence and here is a wonderful opportunity. As for myself I contemplate more than financial success. Ten years ago I wrote to Mr. Morgan: … “I shall speak your name in the telephone and it will be repeated loudly, everywhere in the tone of my voice. This I have conceived as a means for acquitting myself fittingly of my debt to you.” A great monument will no doubt be built to Mr. Morgan but none in marble or bronze could be as lasting as the achievement which I have proposed to link with his memory. I must not have been quite explicit in my letter of the 6th inst. Permit me to explain that the statement submitted to you deal with two groups of inventions in entirely different fields – in “wireless” and “fluid propulsion.” The turbine is only a special case in the latter group. They are of great and already established value and I sincerely hope, in a higher interest, that you will look favourably on my proposition. Believe me, Ever yours faithfully, / N. Tesla. / 23 Wall Street, New York June 17th, 1913.

My dear Mr. Tesla, I have your letter of the 15th instant, and am much obliged to you for the offer. I cannot, however, accept the proposition which you make, as I have told you, but I hope that you will be successful in your efforts, and shall of course be very glad if you are able, later on, to return to Mr. Morgan’s estate the money which Mr. Morgan advanced you in connection with your “wireless” work. Yours very sincerely, J. P. Morgan

235 Nikola Tesla, Esq., 1, Madison Avenue, City.

__ . __

202 Metropolitan Tower June 19, 1913. My dear Mr. Morgan: - We are but cogwheels in the mechanism of the universe and it is probably an unavoidable consequence of the laws governing that the pioneer, who is far in advance of his age, is not understood and must suffer pain and disappointment and be content with the higher reward which is accorded to him by posterity. I was chosen to give to the world the wireless art – not an insignificant improvement like Hertz-Wave Telegraphy – but the greatest invention of all times, a realization of the Lamp of Aladdin which gives magical powers to Man. Ten years ago all the experts condemned my efforts as visionary and even my most successful follower emphatically declared that it would take centuries before such a wonder as the wireless transmission of a message across the Atlantic would be accomplished. So it comes that to this day the public has not even a faint conception of what can be done by properly designed apparatus and its skilful manipulation. The enclosures which I take the liberty to forward will throw a little light on the subject and show how much my work of thirteen years was ahead of the very latest achievements. I mechanics I am making a similar experience. Seven years ago I satisfied myself that the new principle of fluid propulsion which I had discovered would work a tremendous revolution. My first announcements met with the usual scepticism. Wellknown engineers were of the opinion that a machine on my plan would not work at all. When I finally managed to produce a turbine not bigger than a hat, developing one hundred horsepower, I merely transformed the resistance of ignorance into one of cunning opposition. If I continue alone, years may pass before I can see the full fruition of my abours. If I seek a powerful alliance, I shall have to make the same sacrifices as in my system of transmission of power by alternating currents when I gave away with one signature an immense fortune and a commercial asset, the value of which cannot ever be estimated. I wish to thank you for your very kind letter of the 17th inst. and to express the hope that you will conserve the friendly interest you have manifested until I complete the machines I am now constructing, when I shall be able to give you a striking demonstration and perhaps submit some other proposition which might be acceptable to you. Believe me, Yours most faithfully,

236 / N. Tesla. /

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

__ . __

July 23, 1913. Dear Mr. Morgan: When I asked you for a large loan recently and you offered me more, my appreciation of your bigheartedness was scarcely equal to my resolve not to abuse your rare generosity. I was all the more anxious to work out the solution of my problems with what funds I had available as I knew from your published statements that these are trying times which must tax to the utmost your own resources. But since our last meeting new situation have presented themselves and unforeseen events have occurred which necessitated larger expenditures in the interest of the business I am developing. I shall soon have results which, I trust, will be of such value as to make you feel that your vigorous timely assistance was well deserved. With expressions of deep regard, believe me as ever, Yours faithfully, N. Tesla.

/ Copy of the $ 5000 bill, 6 % interest per year is omitted /

– . –

237 202 Metropolitan Tower August 21, 1913

Dear Mr. Morgan: I am forwarding photographs of one of the machines which your generous assistance has enabled me to construct and which I am expecting soon to have in running order. This is an invention of the greatest commercial value, sure to create an industrial revolution, and I hope that you can be persuaded to take it into your strong hands not only for my sake but for the general good. It will give you additional power and influence in affairs which, vested in a man of your lofty principles, can only be for the best. Please do me the favor of reading the enclosed statements of a leading electrical engineer which will convey to you an idea how anxious I am to reach quick results in order to complete the undertaking which I have begun with your father and show to the world the full possibilities of my wireless inventions. Yours very sincerely, / N. Tesla. /

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

__ . __

23 Wall Street New York August 25th, 1913.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 202 Metropolitan Tower, New York City.

238 Dear Sir, Mr. J. P. Morgan directs me to thank you for your letter of the 21st instant, which he has read with interest; also for the photographs which accompanied your letter. Yours very truly, J. Axten Secretary.

202 Metropolitan Tower September 11, 1913

Dear Mr. Morgan: I am keenly disappointed to learn that you are sailing on the sixteenth as I had expected to show you one of my machines at the Edison Plant where it will be shortly installed. Please note article under enclosure. Most of this huge capital will be invested in my system of power transmission. Yet I firmly believe that the new mechanical principle which I am now bringing out will prove still more valuable commercially. In view of this I would feel happy if some proposition could be framed which would be acceptable to you and under which you would have the full control. Would you not be willing to come to a general understanding in this regard and leave the adjustment of the details for the future, at your pleasure and convenience? I could, in the meantime, establish a profitable little business with small capital and some of my larger projects already started would by that time materialize and bring results deserving your attention. Hoping from all my heart that you will look favorably on this suggestion and awaiting your kind reply, I remain, with expressions of high regard, as ever, Yours faithfully, / N. Tesla. / / enclosure /

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

__ . __

239 23 Wall Street New York September 12, 1913.

Dear Mr. Tesla: I have your letter of yesterday, but, in the pressure of work preparatory to leaving, it is impossible to take up the matter you write about, especially as I shall not be at the office after today. Perhaps when I return some time in December, it will be possible for me to go into the question. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 202 Metropolitan Tower, Madison Square, New York. – . -

September 15, 1913. Dear Mr. Morgan: Please accept my sincere thanks for your kind and much valued letter. It would give me the greatest satisfaction to be associated with so splendid a man. I shall look hopefully to your return and trust that I will be able to solve the problems confronting me until then. With best wishes for a happy voyage, believe me, Most faithfully yours, N. Tesla.

__ . __

240

22 Old Broad Street, London, E. C. September 23, 1913. Dear Mr. Tesla, Thank you for your note, and for the books which you so kindly sent me for the voyage. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., Metropolitan Tower, New York City.

December 23, 1912.

Dear Mr. Morgan: During your absence I have used my limited wits and resources the best I could with the following results: 1) Agreement completed with the Bergmann Works (one of the largest concerns in Germany) on good royalty basis. Very valuable. 2) Sale of exclusive license for Belgium through the adviser of the King. The former Prince Albert knows me personally and takes great interest in my work. Payment $ 10,000 cash and fair royalty. 3) Concession for Italy through an associate of Crispi. Payment $20,000 and royalty. Not yet consummated. 4) Exclusive license for the United States to the Wing Manufacturing Company for turbo draught blowers. Royalty with guaranteed minimum. Manufacture started. 5) Exclusive license for train lighting to Drexel Railway Lamp Works. Royalty and guaranteed minimum. Consummated.

241 6) Agreement for automobile lighting with engine exhaust gas. Royalty basis. Manufacture started. 7) License for limited use of my wireless system on royalty basis Apparatus has been installed on several battleships. 8) Agreement with L. C. Tiffany (Tiffany Co.) on new invention. Percentage of manufacturer's selling price. Work started. Excellent chance. 9) Prospective agreement with Mr. N. F. Brady of the Edison Company in regard to the manufacture of turbines. Very good chance for big business. 10) Number of other propositions more or less developed. Some important. As you see, Mr. Morgan, here are decidedly valuable results very gratifying to me but, on the other hand, I am almost despairing at the present state of things. I need money badly and I cannot get it in these dreadful times. You are about the only man to whom I can now look for help. I have stated my case. With best wishes for a happy Christmas, I am as ever, Yours gratefully, / N. Tesla. /

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad St., City.

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris

New York, December 24th, 1913.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 202 Metropolitan Tower, 23rd St. & Madison Ave., N. Y. City.

242

Dear Sir: – Enclosed please find memo. of interest to December 31st, 1913, on your loan. We would be pleased to receive your check for same on or before that date, when we close our books for the year. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan.

Enclosure.

New York, December 24, 1913. Nikola Tesla, Esq., J. P. MORGAN & CO.,

WALL AND BROAD STREETS

6% Interest from May 20 to Dec. 31/13 on $15.000 552, 50 from July 23 to Dec. 31/13 on 5.000 131.69 $ 684,19

202 Metropolitan Tower December 29, 1913.

Dear Mr. Morgan: – As stated in my letter of the 23rd inst., I have already started a very profitable business which will yield in a short time a liberal income but my present situation gives me considerable anxiety. I am just now installing a large turbine at the Edison Plant preliminary to its shipment to he Bergmann Works in Germany where it must be delivered in January. My contract with this firm is of the greatest consequence to me as it should be worth at least $100,000 annually on the basis of the royalties stipulated. Other great German manufacturers are expected to join in the exploitation and even the Kaiser is interested. His Majesty and the

243 Empress honored me some time ago with invitations to Berlin of which, unfortunately, I was unable to avail myself. I am preparing to make demonstrations to Mr. Brady with this turbine, confident of convincing him that in adopting my invention the New York Edison Company could save one-third on their fuel bill. As soon as I have reached a conclusion with him I shall be in the position to put before you a proposition which I trust you will consider favorably. In connection with the contracts already undertaken and other pending negotiations, I am constructing model machines and developing plans calling for constant outlays. Furthermore, I have to defray numerous patent fees, workings and legal expenses and have also to meet before December 31st the interest on my notes for your generous loan of $ 20,000. If you will kindly grant me another small loan and extend the old one to the 1st of May, I shall make an earnest effort to remit as fast as money is received until I have either acquitted myself of the debt or some other agreement is reached. Assuring you that I shall deeply appreciate your friendly help in these terrible times, I remain, as ever, Yours most faithfully, / N. Tesla. /

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

202 Metropolitan Tower December 31, 1913.

Messrs. J. P. Morgan & Co., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

Gentlemen:

244 Replying to your favor of December 24th, I regret very much that owing to an unforeseen circumstance check for $684.17 (interest due on my loan to December 31st, 1913) will not reach you before Friday. Asking you to kindly excuse the delay, I remain Very truly yours / N. Tesla /

23 Wall Street New York January 2nd, 1914. N. Tesla, Esq., 202 Metropolitan Tower, New York City.

Dear Mr. Tesla, I received your letter of December 29th and am quite willing to extend the old loan to the 1st of May next, but I am not prepared to increase the amount by making a further loan as you suggest. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan.

202 Metropolitan Tower January 5, 1914.

Dear Mr. Morgan: Your letter of January 2d, kind and considerate as it was, has given me a painful shock although I had no right to expect further assistance from you for I believe that no other man in the United States would have done what you did under the circumstances. With a man of few words like yourself a short statement is better than pages of explanation. I quote from a letter received this morning from the Bergmann Works by their representative here:

245 “Mr Tesla will doubtless be pleased to learn that the Minister of Marine, Excellenz von Tirpitz has been requested to report to the German Emperor relative to the Tesla turbine, who is greatly interested in this invention. We have promised his Excellency that the machine will certainly be here on exhibition about the middle of January, so you know what this means. The machine has been completed some time ago and I hardly need to tell you why it was not shipped. I want $5,000 to carry out my agreement with the German firms and I cannot raise it even on contracts which, normally, would be considered fair security. If I cannot procure this amount immediately I fear that I shall lose a chance which does not come more than once in a lifetime. My success with the German firms means that I shall be a wealthy man within a year and able to carry out at my own expense the undertaking which I began with your father to a triumphal conclusion. My failure there would be disastrous to me and may make forever impossible the consummation of plans which I have patiently followed up for more than ten years. Yours most faithfully / N. Tesla. /

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. 23 Wall Street New York

January 5th, 1914. N. Tesla, Esq., 202, Metropolitan Tower, New York City.

Dear Sir, Mr. J. P. Morgan has received your letter of even date and directs me to inform you that he will make you a further loan of $5,000. for the purpose you mention.

246 Perhaps it would be best for you to come to his office and arrange the details of the matter as in past cases. Yours very truly, J. Axten Secretary

January 6, 1914.

My dear Mr. Morgan: This happens to be my Christmas eve and I naturally feel the power of that mysterious influence transmitted through ages which makes us the more susceptible to acts of kindness. I do not know what I would have done without your timely assistance in these distressing circumstances when everybody holds on to his dollars like a drowning man to a straw. Believe me, more than on my own accord am I glad to know that the great Morgan has left so worthy and noble a successor. I wish you from all my heart health and strength and continued success in your difficult and responsible position. As ever yours, Most faithfully, N. Tesla.

/ The copy of the bill $ 5,000 with February 20 maturity, 6% interest is ommited/

202 Metropolitan Tower, March 13, 1914.

Dear Mr. Morgan:

247 I have perfected a very valuable invention for which there is a ready and virtually unlimited market. The underlying principle is considered entirely novel and original and my practical record is firmly established. The patent attorneys, Kerr, Page, Cooper and Hayward, have examined carefully its merits form their points of view and I have also asked competent expert advice. The enclosed letters will speak for themselves. To convey and idea of the commercial possibilities, permit me to mention just one special application of my improvement,. Every automobile now carries a speed indicator or tachometer, which is a complicated and delicate apparatus comprising clock work, centrifugal regulator, cams and levers. A further drawback is that indications are not proportionate to the speed which necessitates the employment of an empirical scale and careful calibration. The present market price is from $50 to $100 and several hundred thousands are sold annually. My new indicator is ideally simple, consisting practically of two parts which are extremely cheap to manufacture so that the whole instrument can be had for a few dollars. The important thing is that the indications are rigorously proportionate to the speed, dispensing with all adjustment and calibration and permitting the use of a uniform scale. Putting it conservatively, I can save from thirty to sixty dollars on each car while giving to the purchaser incomparably better service. If I confine myself only to this one speciality I can easily make a large sum of money yearly, but there are many other and even wider fields for the invention and my attorneys urge me to start the introduction without delay. Now, Mr. Morgan, I cannot tell you how much I would appreciate the honor of an association in business with you and how happy I would feel to put myself in good standing with your father's estate and yourself. I would like to incorporate a company with small capital under my name and turn it over to you entirely in any manner you choose. As I know that you are too generous and would give me more than I ask for, I take the liberty to suggest one-third of the interest for myself. Please do not consider this proposition as an inducement because it is profitable, but take it in the respectful spirit in which it is made, namely, as an appeal to you for help at a critical moment of my life when it is imperative for me to secure as quickly as possible financial returns. In the turbine proposition I have received a painful setback. I installed the machine at the Edison Plant and made some very gratifying tests but soon discovered that the castings of the bearings were full of small holes which allowed the water to enter and made it hazardous to run. After numerous ineffectual attempts to remedy the defects I had to resign myself to renew these parts. The work is being carried on day and night and I expect to have everything in order the latter part of the next week, but I have spent considerably more money than I expected and the incertitude of meeting the bills and also of making certain payments in connection with my patents worry me greatly and at present I have only the hope that I might hear from you favorably. Believe me,

248 Yours most faithfully, / N. Tesla. /

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. 23 Wall Street New York

March 16, 1914. Nikola Tesla, Esq., 1. Madison Avenue, New York.

Dear Sir: Mr. J. P. Morgan has received your letter of March 13th and directs me to inform you that it would be impossible for him to become interested in any further inventions, the demands upon his time for other matters being one of the many reasons against his doing so. I return the two letters which accompanied yours. Yours very truly, J. Axten Secretary.

__ . __

202 Metropolitan Tower March 17, 1914. J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street,

249 New York, N. Y.

Dear Mr. Morgan: I have received your Secretary's letter of March sixteenth and wish to thank you for the attention given to the matter, as well as to apologize for my intrusion upon your valuable time. There was, of course, little hope that you would favorably consider my proposal, but, as a matter of principle, I did not want to undertake anything before offering the invention to you. It is a very fine improvement, indeed, out of which a great deal of money can be made quickly and my only difficulty now is to secure a little capital for starting the business. I believe that if I has $10,000 to begin with I could make $150,000 in the first year. The turbine development will be of necessity slow and I am trying hard to establish a profitable business in the meantime, in order to free myself of obligations and meet my current expenses. Believe me as ever, Yours faithfully, N. Tesla.

202 Metropolitan Tower March 19, 1914.

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

Dear Mr. Morgan: The reports which you may have noticed in the papers this morning, in regard to a wireless patent suit, are misleading inasmuch as the decision involves only certain specific features. The Marconi patent chiefly concerned in the suit was applied for four years after a grant to me of a broad patent on the same apparatus and its allowance was due to a mistake of the Examiner. My patents are absolutely controlling in every important feature of the art. The same case was recently argued in France between the Marconi and French Companies and, on the strength of my statement which I enclose and my American patent anticipating that of Marconi, a decision was rendered in favor of the French Companies.

250 Faithfully yours, N. Tesla.

Enclosure

202 Metropolitan Tower March 20, 1914.

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

Dear Mr. Morgan: I would be very grateful if you would accord me a few minutes at your convenience. I could come to your office any hour at short notice by telephone. Thanking you in advance, I remain, Yours faithfully, N. Tesla.

23 Wall Street New York March 23rd, 1914. N. Tesla, Esq., 202 Metropolitan Tower, New York City.

Dear Sir, Mr. Morgan has received your letter of March 20th, but says that it is impossible for him to see you at present, his time being so fully occupied with many other matters. Yours very truly,

251 J. Axten Secretary. __ . __

202 Metropolitan Tower April 2, 1914.

Dear Mr. Morgan, I regret the necessity of intruding upon your valuable time but will be as brief as possible. Under enclosure please find copy of formal letter addressed to me by your father, defining our mutual understanding in regard to his generous loan of $150,000. The original is in my safe and I have looked upon it always as my most precious possession. The patents granted to me in the United States absolutely control the wireless for all purposes, as you may satisfy yourself through Kerr, Page, Cooper and Hayward, attorneys for the General Electric and Westinghouse Companies. There will be immense sums of money invested in the new art and if I can only protect our joint property, a liberal return on the investment made cannot escape me. I am also enclosing several agreements already consummated to show the commercial possibilities of some of my inventions. I have numerous pending proposals in this and other countries which may at any time materialize but for the time being I am in a serious plight. If you do not come to my rescue I shall surely suffer great loss and be set back in the development of my business, possibly for years. As I stated in a previous letter, if I could only get a loan of $10,000 on these agreements as security for the purpose of putting on the market a magnificent money-making invention, I would be on an earning basis within two months and fully able to meet all the expenses which the development of my business demands until the larger undertakings come to fruition. You are the only man I know big-hearted enough to make such an advance. Hoping that I have not in any way forfeited the kind interest you have already shown and the confidence with which you have honored me, I remain Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street,

252 New York, N. Y. 23 Wall Street New York April 6, 1914.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 202 Metropolitan Tower, New York.

