DOCSLIB.ORG

The Resurgence of Breastfeeding, 1975–2000

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Resurgence of Breastfeeding, 1975–2000 THE RESURGENCE OF BREASTFEEDING, 1975–2000 The transcript of a Witness Seminar held by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, London, on 24 April 2007 Edited by S M Crowther, L A Reynolds and E M Tansey Volume 35 2009 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 2009 First published by the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL, 2009 The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL is funded by the Wellcome Trust, which is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 085484 119 6 All volumes are freely available online at: www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as : Crowther S M, Reynolds L A,Tansey E M. (eds) (2009) The Resurgence of Breastfeeding, 1975-2000. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 35. London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. CONTENTS Illustrations and credits v Abbreviations vii Witness Seminars: Meetings and publications; Acknowledgements E M Tansey, L A Reynolds and S M Crowther ix Introduction Rima Apple xxiii Transcript Edited by S M Crowther, L A Reynolds and E M Tansey 1 Appendix 1 Recommended feeding times as recorded in Mayes’ textbook, Handbook of Midwifery, 1937–80 87 Appendix 2 Chairman’s reflections after the event 89 References 91 Biographical notes 111 Glossary 125 Index 131 ILLUSTRATIONS AND CREDITS Figure 1 A mother breastfeeding her child. Lithograph, Wellcome Images. 5 Figure 2 Professor Patrice Jelliffe at the Jelliffe Memorial Lecture, 1993, in memory of her husband, Professor Derrick Jelliffe (1921–92), at the XVth International Congress of Nutrition Conference, Adelaide, Australia. Reproduced by permission of WABA. 6 Figure 3 The Oppé Report, 1974. Crown copyright; reproduced under licence from the Office of Public Sector Information. 10 Figure 4 Nestlé Milk nurses in South Africa, c. 1950. Provided by Mrs Patti Rundall. 16 Figure 5 Good and poor attachment at the breast. Provided by and reproduced with permission from Dr Felicity Savage. 18 Figure 6 24-hour clock, designed by Sir F Truby King (1913). Provided by Miss Chloe Fisher. 22 Figure 7 Aboriginal mother, aged 20 years, with her six children. Provided by Professor Roger Short. 36 Figure 8 Dr Cicely Williams in India, 1950, with severely malnourished child. Reproduced by permission of Healthlink Worldwide. 47 Figure 9 The Royal College of Midwives’ practical guide, 1988. 50 Figure 10 Positioning the baby correctly. From the Royal College of Midwives’ practical guide, Successful Breastfeeding, 1988. Provided by Dr Anthony Williams. 61 Figure 11 Breastfeeding uptake and duration in Norway, 1858 to 1998. Provided by Dr Elisabet Helsing. 63 v Figure 12 Comparison of the composition of cows’ milk with infant formula. Reproduced with permission from Cow and Gate. 71 Figure 13 Comparison of the composition of human milk with infant formula. Reproduced with permission from Cow and Gate. 71 vi AbbrEVIATIONS COMA Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy (DHSS) DoH Department of Health DHSS Department of Health and Social Security FAO Food and Agricultural Organization HRP Human Reproduction Programme IBFAN International Baby Food Action Network ISRHML International Society of Research in Human Milk and Lactation LAM Lactation Amenorrhea Method (of contraception) LLLI La Leche League International LLLGB La Leche League Great Britain NCT National Childbirth Trust NICE National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ONS Office for National Statistics OPCS Office of Population Censuses and Surveys PAG Protein-Calorie Advisory Group of the United Nations System RDA Recommended Dietary Allowances UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund WABA World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action WHO World Health Organization vii viii WITNESS SEMINARS: MEETINGS AND PUBLICATIONS 1 In 1990 the Wellcome Trust created a History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group, associated with the Academic Unit of the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, to bring together clinicians, scientists, historians and others interested in contemporary medical history. Among a number of other initiatives the format of Witness Seminars, used by the Institute of Contemporary British History to address issues of recent political history, was adopted, to promote interaction between these different groups, to emphasize the potential benefits of working jointly, and to encourage the creation and deposit of archival sources for present and future use. In June 1999 the Governors of the Wellcome Trust decided that it would be appropriate for the Academic Unit to enjoy a more formal academic affiliation and turned the Unit into the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL from 1 October 2000. The Wellcome Trust continues to fund the Witness Seminar programme via its support for the Centre. The Witness Seminar is a particularly specialized form of oral history, where several people associated with a particular set of circumstances or events are invited to come together to discuss, debate, and agree or disagree about their memories. To date, the History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group has held more than 50 such meetings, most of which have been published, as listed on pages xiii–xxi. Subjects are usually proposed by, or through, members of the Programme Committee of the Group, which includes professional historians of medicine, practising scientists and clinicians, and once an appropriate topic has been agreed, suitable participants are identified and invited. This inevitably leads to further contacts, and more suggestions of people to invite. As the organization of the meeting progresses, a flexible outline plan for the meeting is devised, usually with assistance from the meeting’s chairman, and some participants are invited to ‘set the ball rolling’ on particular themes, by speaking for a short period to initiate and stimulate further discussion. 