Milk Phospholipids a New Ingredient for Formulation of Functional Foods with Bioactivity

inform August 2009 www.aocs.org Volume 20 (8) 489–552

International News on Fats, Oils, and Related Materials

ALSO INSIDE: Message from AOCS’ President Taking another look at global oil yields Annual Meeting award addresses

Milk phospholipids A new ingredient for formulation of functional foods with bioactivity

www.aocs.org

!UGUST 6OLUME n

Departments Milk phospholipids and Information (ANS "URLING ±KE .ILSSON AND ,ENA /HLSSON EXAMINE A NEW ingredient from milk for formulation of functional foods with 490 Index to Advertisers bioactivity. 490 Calendar Global oil yields: Have we got it seriously wrong? 493 Message from the Denis J. Murphy details recent research that calls into question the President assumptions surrounding global oil yields and the part they have to play in biofuels and food production.

Marketplace: Omega-3 fatty acid profiling and dietary forensics 505 News & Noteworthy Ken D. Stark presents his AOCS Young Scientist Research Award 511 Biofuels News !DDRESS DELIVERED AT THE TH !/#3 !NNUAL -EETING %XPO HELDIN /RLANDO &LORIDA 53! -AY n 517 Health & Nutrition News Minutes for the 2009 AOCS business meeting 521 Biotechnology News Emerging research in insect lipids 525 S&D News Brent Sørensen presents a field of research that remains relatively 529 People News/ unexplored. Inside AOCS Regiospecific quantification of triacylglycerols in castor oil containing ricinoleate and dihydroxy 503 Classified Advertising fatty acids by mass spectrometry *IANN 4SYH +EN ,IN PRESENTS HIS (ERBERT * $UTTON !WARD 510 Classified Advertising !DDRESS DELIVERED DURING THE TH !/#3 !NNUAL -EETING %XPO 534 Classified Advertising HELD IN /RLANDO &LORIDA 53! -AY n Ultra-efficient technology for drying and Publications: conditioning grains and oilseeds 532 Book Review 4HE THIRD IN A PERIODIC SERIES THIS ARTICLE BY &ARAH 3ALARIA ISBASEDON A PRESENTATION GIVEN 7EDNESDAY -AY IN THE 0ROCESSING %XHIBITOR 533 Patents 3ESSION AT THE TH !/#3 !NNUAL -EETING %XPO &OR THE lRST TWO 535 Extracts & Distillates articles from this series, see inform 20n AND n

539 Student Page Highlights from Milan isoflavone symposium To present the results of recently conducted studies most relevant to understanding the health effects of isoflavones, the Council AOCS Mission Statement FOR 2ESPONSIBLE .UTRITION CONVENED A TWO DAY SYMPOSIUM OF To be a global forum to promote the exchange of ideas, internationally recognized experts to discuss the safety and efficacy of information, and experience, to enhance personal excel- lence, and to provide high standards of quality among those isoflavones for postmenopausal women. Mark Messina reports. with a professional interest in the science and technology of fats, oils, surfactants, and related materials. inform s )NTERNATIONAL .EWS ON &ATS /ILS and Related Materials )33. )&2-%# n 490 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) Editor-in-Chief Emeritus: James B.M. Rattray Bold type new listing For details on these and other upcoming Calendar meetings, visit www.aocs.org/meetings. Contributing Editors: 2AJIV !RORA +ESHUN ,IU 3EPTEMBER n OILS FATS )NTER- 7% !RTZ Mark Messina September NATIONAL 4RADE &AIR FOR THE 0RODUCTION AND Scott Bloomer Robert Moreau 0ROCESSING OF /ILS AND &ATS -ADE FROM %DUARDO $UBINSKY D.J. Murphy 3EPTEMBER n TH )NTERNATIONAL 2ENEWABLE 2ESOURCES .EW -UNICH 4RADE 7ALTER % &ARR Willem van #ONFERENCE ON THE "IOSCIENCE OF ,IPIDS &AIR #ENTRE -UNICH 2IEM 'ERMANY )NFOR- Anu Hopia .IEUWENHUYZEN 2EGENSBURG 'ERMANY )NFORMATION E MAIL MATION E MAIL WWWOILS AND FATSCOM 9 3 6IC (UANG Brent Sørensen INFOICBL KLINIKUNI REGENSBURGDE WWW 30 +OCHHAR 4 4HIAGARAJAN ICBLDE 3EPTEMBER n !TLANTIC "IOEN- 'ARY,IST ERGY #ONFERENCE $ELTA "EAUSÏJOUR September 8–10, 2009. 2nd Algae -ONCTON .EW "RUNSWICK #ANADA )NFOR- Biofuel Summit 2009, New Delhi, MATION WWWATLANTICBIOENERGYCA Editorial Advisory Board: India. Information: www.algaebio- -ICHAEL %SKIN (ANS .IEUWENHUIS fuelsummit.com. September 21, 2009. Short Course -ICHAEL (AAS &EREIDOON 3HAHIDI on Refining, Handling, and Applica- !RNIS +UKSIS "ERNARD 3ZUHAJ September 9–10, 2009. Crude tions of Palm Oil, Hilton Cartagena, Robert Moreau Oil to Biofuels: Trends Impacting Cartagena, Colombia. Information: Global Fuels, Hotel Sofitel, Rio de www.aocs.org/Palma. Janeiro, Brazil. Information: www. AOCS Officers: hartenergyconferences.com/index. President )AN 0URTLE #ARGILL -INNEAPOLIS -IN- 3EPTEMBER n 86) #ONFERENCÓA php?area=details&confID=124. NESOTA 53! )NTERNACÓONAL SOBRE 0ALMA DE !CEÓTE Y %XO- Vice President * +EITH 'RIME *+' #ONSULTING palma, Centro de Convenciones, Carta- 3EPTEMBER n &%"3 !DVANCED #INCINNATI /HIO 53! GENA DE )NDIAS #OLOMBIA )NFORMATION #OURSE ,IPID 3IGNALING AND $ISEASE (OTEL Secretary 3TEVEN % (ILL +RAFT &OODS 'LEN- WWWFEDEPALMAORGCONFERENCIA -ARA /RTONA )TALY )NFORMATION WWW VIEW )LLINOIS 53! NEGRISUDITFEBS Treasurer 4IMOTHY +EMPER $ESMET "ALLESTRA 3EPTEMBER n )NTERNATIONAL .ORTH !MERICA )NC -ARIETTA 'EORGIA &ORUM ON %MERGING 4ECHNOLOGIES IN &OOD 3EPTEMBER n !!## )NTERNA- 53! 0ROCESSING0ROVIDING A 3ECURE AND 3AFE TIONAL !NNUAL -EETING "ALTIMORE Executive Vice President Jean Wills, AOCS, &OOD 3UPPLY #AMPBELL !LUMNI #ENTER Convention Center, Baltimore, Mary- 5RBANA )LLINOIS 53! 5NIVERSITY OF )LLINOIS 5RBANA 53! )NFOR- LAND 53! )NFORMATION HTTPMEETING MATION 7ILLIAM !RTZ PHONE aaccnet.org. FAX E MAIL AOCS Staff: [email protected] HTTPFSHNILLINOIS Area Manager, 3EPTEMBER n RD !/!# edu/food_processing_forum. 0UBLICATIONS *ACK 7OLOWIEC !NNUAL -EETING %XPOSITION 0HILADELPHIA -ANAGING%DITOR *EREMY#OULTER 0ENNSYLVANIA 53! )NFORMATION WWW September 25–27, 2009. Globoil !SSOCIATE %DITOR #ATHERINE 7ATKINS AOACORGMEETINGSRD?ANNUAL?MTG India 2009, Hilton Towers Mumbai, Technical MAIN?HTM Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Infor- 0ROJECTS %DITOR -ARGUERITE 4ORREY mation: www.biztradeshows.com/ $ESIGN,AYOUT 'RETCHEN 7IESHUBER 3EPTEMBER n ("! %XPO *ACOB organizers/tefla.html. *AVITS #ENTER .EW 9ORK #ITY 53! )NFOR- MATION WWWHBAEXPOCOM 3EPTEMBER n TH )NTERNATIONAL 3YMPOSIUM ON $EEP &RYING 3YDNEY !US- TRALIA )NFORMATION WWWEUROFEDLIPID )NDEX TO ADVERTISERS org.

$ESMET "ALLESTRA 'ROUP .6 # 3PRINGER 3CIENCE "USINESS -EDIA "6 # September 26–27, 2009. 9th AOCS Practical Edible Oil Reﬁning Short 2OSKAMP #HAMPION # 5NITED 3OYBEAN "OARD )NSERT Course, Process Optimization, Equipment and Technology Selec- 3HARPLEX &ILTERS )NDIA 064 ,4$ tion, and On-Line Process Control, Sydney, Australia. Information: www.aocs.org/meetings. *Corporate member of AOCS who supports the Society through corporate membership dues. inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 491