Dear Sir: Mr. Morgan has received your letter of April 3rd and directs me to tell you that he is not prepared to make any further advances of money to you. I return herewith the copies of the agreements which you sent for Mr. Morgan's information. Yours very truly, J. Axten Secretary

The Waldorf-Astoria New York April 8, 1914

My dear Mr. Morgan, Words can not express how much I have deplored the cruel necessity which compelled me to appeal to you again. But it was only after many false attempts in other directions that I wrote you knowing quite well what the answer would be. I said that I am in a serious plight, but the plain feel is that I am in a critical condition which I feel all the more I am as near to a triumph. Please do not take this as another cry for help but I wish you to realize that the word is full of small people and that men of your stature are few. As ever yours gratefully, N. Tesla

253 Woolworth Building April 30, 1914. J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, New York, N. Y.

Dear Mr. Morgan, Although I am temporarily at a disadvantage. I hope that I have lost none of your sympathy. Many men of business who have achieved greatness have found themselves in similar situations. I am working hard and persistently and am confident that everything will come out well in the end and that I shall be rewarded for my labors. Unfortunately, I have not as yet reached tangible results and will be grateful if you will kindly extend my obligation maturing tomorrow for another three months and also give me the privilege of paying the interest later when some of my returns will be due. Assuring you that I have deeply appreciated your generosity and that I am devoting my very best efforts to prove myself worthy of the faith your father and yourself have placed in me, I remain, as ever Yours with respectful regard, N. Tesla.

23 Wall Street New York May 1st, 1914.

N. Tesla, Esq., Woolworth Building New York City.

Dear Sir, Mr. J. P. Morgan has received your letter of yesterday, and directs me to point out to you that the loan was extended for three months from February 20th, and therefore does not fall due until May 20th. Yours very truly, J. Axten

254 Secretary.

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, June 25th, 1913.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 202 Metropolitan Tower, 23rd St. & Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

Dear Sir: – Enclosed please find memo. of interest to June 30th, 1914, on your loan, amounting to $541.67, for which please send us your check. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan & Co. Enclosure

1136 Woolworth Building July 13, 1914. Telephone “Barclay 6472”

Dear Mr. Morgan: Pardon me for trespassing on your valuable time, but the following statement is necessary and due to you as well as to myself. As you will kindly remember, I undertook thirteen years ago to transmit wireless telephonic messages around the world. While the experts then considered this an

255 impossible feat it was simple of accomplishment and the direct consequence of discoveries I made with my experimental plant in Colorado. But the man who promised assistance deserted me and deprived of triumphs and successes which were within easy reach. You are a strong man and may, perhaps, not realize what I have gone through. Certain it is that I would have succumbed to the pain had I not found force in contempt. However all is not lost yet and even if I should never be able to carry out what I have undertaken, I still can acquit myself of your father's generous loan provided that certain steps, which involve the expenditure of a comparatively small amount of money, are promptly taken. I am asking for nothing, Mr. Morgan, I merely state the fact. The development of my wireless system has cost me half a million dollars but this alone would not have prompted me to write you at this moment. As regards the turbine proposition which I brought to your personal attention, it can be summed up in a few words. Four years ago I owned 70% and another party 30% on which I secured an option for $200,000. Of this I managed to pay $60,000. I then sold an interest to secure capital for further development in the sum of about $150,000 which can be converted into a share of 18% in a new company I have intended to organize, after paying the remainder of the option. When I approached you last year my idea was to develop the business to a point at which it would deserve your attention and then submit the proposition to you on your own terms. It is impossible for me to explain everything at length but I have started commercial work along several lines and while I can advance only slowly, being as I am hampered for want of money, I am perfectly confident that I shall win out ultimately and adjust my business with you to your entire satisfaction. Believe me as ever, Most faithfully yours, N. Tesla

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 15 Broad Street, City.

New York, N. Y., November 23, 1914. Dear Mr. Morgan: I have been ill since some time but that has not bothered me as nearly as much as worry about my business.

256 In the first place, I have not yet reached a conclusion which would enable me to submit to you a definite and satisfactory proposition in regard to my turbine inventions. Agreements were drawn, by the terms of which four hundred thousand dollars ($400,000.) in cash and forty thousand dollars ($40,000.) minimum yearly royalties were to be paid for my British and French rights, but they were put off on account of conditions which suddenly developed and all other undertakings which I started in Europe, with the best prospects, have come to a halt for the same reasons. All this puts me to the necessity of asking you to kindly extend once more my note. I am unable to even pay the interest as I have had to use every dollar for pressing payments in connection with patent and other matters. As to the wireless situation, it has now reached the stage when I must begin my action against the infringers as otherwise my rights will be imperilled. Some time ago I called and explained the main points to your Mr. Sullivan. My victory is perfectly certain if the necessary steps are made. All independent electricians, including the leading experts of the Government, admit now that my patents are controlling and a precedence in my favor has already been established by a decision of the highest Court in France. You know, Mr. Morgan, that wireless transmission is considered the greatest of all inventions and that it has been evolved by me, not only in its fundamental principles but also in the most important details. Can you put yourself for a moment in my place? Surely, you are too big a men to permit such an outrage and historical crime to be perpetrated, as is now being done by cunning promoters. If I can meet the indispensable expenses for a little while, I shall certainly compel a settlement which will make your father's and my own investment in this invention highly profitable. I expect, also, to receive satisfaction form the United States Government (which has so far installed about $5,000,000 worth of my apparatus) and an acknowledgement through the Congress. My case is being prepared but I cannot stir further without money and, if I am not helped, all my prospects will be jeopardized. I have solved, in a simple and most practical manner, the problem of harnessing the waste heat in the manufacture of steel and iron and can positively prove that $50,000,000 can be turned to profit annually from this source in the United States but lack of funds prevents me from going ahead. Hoping to hear from you favorably, I remain, with respectful regard, as ever Yours faithfully, N. Tesla

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street,

257 City

23 Wall Street New York November 25, 1914.

Mr. Nikola Tesla, Woolworth building, 233, Broadway, New York.

Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of November 23rd, contents of which I have noted. I shall, of course, expect that you will make every effort to pay the interest on your loan as soon as possible. I am willing that the period of the present loan should be extended, but am not prepared to comply with your suggestion that a further loan be made to you. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan The Waldorf-Astoria New York Nov. 26. 1914.

Dear Mr. Morgan: The letter I have just received from you hurts! It was not a loan I asked, but assistance in the problem of the .... your father ...... with me. I know I have ...... and I thought that you would find it good and fair to help a little ...... when I am unable to bear the burden myself. We have the property and are absolutely sure ......

258 ..... provided that the necessary steps are taken. There is ...... Now as ..... I did not approach you with the idea to borrow but to imburse you...... These are terrible times ... which .... helpless stronger man than myself. I can say no more. Yours very faithfully, N. Tesla.

__ . __

New York, N. Y., December 4, 1914.

Gentlemen: Please accept the expression of my sincere regret on the great loss you have sustained in the death of your Mr. Bowdoin. I hope for the continued well-being and success of all the members of your Firm. Very truly yours, N. Tesla.

Messrs J. P. Morgan & Co. 23 Wall Street, City

259 J. P. Morgan & Co. P. O. Box 3036. New York, December 7th, 1914.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 1 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Dear Sir: We beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 4th instant, with your kind expression of sympathy at the death of our partner, Mr. Temple Bowdoin, which we greatly appreciate. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan & Co.

(Draft:) New York, Dec. 23, 1914.

Dear Mr. Morgan, At the suggestion of your secretary with whom I had a brief conference I submit the following statement for your kind consideration. When I interested your father in my project, the manner in which he treated .... my unbounded admiration for him carried me oft so completely that I put ... considerations aside and undertook to accomplish something great and ... the support of such a man. It was the construction of a wonderful apparatus ... of transmitting the human voice and likeness to any distance without wire. .... thoroughly demonstrated my propositions, secured perfect patent protection and. moreover, ..... myself that the undertaking would yield a net profit of not less than ... thousand dollars a day. On another occasion I have told you how I was deserted by the very man who ... millions in the industrial revolution ...... by some of my earlier inventions, ... number of years, alone and unaided. I had to defray the costs of all kinds ...... ment, patent ..... , fees and legal services, make expensive ...... and carry on interference .... until my priority was completely and /uni/vocally established in every instance. Furthermore, I was so particular to ... conduct of business above reproach that I devoted myself to the inhe......

260 my associates without salary and paid all office expenditures. This /requi/red a good deal of money, but I am convinced that I could not have ...... in a better investment provided only that the property I have developed ... conserved and protected until returns are assured. The present situation is such that the broad patents I have secured cover, first, ..... the essentials of the wireless now in use and second, a new art of transmitting energy without wire which is of infinitely greater scope and practical use and which has not been so far as much as touched by others. My position in ... fields has been greatly strengthened through fundamental patents which I have obtained ,,, most important invention which I disclosed to your father in 1902. It is ... difficult to explain the principle but I may illustrate ...... to give you the idea. A small and compact plant on this plan will transmit a hundred times more energy than all the wireless instalments so far made put together, ... there are several thousands of them. Nothing economical or on a larger scale, as ... across the oceans is possible without this invention. As you will kindly remember, your father, whose participation in my enterprize was like yours entirely confidential and only known to a few friends and associates, accepted to take for his advance one third of stock and other securities of company I was to organize. My legal advisers tell me that the ..... incorporation of an operating Company is a paramount necessity and ... proceedings against infringers must be begun at once as further ... will result in great loss of money and ...... by right...... being impossible under present conditions to put through any business /in/..some magnitude I would respectfully submit to you the following proposition: That we form a company with sound paid in capital to which all rights .. be transferred and with which I am to meet an agreement to assign further inventions and improvements in this field, and that we ...... and deliver them to you to secure you and your father's estate. It would ...... that much. I feel absolutely sure that under the very .... circumstances we would return to you and your father's estate not less than ... million dollars in a comparatively short time. I beg of you earnestly a favorable consideration. There is in this work invested half a million dollars of my own money but that matters little. What I am most anxious ... is to conclude the business to the satisfaction of those who ...... with me. /.... /

J. P. MORGAN & CO.

261 Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, December 23rd, 1914.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 202 Metropolitan Tower, 23rd St. & Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

Dear Sir: – Enclosed please find memo. of interest to December 31st, 1914, on your note, amounting to $1,308.33. Kindly hand us your check on or before that date, when we close our books for the year. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan & Co. Enclosure (Draft:)

The Waldorf-Astoria New York. Dec. 23, 1914.

My dear Mr. Morgan, If you will give me a short hearing I shall submit you a proposition which will place my business with your father and yourself on a sound basis and enable me to achieve the great success I have been so long striving for. I have developed property worth many millions of dollars, but it is skipping out of my hands and will be lost if you do not intervene as my deus ex machina. With respectful regards as ever, Yours most faithfully,

262 N. Tesla.

(Draft:) The Waldorf-Astoria New York. Jan. 7. 1915. Dear Mr. Morgan, Today is my Christmas and I feel that if I do not convince you now I never will. When I brought one my system of power transmission numerous competitors appropriated it and for a few years I was nowhere. The old clipping under inclosure tells how it all ended. Every infringer without exception had to pay up. My position in the wireless is much stronger because it is not like my power system a single discovery or invention but an art which is based on the use of a number of fundamental inventions all made and protected by me. Please read inclosure from Eectrical Review ...... referring to my latest patent and kindly remember that I have no press agent like other celebrities but on the contrary, an army of cunning people enraged against me. I have inclosed blue prints of apparatus designed by my licensee Mr. Lowenstein under my wireless patents which has been installed on the biggest warvessels and according to the report of Secretary Daniels dated Aug. 20. 1914 is “superior to any other radio apparatus.” So much that a considerably higher price is being paid for it. This system is based in the use of certain waves discovered by me which are effective at any distance, however great, unlike those now in use The above is stated simply to show what I have developed with your father's assistance in a property of great value, which ... bring large returns to us and .... my needs to be put through methodically and protected for a while. Little money will be sufficient for this and I assure you on my word, knowing the situation, that you will not ... the slightest risk. What I propose is to organize the “Tesla World Wireless Company” which will be bonded for the amount you choose and one third of stock of ...... be turned over to your father's estate according to my original understanding with your father. To meet the ...... , patent and working expenses and give full protection to the property, an amount of $480,000 will be sufficient for the Company ...... a ... revenue of the .... from their own licences and will in all probability be able to ...... I feel sure that if you will assist the undertaking ...... in my turbine ...... but is as safe as a government bond. I have shown you the opinion of leading engineers to ..... effect that they are of revolutionary character. I am .... how to .... the commercial success but in the

263 meantime you know, of course, that all my personal ..... is pledged in.... you for your generous loan of $ 25.000. I earnestly hope that you ...... I ask and enable me to ... myself ...... and to save the fortune which I have invested in my wireless inventions. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla. 5 inclosures

23 Wall Street New York January 8, 1915.

Dear Mr. Tesla: I am very sorry, but it is impossible for me to put any further money into inventions, and I am afraid, therefore, that you will have to work out the one you refer to without any further assistance from me. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan

Mr. Nikola Tesla, Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York.

The Waldorf-Astoria New York. Jan. 14. 1915.

264 Dear Mr. Morgan, Since receipt of your letter of the 8th inst. I have felt as if a calamity had befallen me. But at the same time I am glad to receive the evidence that my insistence, though possibly displeasing, has not created a prejudice in your mind. The clipping from the Electrical Review may have impressed you that I asked your support for something new. Such is not the case. I wanted only to be in the position to get a fair price for our joint property which will be otherwise lost exactly as ...... is jeopardized by non-payment of taxes. Just to give an example, I have to advise a ...... by cable to-morrow, if not ... valuable ...... , will be lost. For them I have already had a proposal of $400,00000 in cash and more than this in royalties. I shall ...... make money as I have done before but what good will it do when the rights are gone? And we know ...... which ..... which others are exploiting in violation of law. I am powerless to ..... our right. But if I could incorporate a Company as I proposed to you, that would stop at once. I believe in fact that not one of the infringers would even dare to fight. They would come to terms the moment they would see that I have an organization behind me. When the Niagara enterprise came to a stop for want of funds we appealed to your father. He said no and no again. But finally he ..... a ...... in the nick of time. The same happened to the General Electric Co. I am not begging for anything, Mr. Morgan, but simply wish to put this case before you in the true light. Regretting very much the cruel circumstances compelling me to .... the solution by a degree ...... to a man of re...... and thanking you most sincerely for your rare generous and ...... treatment I remain as ever faithfully yours, N. Tesla.

The Waldorf-Astoria New York. Feb.19, 1915.

Dear Mr. Morgan, The German experts, Prof. Braun (recipient of the Nobel prize) and Prof. Lannach (leading authority on wireless) have been in ...... since some time ...... ing the situation and have come to the conclusion that my patents are controlling in the ...... As a result the German companies have recognized my rights and offered to pay a percentage on their gross earning and we have signed an agreement to this affair. I am

265 expecting to embody in their plant at Sayville some features of my own which will make it practicable to communicate to Berlin by wireless telephone and the royalties from this source will be very considerable. This strengthens my position greatly, but, at the same time, to be perfectly sure it would be necessary to do as my attorneys advise. I have had a conference with them yesterday and the enclosed letter which I have just received is sufficiently explicit in itself. We have already drawn papers and if I could organize them and Company /understanding/ everything will be absolutely sure and I shall be in a position ... commanding terms with all infringers. The Marconi people now approach me ..... with proposals to join interests but ...... it was on a basis of stock which is offered to the public and not acceptable for this reason. My Company will be privileged at least until its shares are as good as gold certificates. As you see Mr. Morgan, this new Company will have good ..... in the royalties already secured and will be fully capable of discharging the indebtedness of 44 thousand dollars and there can be no doubt that within the next few months agreement will be concluded which will enable me to settle my business with your father 's estate in a manner very satisfactory to you and to myself. It would be useless for me to entangle in arguments however sound and convincing but I will quote from the advisable circular issued by J. P. Morgan & Co Feb. 20, 1913 page 15: “We have never heard of any responsible and deserving individual, firm or corporation being unable to secure ample credit”. Now here is a responsible and deserving individual who has expended three quarter of a million dollar in work which is already of incalculable value to the world and who is sure to make a large fortune if he can overcome the present difficulty. And he is trying it now. Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla

__ . __

The Waldorf-Astoria New York. March 17, 1915. Dear Mr. Morgan,

266 I have just learned that you are to sail to-morrow and /wish/ to wish you a happy voyage. It looks as there will be a very favorable developments in my business in the near future and I hope to have tangible results before your return. Believe me as ever, Yours very faithfully, N. Tesla.

J. P. Morgan, Esq., S.S. Philadelphia __ . __

New York, June 11, 1915

Dear Mr. Morgan: I would have written before, had I not been afraid to 'praise the day before evening', but there seems to be no doubt that you are out of danger and I hasten to congratulate you on your miraculous escape which was due to Mrs. Morgan's presence of mind and your energetic action. I was, myself, exposed to attacks of cranks a number of times. The last case was that of a certain Mrs. Tierstein who wanted to shoot me for throwing electricity at her. I disdained to complain but finally she was caught and Judge Foster sent her to asylum. I pity the poor woman. These deluded wretches are not responsible, the true cause of it all is the incessant agitation in the papers. I hope that you will do something towards stopping it. I have taken the liberty of forwarding under separate cover a little article I wrote, thinking that it might interest you in your present enforced inactivity. I touch in it about as lightly as was possible on some of my work. My 'ship' has not yet come in but it is on way. Submarines worse than those of Germans are lurking all around but, perhaps, they will miss it. Please note the statement in regard to the Steel Industry. I have carefully studied the proposition and am convinced that the figures are conservative. The problem is solved but how to make people listen is still a great difficulty. Believe me, with respectful regard and best wishes, Yours faithfully,

267 N. Tesla

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 69 West 88th St., New York City

___ . ___

Station Glencove Telephone, 194 Glencove Matinicock Point, Glencove L. I. July, 13th, 1915. Dear Mr. Tesla: I thank you very much for your kind letter, and certainly hope that your “ship” may come in heavily loaded with the most substantial of profits. I shall read your article with great interest. Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan

N. Tesla, Esq., Woolworth Building, New York City.

J. P. MORGAN & CO.

268 New York, June 28, 1915. Nikola Tesla, Esq.,

Dear Sir: Please send us check for $ 2041.67 in payment of interest to June 30, 1915 on your Time Loan, as per statement below, and oblige. Yours truly, J. P. Morgan & Co. / Copy of the bill /

November 26, 1915.