1 The following text also appears in the ‘Introduction’ to recent volumes of Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine published by the Wellcome Trust and the Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. ix Each meeting is fully recorded, the tapes are transcribed and the unedited transcript is sent to every participant. Each is asked to check his or her own contributions and to provide brief biographical details. The editors turn the transcript into readable text, and participants’ minor corrections and comments are incorporated into that text, while biographical and bibliographical details are added as footnotes, as are more substantial comments and additional material provided by participants. The final scripts are then sent to every contributor, accompanied by forms assigning copyright to the Wellcome Trust. Copies of all additional correspondence received during the editorial process are deposited with the records of each meeting in archives and manuscripts, Wellcome Library, London. As with all our meetings, we hope that even if the precise details of some of the technical sections are not clear to the non-specialist, the sense and significance of the events will be understandable. Our aim is for the volumes that emerge from these meetings to inform those with a general interest in the history of modern medicine and medical science; to provide historians with new insights, fresh material for study, and further themes for research; and to emphasize to the participants that events of the recent past, of their own working lives, are of proper and necessary concern to historians. Members of the Programme Committee of the History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group, 2008–09 Professor Tilli Tansey – Professor of the History of Modern Medical Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL (WTCHM) and Chair Sir Christopher Booth – WTCHM, former Director, Clinical Research Centre, Northwick Park Hospital, London Mrs Lois Reynolds – Senior Research Assistant, WTCHM, and Organizing Secretary Dr John Ford – Retired General Practitioner, Tonbridge Professor Richard Himsworth – former Director of the Institute of Health, University of Cambridge Professor Mark Jackson – Centre for Medical History, Exeter Professor John Pickstone – Wellcome Research Professor, University of Manchester Dr Helga Satzinger – Reader in History of Twentieth Century Biomedicine, WTCHM Professor Lawrence Weaver – Professor of Child Health, University of Glasgow, and Consultant Paediatrician in the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘The resurgence of breastfeeding, c. 1975-2000’ was suggested as a suitable topic for a witness seminar by Professor Lawrence Weaver, who assisted us in planning the meeting. We are very grateful to him for his input and for his excellent chairing of the occasion. We are particularly grateful to Professor Rima Apple for writing such a useful Introduction to these published proceedings. We thank Mr James Akre, Professor Lars Hanson, Mrs Rachel O’Leary, Dr Felicity Savage and Professor Lawrence Weaver for their help with the Glossary and Dr Elisabet Helsing, Mrs Patti Rundall, Dr Felicity Savage, Miss Chloe Fisher, Professor Roger Short, Dr Anthony Williams and Mr John Wells for help with illustrations. For permission to reproduce images included here, we thank the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action, Healthlink Worldwide, the Wellcome Trust and Cow and Gate. As with all our meetings, we depend a great deal on our colleagues at the Wellcome Trust to ensure their smooth running: the Audiovisual
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Best Way to Assess the Degree of Civilization of Any Society Is To
    ALC037 Alcohol etc. (Scotland) Bill Forrester Cockburn Children and a Civilized Scottish Society The best way to assess the degree of civilization of any society is to examine the quality of care which that society provides for the health, welfare and education of its children. In order to achieve optimal child health, it is imperative that the mothers are healthy, understand the needs of their unborn and newborn children and have the appropriate environment for the safe delivery and rearing of their children within a supportive family and community. In Scotland increasing abuse of alcohol and other drugs has placed a large number of children at risk of poor health and born to fail. In this essay I shall concentrate on the risks to the unborn child and the infant after birth. Alcohol damage before birth Probably the first relevant scientific observations were made by Sullivan in 1899. He examined the results of 600 pregnancies of 120 alcoholic women in a Liverpool prison population and found that the infant mortality and stillbirth rate was two and a half times that of their non-alcoholic female relatives. He also showed that the forced abstinence of imprisonment improved the pregnancy outcome. There was parliamentary comment in the UK at that time but little further scientific evidence until the report from Lemoine et al in 1969 which described 127 children with characteristic facial abnormalities and poor growth. The same features were recognised in North America and Canada in the early 1970’s. Since then many other countries including Scotland have identified the problems now known as the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in the infants of mothers drinking alcohol during pregnancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Cicely Williams Cicely Williams Was Born in 1893 at Kew Park, Darliston, Westmoreland, and Was Educated in Jamaica, Partly at Walmer's Girls' School