AOCS Meeting Watch

3EPTEMBER 3HORT %DWARD (OTEL 4ORONTO /NTARIO #ANADA Course on Refining, Handling, 4ORONTO /NTARIO #ANADA )NFORMATION 3OUTH "OULDER $RIVE AND !PPLICATIONS OF 0ALM /IL www.aocs.org/meetings. 0/ "OX Hilton Cartagena, Cartagena, 5RBANA ), 53! .OVEMBER n RD 0RACTICAL 0HONE #OLOMBIA )NFORMATION WWWAOCSORG 3HORT #OURSE )NDUSTRIAL 5SES OF 6EGETA- &AX 0ALMA BLE /ILS "IODIESEL )NK "IOBASED 3OLVENTS % MAIL PUBLICATIONS AOCSORG 3EPTEMBER n TH !/#3 0RAC- AND ,UBRICANTS -UNICH 'ERMANY )NFOR- Advertising Instructions and Deadlines: TICAL %DIBLE /IL 2EFINING 3HORT #OURSE MATION WWWSMARTSHORTCOURSESCOM OR Closing date is approximately the first of the month 0ROCESS /PTIMIZATION %QUIPMENT AND 4ECH- WWWAOCSORGMEETINGSBIODIESELINDEX PRECEDING DATE OF ISSUE )NSERTION ORDERS RECEIVED AFTER NOLOGY 3ELECTION AND /N ,INE 0ROCESS CFMND )NTERNATIONAL #ONGRESS ON "IOD- CLOSING WILL BE SUBJECT TO ACCEPTANCE AT ADVERTISERS RISK .O CANCELLATIONS ACCEPTED AFTER CLOSING DATE !D #ONTROL 3YDNEY !USTRALIA )NFORMATION IESEL RD 0RACTICAL 3HORT #OURSE materials must be in final form for press upon mate- www.aocs.org/meetings. .OVEMBER n ND RIALS CLOSING DATE -ATERIALS RECEIVED AFTER DEADLINE OR REQUIRING CHANGES WILL BE PUBLISHED AT ADVERTISERS 3EPTEMBER n ,IPID /XIDATION )NTERNATIONAL #ONGRESS ON risk. Send insertion orders and mechanical materials and Antioxidants Short Course, Sydney, "IODIESEL 4HE 3CIENCE AND to advertising offices at the address listed above. !USTRALIA )NFORMATION WWWAOCSORG the Technologies, The Westin ./4% !/#3 RESERVES THE RIGHT TO REJECT ADVER- meetings. 'RAND -àNCHEN !RABELLAPARK (OTEL tising copy that in its opinion is unethical, misleading, unfair, or otherwise inappropriate or incompatible -UNICH 'ERMANY )NFORMATION WWWAOCS /CTOBER n #RYSTALLI- with the character of inform. Advertisers and advertis- ORGMEETINGSBIODIESEL ZATION OF ,IPIDS #ONFERENCE ,E ING AGENCIES ASSUME LIABILITY FOR ALL CONTENT INCLUDING TEXT REPRESENTATION AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF ADVERTISE- -ÏRIDIEN +ING %DWARD (OTEL -AY n ST ments printed and also assume responsibility for any Toronto, Ontario, Canada. AOCS Annual Meeting and claims arising therefrom made against the publisher. )NFORMATION WWWAOCSORGMEETINGS %XPO 0HOENIX #ONVENTION #ENTER 0HOENIX !RIZONA AOCS Advertising 6ALORIE $EICHMAN /CTOBER n RD 0HONE &AX 2010 PHOENIX 53! )NFORMATION HTTP % MAIL VALORIED AOCSORG Meeting of the Canadian 101st AOCS Annual Meet ng & Expo !NNUAL?-TGAOCSORG PHONE 3ECTION OF THE !/#3 ,IPID #OPYRIGHT ¥ BY !/#3 0RESS FAX &UNCTIONALITY IN 0ROCESSED E MAIL MEETINGS AOCSORG &ORMERLY PUBLISHED AS Chemists’ Section, Cotton Oil &OODS q,E -ÏRIDIEN +ING Press n Journal of the Oil and Fat Industries, n Oil & Soap n NEWS PORTION OF JAOCS n 4HE !MERICAN /IL #HEMISTS 3OCIETY For in-depth details on these and other upcoming meetings, assumes no responsibility for statements or opinions of contributors to its columns. visit www.aocs.org/meetings. inform )33. IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY !/#3 0RESS 3OUTH "OULDER $RIVE 5RBANA ), 53! 0HONE 0ERIODI- CALS PAID AT 5RBANA ), AND ADDITIONAL MAILING OFlCES September 26–27, 2009. Lipid Oxida- Information: www.cmtevents.com/ 0/34-!34%2 3END ADDRESS CHANGES TO inform 0/ tion and Antioxidants Short Course, aboutevent.aspx?ev=090914&. "OX 5RBANA ), 53! 3TANDARD ! Sydney, Australia. Information: www. ENCLOSED IN VERSION Subscriptions to inform for members of the American aocs.org/meetings. September 30, 2009. Saturated Fat— /IL #HEMISTS 3OCIETY ARE INCLUDED IN THE ANNUAL DUES Making Reduction a Reality, Leather- An individual subscription to inform IS /UTSIDE THE 3EPTEMBER n 7ORLD #ONGRESS head Food Research, Leatherhead, 53 ADD FOR SURFACE MAIL OR ADD FOR AIR MAIL )NSTITUTIONAL SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE Journal of the Ameri- ON /ILS AND &ATS AND TH )3& #ONGRESS England. Information: www.leath- can Oil Chemists’ Society and inform combined are now 3YDNEY #ONVENTION AND %XHIBITION #ENTRE erheadfood.com/satfat BEING HANDLED BY 3PRINGER 6ERLAG 0RICE LIST INFORMATION $ARLING (ARBOR 3YDNEY !USTRALIA )NFOR- is available at www.springer.com/pricelist. Claims for COPIES LOST IN THE MAIL MUST BE RECEIVED WITHIN DAYS MATION WWWISFSYDNEYCOM DAYS OUTSIDE THE 53 OF THE DATE OF ISSUE .OTICE October of change of address must be received two weeks September 28–30, 2009. Next BEFORE THE DATE OF ISSUE &OR SUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES please contact Doreen Berning at AOCS, doreenb@ Generation Biofuels, NH Grand /CTOBER n #RYSTALLIZATION OF AOCSORG OR PHONE !/#3 MEMBER- Hotel Krasnapolsky, Amsterdam, ,IPIDS #ONFERENCE ,E -ÏRIDIEN +ING ship information and applications can be obtained Netherlands. Information: e-mail: %DWARD (OTEL 4ORONTO /NTARIO #ANADA FROM !/#3 0/ "OX 5RBANA ), 53! OR MEMBERSHIP AOCSORG [email protected]; )NFORMATION WWWAOCSORGMEETINGS .OTICE TO COPIERS !UTHORIZATION TO PHOTOCOPY www2.greenpowerconferences. items for internal or personal use, or the internal co.uk/v8-12/Prospectus/Index. /CTOBER n RD -EETING OF THE or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the !MERICAN /IL #HEMISTS 3OCIETY FOR LIBRARIES AND OTHER php?sEventCode=BF0909NL. #ANADIAN 3ECTION OF THE !/#3 ,IPID &UNC- users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center TIONALITY IN 0ROCESSED &OODS q,E -ÏRIDIEN ### 4RANSACTIONAL 2EPORTING 3ERVICE PROVIDED THAT September 29–30, 2009. 2nd Algae +ING %DWARD (OTEL 4ORONTO /NTARIO THE BASE FEE OF AND A PAGE CHARGE OF PER COPY ARE PAID DIRECTLY TO ### #ONGRESS 3T 3ALEM World Asia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. #ANADA 4ORONTO /NTARIO #ANADA )NFOR- -! 53! MATION WWWAOCSORGMEETINGS 492 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

/CTOBER n &OOD 0ROCESSING 3UP- tion, Graz Convention Center, Graz, October 27–29, 2009. Biofuels 2009, PLIERS !SSOCIATION 0ROCESS %XPO ,AS 6EGAS Austria. Information: e-mail: info@ 4th Annual Meeting, Budapest, #ONVENTION #ENTER 3OUTH (ALL ,AS 6EGAS eurofedlipid.org; www.eurofedlipid. Hungary. Information: www.wracon- .EVADA 53! )NFORMATION WWWIAlSORG org/meetings/graz ferences.com/2/4/articles/57.php? processexpo/processexpo. October 18–22, 2009. Federation of /CTOBER n TH )NTERNATIONAL October 7–9, 2009. Congress of the Analytical Chemistry and Spectros- #ONFERENCE h/), !.$ &!4 ).$53- International Federation of Soci- copy Societies Annual Conference, 429n v !ZIMUTH (OTEL 3T 0ETERSBURG eties of Cosmetic Chemists, Mel- Marriott Hotel Downtown, Louis- 2USSIA )NFORMATION E MAIL MARKET VNIIG bourne, Australia. Information: ville, Kentucky, USA. Information: ORG WWWVNIIFATSRU www.ifscc2009.com.au. www.FACSS.org. /CTOBER n "IO&UEL )NDONESIA October 7–9, 2009. 3rd Annual Algae October 19–23, 2009. 76th National 'RIYA $OME #ONVENTION #ENTER Biomass Summit, Marriot San Diego Renderers Association Annual Con- -EDAN )NDONESIA )NFORMATION WWWBIO- Hotel & Marina, San Diego, Califor- vention, Ritz-Carlton Hotel, San fuelindo.com. nia, USA. Information: www.algal- Francisco, California, USA. Infor- biomass.org. mation: http://convention.nation- /CTOBER n.OVEMBER )NTERNA- alrenderers.org. TIONAL !NTIOXIDANT &ORUM3HORT #OURSE /CTOBER n "IOFUELS *ATROPHA Methodologies, Assessments, Applications Markets Americas, Mexico City, Mexico. October 19–24, 2009. Practical Short AND (EALTH 'OLDEN 'ATEWAY (OLIDAY )NN )NFORMATION WWWGREENPOWERCONFER- Course on Processing and Products 3AN &RANCISCO #ALIFORNIA 53! )NFORMA- ENCESCOUKV 2EGISTRATION)NDEX of Vegetable Oils, Food Protein R&D TION WWWISNFFORG PHP S%VENT#ODE".-8 Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. Infor- /CTOBER n.OVEMBER /MEGA October 14–15, 2009. American Fats mation: [email protected]; http:// AND "EYOND&UNDAMENTALS !PPLICATIONS & Oils Association Annual Meeting. foodprotein.tamu.edu/fatsoils/scve- AND (EALTH 3HORT #OURSE OF THE )NTERNA- Information: www.afoaonline.org/ goil.php. TIONAL 3OCIETY FOR .UTRACEUTICALS &UNC- events.html. TIONAL &OODS 'OLDEN 'ATEWAY (OLIDAY )NN October 21–22, 2009. !st Styrian 3AN &RANCISCO #ALIFORNIA 53! )NFORMA- October 14–15, 2009. 4th Practical Conference on Lipid Mass Spec, TION WWWISNFFORG Short Course: Snack Food Process- Hotel Weitzer, Graz, Austria. Infor- ing and Product Formulation, “Het mation: www.meduni-graz.at/zmf/ Pand” Ghent University, Ghent, conference09. November Belgium. Information:http://home. scarlet.be/~tpm12374/smartshort- October 21–22, 2009. OFI [Oils & .OVEMBER !NNUAL #ONFERENCE courses/snackfoods;www.bioactives- Fats International] Asia, Balai Sidang AND %XHIBITION OF THE )NTERNATIONAL 3OCIETY world.com. Jakarta Convention Center, Jakarta, FOR .UTRACEUTICALS AND &UNCTIONAL &OODS Indonesia. Information: www.oilsand- 3AN &RANCISCO #ALIFORNIA 53! )NFORMA- October 14–15, 2009. 2nd Jatropha fatsinternational.com/publication. TION WWWISNFFORG World Africa, Brussels, Belgium. asp?pubid=28&nav=3&exid=159. Information: www.cmtevents.com/ .OVEMBER n !3! #33! 333! aboutevent.aspx?ev=091021&. October 25–28, 2009. Bioactive !MERICAN 3OCIETY OF !GRONOMY #ROP Lipids in Cancer, Inflammation Science Society of America-Soil Science October 17–18, 2009. 5th Practi- and Related Diseases, CasaMagna 3OCIETY OF !MERICAN )NTERNATIONAL cal Short Course on Functional Marriott Cancun Resort, Cancun, !NNUAL -EETINGS 0ITTSBURGH 0ENNSYLVA- Oils: Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Market Mexico. Information: http://bioac- NIA 53! )NFORMATION WWWACSMEETINGS Trends, Nutrition & Health, Utiliza- tivelipidsconf.wayne.edu. org. tion in Food Systems, Weitzer Hotel, Graz, Austria. Information: www. October 26–28, 2009. 8th Annual .OVEMBER n 8))) #ONGRESO ,ATI- smartshortcourses.com; www.bio- World Food and Technology & Inno- NOAMERICANO DE 'RASAS Y !CEITES 8))) activesworld.com. vation 2009, World Trade Centre, ,ATIN !MERICAN #ONGRESS ON &ATS /ILS Rotterdam, Netherlands. Informa- 2OSARIO %VENTS AND #ONVENTION #ENTER October 18–21, 2009. 7th Euro Fed tion: www.foodinnovate.com/home. 2OSARIO !RGENTINA )NFORMATION E MAIL Lipid Congress: Lipids, Fats and asp. [email protected]. Oils: From Knowledge to Applica- CONTINUED ON PAGE 530 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 493