Dear Mr. Morgan: I am writing an the first sheet of our stationery to congratulate you on your speedy recovery which is an evidence of your reserve powers. May you be spared all further suffering! On this occasion I take liberty to ask you as a great favor for a photograph of your father. Lord Kelvin, who had a deep affection for me, gave me one of his and I want these two portraits to inspire me, one in business, the other in science. I am doing my work at present with surprising ease and am determined to take advantage of my second wind in overcoming the obstacles which have confronted me since years. With expressions of high regard, believe me as ever, Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 71 Wes 88th Street, City.

269 23 Wall Street New York November 29, 1915.

Dear Mr. Tesla: By direction of Mr. J. P. Morgan, I am sending a photograph of the late J. P. Morgan, as requested in your letter of the 26th instant. Yours very truly. J. Axten Secretary

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 8. West 40th Street, New York.

New York, November 29, 1915. My dear Mr. Morgan: I feel deeply grateful for the splendid photograph of your father. It will remind me with pride of my relations with him and the thought of his greatness, the magnanimity and firmness of his character will always be for me a source of inspiration and courage. Under enclosure please find two editorials just received which are interesting inasmuch as these papers were against me. With assurances of high regard and sincere wishes for your health and welfare, believe me Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

J. P. Morgan, Esq.,

270 23 Wall Street, New York City, N. Y.

December 30, 1915. Messrs J. P. Morgan & Co., 23 Wall Street, City

Gentlemen: I am mindful of the fact that accumulated interest on my note for $25.000 is now due and that you will probably expect my check for the amount at the close of the year. For the time being I am still unable to meet this obligation, but I am making good headway in the development of my business and feel certain that the matter will be adjusted to your entire satisfaction in the very near future. Wishing you a most happy and prosperous New Year, I beg to remain, Very truly yours, N. Tesla.

December 30, 1915. Dear Mr. Morgan: Please accept my best wishes for a happy and successful New Year. Your task is both the most important and hazardous of the time. I hope sincerely that in keeping your eyes to the stars you may not stumble over pebbles. With expressions of high regard, Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

J. P. Morgan, Esq.,

271 23 Wall Street, City.

January 10, 1916.

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City, New York.

Dear Mr. Morgan: The war has given special interest to the manufacture of nitric acid from the air by electrical processes. Heretofore, but one hundred thousand tons were consumed annually in all the world's industries. Many times that amount is now required for explosives only. The acid is already very scarce, the market price has trebled and is rising rapidly. Everybody naturally thinks of water-power, but the fact is that even under the present conditions first class hydro-electric power is too dear. When a plant at Niagara was started years ago with power at $15.00 I advised my friends that the undertaking would surely fail and it did. But there is plenty of waste power in the United States which can be very profitably employed in the production of nitrates. I have pointed out the possibilities of such manufacture in connection with the steel industry in the article inclosed, a typewritten copy of which was forwarded to your Long Island home at an earlier date. Years of careful investigation and a number of inventions which I made in their course have preceded these statements. There is a marvellous opportunity. The Steel Corporation could secure immense revenue by applying my improvements. They are making millions out of my inventions already. Is there no way in which I might be a little assisted in making a practical demonstration? Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla. Inclosure. [Sic]

January 16, 1916.

272 J. P. Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, New York City, New York.

Dear Mr. Morgan, A short while ago I read a statement from you in regard to some aspects of the war. This prompts me to send you the inclosed [sic] as of possible interest to you in connection with the subject. Yours faithfully, N. Tesla. Inclosure.

January 1, 1917.

Dear Mr. Morgan, The above Company was recently organized with the purpose of marketing some of my inventions. For the time being it must be done on a modest scale, but we are starting under good auspices and success seems to be assured. I hope soon to be in the position of showing that your kindness and generosity was in a measure deserved. This is the first sheet of our stationery and I am writing to express to you my heartiest wishes for a happy and prosperous New Year. Hoping for your continued health and welfare I remain with respectful regards Most faithfully yours N. Tesla

J. P. Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, N. Y.

New York, June 13, 1917.

273

Dear Mr. Morgan, Had it not been for fear of trespassing on your most valuable time I would have written long ago to tell you how much I have rejoiced in your wonderful success. The gigantic performance of your father and the fame of your firm have been helpful but you could not have achieved what you did had you not combined genius and courage to a rare degree. I hope from all my heart for your health and preservation in the face of the perils to which you are exposed. On this occasion I would beg you to convey to all of your family my respectful and sincere congratulations and good wishes upon the coming marriage of your daughter. May you be as happy at home as you are prosperous in affairs! I have made gratifying progress in the development of my own little undertakings and in about four months the assured income will be sufficient to take care of my obligation to you. My big ship is still to come in, but I have now a marvellous opportunity having perfected an invention which will astound the whole world. From the engineering point of view it will be a greater accomplishment than the wireless and the results of which I am absolutely certain, will be of incalculable value in many ways. I also believe that this advance will afford an effective means for meeting the menace of the submarine. I am hopeful that I shall soon be enabled to put my plans in tangible form, when I could readily secure any capital desired for the exploitation of my wireless system which is a century ahead of the art of the present day. You may see from the enclosed excerpts that there is no longer a doubt among engineers as to who is the originator of the principles. As ever, Yours faithfully, N. Tesla. June 16th, 1917.

J. P. Morgan & Co. 23 Wall Street, New York City, N. Y.

Gentlemen: It is proper to congratulate you on the success of the “Liberty Loan”. Your subscription was great and inspiring. It turned the tide. Yours very truly,

274 N. Tesla.

23 Wall Street, New York June 20, 1917,

Dear Mr. Tesla: Mr. Morgan directs me to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 13th instant, and to say that he hopes that your expectations will very soon be realized. Yours very truly, J. Axten

Mr. Nikola Tesla, 8, West 40th Street, New York.

The Waldorf-Astoria New York Sep. 18. 1917

Dear Mr. Morgan, I am glad to ... from the papers that you have not withdrawn from business after all...... 3 ..... Yours faithfully, N. Tesla

3 Following 3 pages are completely illegible – Ed.

275

Jan. 6, 1922 J. P. Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, City.

Dear Mr. Morgan: I am often thinking of your father and yourself, gratefully remembering the splendid treatment I have received and my resolve is growing stronger every day to prove myself worthy of the confidence placed in me. My chances are excellent for I have made a number of very valuable inventions and, as regards the wireless, I believe that I am farther ahead of the art now than I was twenty years ago. As you may see from the enclosed clippings, I have discovered a new mechanical principle enabling the production of speedometers of ideal simplicity, great accuracy, and extremely cheap construction which are proving a complete commercial success. We made agreement some time ago with the Waltham Watch Company for the use of this invention on automobiles, trucks and other vehicles and the business is now firmly established and expanding rapidly. They have no difficulty in selling all they can manufacture and are enlarging their facilities so as to turn out these instruments in big numbers. There is not the slightest doubt that as soon as this is done all other speedometers, of which from two to three million are produced annually, will have to be abandoned and mine generally adopted. In such case our income from this source might well amount to $300,000. or more a year. Of course, just for the present, owing to limited equipment and business depression, the monthly production of the Waltham Watch Company is only from three to four thousand and our returns are temporarily small. We still own the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the invention in the United States for all other purposes except indication of translatory speed of vehicles and we are in an exceptionally fine position to start at once a business which will be highly remunerative. It would not involve the least financial risk because the commercial success has already been achieved and my patent, which is of the most fundamental kind, has been sustained in court and cannot be upset, this insuring monopoly for thirteen years. We have a number of very good prospects here and in foreign countries where we are now represented by a well-known business man of great ability, but there is no asset immediately available for raising the capital required except this Waltham agreement and before proceeding further we would respectfully submit to you the following proposition.

276 We have made a careful estimate with our Manager of the outlays to be incurred and would require $35,000. for launching this new business. There is due to you the sum of approximately $40,000. this being the $25,000. originally loaned with interest at 6 percent so that if you were disposed to furnish this working capital, our whole indebtedness to you would amount to $75,000., as security for which we would assign to you our agreement with the Waltham Watch Company and, furthermore, pledge you the new enterprise. Inasmuch as I had an understanding with your father that he was to have one-third interest in my wireless undertaking, I assume that it would most nearly meet your wishes if we stipulate that after your loan of $75,000. has been paid in full, you would continue to receive one-third of the proceeds from the Waltham contract and our new business. As there are a number of things to be said in this connection I would deeply appreciate the favor of a short personal interview at your convenience which would give me an opportunity of elucidating matters. With expressions of high regard, believe me Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla 3 Enclosures

Hotel St. Regis New York May 9, 1922 J. P. Morgan & Co., New York

Gentlemen, Permit me to express my heartfelt sympathy on the premature death of your Mr. Davison who has rendered such great service to the world and added to the fame of your firm. If Mr. Morgan had lived he would have been supremely qualified to see his judgement in regard to the genius and sterling qualities of the man .....ntly confirmed. Achievements in finance are wrought in ...... forms, but Mr. Davison's stupendous work on behalf of the Red Cross is a monument to his memory which will long be cherished by grateful humanity. Yours very respectfully, Nikola Tesla

277

J. P. MORGAN & CO. Wall St. Corner Broad. New York DREXEL & CO. Philadelphia. MORGAN, HARJES & CO. Paris New York, May 11th, 1922.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., 8 West 40th Street, New York City.

Dear Sir: We are deeply touched by your message of sympathy in the irreparable loss we have suffered in the death of our Mr. Henry P. Davison. With sincere thanks we remain, Yours very truly, J. P. Morgan & Co.

(Draft:) Nov. 21, 1924 Dear Mr. Morgan, The mothers loss grips one's heart more powerfully than any other sad experience in life and much stronger the ...... the more agonising is the pain. Please accept my heartfelt condolence in your bereavement. I had the honor of friendly relations with Mrs. Morgan and have retained most agreeable and ..... recollection of her personality. She was a ..... woman with feminine ideals, one of that rare type which has brought forth great races and men and the inevitable elimination of which through the spread of odious modern ideas will prove a calamity as great as any that has ever befallen the world.

278 With renewed expressions of sympathy believe me Yours most faithfully N. Tesla

J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq., 23 Wall Street, N. Y.

23 Wall Street New York July 17, 1930

Dear Mr. Tesla: I received your letter of July 16th. I mentioned it to Mr. Morgan but he does not feel that he can take it up. With all good wishes, I am Sincerely yours, ......

N. Tesla, Esq., Hotel Pennsylvania Seventh Avenue and 33rd Street New York City

Hotel New Yorker November 29, 1934 J. P. Morgan, Esq.,

279 23 Wall Street New York

Dear Mr. Morgan: I have made discoveries of inestimable value which are referred in the marked passage of the clipping enclosed. Their practical application should yield an immense fortune. The flying machine has completely demoralized the world, so much that in some cities, as London and Paris, people are in mortal fear from aerial bombing. The new means I have perfected afford absolute protection against this and other forms of attack. You know how your father assisted me in the development of my wireless system. He did not get any returns but I am convinced that if he were living he would be gratified by the knowledge that my inventions are universally applied. I still gratefully remember your own support although the /war ? / deprived me of the success I had achieved. I not only lost everything in these two undertakings but was for years compelled to pay off all sorts of unfair claims. It was only a little while ago that I managed to settle the last one and terminate the tormenting nightmare. These new discoveries, which I have carried out experimentally /on/ a limited scale, have created a profound impression. One of the most pressing problems seems to be the protection of London and I am writing to some influential friends in England hoping that my plan will be adopted without delay. The Russians are very anxious to render their borders safe against Japanese invasion and I have made them a proposal which is being seriously considered. I have many admirers there especially on account of the introduction of my alternating system to an extent unprecedented. Some years ago Lenin made twice in succession very tempting offers to come to Russia but I could not tear myself from my laboratory work. Words can not express how much I am aching for the same facilities which I then had at my disposal and for the opportunity of squaring my account with your father's estate and yourself. I am no longer a dreamer but a practised man of great experience gained in long and bitter trials. If I had now twenty thousand dollars to secure my property and make convincing demonstrations I could acquire in a short time colossal wealth. Would you be willing to advance me the sum if I pledged to you these inventions? Mr. Morgan you are still able to help an undying cause but how long will you be in this privileged position? We are in the clutches of a political party which caters openly and brazenly to the mob and believes that /by/ pouring out billions of public money, still uncollected, it can remain power indefinitely. The democratic principle are forsaken and individual property and incentive are made a joke. The “New Deal” is a perpetual motion scheme which can never work but is given a semblance of operativeness by unceasing supply of the peoples capital. Most of the measures adopted are a bid for votes and some are destructive to established industries and decidedly socialistic. The next step might be the “distribution” of wealth by excessive taxing if not ...uscription.

280 With best wishes and respectful regards believe me as ever, Yours most faithfully, N. Tesla.

SUPPLEMENTS

THE NIAGARA FALLS COMPANY D. O. MILLS, President EDWARD A. WICKES, First Vice Prest. WILLIAM B. RANKINE, Second Vice Prest. and Treas. F. I. LOVELACE, Secretary W. PAXTON LITTLE, Asst. Secy. and Asst. Treas.

NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y. November 20, 1902. Nikola Tesla, Esq., Wardenclyffe, L. I.

Dear Sir: - Confirming our conversation in respect of your establishment of a manufacturing plant at Niagara Falls, to produce commercially a number of your inventions, The Niagara Falls Power Company will be glad to supply electrical power to such a Company in the form of 2200-volt, three Phase, 25-cycle alternating current, as it comes from the generators in our Power Houses, to be delivered and measured at the site of your manufactory. This power may be taken in a block of, say, 5,000 E.H.P. continuous 24-hour power, under our standard form of lease, a copy of which is herewith enclosed, and the charge for such power will be, say, $20 per E.H.P. per annum delivered at the factory. It may be taken in the form of 10-hour power for mechanical manufacturing purposes and paid for at our standard kilowatt-hour rate for services and use, as set forth in the printed list of rates, also enclosed herewith. The Power Company will deliver this power upon lands which it is prepared to lease to your Company under the general provisions of the standard form of lease, hereinbefore referred to, for a period of five, ten or twenty years, with renewals, at an annual rental fixed on the basis of an interest charge on the appraised valuation of the land free of improvements. This form of lease has been found satisfactory to all of our principal tenants, who, under its terms, have practically all the protection of a deed

281 without the investment in real estate which would be required by a purchase. Land can be located on the river front, with dockage, so that shipments may be made via the Lakes and Erie Canal. You are familiar with the facilities furnished for shipment by rail through the Niagara Junction Railway, which would connect your plant with all of the trunk lines passing through Niagara Falls, thus giving the advantage of competitive rates. The Power Company controls the Junction Railway, and also the Development Company, which has built one hundred twenty houses for operatives, affording cheap and pleasant homes at low rentals, which rentals include water and electric light. We shall be very glad to give you any further information which you may desire in regard to this proposition, and shall be glad to encourage the location at Niagara of such an establishment as you contemplate. With this in view, we shall be glad to arrange with such a Company so located on our lands for the use by it for the limited time and at a low charge, for testing purposes, of large quantities of electrical current which may be available from our surplus power, at times when we may not have commercial use for it. Yours very truly, THE NIAGARA FALLS POWER COMPANY, By William B. Rankine Second Vice-President

Waldorf-Astoria New York, Dec. 20, 1903.

Thos. F. Ryan, Esq., Morton Trust Company, New York City, N.Y.

My dear Mr. Ryan: You said to me: “Where is the paper? I will sign it right now.” When I told you that I looked for ten subscribers of $10,000 each you remarked: “What is the use of going to so many people. I shall take $25,000.” If you knew what I thought of you, you would understand that I have built on your words as on the law of gravitation.

282 Please do not construe this as a claim. Nothing would be farther from my thought. You have treated me well enough. Your help was timely and I am grateful. But it pains me to think that in a country which has been revolutionized by my inventions one of its greatest men does not want to offer his hand to a lift when I thought he would consider it an honor to lead. I did not want your approval as business-man. If it were given it would be fatal to my project. The first question any intelligent man would ask would be: “If Mr. Ryan thinks well of this what do you want me for?” I could not raise ten cents on any such representations. I have no time for business until I actually demonstrate my claims. The only way to interest people is in the same spirit as I would if I were organizing a Polar expedition. Now your refusal to sign makes it tremendously difficult to put the project through for I cannot ask anybody else to sign. I must simply go on promises. You have made a wonderful success but I believe that it would not hurt you at all if the world knew of your generosity to me. My acknowledgment of Mr. Morgan's magnanimous assistance has been in every paper in the country. It did not hurt him. Whenever I do anything I try to do it as well as possible. Your mind is fertile. Could you not give me a friendly advise? Yours faithfully, N. Tesla

Waldorf-Astoria, New York, Dec. 28, 1905.

H. C. Frick, Esq., Trinity Building, New York City, N. Y.

Dear Mr. Frick: I take liberty to address to you the following statement impelled by the desire to disturb you as little as possible.

283 (1) The work which I have undertaken with Mr. Morgan's generous assistance is not experimental. I am merely constructing a more powerful and improved plant on the pattern of that I built in Colorado in 1899 with which all my discoveries were experimentally demonstrated. (2) I have secured fundamental patent rights on all the methods and appliances indispensable to the transmission of energy without wires for all imaginable purposes. (3) The plant I am building can be completed by July 1st when it will be possible to send telegraphic signals, typewritten and telephonic messages to any point in the world with the greatest facility and precision. (4) It is understood with Mr. Morgan that then a company might be formed for commercial exploitation. (5) You and Mr. Morgan would take for yourself and accord to me whatever you like. (6) With this plant I shall show the practicability of transmitting power in industrial amounts. (7) I would then propose to complete the plans for a plant of 10,000 horsepower which could be put in operation in the fall after the next. (8) The earning capacity of such a power plant will be enormous as the energy which is cheap at the waterfall can be disposed of in various parts of the world at high price. I only need to refer to the lighting of isolated residences of the better class. My entire outfit for lighting such a house could be furnished for $50.00. (9) Although the commercial possibilities of this advance are infinite I am appealing to you in the same spirit I have appealed to Mr. Morgan and in which he has responded. Nature has given you the power for managing business and making money. Just a little of that you have in abundance combined with the exquisite and rare I have will enable us to advance the world for centuries. With best wishes for your health and welfare and New Year's greetings I remain Faithfully yours, N. Tesla

A. BENDER, DEALER and JOBBER in French and Picture Glass 142 RACE STREET Feb. 4 – Bklyn 2. 4. 1911

284 Dr. Tesla Nikola

Dear Sir, I am buying old negatives and we are cleaning them and use them for glass I pay as follows for same 5 – 7 – 3.00 per 1000 6½ – 8½ 5.00 “ 8 – 10 – 7. 50 “ 10 – 12 – 12.50 “ 11 – 14 – 15.00 “ 14 – 17 – 30.00 “

Kindly state the different sizes and our man will call to see you.