    Dr. Cicely Williams Cicely Williams was born in 1893 at Kew Park, Darliston, Westmoreland, and was educated in Jamaica, partly at Walmer's Girls' School. During World War I in 1914 she started to take First Aid and nursing classes and thought seriously about studying medicine. In 1916, after her fathers death she decided to go to Oxford, her father's alma mater. She was one of the women admitted because there were so few male students during the war. After graduation in 1923 Cicely decided to specialize in paediatrics and soon applied to the British Colonial Office for an overseas posting. She was sent to the Gold Coast (now Ghana) in 1929 and spent 7 years there, learning to speak Twi and working to improve health conditions. She established clinics and hospitals and improved record keeping. She also worked with African herbal doctors to learn their treatments for diseases for which European medicine had no cures. Dr. Williams· most important work in Africa was her diagnosis of the common and often fatal condition kwashiorkor. She learned that ..kwashiorkor .. meant the sickness the older child gets when the next baby is born. This seemed to indicate that, when they were no longer breast-fed, children were not receiving enough to eat. The cure for kwashiorkor was therefore education on children's nutritional needs. She quickly published her diagnosis of kwashiorkor as a protein deficiency disease, which attracted the attention of the medical world. In the late 1930s she was transferred to Malaya. After suffering from terrible conditions and bad treatment during World War II in Japanese prisoner of war camps, which brought her near to death, she returned to Malaya and was first woman placed in charge of the maternity and child welfare services.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Magdalen College Record
    Magdalen College Record Magdalen College Record 2017 2017 Conference Facilities at Magdalen¢ We are delighted that many members come back to Magdalen for their wedding (exclusive to members), celebration dinner or to hold a conference. We play host to associations and organizations as well as commercial conferences, whilst also accommodating summer schools. The Grove Auditorium seats 160 and has full (HD) projection fa- cilities, and events are supported by our audio-visual technician. We also cater for a similar number in Hall for meals and special banquets. The New Room is available throughout the year for private dining for The cover photograph a minimum of 20, and maximum of 44. was taken by Marcin Sliwa Catherine Hughes or Penny Johnson would be pleased to discuss your requirements, available dates and charges. Please contact the Conference and Accommodation Office at [email protected] Further information is also available at www.magd.ox.ac.uk/conferences For general enquiries on Alumni Events, please contact the Devel- opment Office at [email protected] Magdalen College Record 2017 he Magdalen College Record is published annually, and is circu- Tlated to all members of the College, past and present. If your contact details have changed, please let us know either by writ- ing to the Development Office, Magdalen College, Oxford, OX1 4AU, or by emailing [email protected] General correspondence concerning the Record should be sent to the Editor, Magdalen College Record, Magdalen College, Ox- ford, OX1 4AU, or, preferably, by email to [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • PKU): Screening and Management
    Consensus Development Conference on Phenylketonuria (PKU): Screening and Management October 16–18, 2000 William H. Natcher Conference Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Sponsored by: ¤ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development ¤ NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research ¤ Cosponsored by: ¤ National Human Genome Research Institute ¤ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ¤ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ¤ National Institute of Nursing Research ¤ NIH Office of Rare Diseases ¤ Maternal and Child Health Bureau of the Health Resources and Services Administration ¤ Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 Agenda .............................................................................................................................................5 Panel Members...............................................................................................................................11 Speakers .........................................................................................................................................13 Planning Committee.......................................................................................................................15 Abstracts.........................................................................................................................................17 I. Overview Phenylketonuria:
    [Show full text]
  • Putting the Baby in the Bath Water: Give Priority to Prevention and First 1,001 Days
    Collective supplemental evidence to the Scottish Parliament about the Children and Young People Bill Putting the Baby in the Bath Water: Give priority to prevention and first 1,001 days 1. This document offers the shared views and recommendations of a wide variety of organisations and individuals (listed at the end). All the signatories appreciate the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Government’s desire to enact legislation that will move our nation closer to becoming ‘the best place to grow up’. We all share that goal and understand that the Children and Young People Bill is the one major legislative proposal since the Scottish Parliament was created that directly focuses on children’s rights, children’s services and the wellbeing of children and young people. It represents a crucial and welcome window of opportunity. We propose five additional ways to make the most of this opportunity. 2. It is a complex Bill of many parts. Our view is that when seen as a ‘jigsaw puzzle’, one fundamental piece is missing. The Bill does not provide a robust statutory foundation for positive action during the first 1,001 days of life (from pre-birth to age 2). 3. There is a disconnect between the case made for the Bill in its accompanying Policy Memorandum and actual provisions proposed within the Bill. We think this Bill, as introduced, should be amended to connect the dots between its Policy Memorandum and the Bill itself. Its excellent analysis of the wisdom of investing in the earliest years through preventative spending is not reflected in what this legislation actually proposes to do.