Message from the President

It is impossible to predict the future impact of the global financial crisis in which we find ourselves. What makes it more dramatic is the speed with which it occurred. Within nine months, the United States has gone from less than 4% unemployment to more than 10% unemployment. One of the world’s largest companies, General Motors, entered bankruptcy. This financial crisis has affected all of us in one way or another. In the midst of all of this doom and gloom, the good news is that the global banking system has been rescued. Good news, also, is that AOCS has weathered the financial storm very well because of the reserves that have been built up over the last four years, which were held in cash and cash equivalents. Your Governing Board, at its May meeting, delegated to the AOCS Financial Steering Committee the responsibility to plan and implement a financial management plan that would help secure the long-term financial stability of AOCS. That plan has already been implemented, and it consists of three areas: r "O Operating Account (OA) that is managed by staff on a daily basis to receive revenue and pay expenses. The OA will be monitored by the Financial Steering Com- mittee monthly. Twice yearly (January and July), funds in the OA will be adjusted to meet projected needs over the next six months. Normally, January and July are equi- librium points in the annual cashflow pattern. r "0$4 IBT FTUBCMJTIFE B TJHOJàDBOU Buffer Account (BA). This BA is held in highly liquid assets (interest-bearing cash equivalents) that can be tapped in the event of an unforeseen crisis (e.g., 9/11 terrorist attack or H1N1 swine flu’s shutdown of world travel), which might impact AOCS’ revenues significantly. A substantial minimum has been established for this BA. This BA is managed by staff together with the Financial Steering Committee. r 'JOBMMZ "0$4 IBT FTUBCMJTIFE B MPOHUFSN Investment Account (IA) with a reputable (pressure-tested following the trying times of the financial crisis) investment advisory house to generate revenue for AOCS to advance its long-term interests and activities for its members and stakeholders. The IA is managed by the Financial Steering Committee. With this sound financial structure now in place, the focus of the AOCS Board, with the support of staff, is to try to ensure that the financial result of each budget year is positive. Your Board, for its 100th anniversary year, has budgeted for a negative outcome because of an anticipated revenue shortfall. This should not be a surprise in the current environment of corporate travel and expenditure restrictions. Staff headcount and sala- ries have been frozen as a result of the anticipated revenue reduction, along with our own travel restrictions and other cost-saving measures. I can assure you that everything fea- sible, consistent with continuing to provide excellent service, has been done to minimize our anticipated loss for this year. Looking on the positive side, we anticipate that AOCS will be “back in the black” next fiscal year. In my next communiqué, I will lay out our vision for “Managing to the Future” of AOCS.

Ian C. Purtle AOCS President, 2009–2010 Milk phospholipids— A new ingredient for formulation of functional foods with bioactivity

Hans Burling, Åke Nilsson, and Lena Ohlsson TABLE 1. Relative phospholipid composition (%) in different commercial sources of lecithin productsa Phospholipids (PL) are common and important substances in the Soya Egg Milk biological world. They make up the membranes of most cells in both plants and animals. These lipids are organized in double- 0# layer structures serving as barriers between the various com- 0% partments and providing the proper environment for receptors, enzymes, and transport proteins. They also act as platforms for 0) communication between cells and for hormones that regulate SM cell functions. Milk contains PL in the milkfat globule membrane (MFGM). This membrane is organized in ordered triple- 03 layer structures together with special proteins, so-called MFGM 0! proteins. PL, or lecithins, are of great commercial use in the food and Others feed industry for emulsification purposes. They are also used in a PC, phosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI, phos- dietetic formulations and cosmetics, but in rather small quanti- phatidylinositol; SM, sphingomyelin; PS, phosphatidylserine; PA, ties. Commercially, soybean is the greatest source for PL, with phosphatidic acid. sales of about 200,000 metric tons (MT) per year, or 90% of the total market. Egg lecithin is a minor PL source with a production of around 300 MT per year, used mostly for dietetic purposes, in fat globules, an obvious procedure for further concentration is to infant formulas and in parenteral nutrition. start from cream (40% fat). By using further centrifugation and Today, milk is seldom used as a source for PL even though it emulsion-breaking procedures for making anhydrous milkfat, contains some very interesting bioactive PL, namely, phosphati- a serum phase can be collected that, after application of mem- dylserine (PS) and sphingomyelin (SM), which are the subject brane filtration, gives a product that is over 20% PL in total of this article. solids. This procedure is patent pending WO 2006/128465 A1 (Arla Foods). STRUCTURES OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS (PL) The typical composition of a milk PL concentrate (Lacpro- dan PL-20) from Arla Foods is shown in Table 2. Glycoceramides 494 There are two kinds of PL: those that contain glycerol and those in Table 2 include lactosyl ceramide and glucosyl ceramide, that contain sphingosine for binding of the phosphate group. which structurally also belong to the sphingolipid (SL) family. In SM a single fatty acid is bound to sphingosine via an amide The relatively high content of gangliosides also belonging to the linkage; in the glycerophospholipids, the two fatty acids are SL group is of interest in the formulation of infant formulas for bound via normal ester bonds. maintaining gut health. PL compositions. Examples of PL compositions are pre- For incorporating milk PL in cosmetics that need, for sented in Table 1. It can be seen that milk PL has a different com- example, a protein-free ingredient, Lacprodan PL-20 can be sub- inform position, with high proportions of the bioactive components SM jected to ethanol extraction with no need of acetone precipitation and PS, compared with other major natural lecithins. to further reduce the triglycerides (TG) in the product. PL repre- 2009 sents more than 80% of the total lipids, as shown in Table 2. PROCESSING PROCEDURES FOR CONCENTRATION OF MILK PL BIOACTIVE PROPERTIES OF PS The normal content of PL in milk is about 250 mg per liter, PS has lately aroused great interest as an active component in