Very truly yours A. Bender

202 Metropolitan Tower, 1 Madison Ave., New York, February 7th, 1911

A. Bender, Esq., 225 South 3rd St., Brooklyn, New York.

Dear Sir: I am much obliged to you for calling my attention to the fact that you have found a use for old negatives. The glass employed is generally of a very good quality and properly cleaned furnishes excellent plates for electrical condensers. I have often thought that a profitable business could be developed along these lines, but am not much interested in selling plates as I have none available but rather in procuring them from you. Should I need some I shall communicate with you in due course. Yours very truly, N. Tesla

285

202 Metropolitan Tower February 16, 1913

Sigmund Bergmann, Esq., Hotel Astor, Broadway & 44th St., City.

Dear Sir: Confirming the verbal agreement reached by us Friday last for the commercial exploitation of my patent rights relating to the new principle of fluid propulsion in Germany, Austria and Hungary, I send you herewith a condensed statement of the mutual obligations which, on my part as owner or controller of these rights, I am prepared to assume. I. You shall receive an exclusive license for Germany under all patents owned or controlled by me or my assignees and pertaining to the above subject. II. In consideration of this privilege you are to pay as license fees or royalties the amounts specified in the annexed schedule. III. You will make reports to me or my assignees at the expiration of every three months on all apparatus manufactured and sold by you under the provisions of this agreement or of a formal contract to be made in accordance therewith. IV. It is understood that you books showing the nature and extent of the business conducted under this license shall be open for inspection to me or my representatives. V. All apparatus manufactured and sold by you shall bear my name. VI. It is mutually agreed that each party shall have the full benefit of all improvements on the inventions covered by this license and made, owned or controlled by the other. VII. You shall have the right to license others to manufacture and sell the said inventions and improvements in Germany provided your licensees are bound equally with you by all the provisions of this agreement. VIII. I am to construct and deliver to you within sixty days a turbine of 500 horse-power embodying my invention and equipped with a hydraulic brake for testing and measurement. IX. You assume forthwith all obligations in connections with the prosecution of the patents in Germany and their maintenance in force.

286 X. I agree to give you an option on the patent rights secured to me in Austria and Hungary on the same terms as here stipulated, such option however, to expire thirty days after the delivery to you of the turbine referred to. XI. It is furthermore provided that upon failure to perform your obligations the license may be revoked and terminated by a written notice of sixty days to this effect. XII. You are to pay to my order, on the acceptance of this agreement, the sum of five thousand dollars ($5000).

Awaiting your favor, I remain, Yours very truly, N. Tesla

New York, N. Y., February 19, 1913 Nikola Tesla, Esq., 1 Madison Avenue New York, N. Y.

Dear Sir: I duly received your favor of February sixteenth setting forth the mutual obligations in your proposed agreement of the same date for the commercial exploitation of your patent rights relating to the principle of fluid propulsion in Germany, Austria and Hungary, and wish to say that the terms are acceptable to me with the provision, however, that the payment of $5000 should be modified as follows: $1000 immediately, $1500 six weeks from the date, and the balance of $2500 two weeks after receiving the 500 horse-power machine. It is furthermore understood between us that in the event I choose for some reason or other not to remit the second or third payments, our mutual obligations shall cease. In the event that you should be unsuccessful in securing patents in Germany, I shall consider myself released of any obligations so far as that country is concerned but I will have the right to take up the Austria and Hungary proposition on the same conditions should I desire to do so. Yours very truly, S. Bergmann

202 Metropolitan Tower

287 February 19, 1913 Sigmund Bergmann, Esq., Hotel Astor, New York, N. Y.

Dear Sir: I wish to confirm receipt of your favor of even date and to say that the modification you have proposed with respect to the payment of $5000 is acceptable to me I hereby acknowledge receipt of the first payment of $1000 made to me in cash. Very truly yours, N. Tesla

Bergmann Elektricitäts-Werke, Aktiengesellschaft

Turbinen-Abteilung4

Telegramm-Adresse Giro-Conto REICHSBANK FULGURA BERLIN Aktienkapital und Reserven 46 Millionen Mark

Berlin N. 65, den 10 März 1913 Tuko/Dr.E./Vgt Herrn Nikola Tesla, 202, Metropolitan Tower,

Long Island, N. Y. (Amerika)

4 Kopirati zaglavlje memoranduma.

288

Wir erhielten von Herrn Geheimrat B e r g m a n n die ihm anläßlich seines Aufenthaltes in den Vereinigten Staaten übergebenen Unterlagen, bestehend in einigen Photographien und einer amerikanischer Patentanmeldung Ihrer neuen Dampfturbine und Pumpe. Wir sind momentan damit beschäftigt, Ihre Erfindung zu prüfen, soweit uns dies überhaupt bei dem uns zu Verfügung stehenden spärlichen Material möglich ist. Wir wären Ihnen daher zu Dank verpflichtet, wenn Sie die Güte hätten, uns weitere Unterlagen, aus denen wir uns ein genaues Bild über die Wirkungsweise und die Ökonomie machen können, zustellen würden. Mit Ausnahme des Herrn Geheimrat Bergmann übergebenen Materials steht uns nur ein Hinweis auf Ihre Turbine in der “Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen”, sowie ein allerdings nicht sehr günstig gehaltener Artikel von Herrn Prof. H. Lorenz über Ihre Pumpe, in der gleichen Zeitschrift erschienen, zur Verfügung. Wir erlauben uns, Sie darauf hinzuweisen, das, bedingt durch die hohen Kohlenpreise in Deutschland, nur eine Turbine, die einen guten Nutzeffekt aufweist, imstande ist, sich Eingang auf dem Markte zu verschaffen. Unsere Aufgabe ist es somit, in erster Linie zu prüfen, mit welchem Wirkungsgrad resp. mit welchem Dampfverbrauch Ihre Turbinen arbeiten. Wie wir aus dem übersandten Material ersehen können, haben bereits Turbinen verschiedener Größe gebaut und sind deshalb imstande, über bereits erzielte Resultate Angaben machen zu können. Ferner ist es ja im höchsten Grade wahrscheinlich, daß Sie, gestützt auf nunmehr vorliegende experimentelle Untersuchungen, in der Lage sein werden, die Ökonomie Ihrer Maschine zu verbessern, und wären wir Ihnen deshalb ebenfalls sehr dankbar, wenn Sie uns mitteilen würden, mit welchem Wirkungsgraden bestimmt gerechnet werden kann. Unter “ Wirkungsgrad” verstehen wir das Verhältnis der effektiven Bremsleistung einer Turbine mit der effektiven Bremsleistung einer idealen Turbine, in welcher keine Reibung herrscht und in welcher die Energie des Dampfes vollständig, so daß die Austrittsgeschwindigkeit bis auf Null herabsinkt, ausgenützt wird unter der Annahme, daß in beiden Fällen der Anfangszustand und der gegebene Kondensatordruck die gleichen sind. Um jedwede Mißverständnisse zu vermeiden, wollen wir den Begriff des Wirkungsgrades in einem Zahlen-Beispiel erläutern. Eine Maschine irgendwelcher Leistung verbraucht bei einem Anfangsdruck von 13 kg/cm2 absolut, einer Anfangstemperatur von 330o C und einem Gegendruck von 0,05 kg/cm2 pro effektives an der Welle gemessenes Bremspferd 4,0 kg Dampf in der Stunde. Entsprechend den “Neuen Tabellen und Diagrammen für Wasserdampf” von Dr. Mollier, erschienen in Berlin, Verlag Julius Springer, 1906, steht uns für einen Druck von 13 Atmosphären absolut, einer Temperatur von 330o C und einem absoluten Gegendruck von 0,05 kg/cm2 ein Wärmegefälle von 226 Kalorien zur Verfügung. Unter Annahme des mechanischen Wärme-Equivalentes zu 427 gebraucht somit eine ideale Maschine, also eine Maschine, die ohne Reibung arbeitet und die die im Dampf enthaltene Wärme vollkommen ausnutzt, pro Stunde 632,3  2,8 kg Dampf in der Stunde. 226

289 Da die von uns angenommene Maschine pro Stunde und effektives Bremspferd 4,0 kg Dampf verbraucht, so bestimmt sich der Wirkungsgrad des ganzen Aggregates zu 2,8 =  0,70 4,0 In diesem Falle sprechen wir von einer Maschine mit einem Wirkungsgrade von 70 %. Das Rechnen mit Wirkungsgraden hat den großen Vorteil, daß man bei Beurteilung verschiedener Maschinentypen, resp. von Maschinen verschiedener Systeme nicht abhängig von den Betriebszuständen, unter denen die Versuche gemacht wurden, ist. Vielleicht ist es für Sie aber leichter, die Ökonomie Ihrer Maschinen durch den wirklichen Dampfverbrauch anzugeben. Hierbei möchten wir bemerken, daß für normale Verhältnisse wir in Deutschland mit einem Admissionsdruck von ca. 15 Atmosphären Überdruck, einer Admissions-Temperatur von 300o – 350o C, beide Werte gemessen am Einlaßventil der Turbine, und einem Gegendruck von ca. 0,08 – 0,04, gemessen an Abdampfstutzen der Turbine rechnen. Wir möchten Sie deshalb bitten, uns für Maschinen verschiedener Leistungen ebenfalls den von Ihnen erzielten und durch Verbesserungen noch zu erhoffenden Dampfverbrauch mitteilen zu wollen. Bei dem großen Interesse, das wir an Ihrer Erfindung nehmen, wären wir Ihnen zu Dank verpflichtet, wenn Sie uns durch recht baldige Übersendung möglichst vieler Unterlagen die Beurteilung Ihrer Maschinen erleichtern würden. Um auf gleicher Basis zu rechnen, erlauben wir uns, anbei 2 Exemplare der nach den Tabellen von Dr. Mollier von uns errechneten Entropietafel für Ihren Gebrauch zu übersenden. Wir verbleiben einstweilen mit vorzüglicher Hochachtung BERGMANN-ELEKTRIZITÄTS-WERKE Aktiengesellschaft Turbinen-Konstrtuktionsbüro

Bergmann Avisins 2 Entropietafeln R 101

202 Metropolitan Tower March 25, 1913

Adolf Bender, Esq., Fifth Avenue Bldg., New York, N. Y.

290

Dear Mr. Bender: I am sending you under enclosure copy of German letter which you left me as I have just received the original. As soon as I can manage I shall reply to the inquiries. The De la Vergne Machine Co. informed me today that the patterns would be ready by Friday night which I hope will prove true. Yours very truly, N. Tesla Enc.

202 Metropolitan Tower April 7, 1913

Adolf Bender, Esq., Fifth Avenue Bldg., City.

Dear Mr. Bender: Pursuant to your telephone message of this morning, I am forwarding copy of my agreement with Mr. Bergmann as well as my letter of acceptance, also copy of Mr. Bergmann's letter to me. I wrote Mr. Bergmann a short letter yesterday. Yours very truly, N. Tesla Enc.

202 Metropolitan Tower April 17, 1913

Adolf Bender, Esq.,

291 Fifth Avenue Bldg., City.

Dear Mr. Bender: I received a letter from Mr. Bergmann dated April seventh in which he requested me to telegraph, on receipt, when I expect to have the machine ready for shipment. My efforts to get hold of you for a consultation on the matter were unsuccessful and I therefore wired as follows: “Work advancing rapidly but still uncertain about shipping date. Will wire promptly. Letter follows. Tesla.” Yours very truly, N. Tesla

Bergmann Electrical Works5 MACHINE DEPARTMENT

Berlin, N., ...... May 9th, 1913.

Mr. N. Tesla, 202 Metropolitan Tower, New York City. U. S. A.

Dear Sir:- Owing to Mr. Bergmann's being away on business, I have been instructed to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 21st ult.

5 /Kopirati zaglavlje memoranduma na engl. – predlog za red./

292 We note that there has been an unexpected delay in the completion of the turbine ordered, but as on receipt of this letter you will doubtless be in a position to know when it will be ready for test, we would request you to immediately cable us this information and also as soon thereafter as possible, to cable us the actual results of the tests made on this machine. At the same time, we would be obliged if, on receipt of this letter, you would cable us the technical information and data we have asked for in connection with the trial turbine that has been built and actually tested by you. Trusting that you will give these matters your prompt attention and thanking you in anticipation, we are Yours faithfully BERGMANN ELEKTRICITÄTS-WERKE Aktiengesellschaft (Abt. M.) ppa Morgan6

Bergmann Electrical Works Machine Department

Berlin, N., ...... Sept. 25, 1913. Mr. N. Tesla, Metropolitan Tower New York City, U. S. A.

Dear Mr. Tesla:

I acknowledge receipt of your telegram reading: - “Not yet ready for expert will wire promptly” and was greatly disappointed to learn that you could not give me any definite date. For your information, I would say that there is an order outstanding for 50 turbines from 50 to 250 H.P. and it is imperative that we come to some decision with regard to this

6 Hand-written (by Tesla?)

293 contract. If we decline it, our competitors will only be too glad to accept it. It is therefore up to us to become active and develop some constructions of our own. This, as you will appreciate, involves great expenditures and all this money would be wasted if, later on, we found that your turbine could be made to much better advantage. This order would be a splendid introduction for your turbine in the market Please cable me on receipt of this letter, when you actually expect to ship the turbine, as I must have some definite date to reckon on. Awaiting your reply, I am, with kind regards, Very truly yours, S. Bergmann

202 Metropolitan Tower November 4, 1913 Adolf Bender, Esq., 200 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Dear Mr. Bender: Under enclosure please find copy of letter addressed to the De La Vergne Company today which expresses the substance of my understanding with you without prejudice to our respective positions. Yours very truly, N. Tesla

Enclosure ADOLF BENDER FIFTH AVENUE BUILDING FIFTH AVENUE AND 23D STREET NEW YORK

294 Jan. 5, 1914.7

Mr. Nikola Tesla. 1 Madison Ave., New York City.

Dear Sir: Relative to telephone conversation in reference to the letter written by Mr. Bergmann regarding the “Tesla Turbine”, as requested I quote extract from same, as follows: “I am in receipt of your letter of the 10th inst. and only hope that your predictions regarding the Tesla Turbine will all come true. I am pleased to hear that you intend to sail on the “George Washington” on Jan. 3rd. I note that you propose to being the Turbine over with you and would urge you to leave nothing undone to have it sent on the same boat, no matter what condition it is in. Tell Mr. Tesla that we will take the machine into our Shops at once and if his theories are correct, he will be agreeably surprised at the technical and mechanical facilities we have over here. Mr. Tesla will doubtless be pleased to learn that the Minister of Marine, Excellenz von Tirpitz has been requested to report to the German Emperor relative to the Tesla Turbine, who is greatly interested in this invention. We have promised his Excellency that the machine will certainly be here on exhibition about the middle of January, so you know what this means.

Yours very truly, A. Bender

Bergmann Electrical Works Machine Department Berlin, N.65, February 2nd, 1914.

7 The orig. letter is wrongly dated 1913 (See Tesla's letter to J. P. Morgan Jr. from Jan.5th, 1914) – Ed. note..

295 N. Tesla, Esq., Metropolitan Tower, New York City. U. S. A.

Dear Mr. Tesla: I have duly received your telegram reading: “Greatly injured and set back by decision German office but have just managed install turbine Edison plant will ship as soon as circumstances permit you may anticipate striking results bearing out my claims, please attend Austrian patent”, but this does not give me the information I want, namely when will you ship the turbine. I can only reiterate once more that if you had shipped the turbine finished or unfinished, we would have been able to procure some claims to you, but in spite of my continual reminder you allowed the time to elapse and the Patent Office is really not to blame at all in the matter, as you did not adhere to the specified date. However, as I wrote you a few days ago, I believe there is still some hope for you, if the turbine will actually prove a success and we might be able to reverse their decision and still secure substantial claims. I trust that by the time this letter reaches you, the turbine has been shipped, as matters are becoming somewhat grave here. I have arranged for the Austrian patent taxes to be paid, but would point out that the Austrian authorities are also enquiring about the turbine. Trusting that I will soon have the desired news about the shipment of the turbine, I am, with kind wishes Yours very truly, S. Bergmann

Bergmann Electrical Works Machine Department

Berlin, N.65, March 7, 1914.

296 N. Tesla, Esq., Metropolitan Tower, New York City. U. S. A.

My dear Mr. Tesla: - To say to you that I was more than surprised to learn on my arrival here that our mutual friend, Mr. Bergmann, was without any advice from you as to the status of affairs of the turbine is certainly putting it mildly, and this for the reason that when I last saw you in New York on January 2nd, the day before my departure for Europe, you again had faithfully promised not only to expedite the final testing of the turbine at the Edison Station and its shipment, for which, by the way, I had made all the necessary arrangements and had given shipping instructions to the De la Vergne Co., but also gave me your positive assurance that the working drawings, for which Mr. Bergmann had been so anxious for some time past, were then being completed and would surely be sent within a week. To be candid with you, I am at a loss to understand the whole situation, as I cannot, for one moment, suppose that you intentionally want to trifle with either Mr. Bergmann or myself, who have given you many assurances of our good faith and the keen interest we have taken in your invention. Aside from the monetary interest which Mr. Bergmann has got in the turbine built by the De la Vergne Co., he is to a far greater extent interested in developing and exploiting your invention in Germany and from what I understand, has already paved the way for a rehearing of your case in the Patent Office which, however, can only be had after an ocular demonstration to the Patent Officials. Now please do tell me candidly what the real reasons are that the turbine is not forthcoming and whether it is due to any financial difficulties that you are encountering or mechanical obstacles which you have not been able to overcome, when making the final test at the Edison plant. The reason I appeal to you in the foregoing manner is due to the fact that Mr. Bergmann is very much put out over your apparent disinclination to even answer his urging letters and cables, in fact, he informs me that he has been without any communication from you for more than a month, and quite naturally so looks towards me as to one who has been the instigator of interesting him in your turbine. What you must to for your own sake and the sake of the agreement entered into with Mr. Bergmann is to ship the turbine in whatever condition it may be, if for some reason or other it cannot be shipped in the condition you want it to be, and you must also send, without further delay, a full set of working drawings, such as you assured me were in course of preparation and nearing completion at the time I last saw you and which you then said would surely go forward within one week.

