Blood Vessels

PURPOSE:  To develop skills in exposing and identifying the major arteries and veins of the human body.  To follow each blood vessel to its branches (arteries) or tributaries (veins).  To determine the blood supply and drainage of each body organ.

PROCEDURE

The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system which is composed of 1. arteries, high pressure lines that branch further and further from the heart. Arteries eventually branch into: 2. capillaries, exchange vessels in close contact with tissue cells. Capillaries then remerge into: 3. veins, low pressure lines that form tributaries ultimately leading back to the heart. Two major circuits form the entire cardiovascular system: the pulmonary circuit including branches from the pulmonary trunk and tributaries to the pulmonary veins, and the systemic circuit including branches from the aorta (the largest artery of the body) and tributaries to 3 major veins, the coronary sinus, and superior and inferior vena cavae (the body’s largest vein). Using the Atlas of Clinical Gross Anatomy and the Anatomy Dissector, you will describe the position of each blood vessel listed in the following tables relative to other regional structures. Positions of arteries are described according to vessels delivering blood to them from the aorta and the artery’s final destination (the organ, lobe of the organ, layer of the organ (e.g. the myocardium of the heart)). Positions of veins are described by the organ, lobe or layer that they drain, and the larger vein that they drain into. By following each blood vessel on a prosected cadaver, you will also see the sequence of vessels leading to and from each organ. You may have to carefully clear surrounding connective tissue to see certain vessels.

Branches from the Ascending Aorta Aortic Branch Next Branch Final Destination (Organ, Lobe, Layer, etc) Right Coronary a. 1 2 Left Coronary a. 1 2

Tributaries to Coronary Sinus Initial Source (Region Major Vein of the heart) R anterior myocardium L anterior myocardium R posterior myocardium L posterior myocardium R border myocardium

Branches from the Aortic Arch Aortic Branch Next Branch Final Destination (Organ, Lobe, Layer, etc) Brachiocephalic a. 1 2 Left Common Carotid a. 1 2 Left Subclavian a. 1 2 3 4 5

32 NOTES:

1. Describe the branching of the common carotid arteries:

2. Which organs are supplied by each branch of the subclavian arteries?

3. What is the Circle of Willis? List the blood vessels that make up this structure.

Tributaries to the Superior Vena Cava Initial Source (Organ, Major Vein Final Tributary to Lobe, Layer, etc.) Superior Vena Cava Azygous vein

Brachiocephalic veins

33 NOTES:

1. What structures (tributaries?) form the internal jugular vein?

2. Name the venous tributaries leading to the subclavian veins and each of their sources.

3. What are the 2 lymphatic tributaries entering the subclavian veins. Describe how each are formed. (that is - what lymphatic vessels lead to each of these final lymphatic ducts?)

34 Branches from the Descending (Thoracic) Aorta Aortic Branch Final Destination Other sources of (Organ, Lobe, Layer, corresponding arteries etc) Posterior intercostal a Bronchial a. Esophageal aa. Superior phrenic a.

Branches from the Descending (Abdominal) Aorta Aortic Branch Next Final Other sources of branch? Destination corresponding arteries (Organ, Lobe, Layer, etc) Inferior Phrenic a. Celiac a. 1 2

3 Superior mesenteric a.

Renal a. Lumbar a. Ovarian or Testicular (Spermatic) a. Inferior mesenteric a.

Branches from the Descending (Pelvic) Aorta Aortic Branch Next branch? Final Destination (Organ, Lobe, Layer, etc) Common Iliac a. 1

Middle sacral a.

35 Tributaries to Inferior Vena Cava Initial Source (Organ, Major Vein Final Tributary to Lobe, Layer, etc.) Inferior Vena Cava Hepatic Veins Phrenic veins (inferior? Superior?) R suprarenal vein Renal veins R Ovarian or Spermatic (Testicular) vein Lumbar veins (mostly part of azygos network) Common Iliac vein Middle sacral vein

NOTES:

1. The inferior vena cava passes from the pelvic region through the thoracic region of the body, yet receives blood from tributaries draining the abdominal, pelvic and lower limb regions only (not the thoracic region). Explain: a. How the thorax structures are drained by veins and

b. The major advantage of having no tributaries to the thoracic inferior vena cava. (HINT: Consider venous return).

36 2. Many arteries found in the abdominal region such as the splenic a., gastric aa., superior and inferior mesenteric aa. have corresponding veins that do not drain into the inferior vena cava. a. Where do these corresponding veins lead?

b. Show the relative positions of these tributaries and how this system ultimately leads to the inferior vena cava using a flow chart.