August August equivalent to a content of 0.2% PL in whole milk powder. As a nutraceuticals for improved cognitive performance, as a coun- PL source, this content is too low to allow its use for functional teractant against memory loss resulting from aging, and as a food formulations. Because the PL are bound mainly to the milk stress-release agent. Fifteen percent of the human brain PL pool . ------n ation ation n J. Nutr. Biochem J. Nutr. = 0.02), = 0.02), Nutrition 14 Nutrition 102 . n n inform et al., 2009). Consump- Antimicrob. AgentsCchemother. Nutrition 19 CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE n J. Lipidn Res. 47 Three week intake of milk phosphati- et al., al., et Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 1 Am. J. Clin. 84 Nutr. Phospholipids n wenhuizen, Dietary plasma sphingolipids cholesterol and lower TRIACYLGLYCEROL AND PREVENT LIVERmice, STEATOSIS IN !0/% ,EIDEN METABOLITES IN CELL REGULATIONlipids as inhibitors carcinogenesis, colon of %VIDENCE FOR DIETARY SPHINGO 3LOTTE *0 3PHINGOMYELIN CHOLESTEROL INTERACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL Lipids membranes, Phys. model and Chem. 3PRONG 2# 7& (ULSTEIN ANDcidal activities lipids. milk of 2 6AN DER -EER 45 "ACTERI $UIVENVOORDEN ) 0* 6OSHOL 0#VOORDE 2ENSEN 7 *! VAN $UYVEN 2OMIJN ** %MEIS ,- (AVEKES AND 7& .IEU J., Hellhammer, PHATIDYLSERINE ON CEREBRALdisease, GLUCOSE METABOLISM-C$ANIEL IN !LZHEIMERS -! 3&NUTRIENTS -AIER ! AND MEMORY '/ CURE .ILSSON %INSTEIN ± h"RAIN AND SPECIlCv port $UAN sphingomyelin, of 2 $ !BSORPTION.YBERG AND , LIPOPROTEIN $UAN cholesterol, and sphingomyelin of absorption on TRANS 2 AND .ILSSON ± ! MUTUAL INHIBITORY3CHMELZ %- AND EFFECT !( -ERRILL *R #ERAMIDES AND CERAMIDE dylserine-Beneficial effects on memory and psychological STRESS RESPONSE PRESENTED AT .UTR%VENT ,ILLE &RANCE *UNE n +LINKHAMMER 0 " 3ZELIES AND 7 $ (EISS %FFECT OF PHOS The normal intake of PS in the diet is about 130 mg, with mg, with diet is about 130 of PS in the intake The normal Orga- Clinical Research Assessment and The Diagnostic Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q For further reading: large variations. Rich sources are fish and liver. Normal milk is is Normal milk and liver. Rich sources are fish variations. large 50 mg per day. may get only about Vegetarians a poor source. a clinical trial conducted Germany) Trier, nization (DAACRO; by adding about 15 g of Lacprodan PL-20 of Lacprodan PL-20 to a 250-mL drink (Hellhammer powder to be equivalent on a daily basis would tion of this beverage that the milk- Their report concluded PS. of 300 mg the intake (p significant stress-dampening effects PS had derived (stress hormone), and ACTH stress, dampened perceived lowered a trend for There was levels. cortisol serum and saliva lowered not significant. it was function, but memory improved BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SM AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES DERIVATIVES have of SL in the diet Studies of potentially beneficial effects and the anti-tumor effects, effects, focused on lipid-lowering viruses and bacteria to ability to counteract binding of pathogenic via luminal may be exerted glycosphingolipid receptors. Effects a ., 2003), with results showing that that et al., 2003), with results showing (1990) showed that PS intake stimulates that PS intake et al. (1990) showed 03 Others 0% 0) SM 0# . Typical composition. Typical (% of powder) of milk phospho- More than 60 clinical studies have been performed over been performed over More than 60 clinical studies have 'LYCOCERAMIDES 'ANGLIOSIDES 0ROTEIN ,ACTOSE Ash lipids Total 0HOSPHOLIPIDS THEREOF For abbreviations see Table 1. 1. Table see abbreviations For TABLE 2 the years (McDaniel consists of PS. As the brain ages, part of the PL pool is lost and As the brain ages, part of the PL pool is lost and consists of PS. such as cholesterol. substances is replaced by inactive on age-related memory effect of PS has a positive the intake disor- decline, depression, stress, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disease. Using positron emission tomogra- Alzheimer’s and der, Klinkhammer phy, 100–300 mg of PS brain glucose metabolism. Doses of an extra This is used tested in the published literature. been per day have to a dose of 5–15 g of Lacprodan PL-20 per day in a equivalent 200 mL. drink formulation of, say, a lipid concentrate (Lacprodan concentrate lipid PL-20) 496 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

interaction with sterols and bile salts and infectious agents, or via formation of bioactive metabolites that exert effects in the mucosa. SM is co-localized with cholesterol in mammalian cells membranes. It interacts strongly with cholesterol and the regulation of SM and cholesterol metabolism (Slotte et al., 1999). In plasma lipoproteins, SM is the second-most abundant polar lipid after phosphatidylcholine in, for example, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) particles. A review paper on absorption and transport of sphingomyelin appeared rather recently in the Journal of Lipid Research (47:154–171, 2006). The normal intake of SL in Western diets is about 0.3–0.4 g per day. Main sources are meat, milk, egg products, and fish. Could increased intake of SL have a positive effect on serum cholesterol levels? Start- ing out from studies showing that SM inhibits cholesterol absorption (Nyberg et al., 2000), this topic has been studied in mouse models at TNO (Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) in the Netherlands using APOE*3 (apolipoprotein E 3)-Leiden mice (Duiven- voorden et al., 2006). Results showed that dietary SL dose-dependently lowered plasma cholesterol and, surprisingly, also triglyceride. Recently we performed two human studies in which we raised the question of whether SM-enriched food would have any effect on blood lipids postprandially (after a meal) or after long-term intake (abstract from Sphingolipid Club Meeting held November 14–16, 2008, published in Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology in advance of print, June 19, 2009; DOI 10.1007/s00210-009-0430-z). In an 8-hr postprandial crossover study and a 4-wk parallel group study we examined whether a SL-enriched buttermilk formulation affected concentrations of plasma cholesterol, TG (triglycerides), and apolipopro- teins AI and B (apoAI/apoB). Healthy volunteers consumed a milk drink enriched in SM or a placebo formulation with an amount of PL corresponding to the amount of polar milk lipids in the test formulation, either with breakfast or daily for 4 wk. The postprandial study did not show any significant influence of the SL-enriched formulation on blood lipids. There was no difference at all in postprandial TG increase, but there was a trend toward an increased postprandial HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol/LDL cholesterol and apoAI/apoB ratio. Nor did the 4-wk study reveal any significant influence on fasting plasma lipids. Importantly, no adverse effects of the SL-rich formulation were observed, and further studies are warranted. Apart from the chemical-physical action of SM on cholesterol uptake and metabolism, the digestion products derived from SM in the intestine, that is, ceramide and sphingosine, also have bioactive properties and impact on the developmental fate of many cell types. Alkaline sphingomyelinase activity has been observed in the entire intestinal tract of humans, with the highest activity in the small intestine. Ceramide is relatively poorly absorbed through the mucosa. It is estimated that 20–25% of the ingested SM reaches the colon, primarily as ceramide, which may be important for protection against colon cancer. This has been shown in animal experimental colon-cancer models (Schmelz et al., 1998). Ceramide is further degraded enzymatically in the intestinal wall by ceramidase to sphingosine, which is rapidly taken up by the enterocytes. Sphingosine is also reported to have antimicrobial effects in the gut, but when it is inside the cells, it can be phospho- rylated or irreversibly degraded to palmitic acid and contributes to the fatty acid pool (Sprong et al., 2001). CONCLUSION Milk PL in the form Lacprodan PL-20 with 20% PL offer new possibilities in the functional food area with promising bioactivities, especially as a source of phospatidylserine to ease memory decline and SL for maintaining balanced serum blood lipid levels. More clinical testing is needed to verify the results already published in the literature and the results of the pilot studies presented in this article. Selection of patients to participate in future studies is an important issue. Patients that are at risk for illness should be prioritized before normal healthy persons. The effects will most probably be more clear-cut doing so.

Hans Burling, senior scientist, Arla Foods AB (Lund, Sweden), can be reached via e-mail at [email protected]. Åke Nilsson and Lena Ohlsson are with the Department of Clinical Sciences, Medicine, Lund University Hospital. SAVE $251B Featuring a Books Plus Product!

Nonmember: $200 AOCS Member: $185

Soap Manufacturing Technology Luis Spitz, Editor 2009. Hardbound. 476 pages. ISBN 978-1-893997-61-5. ~ Books Plus CD-ROM Product code PKG-238 Nonmember: $225 • AOCS Member: $21 O

Soap Manufacturing Technology, dedicated exclusively to bar soaps, contains updated content from selected out of print books, including Soap Technology for the 1990's and Soaps and Detergents (1996). This informative new book also contains unpublished material from the 2006 and 2008 SODEOPEC Conferences, To order: as well as other new subjects. www.aocs.org/store Phone: + 1-217-693-4803 Soap Manufacturing Technology's 16 comprehensive chapters will be a useful Fax:+ 1-217-693-4847 reference guide for those already in the soap industry and for newcomers as well. Email: orders@a ocs.org CONTENTS Mention Promo Code The History of Soaps and Detergents Implications of Soap Structure for Formulation and User Properties BOM0809 when ordering Soap Structure and Phase Behavior to receive discount. Formulation ofTraditional Soap Cleansing Systems Offer expires September 18, 2009. Chemistry, Formulation, and Performance of Syndet and Combo Bars Transparent and Tran slucent Soaps ~ Podcast available online! Kettle Saponification: Computer Modeling, LatestTrends, and Innovations Continuous Saponification and Neutralization Systems Semi-Boiled Soap Production Systems AOCS "Books Plus" CD-ROMs let you Soap Drying Systems access an entire book in a Bar Soap Finishing lightweight, portable, and Manufacture of Multicolored and Multicomponent Soaps completely searchable CD-ROM. Soap Making Raw Materials: Their Sources, Specifications, Markets, and Handling Of course, in the AOCS "Books Plus" Analysis of Soap and Related Materials product the standard book is also included Soap Bar Performance Eva luation Methods for your home, school, or office use. Soap Calculations, Glossary, and Fats, Oi ls, and Fatty Acid Specifications AOCS Career Services

Find top quality professionals! Visit our Career Services We'll instantly connect you to employers actively on line and check out our extensive resume bank filled looking for someonejust li ke you. with job seeking professionals. All services for job seekers Let AOCS connect you with the top are FREE! professionals in the industry. e Post your resume anonymously • Search resumes for FREE, identify matches, and only pay for the Send your contact information only to the resumes of interested job seekers. employers whose opportunities you are interested in! • Affordable and flexible pricing: single posting or packages available. • Search professional job postings We are adding to the job board every day. • Access career-related resources We offer Career Coaching with Job Search Experts and an entire library AOCS Members save 50% off the job posting price of career-related articles. AOCS Corporate Members receive 2 FREE job postings each year

Your Global Fats and Oils Connection

@ JOBTARGET

Visit our website for more information on the best employment opportunities in the fats and oils industry! Oil Yield inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 499 'LOBAL OIL YIELDS (AVE WE got it seriously wrong?