297 As to the turning down of your patent by the German Patent Office, for this only you and you alone are to blame, as I feel convinced that Mr. Bergmann by his great influence had succeeded in pacifying the authorities in order to fight for time, pending the arrival of the turbine. In order to obtain something tangible relative to the failure of shipping the turbine, I yesterday cabled to De la Vergne, asking them for full information as to what they know on the subject, but have up to this writing not as yet received their reply, which, however, I hope will be forthcoming, so that I will be in a position to talk the matter over more intelligently with Mr. Bergmann and arrive at some conclusions as to the steps which he wants me to take so as to protect his interest, should occasion arise, as he very keenly feels that he has not been treated right by you, and in which opinion I can only acquiesce. I would personally be greatly indebted to you if you would send me some definite information by a short and concise cable, as I intend to remain here for at least ten days, taking very short trips to some cities near by, before returning to New York on the 28th of this month. With very kind regards, I beg to remain Yours very truly, Adolf Bender

P. S. Reading over the foregoing I find that I have omitted one of the most essential points which necessarily must be of interest for you to know, namely: that the chances for the exploitation of the turbine in Austria-Hungary look very promising, inasmuch as Mr. Bergmann has succeeded, through his Austrian Works, to already interest not only the highest government officials, but also a few industrial people of prominence. The Austro-Hungarian patents have also been taken care of by payment of taxes, so that at least this part of your interests is well guarded. Bender

ADOLF BENDER FIFTH AVENUE BUILDING FIFTH AVENUE AND 23D STREET NEW YORK Aug. 1, 1914.

Mr. Nikola Tesla,

298 1136 Woolworth Bldg., New York.

Dear Sir:- Mr. S. Bergmann has requested me to acknowledge receipt of your favor of the 30th inst., as also the two patent specifications enclosed therein, and to say to you that neither of them is of any interest to him and therefore I am returning same enclosures herein. Mr. Bergmann furthermore wishes me to say to you that he was disappointed not to have received before his leaving for Europe your promissory note for the $2500 he paid you on account of the Turbine agreement, and which you had agreed to do while he called at your office and I would feel obliged if you would send this note to me as Mr. Bergmann has left instructions with me as to how to proceed in this matter. Very truly yours, Adolf Bender

1136 Woolworth Bldg., August 1, 1914

Adolph Bender, Esq., Fifth Avenue Bldg., New York, N. Y.

Dear Sir: This is to acknowledge receipt of your favor of even date together with my specifications which I was disappointed to receive through the mail as I had personally requested Mr. Bergmann to forward these important documents by messenger. My offer to him was purely one of courtesy and his decision in the matter was entirely indifferent to me as I have plenty opportunities. In regard to the Bergmann agreement, I have consulted my attorneys and you will understand that I am acting under advisement. A plan will be developed shortly under which Mr. Bergmann will have his $2500 refunded although I am neither legally nor morally obliged to return the same because he came to me with the proposition and should bear all the consequences. Furthermore, I have expended a large sum of money

299 many times the amount he advanced out of my personal regard for him, and the loss of my German patent as well as the financial drawbacks I have incurred are wholly due to the neglect and incompetence and unfair treatment I have received in a shop which I engaged to do the work at your and Mr. Bergmann's suggestion. Assuring you that I shall do everything in my power to close this matter with Mr. Bergmann in a most amicable manner as it behoves men of our positions, I remain, Yours very truly, N. Tesla

THOMAS B. KERR, PARKER W. PAGE, JOHN CAMPBELL KERR J. B. HAYWARD ------STURGES B, DUNHAM WILLIAM BOHLEBERTHOMAS J. BYRNE 55 LIBERTY STREET NEW YORK CITY ------WESTERN UNION CODE CABLE ADDRESS “KERCURTIS

LAW OFFICES OF KERR, PAGE, COOPER & HAYWARD.8

Nikola Tesla, Esq., Waldorf Astoria New York City.

8 Kopirati memorandum (prvi put).

300

My dear Tesla: - I have had a conference today with Mr. H. E. Knight and Mr. Pickard, who represent the Telefunken Company, who are either being sued or about to be sued by the Marconi Company. Mr. Knight tells me that when the Fessenden concern was sued by Marconi, they did not give you and your work the prominence which it deserved, because Fessenden was afraid that if he established your priority he might injure his cases in this country, and because of jealousy against you. The Telefunken Company have no such feeling, and want to rely on your work as a defense, and want to establish your priority in this art. Mr Knight is anxious to meet you and to get your advice and assistance, and I have suggested to him that he offer you a moderate retainer of, say, $250.00 or $300.00, to secure your good will, and to meet you and go over the matter with you. Of course, they cannot offer you a very large sum, because they want your information as a fact witness, but they are quite willing to compensate you for any trouble or expense that you be may be put to in the matter. If you think well of it, I wish you would let me know and make an appointment to meet Mr. Knight and Mr. Pickard, I should think at the former's office here in town, and I will notify ... [ ...... ] [Yours very truly, Parker W. Page ]9

THOMAS B. KERR, PARKER W. PAGE, JOHN CAMPBELL KERR J. B. HAYWARD ------STURGES B, DUNHAM WILLIAM BOHLEBERTHOMAS J. BYRNE 55 LIBERTY STREET NEW YORK CITY ------WESTERN UNION CODE

9 Nedostaje druga strana sa zavr{etkom pisma. – Priv.

301 CABLE ADDRESS “KERCURTIS

LAW OFFICES OF KERR, PAGE, COOPER & HAYWARD.

Nikola Tesla, Esq., Waldorf Astoria Hotel New York City.

Dear Sir:- We have received notice today that the Swedish application for your turbine has been accepted, and will be laid open for inspection for two months. We understand that the patent will be forwarded in about three months. Yours very truly, Kerr, Page, Cooper & Hayward

Brooklyn, 7. 11. 1915. 677 Vanderbilt Av.

Mein lieber und verehrter Herr Tesla! Aus den Zeitungen erfuhr ich – und da bis jetzt unwidersprochen, nehme ich an, daß es richtig ist – daß Ihnen der Nobelpreis für dieses Jahr ertheilt worden ist. Sie können sich denken, wie herzlich ich mich darüber gefreut habe, und ich möchte Ihnen auf das wärmst gratulieren. Sie wissen, wie hoch ich Ihre Arbeiten schätze, die überall mit neuen Ideen, kühn und erfolgreich, vordringen; und daneben habe ich für den Menschen Tesla eine tiefe Sympathie vom ersten Moment unserer Begegnung an empfunden, verehre ich doch in Ihnen einen der – gerade im hiesigen Lande – Wenigen, welche Idealisten im besten Sinne dieses Wortes sind. Mangels Ihrer Adresse muß ich den Brief indirect gehen lassen, hoffe aber, daß er Sie erreicht. Mit herzlichen Grüßen Ihr

302 ergebener F. Braun

Waldorf-Astoria New York, 9. November 1915.

Prof. Ferdinand Braun, Esq., 677 Vanderbilt Avenue, Brooklyn, New York

Mein lieber und sehr verehrter Prof. Braun, Die hochherzige Anerkennung meiner geringen Beiträge zur technischen Kunst und Wissenschaft von so einem ungewöhnlichen und verdienstvollen Manne ist, in sich selbst, mehr wert wie der ehrgeizig bestrebte Nobelpreis. Doch ist mir Ihre freundliche Botschaft besonders tröstlich und willkommen in diesem Momente so schwanger mit schweren Ereignissen wenn, infolge einer unerklärlichen Naturentartung, unsere Brüder einander erwürgen. Indem ich mich der aufrichtigen Hoffnung für die fortdauernde Erhaltung Ihrer kostbaren Schaffungskräfte hingebe verbleibe ich, Ihre gefühlvollen Äußerungen herzlichst erwidernd, mit achtungsvollen Grüßen Ihr ergebener N. Tesla

New York, March 6th, 1916.

My dear Prof. Braun, This morning I learned that you are at the German Hospital but fortunately out of danger thanks to surgical skill. It is my earnest hope that your recovery will be rapid and that your precious energies will be conserved for a long time to come. With kindest regards Sincerely yours,

303 N. Tesla

P. S. I trust that you are well enough to enjoy the peaches I am sending which have just arrived from South Africa.

New York, 7. März 16 German Hospital

Mein lieber und verehrter Herr Tesla! Sie haben mir eine sehr große Freude gemacht dadurch, daß Sie meiner gedachten – eine besondere noch durch die Übersendung des hübschen Körbchens mit den seltenen Früchten. Ich habe diese südafrikanische Sorte noch niemals gesehen – sie schauen aus wie Pflaumen und sind doch Pfirsiche. Nehmen Sie meinen herzlichsten Danke für Ihre Liebenswürdigkeit und entschuldigen Sie, wenn ich ihn so spät ausspreche. Ich habe gewartet bis ich heute Nachmittag aufstand. Mit herzlichen Grüßen Ihr treu ergebener F. Braun

8 West 40th Street, March 16, 1916

Dear Professor Braun: Mr. Tesla has been kept busy day and night on some pressing work, being a witness in a patent suit relating to one of his inventions. He wishes me to send you his kindest regards and convey the hope that you will soon be yourself again. With expressions of high esteem,

304 Yours most respectfully, ......

Prof. F. Braun, c/o German Hospital 111 E. 76th St., City.

German Hospital 16. III 16.

Mein lieber und verehrter Herr Tesla! Meinen herzlichsten Dank für Ihr freundliches Gedenken, das sich um so höher einschätze, als Ihre Zeit jetzt so sehr besetzt ist. Sparen Sie sich wenigstens die Nachtruhe – denn deren Verlust bedeutet auch einen schweren Verlust an Energie! Mit vielen herzlichen Grüßen Ihr ergebener F. Braun

Man stellt mir die Entlassung aus der Klinik in ca. 8 – 14 Tagen in Aussicht. Den Rest der Heilung muß ich außer derselben abwarten

21 März, 1916.

Mein lieber und verehrter Prof. Braun, “Wenn aller Wesen unharmonische Menge verdrießlich durcheinander klingt” hat man keinen Gedanken von den zarten Einflüssen zu denen wir sonst so empfänglich sind.

305 Wäre es anders gewesen so hätte ich mir gewiß lange das Vergnügen gegönnt, Sie zu sehen. Die Aussicht auf Ihre baldige Erholung hat mich auf's herzlichste gefreut. Ihre Geisteskraft hat die Materie bezwungen. Bald stellt sich schönes Wetter ein und Sie sollen es wissenschaftlich ausnützen um Ihren Wirkungsgrad zu erhöhen. Mit Ausdrücken hoher Achtung und freundlichen Grüßen, Ihr ergebener N. Tesla

German Hospital 31. März 1916

Mein lieber Freund Tesla! Sie bedenken mich wirklich in zu rührender Weise und erfreuen mich außerdem mit Ihren geistreichen Bemerkungen. Für die schönen Körbchen sind die nurses sehr dankbare Abnehmer, da ich sie leider nicht mit nach Hause nehmen kann. Dienstag der nächsten Woche (4. April) werde ich dahin entlassen werden, wenn auch noch nicht vollständig geflickt und auch sonst noch reparaturbedürftig. Wo kann man eine wissenschaftliche (wesentlich optische und molecular physikalische) Abhandlung hier in Amerika publizieren? Ich habe das Thatsachenmaterial für eine solche aus Deutschland mitgebracht. Es sind einfache, aber sehr interessante Versuchen, welche man auch leicht (am besten mit einem mineralogischen Mikroskop – mit Polarizationsvorrichtung) demonstrieren kann. – Ich gehe auch mit einigen bis jetzt mehr spekulativen Problemen schwanger – hoffentlich werde ich auch einmal entbunden. Mit frdl. Grüßen in bekannter Werthschätzung Ihr ergebener F. Braun

Waldorf-Astoria, 17. April 1916.

306 Mein sehr lieber Prof. Braun, Ich kann es mir gar nicht erklären wie ich Ihren gesch. Brief von 31sten ult. übersehen könnte. Wahrscheinlich ist es dem Umstande zuzuschreiben, daß ich mich in einer schlechten Gasse befinde. Sie werden mich hoffentlich entschuldigen. Um Gotteswillen – wenn Sie Material für ein Buch gesammelt haben sollten Sie sofort dessen Veröffentlichung austreiben, auf jeden Preis. Sie sind ein Mann von Ideen und das Werk wäre höchst interessant und willkommen. Wenn es Ihnen angenehm ist werde ich sofort die Aufmerksamkeit meines Freundes Speirs (D. Van Nostrand Co.) auf Ihren Vorschlag lenken und alles mögliches thun um der Welt die Vortheile solcher seltenen und werthvollen Untersuchungen zu sichern. Sie müßten jedoch im englischen erscheinen. Sie sollten sich nicht dagegen sträuben – es ist ja doch ein deutscher Sieg! Mit besten Grüßen und auf baldiges Wiedersehen Ihr treu ergebener N. Tesla

Prof. Ferdinand Braun, Atlantic Communication Co., 90. West Street, City

677 Vanderbilt Av. Brooklyn, April 2, 1916.

Mein Lieber und verehrter Herr Tesla, Herzlichen Dank für das freundliche Interesse das Sie an meinen Arbeiten nehmen, und für Ihr Anerbieten, die Publication zu befördern. Selbstredend müßten die Arbeiten in englisch erscheinen, für gute Übertragung in die Sprache müßte ich wohl Gelegenheit finden. Für einen Aufsatz in Electr. Exp. (On the use of the Brn. tube) langte mein Englisch, für diese Arbeiten aber kaum. Die Hauptsache ist aber: für ein Buch ist das Material nicht genügend und nicht geeignet. Ich dachte an Publication in einer Zeitschrift (welche? Electrical Review?). Eine Arbeit

307 ist optisch und fast rein experimentell, die anderen mehr speculativer Natur, alle sind kurz. Leider scheint die politische Situation bald ein Publication überhaupt für mich unmöglich zu machen. Mit herzlichen Grüßen Ihr ergebener F. Braun

Waldorf-Astoria, 24. April 1916. Mein lieber Prof. Braun, Ihr gesch. Brief den ich soeben empfangen habe, hat mich sehr erfreut. Ich hoffe, daß Sie nun vollkommen in Besitze Ihrer normalen Kräfte sind. Die hiesigen technischen Zeitschriften würden natürlich sehr gerne einen Beitrag von Ihnen veröffentlichen, aber ich glaube, daß es viel besser wäre das Material in der Form einer Brochure herauszugeben. Ich werde meinem Freunde Speirs einen Vorschlag in diesem Sinne machen und Sie von dem Resultate benachrichtigen. Die politische Situation ist sehr schlecht, aber man kann sich darauf verlassen, daß so eine Riesen Dummheit, wie ein Krieg zwischen Deutschland und den Vereinigten Staaten, nicht verwirklicht werden kann, was auch immer die Politiker thun mögen. Mit besten Wünschen und aufrichtigen Grüßen Ihr ergebener N. Tesla

Prof. Ferdinand Braun, 677 Vanderbilt Avenue, Brooklyn, New York.

308 April 26, 1916 My dear Professor Braun: Pardon me for availing myself of office facilities on this occasion. I hardly need say that I have neither time nor energy to spare. I have communicated with my friend, Speirs, and he was greatly interested in the prospect of getting material from your publication Although you tell me that you have not enough on hand for a book, I believe that you could readily compile one in view of the immense ground you have covered. At present you are condemned to inactivity and it seems to me that under the circumstances you could not pass your hours more usefully and agreeably than by recording your valuable observations you must have made in the course of your experiments and investigations on various subjects. If you approve of it I will bring you and Mr. Speirs together, hoping that something to the advantage of the world and yourself will result. Looking to the pleasure of seeing you shortly and with kind regards, believe me, Yours very sincerely, N. Tesla

Prof. Ferdinand Braun, 677 Vanderbilt Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. WALTHAM WATCH COMPANY Waltham, Mass. Sales Department Automotive Division May 22, 1922. Mr. Nikola Tesla, The Tesla Company, 6 West 40th St., New York

My dear Mr. Tesla: We have an inquiry from the Frankford Motors Company, 4821 Frankford Avenue, for revolution indicators and we are advising them to communicate with you. In the meantime would suggest that you write them for the attention of Mr. E. W. Oldfield, Chief Engineer.

309 This Company attached a copy of one of our advertisements which appeared in one of the English publications. While writing you I shall accept the opportunity of giving you a few facts relative to the Speedometer situation here which is very encouraging. Our customers are demanding a daily delivery of minimum of 255 Speedometers and orders and contracts on hand indicate that these requirements will be increased to a minimum of 275 to 300 daily in July and August and before January 1, 1923 we anticipate an output of 400 to 500 daily, and at the rate this business is improving we should have sufficient business to necessitate a daily output next year of approximately 500 or more Speedometers daily. We are confident that this information will be very acceptable to you and you readily appreciate that we are beginning to realize the work which we have been doing during the past few years which, on account of depression and other conditions, has been more or less a missionary nature. Our Speedometer is now being recognized and acknowledged by nearly all of the car manufacturer as the finest Speedometer ever offered to the motor car industry and the most encouraging part is the fact that the manufacturers of the low priced cars are indicating an interest which is very encouraging, and we have reasons to believe that within the next six months we shall have contracts with at least two of the large quantity producers which would materially increase the above figures. Yours very truly E. L. Vail Manager Automotive Sales Div.

WALTHAM WATCH COMPANY

We have also received a written assurance from the President of the old Company but I was unable to locate the original letters. N. T. 10

WALTHAM WATCH COMPANY Waltham, Mass. Office of the Assistant Treasurer

10Tesla's hand-written annotation – Ed. note.

310 June 21, 1922.

Mr. Nikola Tesla, c/o The Tesla Company, Inc., New York City.

Dear Sir:- We herewith hand you for your signature note for $5,000.00, to renew the one of equal amount due on the 17th instant. As soon as this note is returned to us, we will send you the old one in question. Very truly yours, WALTHAM WATCH COMPANY Per James Joe Grady Assistant Treasurer

BIOGRAPHIES

JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN11

born April 17, 1837, Hartford, Conn., U.S. died March 31, 1913, Rome

J. P. Morgan, American financier and industrial organizer, one of the world's foremost financial figures during the two pre-World War I decades. He reorganized several major

11 Morgan, John Pierpont -– Encyclopedia Britannica; (www. britannica.com/eb/article?tocld= 9053722)

311 railroads and consolidated the United States Steel, International Harvester, and General Electric corporations.

The son of a successful financier, Junius Spencer Morgan (1813-90), John Pierpont was educated in Boston and at the University of Göttingen. He began his career in 1857 as an accountant with the New York banking firm of Duncan. Sherman and Company, which was the American representative of the London firm George Peabody and Company. In 1861 Morgan became the agent for his father's banking company in New York City. During 1864-71 he was a member of the firm of Dabney, Morgan and Company, and in 1871 he became a partner in the New York City firm of Drexel, Morgan and Company, which soon became the predominant source of U. S. government financing. This firm was reorganized as J. P. Morgan and Company in 1895, and, largely through Morgan's ability, it became one of the most powerful banking houses in the world.

Because of links with the Peabody firm, Morgan had intimate and highly useful connections with the London financial world, and during the 1870s he was thereby able to provide the rapidly growing industrial corporations of the United States with much- needed capital from British bankers. He began reorganizing railroads in 1855, when he arranged an agreement between two of the largest railroads in the country, the New York Central Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad, that minimized a potentially destructive rate war and rail-line competition between them.