    [Show full text]
  • Givingtoglasgow the Fundraising Magazine for Alumni and Friends of the University of Glasgow Issue 30 June 2017
    GivingtoGlasgow The fundraising magazine for alumni and friends of the University of Glasgow Issue 30 June 2017 THE IMPACT OF GIVING LARGE OR SMALL, YOUR GIFTS CHANGE EVERYTHING OUR COMMUNITY OF VOLUNTEERS Every year over 1,000 of our alumni workshop for students. “I was delighted to give their time and expertise to our be invited to run a workshop about getting global community. You can help in into radio production,” he says. “Student THE UNIVERSITY several ways – from supporting student radio was a big part of my life and it really REMEMBERED career development through our online kick-started my own career, so it was good to network to taking an active role in be able to give something back and to pass THROUGH LEGACIES coordinating alumni social activities. something on to students.” By lending your individual skills, you What does Glasgow mean to you? We hope that you remember your time can make a difference – just as the Evelyn Dobson (née Delvin, MA 1967) is here fondly and recognise the impact Glasgow has had on your life. Many of volunteers highlighted here have. Club Secretary for the Glasgow University our Glasgow family choose to support future generations by remembering the Club of Aberdeen. “I’ve been involved with University in their will – and every gift makes a difference. In this issue, we look at Gillian Rowland-Kain (MSc 2012) gives her the club for over 20 years,” she says, “and in the stories of two legacies. time in New York by promoting her Glasgow addition to building the Glasgow network in experience to prospective students.
    [Show full text]
  • Em Mch 155 Em Reg Sct Wrk
    REPORT ON THE REGIONAL SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP ON BREASTFEEDING NICOSIA, CYPRUS 26 - 30 January 1981 The views expressed in this Report do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the World Health Organization TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.1 RECENT ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING BREASTFEEDING 5 1.2 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PROGRAMMES TO PROMOTE AND PROTECT 8 BREASTFEEDING 2. MVLEW OY THE !3MASTYEEULNG SITUATLON IN 'lXE REGION 13 3. PROPOS.ALS FOK KLSEARCH CONCERNING THC PREVA1.ESCL AN11 nI'HATTON l)r '!RI:A$II:FI:I)TUC ANn ASSOI'TATFn FACTORS 4. PROMOTIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE PUBLIC ON 22 BREASTFEEDING 5. THE TRAINING OF HEALTH WORKERS CONCERNING BREASTFEEDING 25 6. THE PROPOSED CODE OF MARKETTNG OF BREAST-MT1.K SITRSTTT1TTF.S 28 7. THE ROLE OF WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS IN THE SUPPORT OF BREASTFEEDING 29 8. MATERNITY OR "LACTATION" LFAVE 9. LEARNING MATERIALS ON BREASTFEEDING RECOMMENDATIONS 40 ANNEXES I. OPENING ADDRESS OF H.E. THE MINISTER OF HEALTH, MR G. TOMBAZOS !i. MESSAGE FROM DR A.H. TABA, DIRECTOR WHO EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 111. TiiE TEXTS OF WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS 27.43 of 1974, 31.17 "1 1978 arid 33.32 "1 1980 1V DRAFT INTERNATIONAI. CODE OF MARKETING OF BREAST-MILK SUBSTITUTES AS SUBMITTED TC: Ti!i: WHO EXECUTIVE BOARD IN JANUARY 1981; IN ITS RECOMMENMTION FORM. (WHO DOCUMENT EB 67/20 PAGES 14 THROUGH 21) V. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Ever since infant formulas manufactured industrially became available on a large scale early this century as substitutes for breast-milk, it is probably true that most doctors have nevertheless believed that breastfeeding was the method of feeding more likely to result in an infant's hsalthv growth.