Denis J. Murphy

Up to now, most oilseed crop specialists have assumed that one metric ton (MT) per hectare (1MT/ha) was a pretty good ballpark figure for average oil yields from annual oilseed crops such as canola or sunflower. Of course the precise figure varies somewhat depending on the crop variety, climatic zone, and agronomy. Hence, spring-sown canola has quoted yields of about 0.6 MT/ha of oil in the Canadian prairies, whereas high-input, autumn-sown canola/rapeseed varieties in milder European climates average something closer to 1.4 MT/ha. Soybean has lower seed oil content, but it still manages about 0.5–0.6 MT/ha. Hence, the globally averaged oil yield from temperate crops is generally quoted at more or less 1 MT/ha. Thanks to improved varieties and agronomic practices, these estimated yields have increased slightly over recent decades but have not strayed too far from that magic figure of 1 MT/ha (see Table 1). Over the last five years or so, these estimates of global vegetable oil yields have been used to calculate the expected efficiency of biofuel crops, especially in the biodiesel sector. Oil yields are the Mature oil palms. key to life-cycle analysis calculations of the net carbon or energy gain (or loss) from producing fuels from crops, compared with conventional fossil-derived petroleum feedstocks. These sorts of However, all those assumptions may need to be revised if the analyses have recently caused concern in some quarters when it conclusions of a recent, carefully crafted survey of global energy was claimed that bioethanol made from US Midwestern cornstarch crop yields are correct. The results were published in the journal might be even worse than gasoline in its net greenhouse gas emis- Environmental Research Letters in January 2009 by a group led by sions. But thanks to that oil yield figure of 1 MT/ha, most observers Matt Johnston from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA). would agree that oilseed-derived biodiesel fuels have fairly robust Their surprising conclusion is that for nearly all crops, we have got environmental credentials. our oil yield figures seriously wrong. In most cases, they reckon that yields were overestimated by about 100%, while some crops like groundnut grown for biodiesel and wheat grown for bioethanol Table 1. Estimated oil yields from selected crops may have been overestimated by more than 150%. This means that our ballpark figure for oil yield from annual oilseed crops should Previous New be less than 0.5 MT/ha, instead of 1 MT/ha. estimates, estimateb, a And there was another sting in the tail of the Wisconsin anal- Crop MT/ha MT/ha ysis. It seems that whereas annual oilseed yields may have been #ANOLA RAPESEED vastly overestimated, those of oil palm are more or less correct at about 4.1 MT/ha (made up of 3.68 MT/ha palm oil plus 0.44 MT/ Sunﬂower ha kernel oil). This means that the oil yield of oil palm per hectare 'ROUNDNUT PEANUT may be as much as ninefold higher than that of temperate oilseed Soybean crops. Palm oil production costs are also lower because the crop is perennial, so it does not require annual sowing, and it is normally /IL PALM INCLUDES grown in lower wage regions of the world. KERNEL OIL Moreover, whereas temperate oilseed crops may already be -AIZE CORN ETHANOL close to their maximum biological potential oil yield, oil palm breeders are developing varieties that yield in the region of 9–16 aMT/ha, metric tons per hectare. MT/ha, which is a massive 20- to 35-fold higher than canola or bJohnston et al., 2009. 500 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) sunflower. Perhaps now may be a good time to consider investing information in the burgeoning oil palm industry in South America, where new high-yielding plantations are rapidly coming on-stream in coun- For further reading: tries such as Colombia and Ecuador. This is already happening in Africa, where China has reportedly secured rights to grow palm Q Charles, D., Corn-based ethanol ﬂunks key test, Science oil on 2.8 million ha in Congo and is now negotiating for a further 324 2 million ha in Zambia. The amount of oil that could be produced Q $AVIS 3# +* !NDERSON 4EIXEIRA AND %( $E,UCIA ,IFE on 4.8 million palm-planted ha would require about 55 million ha cycle analysis and the ecology of Biofuels, Trends in Plant of soybean, almost double the area of the entire US soybean crop Science 14n (estimated at 31 million ha in 2009). Q !NONYMOUS "UYING FARMLAND ABROAD /UTSOURCINGS THIRD If these surprising results from the Wisconsin study are con- wave, Economist n -AY firmed, they could fundamentally challenge our assumptions about Q *OHNSTON - *! &OLEY 4 (OLLOWAY #* +UCHARIK AND the environmental case for biofuels as a major element in future C. Monfreda, Resetting global expectations from biofu- strategies for sustainable energy provision. They could also affect els, Environmental Research Letters 4 DOI sentiment about the wisdom of using food or feed crops as bioen- ergy feedstocks. This is especially topical at a time when the United Q -URPHY $* &UTURE PROSPECTS FOR BIOFUELS Chemistry Today Nations is dramatically increasing its estimates of the numbers 26n of people suffering acute food shortages, and as the economic downturn and food price hikes disproportionately affect the poor in developing countries. Commenting on the significance of their study, Matt Johnston said: “Our evaluation of crop yields shows the importance of place- inform Contributing Editor Denis J. Murphy is profes- and crop-specific data to inform decision-making on agricultural sor of biotechnology at the University of Glamorgan biofuels. Additional work would be required to evaluate the envi- (United Kingdom). He also works as an advisor with ronmental benefits of specific biofuels produced at specific places, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization but it is clear that the life-cycle costs are highly dependent on where and as a consultant in the wider oil crops industry. and how crops are produced.” Contact him at [email protected]. Award Address inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 501 /MEGA FATTY ACID PROlLING and dietary forensics

Approximately 90% of dietary fatty acid Editor’s note: The following article is based on the address given intake in modernized countries (includ- by Ken D. Stark, the 2009 AOCS Young Scientist Research Award ing Japan) is comprised of four fatty acids: winner, at the 100th AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, held in Orlando, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-9, and 18:2n-6 (palm- Florida, USA, May 3–6. itic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid, respectively). Endogenous fatty acid synthesis limits the utility of several biomarkers, especially saturated fatty acids. Fatty acid tis- Ken D. Stark sue-diet biomarkers with the most potential are those fatty acids exogenously obtained The quantity and type of dietary fat intake influence cellular mem- through the diet and include polyunsatu- brane composition and lipid metabolism, which can impact cardio- rated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and odd- vascular disease (CVD), obesity, inflammation, and neurological numbered carbon-chain fatty acids. DHA in development and function. Consumption of some types of fatty erythrocytes and plasma correlates highly with dietary DHA intake. acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids, provides health benefits, while Pentadecanoic (15:0) and heptadecanoic (17:0) fatty acids are asso- others, such as saturated and trans fatty acids, can potentially ciated primarily with dairy consumption, but they may help iden- increase the risk of disease. Assessing individual dietary and cel- tify levels of saturated fat intake. Determining saturated fatty acid lular fatty acids, and determining their specific impact on biologi- tissue biomarkers for the intake of individual dietary saturates is cal processes, is becoming increasingly important. For example, difficult, but the use of ratios and/or sums and aggregates of fatty whereas _-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid acids can allow for the prediction of differences in polyunsaturated (EPA, 20:5n-3), n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-3, 22:5n-3), and fat intake vs. saturated fat intake. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are all omega-3 fatty acids, In addition, 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-7 are potential markers of they accumulate in different lipids and tissues, and we are continu- low-fat/high-carbohydrate diets. Increased contents of n-7 fatty ally defining their distinct roles in health and disease. acids in tissues and blood reflect increased endogenous fatty Nutrient intakes including fatty acids can be estimated at the acid production stimulated by excess carbohydrate intake. This population level through aggregate methods such as food disap- pearance data, but for clinical utility, approaches that provide data specific to individuals are required. Estimates of an individual’s dietary intake can be completed by average intake methods that information involve food frequency questionnaires and surveys, and by daily food consumption methods that include recent intake recall and For further reading: food diaries. Assessing nutrient intakes at the level of the individual is associated with a series of limitations that are spread through- Q !LBERT #- ( #AMPOS -* 3TAMPFER 0- 2IDKER *% out the process of estimating the actual intake. This includes the Manson, W.C. Willett, and J. Ma, Blood levels of long-chain skill and consistency of the researcher during participant inter- N FATTY ACIDS AND THE RISK OF SUDDEN DEATH N. Engl. J. Med. views, and the participant’s ability to accurately report his or her 346 n intake and the ability to resist tendencies to change dietary habits Q Armstrong, J.M., A.H. Metherel, and K.D. Stark, Direct micro- during the observation process. There is also potential for errors wave transesteriﬁcation of ﬁngertip prick blood samples for and inconsistencies in handling the reports, both at the level of fatty acid determinations, Lipids 43n the researcher and in the software being used. Finally, the dietary Q (ARRIS 73 AND # 6ON 3CHACKY 4HE /MEGA )NDEX ! assessment is limited by the actual food database being utilized. new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev. This includes potential errors in the accuracy and precision of the Med. 39n existing data, inconsistent methodological approaches to generate Q ,ANDS 7% ,ONG TERM FAT INTAKE AND BIOMARKERS Am. J. nutrient composition data, the completeness of the data, and the Clin. Nutr. 61 3n3 constantly changing food supply. Q 3TARK +$ 4HE PERCENTAGE OF N HIGHLY UNSATURATED FATTY Determinations of fatty acids in human tissues and blood are ACIDS IN TOTAL (5&! AS A BIOMARKER FOR OMEGA FATTY ACID biomarkers of dietary intake, but predicting fat intakes is diffi- status in tissues, Lipids 43n cult and dependent on the type(s) of fatty acid being examined. 502 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

increased endogenous 16:0 production results in increased Δ-9 desaturation of 16:0 (at the n-7 position) with potential elongation to 18:1n-7. Low exogenous fat intake reduces the availability of 18:1n-9 and 18:2n-6 and results in greater incorporation of n-7 fatty acids into tissue lipids. The use of models combining four to five fatty acids measured in blood have been successful in differentiat- ing between moderate- and low-fat diets. Empirical relationships developed by Bill Lands for determining the fatty acid compositions of human plasma phospholipids from dietary intake are available online (http://efaeducation.nih.gov/sig/dietbalance.html). Blood-based biomarkers have a practical advantage over tissue-based biopsies. Adipose biopsies can provide very good, long- term dietary intake information, but they are far too invasive to be used at the level of routine clinical screening. Plasma and erythrocytes tend to be the blood fractions analyzed most often, although whole blood, platelets, and leukocytes have been analyzed as well. Plasma and erythrocyte measures tend to reflect shorter-term intakes, but they may be suitable for estimating long-term intake. The preparation of plasma-free erythrocytes and erythrocyte-lipid extraction requires specialized and time-consuming methodologies, but the fatty acid composition of the total lipid extract of erythrocytes is extremely similar to the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids. Lipid class separation in erythrocytes prior to fatty acid determinations is unnecessary. Plasma lipids, on the other hand, include triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids. Fatty acid determinations of plasma total lipid extracts are often avoided because the fatty acids in the triacylglycerols component can be influenced by recent dietary intake and the triacyglyerol pool can be highly variable depending on whether the individual was in a fasted or fed state. Therefore, plasma-based fatty acid determinations are typically associated with prior lipid class separation such as thin-layer chromatography. A finger-tip-prick blood sample on chromatography paper is an extremely rapid blood collection technique that does not require trained phlebotomists and holds considerable potential FIG. 2. Direct transesteriﬁcation of fatty acids in blood lipids using for field studies and screening (Fig. 1). This technique does limit boron triﬂuoride in methanol by traditional convectional heat (approxi- the results to the fatty acids composition of total lipids in whole mately 60 min) as compared with microwave energy (approximately 45 s).