In 1886 he reorganized two more major railroads with the aim of stabilizing their financial base. In the course of these corporate restructurings, Morgan became a member of the board of directors of these and other railroads, thereby amassing great influence on them. Between 1885 and 1888 he extended his influence to lines based in Pennsylvania and Ohio, and after the financial panic of 1893 he was called upon to rehabilitate a large number of the leading rail lines in the country, including the Southern Railroad, the Erie Railroad, and the Northern Pacific. He helped to achieve railroad stability and discouraged overly chaotic competition in the East. By gaining control of much of the stock of the railroads that he reorganized, he became one of the world's most powerful railroad magnates, controlling about 5,000 miles (8000 km) of American railroads by 1902.

312 During the depression that followed the panic of 1893, Morgan formed a syndicate that resupplied the U.S. government's depleted gold reserve with $62,000,000 in gold in order to relieve a Treasury crisis. Three years later he began financing a series of giant industrial consolidations that were to reshape the corporate structure of the American manufacturing sector. His first venture, in 1891, was to arrange the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric, which became the dominant electrical-equipment manufacturing firm in the United States. Having financed the creation of the Federal Steel Company in 1898, Morgan in 1901 joined in merging it with the giant Carnegie Steel Company and other steel companies to form United States Steel Corporation, which was the world's first billion- dollar corporation. In 1902 Morgan brought together several of the leading agricultural- equipment manufacturers to form the International Harvester Company. In that same year he organized, with less subsequent success, the International Merchant Marine, an amalgamation of a majority of the transatlantic shipping lines.

Morgan successfully led the American financial community's attempt to avert a general financial collapse following the stock market panic of 1907. He headed a group of bankers who took in large government deposits and decided how the money was to be used for purposes of financial relief, thereby preserving the solvency of many major banks and corporations. Having ceased to undertake large industrial reorganizations, Morgan thereafter concentrated on amassing control of various banks and insurance companies. Through a system of interlocking memberships on the boards of companies he had reorganized or influenced, Morgan and his banking house achieved a top-heavy concentration of control over some of the nation's leading corporations and financial institutions. This earned Morgan the occasional distrust of the federal government and the enmity of reformers and muckrakers throughout the country, but he remained the dominant figure in American capitalism until his death in 1913.

Morgan was one of the greatest art and book collectors of his day, and he donated many works of art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. His book collection and the building that housed them in New York City became a public reference library in 1924.

313

JOHN PIERPONT MORGAN JR12

born Sept. 7, 1867, Irvington, N.Y., U.S. died March 13, 1943, Boca Grande, Fla.

American banker and financier, the head of the Morgan investment banking house, after the death of his father, John Pierpont Morgan Sr.

He graduated from Harvard University in 1889 and became a member of his father's banking firm, J.P. Morgan and Company, in 1892, working in the firm's London branch for eight years. He succeeded his father as head of the firm in 1913 upon the latter's death, becoming heir to an estate of more than 50,000,000.

Morgan had developed a deep affection for England during his stay there. As a consequence, during the first three years of World War I, he became the sole purchasing agent in the United States for the British and French governments, buying about $3,000,000,000 worth of military and other supplies from American firms on behalf of those countries. To finance the Franco-British requirements for credits in the United States, he organized more than 2,000 banks to underwrite a total of more than $1,500,000,000 in Allied bonds. After the end of the war his firm floated loans totaling more than $10,000,000,000 for European reconstruction work. Though not the dominant, masterful personality his father had been, J. P. Morgan Jr., was still the most important American financier of his day.

During the stock market crash of October 1929, Morgan and several other major bankers pooled their funds and tried to stem the decline of stock prices, but to no avail. In 1933 the Banking Act of that year compelled his firm to separate its investment banking activities from its commercial (deposit) banking activities. Accordingly, Morgan, Stanley and Company became a new investment banking firm, while Morgan himself remained

12Morgan, John Pierpont, Jr. -– Encyclopædia Britannica; (www. britannica.com/eb/article?tocld=9053725)

314 head of J.P. Morgan and Company, which thenceforth became strictly a commercial banking firm.

KARL FERDINAND BRAUN

Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918) was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics. Braun contributed significantly to the development of the radio and TV technology; he shared with Guglielmo Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Braun was born in Fulda, Germany, and educated at the University of Marburg and received a Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1872. In 1874 he discovered that a point-contact semiconductor rectifies alternating current. He became director of the Physical Institute and professor of physics at the University of Strasburg in 1895.

In 1897 he built the first cathode-ray tube and cathode ray tube oscilloscope. CRT technology is only now, over a century later, gradually being replaced by flat screen technologies (such as LCD, LED and Plasma) on television sets and computer monitors. The CRT is still called the “Braun tube” (Braunsche Röhre) in German-speaking countries (and in Japan: Buraun-kan).

During the development of radio, he also worked on wireless telegraphy. Around 1898, he invented a crystal diode rectifier or Sat’s whisker diode. Guglielmo Marconi used Braun’s patents (among others). Braun’s British patent on tuning was used by Marconi in many of his tuning patents. Marconi would later admit that he had “borrowed” portions of Braun’s work. In 1909 Braun shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Marconi for “contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy.”

Braun went to the United States at the beginning of World War I (before the U.S. had entered the war) to help defend the German wireless station at Sayville, New York, against attacks by the British-controlled Marconi Corporation. After the US entered the

315 war, Braun was being detained, but could move freely within Brooklyn, New York. Braun died in his house in Brooklyn, before the war ended in 1918.

(from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun”)

APPENDIX II TESLA TRIES TO PREVENT WORLD WAR II (from the book Prodigal Genious, John O`Neill, censored 1943)

When Tesla was talking as a scientist he was opposed to wars on moral, economic and all practical and theoretical grounds. But, like most scientists, when he stopped thinking as a scientist, and let his emotions rule his thoughts, he found exceptions in which he felt some wars and situations were justifiable. As a scientist he was unwilling to have the discoveries of scientists applied to the purposes of war makers, but when the emotional phase of his nature took the ruling position he was then willing to apply his genius to devising measures that would prevent wars by supplying protective devices.

This attitude is exemplified in the following statement which he prepared in the twenties but did not publish: “At present many of the ablest minds are trying to devise expedients for preventing a repetition of the awful conflict which is only theoretically ended and the duration and the main issues of which I correctly predicted in an article printed in the Sun of December 20, 1914. The League is not a remedy but, on the contrary, in the opinion of a number of competent men, may bring about results just the opposite. It is particularly regrettable that a punitive policy was adopted in framing the terms of peace because a few years hence it will be possible for nations to fight without armies, ships or guns, by weapons far more terrible, to the destructive action and range of which there is virtually no limit. Any city at any distance whatsoever from the enemy can be destroyed by him and no power on earth can stop him from doing so. If we want to avert an impending calamity and a state of things which may transform this globe into an inferno, we should push the development of flying machines and wireless transmission of energy without an instant’s delay and with all the power and resources of the nation.” Tesla saw preventative possibilities in his new invention which embodied “death ray” characteristics and which was made several years after the foregoing statement was written. He saw it providing a curtain of protection which any country, no matter how small, could use as a protection against invasion. While he might offer it as a defensive

316 weapon, however, there would be nothing to stop military men from using it as a weapon of offense. While I did not know the nature of Tesla’s plan I was convinced that it did embody many discoveries that would be of commercial value, and these were the angles he should seek to develop. I felt that if he could be induced to develop some minor phase of his work that would have immediate commercial use he could derive an income from it which would enable him to proceed with his more elaborate plans. To this end I sought to gain some insight into his thoughts, that would enable me to get a practical plan in operation. This was no secret to Tesla and he successfully parried every thrust I made. The clearest conception I got, and that was largely from scattered remarks, and by making deductions from them, concerned a possible manner in which one phase of his curtain of protection might operate. This was a “war” angle and as such it did not interest me, but since it involved “lightning balls”, or “fire balls”, I was very curious. Fire balls had always fascinated me, and I had read everything I could may my hands on about them. A fire ball is a strange phenomenon associated with lightning. Some of the energy of the lightning stroke appears to become locked into a ball shaped structure which may be of any size from a couple of inches to a foot in diameter. It looks like a perfect sphere, brightly incandescent and floats like a bubble, being easily carried by air currents. They may last for a short time, from a fraction of a second to many seconds. In this interval, during which they stay fairly close to the ground, they may come close to many objects without damaging them or being damaged by them. Suddenly, for no known reason, the ball explodes doing as much damage as a bomb, if close to structures, and no damage if in the open. The fire ball looked to me like a gigantically enlarged model of the tiny electron, one of the building blocks of matter, which acts as if it were just a spherical area of space in which an amount of energy was crystallized to give it structure. I felt that if it were possible to discover how a large amount of energy was stored in this fairy bubble structure of a fire ball a new insight might be gained into the structure of the electron and other fundamental particles of matter. Also this method of storing energy could be applied to a thousand useful purposes. When I approached Tesla with pleas along this line to develop this possible phase of his discovery he would evade direct reply by indulging in a, not always, tolerant lecture on my gullibility in believing theories about the complex structure of the atom. While he had in earlier years discussed some of his experiences with fire balls in his laboratory at Colorado Springs and explained his theory of their formation, he would not in the later years permit himself to be drawn into a discussion of them as a possible part of his system. This, of course, made me suspicious that the clue was “hot” but I could be completely wrong in my conclusions. Tesla was very quick in detecting my technique when I sought to narrow down a field by trying to get him to deny statements when he was adamant to direct questions. Tesla became familiar with the destructive characteristics of fire balls in his experiments at Colorado Springs in 1899. He produced them quite by accident and saw them, more than once, explode and shatter his tall mast and also destroy apparatus within his

317 laboratory. The destructive action accompanying the disintegration of a fire ball, he declared, takes place with inconceivable violence. He studied the process by which they were produced, not because he wanted to produce them but in order to eliminate the conditions in which they were created. It is not pleasant, he related, to have a fire ball explode in your vicinity for they will destroy anything they come in contact with. It will be necessary to reconstruct his statements from very fragmentary notes and a long distance memory. “Parasite oscillations, or circuits, within the main circuit were a source of danger from this cause. Points of resistance in the main circuit could result in manor oscillating circuits between terminals or between two points of resistance and these minor circuits would have a very much higher period of oscillation than the main circuit and could be set into oscillation by the main current of lower frequency.” “Even when the principal oscillating circuit was adjusted for the greatest efficiency of operation by the diminution of all sources of losses the fire balls continued to occur but these were due to stray high frequency charges from random earth currents. “From these experiences it became apparent that the fire balls resulted from the interaction of two frequencies, a stray higher frequency wave imposed on the lower frequency free oscillation or the main circuit. “As the free oscillation of the circuit builds up from the zero point to the quarter wave length node it passes through various rates of change. In a current of shorter wavelength the rates of change will be steeper. When the two currents react on each other the resultant complex will contain a wave in which there is an extremely steep rate of change, and for the briefest instant currents may move at a tremendous rate, at the rate of millions of horsepower. “This condition acts as a trigger which may cause the total energy of the powerful longer wave to be discharged in an infinitesimally small interval of time and at a proportionately tremendously great rate of energy movement which cannot confine itself to the metal circuit and is released into surrounding space with inconceivable violence.” It is but a step, from learning how a high frequency current can explosively discharge a lower frequency current, to using the principle to design a system in which these explosions can be produced by intent. The following process appears a possible one but no evidence is available that it is the one Tesla evolved: An oscillator, such as he used to send power wirelessly around the earth at Colorado Springs, is set in operation at a frequency to which a given warship is resonant. The complex structure of a ship would provide a great number of spots in which electrical oscillations will be set up of a much higher frequency than those coursing through the ship as a whole. These parasistecurrents will react on the main current causing the production of fireballs which by their explosions will destroy the ship, even more effectively than the explosion of the magazine which would also take place. A second oscillator may be used to transmit the shorter wavelength current. Somewhat later I learned the reason for Tesla’s reticence to discuss details. This came shortly after Stanley Baldwin replaced Neville Chamberlin as Prime Minister of Great Britain.

318 Tesla revealed that he had carried on negotiations with Prime Minister Chamberlin for the sale of his ray system to Great Britain for $30,000,000 on the basis of his presentation that the device would provide complete protection for the British Isles against any enemy approaching by sea or air, and would provide an offensive weapon to which there was no defence. He was convinced, he declared, of the sincerity of Mr. Chamberlin and his intent to adopt the device and it would have prevented _e outbreak of the them threatening war, and would have made possible the continuation – under the duress which this weapon would make possible – of the working agreement involving France, Germany and Britain to maintain the status quo in Europe. When Chamberlin failed, at the Munich conference, to retain this state of European equilibrium it was necessary to get rid of Chamberlin and install a new Prime Minister who could make the effort to shift one corner of the triangle from Germany to Russia. Baldwin found no virtue in Tesla’s plan and preemptorially ended the negotiations. Tesla was greatly disappointed by collapse of his negotiations with the British Government. With it there collapsed his hopes of providing a demonstration of his most recent, and, what he considered, his most important discoveries. He did not, however, dwell on the subject; beyond the single conversation he did not mention the matter again. He did not get another chance to finance the demonstration of these discoveries. During the period in which the negotiations were being carried on, Tesla declared, efforts had been made to steal the invention. His room had been entered and his papers examined but the thieves, or spies, left empty handed. There was no danger, he said, that his invention could be stolen for he had at no time committed any part of it to paper. He could trust his memory to preserve every fine detail of his investigations. This was true, he said, of all of his later major discoveries. The nature of his system makes little difference now; he has gone and has taken it with him. Perhaps, if there is any communication from beyond the veil that separates this life from whatever exists hereafter, Tesla may look down upon earth’s struggling mortals and find some way of dropping a hint concerning what he accomplished; but, if the situation is such that this cannot take place, then we must await until the human race produces another Tesla.

APPENDIX III

NIKOLA TESLA: VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF ELECTRICAL DISTURBANCES OR OSCILLATORY CURRENTS THROUGH THE GLOBE

319

It can be readily demonstrated by experiment, that when similar conductors, placed far apart, are connected in parallel to a circuit, their combined inductance is in the same proportion reduced as their number is increased. This might be taken as an unquestionable proof that a current, dividing itself in innumerable, and widely separated elements, as it passes through the ground, encounters no appreciable inductive reaction. It being at once apparent, that the frictional resistance and distributed capacity can have but limited values, one would be apt to infer, that the speed of propagation of disturbances through the Earth might be extremely great, far in excess of that observed in artificial conductors. Reasoning thus, I have thought it possible, in my earlier experiments aiming at the transmission of electrical energy through the natural media, that the current waves, upon leaving the oscillating transmitting circuit and passing into the ground, advance with greatly increased velocity, the electrifications spreading instantly, virtually without any loss of time, over the entire globe. But the phenomena of interference, or stationary waves, discovered by me, have unexpectedly and positively shown, that the Earth behaves like a conductor possessing considerable self-induction, the disturbances propagating through it with a velocity which, though very great, is of the order of that of light. This is borne out by the fact that I have been unable to obtain evidences of interference in the neighborhood of the source, except when the action of the same was continued through a perceptible interval of time, which I have estimated to be approximately one twelfth of one second, and which is evidently the time the waves require for passing to, and returning from, a point or region of the globe diametrically opposite their origin – a distance of about forty thousand kilometers, measured along a “meridian”. Taking the speed of light conventionally designated by V = 3 x 1010 centimeters, the above interval should be 0.08484 of one second. This, namely, is the time a ray of light would consume in traversing a distance equal to twice the diameter of the Earth. But now – do the waves move with constant velocity? And if so, is this velocity constant along the “axis” or along a “meridian”? My experiments prove that the former is the case. Thus, when oscillations – extremely rapid and powerful, to facilitate observation – are impressed upon the Earth, and a receiving circuit is connected to two points of the ground lying in a “meridian”, it is found that the difference of potential between them does not pass through maxima and minima, but steadily increases with their separation, even though the distance be made much greater than half the wave – length of the transmitter, and from the law of increase and simple rules of geometry I have concluded, that the speed along the “axis” is constant. This being the case, of course, anywhere else the velocity will vary with the depth and with the distance from the origin. Calling again attention to Fig. l, it will at once appear, that in the superficial layers at, or near the “pole”, the speed is approximating the infinite; from there it diminishes, first very rapidly, and then slowly towards the “equator”, where it is at a minimum and equal to that of light; beyond that these same changes take place in the reverse order, the velocity at the “anti-pole” being the same as that at the origin. The mean velocity along the surface is consequently__, and in any region its mean value through a long are in the plane of a “meridian” will be V times the ratio between the length of the arc and its projection on the “axis”. Taken through a short arc, it will be very nearly V times the ratio between the length of the chord and its projection, and at any point, irrespective of location, it will be evidently equal to the velocity of light divided by the cosine of the

320 angle α, which the tangent to the current path at that point subtends with the “axis”. In the “polar” and “antipolar” regions α approximates to 90° and cos α to 0, hence the velocity should be immense. Whether the extreme speed at the Earth’s surface is real, or merely apparent, I will not attempt to decide, and it is scarcely necessary to add, that all my theoretical explanations of this difficult and intricate subject, only serve the purpose of facilitating the understanding and useful application by the experts, of my discoveries and improvements here described. The above may now be condensed in the following statements: 1. The velocity of propagation of electrical disturbances or oscillatory currents along the “axis” or straight line joining the transmitter with the diametrically opposite point of the globe, is approximately equal to that of light, or three hundred thousand kilometers per second. 2. Electrical disturbances or oscillatory currents are propagated through the superficial conducting layers of the Earth, from their origin to the region diametrically opposite with a mean velocity of about four hundred and seventy- one thousand two hundred and forty kilometers per second. 3. The average speed of propagation of electrical disturbances or oscillatory currents in any part of their path through the Earth is approximately equal to the velocity of light multiplied by the ratio between the length of that part of the current path and its projection on the “axis” or straight line, joining the transmitter with the diametrically opposite point of the globe. 4. The velocity of propagation of electrical disturbances or oscillatory currents at any point of their path through the Earth is nearly equal to the speed of light, divided by the cosine of the angle which the tangent to the current path at that point subtends with the “axis” or straight line, passing from the source through the center of the globe. Although it would be desirable to determine the velocity with the greatest accuracy, in the majority of cases, which may present themselves in the introduction of my system, its exact knowledge will not be necessary, and by taking the above rules as a basis, the calculation of effects produced at a distance from a transmitter may be made with a degree of precision sufficient for all practical purposes.