    [Show full text]
  • James Spence Medallist, 1984
    Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.59.9.805 on 1 September 1984. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1984, 59, 805-806 James Spence Medallist, 1984 James William Bruce Douglas The James Spence Medal was presented to Dr James Douglas on 12 April 1984 by Sir Peter Tizard, President of the British Paediatric Association, who gave the following citation: The James Spence Medal was first struck in 1960, six years after the death of the man who was a founder member ofthe British Paediatric Association and its President in 1950-1, and whose name we wished to commemorate. Since then there have been 22 recipients of the Medal, either paediatricians or scientists, or both, and I like to think that Sir James would have approved of the choice of each and every one of them. But I am convinced that he would not have approved of any one of the highly distinguished past recipients of the Medal more than of Dr James William Bruce Douglas whose life work has been closely related to one of Sir James Spence's copyright. greatest interests in his professional life. Dr Douglas received his medical education at Magdalen College, Oxford and St Bartholomew's Hospital, qualifying BM in 1939. During his under- graduate career he had studied and written a thesis on 'Primate Behaviour' under the supervision of Dr Zuckerman. After qualification he continued to work in the Departments of Anatomy-and Physi- of babies were born in hospital and a mother to be http://adc.bmj.com/ ology in Oxford.
    [Show full text]
  • Retired, Except on Demand. the Life of Dr Cicely Williams
    Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.59.4.392 on 1 April 1984. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1984, 59, 392-394 Book reviews Retired, Except on Demand. The Life of Dr reproduced 50 years later in 1983. (That tuted WHO at Geneva. It seems that she Cicely Williams. By Sally Craddock. Pp paper did not introduce the word kwashior- was never happy at a desk bound job and 198: £12-50 hardback. Oxford: Green kor, it first appeared in the title of her she soon escaped from it, so that from then College, 1983. Lancet article of 1935). Controversy fol- until she was 71 she was mainly working lowed as workers in east Africa had earlier under the auspices of WHO or UNWRA in Cicely Williams was born in 1893 in described the condition but regarded it as a host of different countries, especially Jamaica into a family which had lived there pellagra. with the million Palestinian refugees in the for several generations. At 13 she was sent Her work on kwashiorkor came to an Middle East, and in Ethiopia. To her 'home' to be schooled in Bath. At 19 she abrupt end when as a result of a petty disappointment her own Jamaica seemed was awarded a place at Somerville College, personal conflict she found herself trans- to be the one country that did not want her, Oxford but had to turn it down in order to ferred in disgrace to Malaya. Despite this despite her desire to throw in her lot with help her parents in Jamaica after a devas- major setback to her personal and pro- its new University of West Indies.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 ABRAHAM, KATHLEEN Memoirs of a Medical Officer in Northern Nigeria 1957-1964 Carnforth: 2QT Ltd, 2010 Viii +248 Pp. ISBN: 97
    ABRAHAM, KATHLEEN Memoirs of a Medical Officer in Northern Nigeria 1957-1964 Carnforth: 2QT Ltd, 2010 viii +248 pp. ISBN: 978-190809802-3 (hbk.) ISBN: 978-1-90809-803-0 (pbk.) Reviewed in Overseas Pensioner 2011 101 58-59 (J.G.Harford) NIGERIA MEDICAL ADEBAYO, AUGUSTUS I Am Directed: The Lighter Side of the Civil Service Ibadan: Spectrum Books 1991 iii + 135 pp NIGERIA One Leg One Wing Ibadan: Spectrum Books 2001 134 pp ISBN 978-029140-7 The author was an administrator in the fifties' colonial government; a member of the Nigerian High Commission in London before independence; Permanent Secretary in various ministries in the sixties and seventies; and an academic and government advisor. NIGERIA White Man in Black Skin Ibadan: Spectrum Books 1981 xiii + 125 pp Memoirs of a Nigerian DO, with last 25 pages of reflections on public administration in colonial Nigeria. NIGERIA ADEBO, SIMEON OLA Our Unforgettable Years Lagos: Macmillan, Nigeria 1984 vi + 307 pp ISBN (hardback) 978-132737-5 (paperback) 9 781 32734 0 Adebo (1913-1994) entered Government service as an Administrative Officer cadet in 1942, rising to Assistant Financial Secretary in 1954 and Head of the Civil Service and Chief Secretary in 1961. This is the story of his first 49 years. NIGERIA . Our International Years Ibadan: Spectrum Books 1988 vi + 307 pp ISBN 987-246-025-7 The second half of Adebo’s autobiography describing his time as Nigeria’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations 1962-1967 and as Executive Director of UNITAR 1968-1972. NIGERIA ADU, A L The Civil Service in Commonwealth Africa: Development and Transition London: George Allen & Unwin 1969 253 pp ISBN (hardback) 04-351-0256 (paperback) 04- 351026-4 Adu, a one-time Head of the Ghana Civil Service, became a Deputy Commonwealth Secretary-General.