blood, and it is very difficult to isolate specific blood fractions and individual lipid classes. However, it is important to point out that in the Physicians’ Health Study, it was higher EPA + DHA levels in whole blood that were associated with lower risk of sudden cardiac death. The sum of the relative percentages of EPA and DHA in erythrocytes has been suggested as a potentially useful clinical risk factor, based largely on correlations to heart EPA + DHA status. An alternative method of examining omega-3 fatty acid status is to examine the percentage of omega-3 fatty acids in the highly unsaturated fatty acid pool (HUFA, ≥20 carbons and ≥3 double bonds). The HUFA pool is a surrogate marker of the fatty acids in the sn-2 position of cellular phospholipids. Focusing on the HUFA class of fatty acids allows estimation of cell membrane levels of omega-3 fatty acids from total lipid fatty acid determinations, without the necessity for blood fractionations and extensive isolation of lipid classes. North Americans tend to have percentages of n-3 HUFA in total HUFA of about 20% in various blood measures, which is FIG. 1. Fingertip-prick blood sampling on chromatography paper. below the level of 50% that would provide significant cardio- inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 503

protection. Using the percentage of n-3 HUFA in total HUFA also post-doctoral fellow examining dietary and behavioral inﬂuences on increases the ability to predict the omega-3 fatty acid status of maternal-fetal metabolism of fatty acids. He is currently an assis- tissues such as liver, brain, and heart from blood omega-3 fatty tant professor in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of acid status. By using the percentage of n-3 HUFA in total HUFA, Waterloo where he heads the Laboratory of Nutritional & Nutraceu- we are also able to employ a variety of high throughput process- tical Research. Contact him at [email protected]. ing techniques such as direct transesterification of fatty acids with microwave energy without sacrificing the accuracy of the estimate of omega-3 fatty acid status (Fig. 2). Combining these processing techniques with fast gas chroma- #,!33)&)%$ tography can result in tremendous gains in sample throughput and increased cost efficiency, and a lower cost per sample. It is esti- Employment Specialty Services mated that more than 350,000 North Americans die each year from sudden cardiac death, while fish oil supplementation is associated )F YOU ARE LOOKING FOR A QUALIlED CANDIDATE TO lLL A POSITION with a 45% reduction in the risk of sudden cardiac death. Regular at your company or are an individual interested in changing monitoring of omega-3 fatty acid intakes through blood analyses A CURRENT SITUATION %MPLOYMENT 3PECIALTY 3ERVICES %33 could prove highly effective for first-line prevention of sudden can conﬁdentially and economically help. cardiac death. High throughput, cost-efficient analytical methods could enable fatty acid determinations in large-scale clinical trails %33 WITH ITS EXCELLENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE FATS AND OILS INDUS- and potentially lead to routine clinical fatty acid profiling by health try and personnel, will strengthen your organization or care professionals. further your career.

Ken Stark received an undergraduate degree from #ONTACT 3TAN 3MITH the University of Toronto and he completed his grad- 0HONE uate studies at the University of Guelph. While at &AX Guelph, he was an AOCS honored student. He spent % MAIL EMPLOYSTAN AOLCOM two years at the National Institutes of Health as a CRYSTALLIZATION OF 23rd Meeting of the Canadian Section of the AOCS LIPIDS, NUCLEATION October 4-6, 2009 Le M eri dien King Edward Hotel TO APPLICATION Toronto, O nta ri o, Canada October 3-4, 2009 Le Meridien King Edward Hotel Fats and Oils Functionality Toronto, Ontario, Canada in Processed Foods: From the Fundamental The Definitive Forum for Leading Edge Technology for Lipid Structures to the Applied

Learn about the latest technical develop Showcasing innovations in fats and oils ments on crystallization behavior from research from Canada and around the world. leading researchers and practitioners from Keynote addresses by internationally academia and industry. renowned speakers, a poster session w ith dedicated viewing ti me and a student Technical Focus: competition w ill take place. • Factors that influence/control crystallization of lipids Technical Sessions: • Polymorphic behavior of lipids • Healthy developments in fats and oils • Influence of lipid crystallization on • Innovations in oilseed crops functional performance • Processed foods applications: bakery, • Development of lipid structures and solids dairy and snack foods • Impact of processing on crystallization • Industri al and non-food applications

www.aocs.org/Meetings/Crystallization www.aocs.org/Meetings/CAOCS09 Early Registration Deadline is Early Registration Deadline is September 1, 2009 September 1, 2009 Briefs inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 505

Pakistan will have to import more News & Noteworthy than 80% of its edible oil in 2009 following lower sunflower yields in the country, according to the Asia Pulse news service. In previous years, the country’s annual consumption of edible oil was about 2.1 million metric tons, with 30% coming from local production and 70% from imports. QQQ Retail sales of soy-food products in the United States have surpassed $4 billion for the first time, according to Soyfoods: The U.S. Market 2009, a report by Soyatech, LLC and SPINS, Inc. Leading categories driving this growth include soymilk, meat alternatives, tofu, and snack bars. Refrig- erated soy-based entrees and sushi, tracked for the first time this year, also fared well and debuted in the top 25 largest soy foods categories, with $11.5 million in sales. Soyatech, of Bar Harbor, Maine, USA, is a media, marketing, and event company that is wholly owned by High- Quest Partners. SPINS is a market research consultancy based in Schaum- burg, Illinois, USA. oil is consumed as diesel fuel before the 50 Biobased engine hours of performance.” QQQ Sensors on the CORS continuously Honey bee colony losses in the United oil in field testing monitor the physico-chemical properties States were approximately 29% from of the oil and replace old oil with new at all causes from September 2008 to phase precisely the right time by feeding it into April 2009, according to a survey con- The University of Northern Iowa’s National the fuel line in very small quantities. All ducted by the Apiary Inspectors of Ag-Based Lubricants (NABL; Cedar Falls, that is needed is a small reservoir to store a America (AIA) and the US Department USA) Center has developed a technology fresh supply of oil. of Agriculture. This is less than the that continuously recycles engine oil, over- “The CORS concept offers an oppor- overall losses of about 36% from 2007 coming the problem of oxidative stability tunity for the earlier adoption of engine to 2008, and about 32% from 2006 and allowing biobased engine oil to be used biolubricants,” said Bill Mitchell, a retired to 2007, that have been reported in in diesel engines. agricultural machinery engineer who serves similar surveys. An abstract of the data The Continuous Oil Recycling System as a consultant on this project. “Features of is available on line at: http://maarec. (CORS) developed by NABL is, in essence, the biobased engine lubricants in the CORS cas.psu.edu/pdfs/PrelimLosses2009. like an on-board biodiesel manufactur- concept offer extraordinary natural lubric- pdf. ing plant that removes small quantities of ity, reduced petroleum dependency, and “While the drop in losses is biobased engine oil from the crankcase, waste-oil elimination.” encouraging, losses of this magni- cleans and modifies it, and then feeds the The amount of fresh oil used is as high tude are economically unsustainable oil into the engine fuel lines. as one-twentieth the amount of fuel used for commercial beekeeping,” said Jeff “We thought rather than forcing veg- in the diesel engine. The on-board CORS Pettis, research leader of the Agri- etable-based oil to last in an engine for computer processor constantly “commu- 10,000 to 15,000 miles, we would change nicates” with engine electronics to ensure cultural Research Service (ARS) Bee the oil before it breaks down and replace optimum timing for burning small quanti- Research Laboratory in Beltsville, it with fresh oil,” said UNI-NABL Center ties of the engine oil. Using a 2% mixture Maryland, USA. ARS is USDA’s prin- Director Lou Honary. “If soybean oil or of oil in diesel fuel for most stationary cipal intramural scientific research other vegetable oil can safely perform for, engines would provide all the benefits of agency. The survey was conducted by say, 50 hours or 2,500 miles, the comput- biodiesel and result in an automatic oil Pettis; Dennis vanEngelsdorp, presi- erized recycling system would ensure the CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE dent of AIA; and Jerry Hayes, AIA past president. Q 506 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