NIKOLA TESLA: WAVELENGTH OF ELECTRICAL DISTURBANCES OR OSCILLATORY CURRENTS TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE EARTH

321 When electrical waves pass through a conducting path, as a telegraph wire, they are more or less attenuated, distorted and modified in length. This is chiefly due to the frictional losses and also, in a measure, to the self-induction and capacity of the conductor. These disturbing causes impose serious limitations upon the rapidity and clearness of telegraphic and telephonic messages through long aerial and submarine lines, the principal obstacle in the former being the ohmic, and in the latter, the dielectric loss. The laws expressive of the relations of the quantities named have been clearly established by mathematicians, notably by O. Heaviside, and embodied in simple formulae, which are rigorously applicable to homogeneous conductors of simple forms. The disturbing influences, however, assert themselves all the more, the shorter the waves employed, to such an extent that it is almost impossible to construct and to arrange a conductor of any considerable length so, that it would transmit much shorter waves without sensible attenuation and distortion. That such an exceptional conductor as the Earth would quickly attenuate and distort electrical waves passing through it, must present itself at first to every one as a conclusion so direct and self-evident, as to scarcely require experimental verification. Indeed, prior to my discoveries here described and referred to, no effect was notedpointing to the contrary, for although I have shown some time since, that a receiving circuit, as employed by me, responds much more vigorously to current impulses conveyed to it through the ground when it is carefully adjusted, still, this in itself has thrown no light on the intimate behavior of the terrestrial conductor, and has demonstrated nothing more than the existence of some harmonic relations between the transmitted, and the free oscillations of the receiving circuit. What is more, in many cases I have distinctly observed, that when a circuit of this kind was closely attuned to a transmitter of extremely high frequency, and then carried away and connected to a distant point of the ground, it had to be readjusted in order to secure the most perfect response. That the waves received were attenuated in their transit seemed manifest; that they were distorted was obviously inferred. In view of all this, what more astonishing revelation could there be than to find, – that the Earth transmits electrical waves, of widely different lengths, without perceptible distortion? But it is true none the less. The fact has been established by me in a number of ways, by experiment and theoretical deduction. The striking phenomena of interference repeatedly mentioned, with stationary nodes and loops, afford in themselves a very strong evidence. Still more conclusive proofs I have obtained in other ways, as by measurements and computations of wavelengths, surface-densities and potentials under greatly varied conditions. From the foregoing it must have been already perceived, that the wavelength will not be the same in different parts of the globe but, nevertheless, there is no distortion in the ordinary interpretation of the term, as the constancy of the ratio between velocity and wavelength is rigorously preserved. Namely, throughout the globe the wavelength varies exactly as the velocity, and the ratio between the latter and the former, in any region, is equal to the ratio between the velocity of light and the frequency of the oscillatory currents. All along the “axis”, the speed being constant, the wavelength remains the same; along the surface and elsewhere the length of the waves varies, it is true, but

322 perfect isochronism persists. No further elucidation then, is thought necessary to the correct interpretation of the following important conclusions: 1. The wavelength of terrestrial electrical disturbances or oscillatory currants along the “axis” or straight line, joining the source with the diametrically opposite point of the globe, is constant and equal to the speed of light divided by the frequency of the currents. 2. The mean wavelength of electrical disturbances or oscillatory currents, propagated through the superficial conducting layers of the Earth, from their origin to the region diametrically opposite, is approximately equal to . times the numerical ratio between the speed of light and the frequency of the currents. 3. The mean wavelength of electrical disturbances or oscillatory currents, in any part of their path through the Earth is nearly equal to the numerical ratio between the speed of light and the frequency of the currents multiplied by the ratio between the length of that part of the current path and its projection on the “axis” or straight line, joining the source with the diametrically opposite point of the globe. 4. The wavelength of electrical disturbances or oscillatory currents in any part of their path through the Earth is approximately equal to the numerical ratio between the velocity of light and the frequency of the currents divided by the cosine of the angle which the tangent to the current path at that point subtends with the “axis” or straight line, passing from the transmitter to the diametrically opposite point of the globe.

NIKOLA TESLA: THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE AS A MEDIUM FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL WAVES

Through the knowledge of the preceding and continued investigations I have been led to the discovery of wonderful properties of the globe, which have been already partially disclosed in my application of May 16, 1900, Serial Number 16,889, and which, in the near future, must surely become of the greatest moment to the advancement and welfare of the human race. Contrary to what might have been expected from theoretical considerations, in fact – in contradistinction to all previous experience, the Earth proves to be a well-nigh perfect medium for the transmission of wave-energy. Its resistance being, so to speak, infinitesimal, there is virtually no friction within its mass. On the other hand, there are no bodies near it, such as might cause loss of energy and distortion of the waves by ohmic, dielectric, magnetic or electric reaction. The leakage of the electric charges imparted to it by the transmitter, through the infinitely varied surface elevations,

323 sharp edges and points, which threatened to be enormous, turns out to be entirely negligible, on account of the uniformity of distribution and for other reasons. So too is the waste of energy by convection and absorption in the atmosphere, owing to the immense area and, consequently, vanishing electric density produced on the globe. Its capacity per unit length is very small, its self-induction comparatively great – electrically then, it is a rigid conductor. These quantities are distributed according to a definite and peculiar law. With reference to the “axis”, or line of symmetry of wave propagation, the self-induction is two centimeters, and the capacity 1/2 centimeter per centimeter of length, hence the reciprocal of the square root of their product should be equal to the velocity of light. As before stated, there is no doubt in my mind, that these data are quite accurate, but there is still a doubt that the velocity along the “axis” is exactly equal to that of light, for the ohmic, hysteretic, and absorption losses, though negligible, cannot be zero. From this first point of view the Earth presents itself as an ideal conductor, beyond our observation, of a length equal to that of the “axis”, of homogeneous structure, without resistance, uniformly distributed capacity and self-induction, transmitting oscillatory currents with constant velocity, without attenuation and distortion. With reference to the surface, the two quantities per unit length, measured along a “meridian”, vary as the height of a zone, that is, as the cosine of the angle α above defined; in like manner, obviously, the square root of their product and, consequently, wavelength and velocity on the surface vary inversely as the cosine of that angle or as the sine of its complement angle α. (Fig. 1. – missing in file, V.A.) From this second point of view the Earth appears as a real conductor, under our observation, of a length equal to times the “axis”, homogeneous, frictionless, with capacity and self-induction distributed according to the harmonic law, transmitting oscillatory currents with harmonically varying velocity, but still without attenuation and distortion. Now the changes which we cannot observe, and which are supposed to take place in the interior, might be of the nature of image projections, or might not have any physical meaning at all; and the changes we do observe, on the surface, may be apparent, comparable to those which, for instance, the moon’s shadow produces as it sweeps over our globe, – it matters little. The important fact is, that these changes, real or apparent, take place strictly in accordance with a definite law, that there is no appreciable loss, no attenuation and no distortion. Thus, in any region of the Earth’s surface, the velocity, wavelength and other particulars can be calculated in advance, with nearly mathematical accuracy. To illustrate, taking the arc of one degree at 111.11 kilometers, at a distance of 1111.1 kilometers from the source the complement angle will be 10°, hence the velocity in that region will be centimeters and the wavelength centimeters, n being the frequency of the currents. Irrespective of the view taken we may define the behavior of the Earth by the following general statement: “The terrestrial globe behaves like a homogeneous, frictionless, perfectly insulated, rigid conductor, transmitting electrical disturbances or oscillatory currents without appreciable attenuation and distortion.”

324

NIKOLA TESLA: THE ELECTRICAL CONSTANTS OF THIS PLANET – RESISTANCE, ELECTROSTATIC CAPACITY AND SELF- INDUCTION

The determination of the terrestrial electrical constants has been a special subject of my investigations for a number of years. Their knowledge was indispensable to the rational application of the principles underlying my system of transmission of electrical energy through the natural media. Finding that direct measurements were, to say the least, impracticable I have adopted various methods, inductive, deductive and experimental, which have finally led to uniform conclusions and results, in harmony with all the facts observed. Taking it now for granted that electrical disturbances propagate through the globe in the manner before described, its resistance must be, obviously, minute. The truth of this is forcibly shown in the extraordinary phenomena of interference repeatedly mentioned, which would be otherwise inexplicable and which, in view of the immense distances necessarily traversed by the outgoing and reflected waves, could not take place at all, if considerable energy were wasted in overcoming frictional resistance. The popular impression, that the Earth is a medium of great resistivity, has had its natural origin in the employment of electrodes of high resistance, and the unconscious acceptance of certain modern theories which, as pointed out above, my experiments have shown to be erroneous. It should be borne in mind that in my system, unlike heretofore, this planet is used as a whole and that, though of great length, it is, considered as a resistance, a very short body, a thin disk, as it were. To get a concrete idea, imagine it to shrink, but so that its resistance or, in other words, the ratio of length to cross-section remains unaltered. The length diminishing in a simple proportion, and the diameter as the square root of the same, it is clear, that finally there will be obtained as equivalent conductor a disk which, to illustrate by a special example, might be one centimeter long and eleven thousand five hundred centimeters in diameter, and which would be of negligible resistance, even if it were composed of material of much greater resistivity than the terrestrial. For all practical purposes, then, when making use of the Earth as contemplated in my system, the resistance to be taken into account is merely that, which the current encounters in passing from the grounded terminal of the transmitting circuit into the surrounding medium. This resistance should always be made as small as possible. The electrostatic capacity of the globe has so far been but a subject of scientific speculation and all values have been assigned to it, from small to infinitely great. Is the planet immersed in a conductor and incapable of holding a charge? Or, is it perfectly

325 insulated in space? If so, is there a conducting envelop beyond the dielectric, or not? And, to what extent is its capacity modified by the character of its surface? The novel facts already advanced have thrown some light on these questions; other observations made by me, however, have done away with all doubt. Stationary waves could not occur, if the charge would leak out into the air; certainly then, notwithstanding the immense cross- section of the dielectric, the insulation must be perfect. Moreover, these phenomena, the mode of propagation, the velocity and wavelength of the disturbances, as set forth above, all tend to show more or less clearly, that the Earth cannot form a condenser of very large capacity in conjunction with an outer conducting envelop. For suppose that at a height of twenty kilometers the atmosphere would have all the inherent properties of a conductor, this capacity would be approximately equal to centimeters, R = 6367 x 105 centimeters being the mean radius of the globe. This would be about 20333 x 107 centimeters, or 226,000 microfarads – a value absolutely out of question. That the Earth behaves like a perfectly insulated conductor, far remote from other conducting bodies, is borne out by all the facts observed by me. We must therefore conclude, that the air in high altitudes, although offering no appreciable resistance to currents passed through it, yet does not act normally as a conducting shell. Experiments with large spheres as well as investigations of disturbances transmitted through the globe have conclusively demonstrated, that the irregularity and roughness of its surface is virtually of no effect upon the general electric distribution and, consequently, does not materially modify its capacity. In illustration of this a striking experiment may be cited. When a large conducting sphere, provided with a needle point and forming the free terminal of one of my transmitting circuits, is excited to a very high potential, it is found that the oscillating charge does not break out from the point, evidently, because the density there is not greatly in excess of that on the smooth parts of the sphere. Only when the needle point sticks out quite far above the spherical conducting surface is the uniform distribution of the charge sensibly affected and does a break occur. Nothing, therefore, can be more certain than the fact, that notwithstanding all irregularity and roughness of its surface, countless projections and points, the Earth behaves like a smooth or polished sphere. Now every unit of surface of a sphere contributes equally to its capacity, hence equal terrestrial areas have equal capacities. But this statement should not be misunderstood. It does not mean that, if a part of a spherical conducting surface be taken away, the capacity will be reduced in the same proportion as the area, for even if most of the surface were removed and but a conducting network left, the capacity would be almost exactly the same. Nor does it say that a unit of surface at the bottom of a deep pit is equivalent to a unit of a high peak. Certainly the density on the mountain will always be greater than in the valleys below and, therefore, small surfaces differently situated, will not be of the same valency. But the capacity of any extended area of land, however irregular, will be equal – within a very small fraction indeed – to the capacity of the same area of the ocean, casual modifying conditions being, of course, ignored. The greatest surface elevations are insignificant in comparison with the radius of the globe, still more so, as will be later seen, is their influence upon its capacity. Thus, viewed geodetically the Earth is a smooth sphere; viewed electrically, it is a polished one. For these reasons alone, if for no other, the electrostatic capacity of the planet must be very nearly equal to its mean radius R = 6367 x 105 centimeters.

326 Recognizing further the equivalency, as regards capacity, of equal terrestrial areas, it follows from simple geometric rules that, if the Earth’s surface be subdivided in zones by equidistant planes normal to the “axis”, the capacities of all the zones will be equal. Otherwise stated, the capacity of the globe per unit length, measured along the “axis”, is uniformly the same. The total capacity being R centimeters, the capacity per centimeter measured along the “axis” is = centimeter, or = 5 x 104 centimeters per kilometer. Again, the whole theoretical area of the Earth being 4 R2 square centimeters, the average capacity per square centimeter is = = centimeters approximately. The determination of the self-induction of the globe was one of the most difficult problems encountered in the course of these investigations. Attempts to calculate it lead to complex and seemingly insolvable integrals, while measurements of the self-induction of artificial spheres for many, partially obvious reasons, are rendered extremely difficult. Not to speak of the determination of the self-induction of individual zones. Finally, after much labor, I have ascertained in a number of ways, leading to concordant results, that the self-induction of a sphere, measured between two diametrically opposite polar caps, is nearly equal to twice the diameter, and uniformly distributed, or constant per unit length. This means to say that the Earth has a total self-induction of 4R = 4 x6367 x105 = 25468 x105 centimeters, or 2.5468 Henrys, and per centimeter measured along the “axis” = 2 centimeters. The values obtained by actual measurement have been, of course, no more than fair approximations, but from numerous observations of a more general nature I conclude, that these data relating to the self-induction and capacity of this planet are, for all practical purposes, accurate to the same degree as the determinations of its geometrical dimensions. Summing up and qualifying the statements as above we may thus say: 1. The frictional resistance of the globe is vanishing. 2. The self-induction of the Earth is 25468 x 105 centimeters or 2.5468 Henrys. Its self- induction per centimeter of length is two centimeters. 3. The globe has an electrostatic capacity of 6367 x 105 centimeters, or 0.00070744 farads. Its capacity per centimeter of length is one half centimeter. The capacity per square centimeter of the terrestrial surface is centimeters.

NIKOLA TESLA: “FREE ELECTRICITY DISPLACED IN THE EARTH.” QUANTITY OF “FREE ELECTRICITY DISPLACED IN THE EARTH” IN ONE “IMPULSE”. “FREE

327 CAPACITY”.”PROLONGED” AND “MOMENTARY” OSCILLATORY CURRENTS OR DISTURBANCES.

In endeavoring to utilize electrical disturbances impressed upon the Earth in the manner described, I have found after careful inquiry, that only a particular portion of the total electrical movement set up in the transmitting circuit can be efficiently applied to the production of effects at a great distance. Leaving out of consideration that part of the movement, which is uselessly frittered down or absorbed in Hertzian radiations, of friction and hysteresis, another and possibly very large portion of the total electrical flow set up in the circuit, although not necessarily involving a great loss of energy, may nevertheless be of little or no use in actuating a distant receiver. First of all, each separate element of the circuit forms, in conjunction with the remaining, a condenser which, as the current oscillates, is charged and discharged in rapid succession and, of course, all the electrical movement confined to this internal or distributed capacity is wasted for purposes of transmission. Moreover, such internal capacity, if unduly large, will render the transmitting circuit “slack”, that is to say, – it will vibrate slower and require a higher exciting power, it will be incapable of storing a great amount of vibrational energy and, consequently, not permit the full realization of the important advantages of sharp tuning. This much is probably known to the majority of experts. But in view of many erroneous ides propounded in technical literature it may be useful to point out, that this internal capacity cannot be done away with by any arrangement of condensers in series with the turns. Such an attempt would be equally irrational as that of overcoming the capacity of a long cable in a similar way. The condensers will not in the slightest diminish the conductor’s large distributed capacity, on the contrary, the effects on the latter will become all the more prominent. In employing a transmitting circuit as typically represented in the references first cited in this specification, with turns preferably in one plane and of comparatively small diameter in that part, which is farther away from the primary and therefore of specifically greater self-induction, the above drawbacks can be greatly reduced. However, by adopting other constructive improvements, which will be later described, it is possible to make the internal capacity of a circuit extremely small, and the flow confined to the same quite inconsiderable in comparison with the whole. In order to bring out forcibly another fact of importance in this connection reference is made to the scheme illustrated in diagram Fig. _, conceived for this vary purpose. It shown two transmitting circuits, A1 and A2, both grounded and joined with their free ends to long cylindrical terminals D1 and D2, respectively. They may be excited bya common, or by independent primaries, as C1 and C2. Both circuits are supposed to be of the same period of vibration and tuned to the impressed primary oscillations as usual, and to make it appear still more alluring, the length of one may be one quarter, and that of the other three quarters of the wavelength. Under these conditions the two elevated terminals will be charged to the maximum potentials developed in the circuits, and as regards the sign

328 always oppositely. Next imagine that the terminals be gradually approached to each other until they finally merge into a connected system indicated by the dotted lines and forming a condenser of relatively large capacity, resonance being continuously maintained by careful readjustment, and the high tension discharge between the terminals being prevented by some good insulation c. During this change, as the capacity increases, the currents in the circuits will grow stronger and stronger, but any endeavor to increase the effect on a distant receiver by such or similar means will be as fruitless as that of constructing a perpetuum mobile. No matter what strength the currents may attain, the action on the receiver can only lessen as the terminals are approached, a fixed supply of energy being assumed. If an increase were observed, it would be due to some secondary cause. Disregarding then that entire electrical flow, which is due to a mutual action of capacity elements, however disposed and which is purely local, we may proceed in this inquiry with an improved transmitting circuit, rigid, of small resistance, very high self-induction and loosely linked with a primary, such as I have more particularly described in my application of May 16, 1900, Serial Number 16,889, repeatedly referred to. Let an instrument be connected with the circuit in any manner – as close as possible to the ground – which will measure the current passing into the Earth. A series of approximate readings and simultaneous observations of the intensity of the effects produced in a distant receiving circuit will soon show, that the action on the latter is roughly proportionate to that current, but further and more careful investigation will reveal the fact, that even a portion of the current indicated by the instrument, while it may not be altogether useless, is still ineffective at a great distance. The experimenter will presently recognize, that the entire transmitting circuit and the conducting Earth’s surface below constitute again a condenser, which is alternately charged and discharged and which causes another portion of the total flow to be confined to the transmitter and its vicinity. Now, – that part of the whole amount of electricity set in movement, which is conducted away, to remote regions of the globe, beyond a certain distance to be later specified I term, for convenience, “free electricity displaced in the Earth”. For the time being, to avoid vagueness of expression, it may be defined as that quantity of electricity, which passes through the terrestrial conductor beyond any sensible direct electrostatic influence of the transmitter. This quantity, I have ascertained, is proportionate to a particular part of the total capacity of the circuit, which it seems appropriate to name “free capacity”, in harmony with the preceding designation and also to distinguish it from the electrostatic capacity as ordinarily interpreted, namely that, which may be calculated from the geometrical form and dimensions of a conductor, on the supposition that all other bodies are at an infinite distance – a condition not realizable on Earth. The fitness of this distinction will at once appear, when the meaning of the term “free capacity” is explained. A simple illustration will be helpful to this purpose. Suppose that a straight wire of a length l and radius r be suspended on insulators at a height h above water or plain moist ground. With respect to Earth this wire will have a capacity approximately equal to centimeters and would have another electrostatic capacity of about centimeters, were it isolated in