    [Show full text]
  • WN Editorial
    World Nutrition Volume 5, Number 3, March 2014 WN Editorial World Nutrition Volume 5, Number 3, March 2014 Journal of the World Public Health Nutrition Association Published monthly at www.wphna.org/worldnutrition/ Public health and nutrition The significance of ‘kwashiorkor’ ‘The present system of global governance fails adequately to protect public health. This failure… is especially disastrous for the world’s most vulnerable, marginalised, and poorest populations. Health inequities have multiple causes, some of which are rooted in how the world is organised’. This is from the Oslo-Lancet Commission on Global Governance for Health report The Political Origins of Health Inequity, published in February. Available here and summarised in Update in this issue, the report gets to the roots of well-being, health and disease. The causes of malnutrition Here is an example. This is what the distinguished authority on sickle-cell anaemia Felix Konotey-Ahulu says. ‘There is no mystery about “kwashiorkor”. This is a word from my Krobo-Dangme-Ga megatribe…Kwashiorkor is a reflection of the birth position of the sufferer before it is a pathology. It means “the disease of the displaced child”… It is the result of a social pathology before it is a biochemical pathology’. He is quoted in Inspiration, the tribute in this issue of WN to Cicely Williams, who first diagnosed kwashiorkor. He knew this personally. As an infant in Ghana in the 1930s he was prematurely displaced from the breast by his younger sibling born soon after him, but escaped what was then an almost always fatal disease by being weaned on to ‘beans, eggs, milk, minced meat and Ovaltine’.
    [Show full text]
  • Getweenlrarch and Medical Practice
    1, DOCUMENT RESUME BD 172 920' PS 010 671 6 . AUTHOR' Bosch, Samuel J., Ed.; Arias, J < .Fd. 'rtrLE ,.Evaluation Child, tHx?Alth Satvices; The Interface getweenlrarch and Medical Practice. Fogarty'I er4ational Center (DHEW/PHS),' Bethesda, SPONS AGENCY Natloval Institutes of Health (DREW), Bethesda, Md.' - REPORT NC UHEW- NI/1 -78 -1066 PUB DATE 713 NOTE 247p.; 'ftoc.iedltngS ()Era- conference '3* the John E. Fogarty Internonal cent..-!r(Bethesda, Maryland, March 7-9, 1977r .Som puts may- not reproduce 4 AVAILABLE FROM Superintend:,nt Of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, ,Washington,. D.C..20402 (Stock Number 017-046-00043-A, $4.75) . ENRS PRICE MR01/PC12 Plus Postage. DESCRIPPOR_"; ...Case Studies; *Chifld'Car; Children; Commilnity Eddcation; Community Health; *Evaluation Methods;. *Family Health; *Health Programs; Health Services; *Mdical*.Care EvaluaTion; Program.Effectiveness; rogram EVialuation; Research 1:411ENTIFIERS. *Latin. America; *United States ABSTRACT This. monograph derives from a confer;?nce sponsored by the Fogarty International Center for 'Advanced Study in the. Health Sciences. Ths 'goals(:), the conference were (1) to,:zstablish channels cf'communica'tion between health care evalsaators.rfroNm different disciplines and :from different.countries in the Americas, and (2) to promote an eXchange of information and experien6P in evaluation techniques: comparing approaches, methods, .Deeded ,,,sources,- diffiou,lties, achievements, and failures. Of prima jconcern was the need-for .a current evaluation of maternal a Ichild health services delivery systems andthe implications of tthis ev illation for health professional education in the Americas. lhe mono raph consists of Jive' position papers onchild health care,10 p.prs on case studies volving differen methods Of evaluatioa and different types of childhealthoare.programs, followed by discussions, and two papers on.uses of evaluation in education.
    [Show full text]