change as desired. This technology elimi- to operate a fleet of ships engaged only in covered by the CCFO criteria. SCF criterion nates the need for an actual oil change, but the carriage of edible fats and oils as they 5 dealing with the availability of analytical does require an infrequent change of the oil would have to return empty to their original methods is not explicitly addressed in the filter. loading ports. CCFO criteria. The CONTAM Panel con- CORS has been successfully tested In 1996 and 2003, the Scientific Com- siders that SCF criterion 5 is still important. in the laboratory and is now entering the mittee on Food (SCF) assessed the risk to The CCFO criteria also cover food aller- field test stage. The first target engines are human health arising from potential con- gens and compounds that may react with being tested in utility companies’ station- tamination of oils and fats shipped in tanks oil and fats. The CONTAM Panel consid- ary diesel engines; they will then be tested which may have been used to transport ers these additions relevant. in hospitals and other facilities that rely on chemical substances, based on a set of five The CCFO criteria specifically apply to their own electricity generated by diesel criteria. The Codex Committee for Fats the immediate previous cargo. The CCFO engines. Ships, shipyards, and other areas and Oils (CCFO) has adopted the Recom- criterion 1, which addresses documentation storing large volumes of fuels also will be mended International Code of Practice for procedures, does not specify for how many tested. the Storage and Transport of Edible Oils previous cargoes records should be kept. Current tests use a special high-oleic and Fats in Bulk, including the Draft Codex This might be particularly important in the soy oil, but research shows that other vege- List of Acceptable Previous Cargoes, which event that earlier previous cargoes consist table oils should work as well because “the did not include criteria for the evaluation of of substances for which an acceptable daily sensors are blind to the type of oil being substances. intake (ADI) or tolerable daily intake (TDI) used,” according to Honary. For this purpose, in 2007, four criteria has not been established, EFSA noted. “CORS is a smart technology that were developed by the Food and Agriculture “The CONTAM Panel is of the opinion reacts to the variables in the motor oil and Organization of the United Nations and the that records of the three previous cargoes the engine,” he said. “At the early stages of World Health Organization in collaboration should be kept, in accordance with the introduction, the CORS technology is suited with the Dutch National Institute for Public Codex Recommended International Code for larger, stationary engines. The later ver- Health and the Environment. In 2009, these of Practice for the Storage and Transport sions will investigate use in off-highway criteria were amended by CCFO at its 21st of Edible Oils and Fats in Bulk,” the EFSA construction and agricultural equipment, session and were forwarded for adoption by opinion states. “With respect to CCFO cri- and eventually in on-road trucks and pas- the 32nd session of the Codex Alimentarius terion 2, the CONTAM Panel agrees with senger cars.” Committee (CAC). the proposed threshold of an ADI (or TDI) At the request of the European Com- of greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/kg body mission, EFSA reviewed the criteria for weight. The CONTAM Panel considered EFSA on previous acceptable previous cargoes for edible fats the situation of second and third previous and oils set by the SCF. In doing so, the cargoes and concludes that for nongeno- cargoes Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain toxic substances their transport as second The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (CONTAM Panel) assessed the appropri- and third previous cargoes is not of concern, reviewed the criteria for acceptable previous ateness of the four CCFO criteria, one by taking into account their very limited car- cargoes for edible fats and oils and issued one, by comparing them with those set ryover,” the opinion continues. “Genotoxic an opinion on May 29, 2009. It is available in 1996 by SCF for acceptable previous substances, for which a threshold cannot be at www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale- cargoes for edible fats and oils. The cri- assumed, would not be acceptable as previ- 1178620753812_1211902553518.htm. teria for evaluation of acceptable previous ous cargoes. Regarding the CCFO criterion The worldwide trade of edible fats and cargoes for edible fats and oils as proposed 3 on known food allergens, the CONTAM oils in bulk implies their transport by road, by the CCFO are not in conflict with any of Panel considers the scope of the CCFO cri- railroad, inland waterways, and sea. Indus- the five criteria developed by SCF. SCF criterion too narrow and should apply to all try asserts that it is not economically viable teria 1 to 4 are either explicitly or implicitly known allergens, not just to known food allergens, given the fact that the same cargo may be sold for cosmetic use. The CONTAM Panel also welcomes the inclusion of a criterion to evaluate the accept- ability of substances reacting with the oils or fats,” the EFSA opinion concludes. EFSA meeting on health claims Experts from the European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) Panel on Dietetic products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) met health claims applicants and CONTINUED ON PAGE 508 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 507

that will be used for “continued research develop pharmacological-grade products Acquisitions/ and development of Burcon’s soy protein based on krill oil for sale in the United isolate extraction and purification tech- States. The company already is working mergers nology, further refining of Burcon’s canola with Nestlé and Yoplait on functional foods protein isolate extraction and purifica- and Croda on supplements. Neptune is Diehl Food Ingredients (DFI; Defiance, tion technology, filing new patent applica- based in Laval, Québec, Canada. Ohio, USA), a unit of SensoryEffects, has tions, and expanding Burcon’s intellectual acquired the emulsified powders and non- property portfolio,” according to a news OLIVE OIL dairy creamer business of ACH Food release. Companies (Cordova, Tennessee, USA), The Australian olive oil industry QQQ a subsidiary of Associated British Foods. was dealt an apparent setback when two Cargill announced on June 1, 2009, that managed investment firms that, between QQQ ® its Clear Valley low-saturate canola oil them, reportedly account for 70% of the Eurofins Scientific, Inc., has acquired will be available for customer testing in Strasburger & Siegel, Inc., a food-test- country’s olive production collapsed in early 2010. The company says the oil has April. According to a report by The Aus- ing laboratory founded in 1926 and based 4–4.5% saturated fat, which is 25% less in Hanover, Maryland, USA. tralian newspaper, domestic output has saturated fat than in conventional canola grown from a total of 500 MT of olive oil oils. in 2001 to an expected 16,000 MT in 2009. Commodities QQQ This year’s crop will not be lost, thanks Preol, a Czech producer of rapeseed to agreements reached by the two com- oil, was scheduled to open a new rape- panies with oil processors. seed processing and methyl ester produc- CACAO/CHOCOLATE QQQ ing factory in Lovosice in late June 2009, Cargill has opened a new €16 million facil- Chilean company Somacor has begun according to the Hospodáˇrské Noviny news- producing olive oil in Uruguay, where it ity in the Netherlands for chocolate fillings paper. and coatings, after investing €16 million. has olive plantations in the Department of The investment doubled Cargill’s capacity Lavalleja, according to the South Ameri- for coatings used by the bakery, biscuit, can Business Information news service. cereal, ice-cream, and confectionery indus- To date, Somacor has invested $1 million tries, the company said. and expects to reach an annual output of 450,000 liters of olive oil within 10 years, QQQ Viterra Inc. of Regina, Saskatchewan, the report noted. Canada, announced in June 2009 it will acquire a canola crushing plant owned PALM OIL by Associated Proteins LP (APLP) of Malaysia will intensify enforcement Ste. Agathe, Manitoba, Canada, for $64 against oil palm seed swindles and theft million. The APLP facility has a crushing of palm fruits and oil, which are costing the capacity of 1,000 MT/day and is “well- country billions in lost revenues, accord- situated to source raw materials and to ing to the New Straits Times newspaper. supply North American markets,” Viterra Plantation Industries and Commodities said. The transaction was expected to Minister Bernard Dompok reportedly told close on June 25. the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) to COCONUT begin licensing palm oil transporters and CANOLA/RAPESEED OIL Copra exports in the first quarter of require them to install global positioning Burcon NutraScience Corp. announced 2009 dropped by more than half to 233,525 systems on their tankers to keep track of in June that it had raised approximately metric tons (MT) from 2008 levels, accord- their movements. $16.9 million through a stock offering ing to the Philippine Coconut Author- ity. Shipments of coconut oil also dropped SUNFLOWER by almost 58% to just over 105,000 MT, Ukraine has exported close to 1.3 MMT while the value of coconut oil exports of sunflower oil over the first eight months dropped by two-thirds to $78 million, of the current marketing year (September without freight. 2008–August 2009), which was a 28.7% increase, year-on-year, the Agricultural FISH OIL/MEAL Ministry has reported to the Ukraine Neptune Technologies & Biores- Business Weekly magazine. Ukraine’s oil sources announced in June 2009 that it extracting enterprises have processed 3.9 will work with Bayer HealthCare to CONTINUED ON PAGE 509 508 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

The awards were presented at an awards industry experts in Brussels on June 15, ceremony at the Carnegie Institution for 2009, for an exchange of views on the pre- Science in Washington, DC, USA. sentation of applications for health claim The Presidential Green Chem- authorizations. istry Challenge Awards program is The meeting was an opportunity administered by the US Environ- to further explain the claims evaluation mental Protection Agency. Judging process to applicants and provide addi- is by an independent panel of tech- tional guidance in the light of experiences nical experts convened by the Amer- gained so far with the assessment of claim ican Chemical Society and its ACS applications. Green Chemistry Institute®. EFSA has decided to further develop The Presidential Green Chemistry procedures for communication with appli- Challenge Awards are given in five catego- cants while claims are being evaluated ries. The 2009 Award winners and their cat- including greater use of the “stop the clock” egories are: procedure when NDA experts consider it necessary to request additional information regarding an application. “This will help ACADEMIC AWARD ensure that there is a shared, mutual under- Atom transfer radical polymerization: low- standing between the panel and the appli- impact polymerization using a copper cata- cant of the claim to be evaluated prior to lyst and environmentally friendly reducing adoption of the final opinion,” EFSA said agents—Hazardous chemicals are often in a written statement. The NDA panel may required in the manufacture of important request supplementary information from polymers such as lubricants, adhesives, applicants to clarify in particular the object and coatings. Krzysztof Matyjaszewski of of the claim (e.g., whether it relates to a Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh, component of the foodstuff or the product Pennsylvania, USA) developed an alterna- itself) or the claimed health relationship. tive process, called Atom Transfer Radical Up to now, these issues would be Polymerization (ATRP), for manufacturing they are manufactured by chemical methods addressed with applicants only before the polymers. The process uses chemicals that that use strong acids and potentially hazard- application was accepted by EFSA and are environmentally friendly, such as ascor- ous solvents; these methods also require a before evaluation started. Experience has bic acid as a reducing agent, and requires great deal of energy. Eastman’s new method shown that some of these questions only less catalyst. ATRP has been licensed to uses immobilized enzymes to make esters, become apparent during the assessment of manufacturers throughout the world, reduc- saving energy and avoiding both strong the application, and this can have a signifi- ing risks from hazardous chemicals. acids and organic solvents. “This method cant bearing on the evaluation. is so gentle that Eastman can use delicate, Participants discussed various aspects SMALL BUSINESS AWARD natural raw materials to make esters never of the process such as how the panel decides before available,” the EPA noted. BioForming® process: catalytic conversion whether a claim is substantiated and how of plant sugars into liquid hydrocarbon fuel: the evidence is weighted, what are the data GREENER REACTION The award-winning process is a water-based, requirements and pertinent studies to be catalytic method to make gasoline, diesel, or CONDITIONS included, and on what basis EFSA pro- jet fuel from the sugar, starch, or cellulose Innovative analyzer tags proteins for fast, poses the wordings of claims. EFSA will of plants that requires little external energy accurate results without hazardous chemi- review and seek to improve transparency of other than the plant biomass. The process cals or high temperatures—Each year, labo- the opinions with respect to these aspects. was developed by Virent Energy Systems, ratories test millions of samples of food for EFSA aims to publish the revised Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. the presence of protein. Such tests generally version of the FAQ, an overview of com- The process is flexible and can be mod- use a large amount of hazardous substances ments received during the consultation, ified to generate different fuels based on and energy. CEM Corp. of Matthews, North and a report of the technical meeting on its current market conditions. It can compete Carolina, has developed a fast, automated website in the third quarter of 2009. economically with current prices for con- process that uses fewer toxic reagents and ventionally produced petroleum-based less energy. The new system can elimi- fuels. nate 5.5 million pounds (2.5 million kg) of Green Chemistry hazardous waste generated by traditional Awards announced GREENER SYNTHETIC testing in the United States each year. The 2009 Presidential Green Chemistry PATHWAYS DESIGNING GREENER Challenge Awards winners were announced A solvent-free biocatalytic process for cos- on Monday, June 22. The awards are given metic and personal care ingredients—Esters CHEMICALS to recognize research that can make signifi- are an important class of ingredients in cos- Chempol® MPS resins and Sefose® sucrose cant contributions to pollution prevention. metics and personal care products. Usually, esters enable high-performance low-VOC inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 509