329 space. At a height equal to half the length of the wire the two expressions will have the same value; at a smaller or greater elevation, the capacity with reference to the planet will be, respectively, greater or smaller, tha* that ideal electrostatic capacity. The wire being supported at a certain height, its capacity may be determined by measurement. What is measured then is its real capacity, which it actually has in that particular position in the Universe. But this we may resolve in two distict*capacities: one which the wire has owing to the presence of the Earth, the other, which it has irrespective of the same and which is merely modified by the Earth’s presence. If the wire be used as the elevated terminal of a transmitting circuit, it may be already inferred from the foregoing, that only the latter part of the measured capacity will be fully effective in the production of a disturbance in far remote regions of the globe, and it is that part, which I designate as the “free capacity” of the terminal. Similarly, each other element of the transmitting circuit will have a “free capacity” of its own, and the quantity of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” will be proportionate to the total “free capacity” of the entire circuit, properly computed. The chief practical lesson derived from these considerations is, that in order to secure the best results, the capacity of a transmitting or receiving conductor with reference to Earth, and the internal, should be as small as possible in comparison with the “free”. Simple reflections will lead an expert familiar with electrostatics to the conclusion, that long wires or conductors in general, and more particularly when they are horizontal or inclined, are inefficient terminals, and that the best form is a sphere, requiring the smallest elevation. In the quantitative determination of the effects produced at a distance, which will form the subject of succeeding chapters, it is important to have an exact knowledge of the amount of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse” of the source. This term will be from now on employed to designate the electric displacement, irrespective of sign or direction, between zero and maximum. There are thus four “impulses” in one complete alternate current wave or cycle and, of course, four times the quantity of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse”, multiplied with the frequency, will give the average rate of “free electric displacement”, or the average “free current” in the globe. The meaning of these latter distinguished terms will be obvious from analogy. Inasmuch, however, as any action at a distance from the source depends not only on the amount of “free” electricity set in movement in one “impulse” but also on the duration of the latter, the necessity arises to make a distinction, without regard to the number of individual “impulses”, between oscillatory currents or disturbances, which are sustained in force for an appreciable timer interval, and such which are instantaneous. To facilitate the understanding of this specification, I shall henceforth qualify as “prolonged” oscillatory currents or disturbances those which are kept up during a period of time sufficient for the establishment of a permanent regime, if not over the entire Earth, so at least in the locality under consideration, in contradistinction to “momentary” oscillatory currents or disturbances, which are of very short duration and in which such condition does not obtain. In many applications of my system the employment of the former is indispensable, but the latter lend themselves also to useful purposes.

330

NIKOLA TESLA: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ELEVATION OF TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING TERMINALS RELATIVE TO THE GROUND. “TERRESTRIAL ELECTROSTATIC HORIZON.”

In my patents repeatedly mentioned, Nos. 645,576 and 649,621, on a system of and apparatus for the transmission of electrical energy, I have already pointed out the importance of raising the transmitting and receiving terminals as high as practicable, especially emphasizing the desirability of supporting them above the objects in the immediate vicinity. It was evident that in order to reach out to a great distance the electric flux conveyed by the atmosphere, whatever be its nature, had to pass through the rarefied and presumably conducting layers at more or less considerable altitudes. For want of better knowledge I have therefore attributed the observed intensifying influences of elevation simply to an increased facility afforded to the passage of the peculiar currents or effects through the higher air strata, which in turn I supposed to be due to a quality partially inherent and partially imparted to them. Continued investigation carried on since has shown the phenomena involved in the transmission to be of a much more complex nature and has revealed the significance of elevation in several aspects. In elucidation it will be useful to first explain, in a general way, the influence of height above the ground on “free capacity”. Assume that the transmitting terminal, in the form of a large disk, for example, be first placed quite close to Earth. It will thus form, with the conducting surface underneath, a condenser of considerable capacity, and the current flowing through the transmitting circuit will be of proportionately great volume. But no matter how strong the current, the effect in very distant regions of the globe, if at all noticeable, will be extremely small, for there will be virtually no “free capacity”. Stated otherwise, there will be no “free charge” on the upper surface of the disk, that is, no charge which is not bound by an equal opposite charge on the ground beneath. If there be any, it will be wholly inappreciable, since the “free capacity” of the disk will be, under ordinary conditions at least, scarcely more than the area of the ground covered by it, and that would be, as before shown, only centimeters per square centimeter. Let the disk now be gradually elevated. As it is lifted its capacity with reference to the Earth will diminish, first in a simple proportion to the height and later, logarithmically. On the other hand its “free capacity” will increase correspondingly. With augmenting height the upper surface of the disk will be electrified stronger and stronger, and also a part of the charge on its under surface and the edges will become “free”. During this change, though the total flow in the circuit may be diminishing, the “free current”, passing off to remote regions of the globe, will gain

331 steadily in strength, in proportion to the increase of the “free capacity”. At any given height the latter will have a definite value, and successive measurements will throw a light on the nature of this dependence. It will be found that beyond a certain elevation the measured capacity will remain sensibly constant and nearly equal to the electrostatic capacity of the disk or, broadly, of the terminal, as calculated from its geometrical form and dimensions. That is to say, the sum of the “free capacity” and that with reference to Earth will be equal to a constant. As before stated, the latter capacity will diminish logarithmically with the elevation and it obviously follows that the “free capacity” Cf will be a logarithmic function of the height of the form Cf = K1 – f (log h). From the character of this equation it may be at once concluded that, regardless of other facts, it is very important for the efficiency of transmission to elevate the terminal beyond a certain rather small height, but after that a further elevation is of comparatively little consequence. In the economic design of transmitters and receivers this should be duly taken into consideration. In investigating the influence of elevation, however, many irregularities will be noted. So, for instance, the measured capacity of a terminal is not exactly the same in different places. Often too, although the height may be considerable, a very slight increase or diminution of the same will greatly modify the effect, contrary to what might be expected from theory. This is particularly apt to be observed with a circuit collecting energy. In a city a receiver may not respond at all, until the terminal has just passed above the tops of the tallest structures nearby, when it will be affected, somewhat suddenly, and vigorously. Again, the rate of increase of the “free capacity” varies in a remarkable manner with the locality. Long continued experiments have shown that these and many other anomalies have a common cause. In explanation attention is called to diagram Fig. __, which illustrated, in outline, a portion of the Earth’s conducting surface and two transmitting or receiving circuits, one in a depression and the other on a level part of the ground. These circuits are represented by vertical bars A3 and A4, which are supposed to be of the same height h, and also alike in other respects. The tops of these bars are apexes of two hollow cones tangential to the Earth’s surface, which are indicated by their outlines 11 11, and 12 12, and which define the limit of vision, or the horizon, presented at either of the two highest points. Other lines, completing the diagram, need not be specially referred to. Now I have ascertained in various ways, by experiments with artificial spheres and observations of disturbances conducted through the Earth, that the effects of a transmitting as well as a receiving circuit are intimately related to the magnitude of the area exposed to its direct electrostatic influence, or that which is theoretically visible, and for this reason I designate the limit of vision, from the highest point of a circuit, as the “terrestrial electrostatic horizon”. Independently of experiment, the character of this relation may be established by primitive rules of geometry. Referring again to diagram Fig.(missing in file, V.A.), it will be seen that , and also . Hence , from which follows h'= . But the surface of a polar ' ' cap, the height of which is h is Sh = 2πRh or Sh = = . Since h will be generally very small compared with the radius of the Earth, the area Sh will be very nearly equal to

2 Rh and, consequently, h = . By substituting this value of h in the equation for Cf

332 before given, we arrive at a better interpretation of the dependence of this quantity on height, and we may now more comprehensively state, that the “free capacity” is a logarithmic function, not simply of the height, but rather of the area of the “terrestrial electrostatic horizon”, which in accordance with the notations adopted may be expressed by Cf K2-f (log Sh). This equation, of course, merely defines the mutual dependence of the quantities, for their values will be in each case determined by the geometrical form and dimensions of the terminal and circuit, the elevation of the ground, its character, and that of the surrounding. But it explains, partially at least, many of the discrepancies observed, for example, the comparative inefficiency of a transmitting or a receiving circuit, when located in a depression of the ground as A4 in Fig.(missing in file, V.A.), or when surrounded by tall objects, the abnormal variations in the intensity of the effects at certain heights and the disagreement of measurements made in different localities. Evidently a circuit will be most efficient in transmitting or in receiving a disturbance, when the area of the “terrestrial electrostatic horizon” is largest and the view entirely unobstructed, for then its capacity with reference to the ground will have the smallest, and the “free” the greatest value. On high sea the conditions for transmission are ideal, not only for these reasons, but also because of the easy and perfect grounding of the circuits.

NIKOLA TESLA: ELECTRIC SURFACE-DENSITY INDUCED BY A TRANSMITTER IN DISTANT REGIONS OF THE GLOBE.

Assume then, that oscillatory currents of disturbances are impressed upon the Earth in the manner described and, furthermore, that they are of the kind designated as “prolonged”, permitting the establishment of a regime sensibly constant, at least, during a short period of time. As the waves spread from the transmitter the globe, following every local electrical change of state, will be subdivided in distinct sections or zones, each taken up by one half wave and so, that whatever be the distribution of the current in the interior, they may be separated from each other by equidistant planes normal to the “axis”, or line of symmetry of wave propagation. These ideal planes will be advancing with the speed of light, or they will be stationary, or, in case of interference of two or more waves of different lengths, they will be pro – or retrogressing with any velocity smaller than that of light. Consider now the electrical changes taking place at the surface of such a section or “terrestrial zone”, as the waves sweep through it. With the rise and fall of the current, the electrification of each element of the ground will undergo rhythmical variations, the surface-charge passing through all values, from zero to maximum, positive and negative. These qualifying terms, of course, are broadly expressive of the normal state and of

333 relative changes, and are not to be literally interpreted, for the Earth’s surface is, as a rule, strongly electrified. From the foregoing it will be perfectly evident, that the electrostatic charge per square centimeter, imparted to the zone by the succeeding waves, in other words, the electric surface-density, will be directly proportionate to the quantity of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse” of the transmitter. Equally plain it will appear, that the density will be inversely as the zonal surface, and since this surface is directly as the height of the zone, that is, half the wave-length measured along the “axis”, the density will be inversely proportionate to the frequency of the oscillations. Designating by the symbols and q respectively, the density and the quantity of “free electricity in the Earth” in one “impulse”, in any system of units, and and nthe wave- length in centimeters and the frequency, as before, we shall have units of density, f being a factor which can be readily determined in any particular instance. Now, at the moment when in any zone under consideration, the electrostatic charge imparted to the ground by the transmitter is maximum, and all of one sign, this charge will be very nearly, if not exactly, equal to the quantity of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse”, and this quantity, divided by the area of the zone, will give the average density, from which, knowing the character of the current wave, any instantaneous value may be readily calculated. With oscillations varying according to the harmonic law, as most generally employed, the maximum will be, obviously, times the average density. The surface of a zone being equal to 2πR x = πRλ and πR = 3.14159 x 6367 x 105 = 2 x 109 centimeters, approximately, the average density will be. From this and the law of variation of q with time the density in any given moment may be ascertained. Generally, however, only the maximum value will be required which, as a rule, will be n풶 = . The facts pointed out above will be sufficient to show that, incredible as it may at first seem, the electric density induced in any part of the Earth’s conducting surface by a transmitter furnishing “prolonged” oscillatory currents, is entirely independent of distance, excepting, of course, such dependence as might exist owing to a definite distribution of the surface charges with reference to the origin. Another interesting conclusion, of special practical significance, is the following. Supposing the quantity of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” per unit time or, stated otherwise, the current of the source to be constant, the density will not be affected by frequency. If q signifies the same as before, the average current, Ia will be always equal to 4 q n, however the individual factors may vary, and hence 풶 = . The current being expressed in amperes, the density will be measured in coulombs per square centimeter. Taking, instead of the average, the effective, the maximum or any instantaneous value of the current, respectively the effective, the maximum or instantaneous density will be obtained. An average current of one ampere, irrespective of frequency, gives thus an average density of , and a harmonically varying current,

334 as ordinarily measured, an effective density of coulombs per square centimeter. For the completeness of information a few general observations may be added. It will be found, upon some thought, that the density will be proportionate, not merely to the number of oscillations per unit of time, that is, to the frequency as ordinarily interpreted, but also, in a broader sense, to the time-rate of change of the quantity of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse” or, of the current. With very low frequencies, when the wavelengths are greater than the diameter of the globe, the densities, while still proportionate to the quantities of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse” and to the rates of change, will not be in conformity with the above rules as regards wavelength and frequency. In case of interference of waves of different lengths the resulting density will be evidently equal to the algebraic sum with due regard to sign, of the densities induced by the individual waves. It is to be remarked, furthermore, that the values given do not take into account the character of the surrounding country and the elevation. The density induced in a region by high objects is noticeably smaller. Within certain limits, as before stated, it increases, very nearly, in a linear proportion to the elevation, but the rate of increase is so small that in most cases presenting themselves in practice it may be left out of consideration. So too, the negative electrification of the Earth, for although it is very considerable, it does not enter as a disturbing factor in the transmission of waves. Until recently the densities producible on the Earth’s surface were quite insignificant. Even in a lightning discharge, owing to the great length and resistance of the arc, small values are attained. By means of transmitting apparatus devised by me it has become possible to pass through the Earth currents of many thousands of amperes and thus reach densities greater even than those resulting from the displays of natural forces. With a powerful oscillator of very high frequency I have attained maximum values of over coulombs or electrostatic units per square centimeter. Notwithstanding this the quantities of electricity displaced in the Earth in each “impulse” have so far not exceeded a small fraction of one coulomb, the limitation being chiefly due to the difficulty of obtaining, without great expense, a sufficiently large “free” capacity”. Fortunately, however, the use of certain artifices devised by me permits the attainment of enormous electromotive forces and, consequently, the employment of small terminal capacities, thus bringing the production of great displacements of electricity in the Earth, required for many valuable purposes, within the domain of the practical and commercial. The chief facts relative to the electric density induced at the Earth’s surface by a source of “prolonged” oscillatory currents or disturbances may be briefly stated as follows: 1. The electric density induced in any part of the Earth’s conducting surface is proportionate, directly, to the quantity of “free” electricity displaced in one “impulse” of the transmitter, and to the rate of change or frequency and, inversely, to the wavelength of the oscillations. 2. The average electric density induced in any distant terrestrial zone, or region taken up by one half wave, is equal to the quantity of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse” of the transmitter divided by the surface of the zone.

335 The average density per “free coulomb displaced in the Earth” in coulombs per square centimeter is , λ and n being, respectively, the wavelength and the frequency of the oscillations. 3. The electric surface density induced in distant terrestrial regions is proportionate to the strength of the current passed through the Earth and independent of its frequency. The effective density per effective ampere is equal to or nearly coulombs per square centimeter. 4. The electric density induced at the Earth’s conducting surface by a source of “prolonged oscillatory currents” is independent of distance. 5. The electric density induced by a transmitter in distant terrestrial regions increases in a linear proportion to the elevation above the Earth’s conducting surface.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL PRODUCED BY A TRANSMITTER IN DISTANT REGIONS OF THE EARTH.

Next in practical importance to ascertaining the surface density is the exact determination of the electric potential produced in any terrestrial region at a distance from a transmitter. Although no definite general relation can be a priori established between density and potential, I have found, that as regards the Earth, both follow rigorously the same laws. We may, accordingly, express the relation between the potential p, the quantity of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse”, the wavelength and frequency by p = f1 = = , f1 being a factor similar to f , but numerically different. In the calculation of various effects caused by the oscillations at a distance from their source it is convenient to distinguish between the “potential of a zone” and the “local potential”. The former is defined to be the potential of a terrestrial region taken up by one half wave as a whole, the latter is produced at any particular point. It being a fact that in the terrestrial conductor density and potential are in strict agreement as regards their dependence on qλ and n , the same reasoning and conclusions are applicable to both. At the moment, when in any zone the static electrification is maximum and all of one sign, the “potential of the zone “will be, evidently, maximum. Its value will be obviously obtained in dividing the quantity of “free” electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse” by the capacity of the zone. The surface of the zone will be Rλ = 2λ x

336 109 square centimeters, and hence its capacity centimeters and, consequently, the maximum “potential of a zone” 퓇zm = q : = .

As the oscillations employed will be generally harmonic the average will be times the maximum value. A careful perusal of the preceding will show, furthermore, that the maximum “potential of a zone” will be the same as the average “local potential” and , it scarcely need be stated that, with harmonically varying currents, the maximum “local potential” will be equal to times the maximum “potential of a zone”. Admitting the equivalency as regards capacity, of equal terrestrial areas, borne out by theory as well as experiment, it follows that the “local potential” at any point is given by the numerical ratio between the surface-density and the capacity of one square centimeter of the Earth’s theoretical area. Thus the average “local potential” will be

as before shown. And the maximum “local potential” . As the density, so the potential produced at any point will be with a constant current independent of frequency. Thus . An average current of one ampere, irrespective of frequency, will give an average “local potential” absolute units of potential, or 30 volts. With reference to the foregoing an effective current of one ampere will give:

volts.

No further elucidation is thought necessary to the understanding of the following important truths: 1. The electricity potential produced in any distant region of the Earth is proportionate, directly, to the quantity of “free” electricity displaced in one “impulse” of the transmitter and to the rate of change or frequency and, inversely, to the wave-length of the oscillations. 2. The maximum “potential of a zone” is equal to the quantity of “free electricity displaced in the Earth” in one “impulse” of the transmitter divided by the capacity of the zone, or region taken up by one half wave. The maximum “potential of a zone” is equal to the average “local potential” and the average “potential of a zone” to times the average “local potential”. 3. The average “local potential” produced by a transmitter in any distant region of the Earth is equal to the average density in that region divided by the capacity of

337 one square centimeter of the Earth’s theoretical surface. The maximum “local potential” is times the average “local potential”. 4. The electric potential produced by a transmitter in distant terrestrial regions is proportionate to the strength of the current passed through the Earth and independent of its frequency. The effective potential produced per effective ampere is approximately equal to volts.

5. The electric potential produced in the Earth by a source of “prolonged” oscillatory currents or disturbances is independent of distance. 6. The “local electric potential” produced by a transmitter in any distant terrestrial region increases in a linear proportion with the altitude above the level of the sea.

End of the book.

338