MMT of sunflowerseed and produced 1.7 MMT of sunflower oil since the begin- alkyd paints and coatings: Conventional ning of the marketing year, which was a 23.7% increase, year-on-year. oil-based alkyd paints provide durable, high-gloss coatings but use hazardous solvents. The Procter & Gamble Co. of Cin- New ventures cinnati, Ohio, USA, and Cook Composites and Polymers Co. of North Kansas City, Researchers at Bayer MaterialScience are using vegetable oils in the produc- Missouri, USA, are developing Chempol tion of polyether polyols directly, without any need for further chemical trans- MPS paint formulations using biobased formation, according to a report in the June issue of High Performance Plastics (8, Sefose oils to replace petroleum-based 2009). The resulting polyether polyols contain between 53% and 68% raw mate- solvents. Sefose oils, made from sugar and rial from renewable sources. vegetable oil, enable new high-performance QQQ alkyd paints with less than half the solvent. A new plant sterol-containing snack cracker—claimed to be the first in Paints with less hazardous solvent will the country—was introduced in June in the United States by nutritional food help improve worker safety, reduce fumes firm Kashi. indoors as the paint dries, and improve air QQQ quality. Russian company AgroSib-Razdolye will spend 700 million rubles worth of borrowed funds to upgrade a vegetable oil plant in the Altai Region, the press service of the regional government said in a statement in June. The company plans Dean Foods to complete the upgrade of the plant in February 2010. QQQ acquires Alpro A $30 million oilseed crushing plant has been built in Lira, Uganda, according to Dean Foods Co. (Dallas, Texas, USA) AllAfrica.com. Mount Meru Millers of Tanzania reportedly is the investor. The is acquiring the Alpro division of Van- facility will have an annual capacity of 90,000 MT of oil, mainly from sunflower, demoortele N.V. (Ghent), Belgium’s largest simsim, and soy. privately-held food company. The transaction’s price is approximately €325 million (about $450 million) and is expected to be R&D completed in the third quarter of 2009. With its Alpro® soya and Provamel® Archer Daniels Midland (ADM: Decatur, Illinois, USA) will provide $1.2 million, brands, Alpro is the European leader in the Kansas (USA) Bioscience Authority will provide another $1.2 million, and branded soy-based beverage and food the University of Kansas (Lawrence, USA) will provide in-kind support worth products with net sales of approximately more than $300,000 for a three-year project aimed at converting vegetable oils €260 million in 2008, according to Dean into lubricants and other chemicals and at eliminating the need for petrochemi- Foods. Alpro has five manufacturing sites cals in food packaging. in Belgium, the United Kingdom, France, QQQ and the Netherlands, and employs approxi- Nestlé S.A. has opened its first research unit in Japan. Based at the University mately 750 people. of Tokyo, the unit will conduct fundamental research in nutrition and health, with “We think this is a great deal that estab- a special focus on mobility and cognitive performance. Q lishes Dean Foods as a clear global leader in the soy beverages and related products category, with over $1 billion in combined annual retail sales,” said Gregg Engles, created a joint venture with ITOCHU “The Pacific Northwest is already the Dean Foods chairman and chief executive and STX Pan Ocean to build and operate second largest export corridor in North officer (CEO). a state-of-the-art export grain terminal at America but additional capacity will be Alpro CEO Bernard Deryckere will the Port of Longview, Washington, USA. needed to meet the growing demand for report to Joe Scalzo, CEO and president of Called EGT Development, LLC, the project agricultural products in Asia,” said Carl Dean Foods’ WhiteWave-Morningstar divi- will be the first export terminal built in the Hausmann, Bunge North America presi- sion. Alpro will be run as a separate Euro- United States in more than two decades. dent and CEO. pean business. The terminal will be capable of han- ITOCHU is the second largest mar- dling grain, oilseeds, and protein meals. It keter of grain and food products in Japan, features a rail loop track unloading system and STX Pan Ocean of Seoul, Korea, is Bunge to build capable of holding four 110-car unit trains one of the world’s leading shipping com- at any given time. The facility will include a panies of agricultural products. Bunge has export terminal shuttle train unloading system as well as the oilseed processing assets in China, an own- capability to unload barges from the Colum- ership stake in the Phu My port in Vietnam, Bunge North America, the North Ameri- bia River. When it is fully operational, the and is a significant seller into the Asian can operating arm of Bunge Ltd. of White facility will be able to handle more than market. Bunge is the majority partner in the Plains, New York, announced that it has eight million metric tons annually. project. 510 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

Construction was to begin in June 2009, with aim of opening the facility in time for the 2011 North American harvest.

Soy sustainability standards set The Fourth General Assembly of the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS), held May 26–27, 2009, in Campinas, Brazil, approved the “Principles and Criteria for Responsible Soy” that establish the basis for developing a standard for the production, trade, and processing of “responsible soy.” The soy industry has been criticized in recent years for causing deforestation, dis- placing indigenous peoples, and destroy- ing natural habitats, particularly in South America. The RTRS aims to address these issues by establishing guidelines for good industry practice. Point 4.4 of the principles and criteria states that “expansion for soy cultivation during field test period may not take place on land cleared of native habitat after May 2009.” Further, “producers who want or plan to clear native habitat after the cut-off date of May 2009 must produce scientific Canola meal CLASSIFIED evidence from a comprehensive and professional third-party assessment of the area imports affected Jedwards International, Inc. concerned that identifies the absence of all In May, two rail car shipments of canola primary forest, other high conservation meal from Bunge Ltd.’s Canadian crushing Suppliers of Bulk Specialty Oils to value areas, and local peoples’ lands.” plants tested positive for Salmonella after the Food, Dietary Supplement and inspection at the border by the US Food Cosmetic Industries. Leading Sup- and Drug Administration (FDA), accord- plier of Omega-3 Oils. Water utilization ing to a Reuters news agency report in mid- center opens June. Bunge person Deb Seidel reportedly www.bulknaturaloils.com said that one of the shipments could be tel: 617-472-9300 What Monsanto Co. billed as the world’s traced back to the Bunge plant in Hamilton, first agricultural water utilization center Ontario. The second shipment tested posi- opened June 16, 2009, at Gothenburg, tive in late May and came from Bunge’s Nebraska, USA. plant in Nipawin in the western province The Water Utilization Learning Center of Saskatchewan. Bunge immediately shut is a $6 million facility designed for study- down the canola lines at each plant, according cropping systems in terms of genet- ing to the report. ics, agronomic practices, and biotech traits A second Reuters story later in June including water-use efficiency technologies reported that shipments by Cargill of Cana- such as drought-tolerant cropping systems. dian canola meal into the United States are The center will help Monsanto advance facing more FDA scrutiny after salmonella research to help improve farmers’ produc- was found in a shipment in the first quarter tivity in the Western Great Plains of the of 2009. The Canadian Oilseed Proces- United States while gaining a better under- sors Association is now studying Canadian standing of water use by crops. plant procedures and the FDA’s standards Monsanto is based in St. Louis, Mis- to prevent further Salmonella contamina- souri, USA. tion, according to Reuters. Q inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 511 Briefs Biofuels News The European Commission (EC) proposal to impose anti-dumping duties on US biodiesel was adopted by EC finance ministers and took effect July 12, 2009 (see inform 20:420, 2009). Duties will range from $1.40 to $2.50 per gallon and may last up to five years. The European Biodiesel Board con- tended that US biodiesel marketed in Europe over the past two years had been sold at a discount, jeopardizing the European Union biodiesel industry. QQQ At the inaugural meeting of the Euro- pean Algae Biomass Association (EABA) held in June in Florence, Italy, Raffaello Garofalo, the executive director of the EABA, told Reuters news service that manufacture of biofuels from algae “will happen in the longer term, 10 to 15 years.” He added, “There are still challenges and problems to resolve.” He also indicated r &NQIBTJ[F DPQSPEVDU DBQUVSF BOE marketability to maximize revenue that at present biodiesel made from GENERAL generation. Triacylglycerols repre- algae costs 10–30 times more than sent a relatively small portion of algae- traditional biofuels. However, salable Economics of related revenue opportunities. Of the by-products could bring down the material produced in an algal biofu- overall price. producing biofuels els system, 50–80% will be something QQQ other than oils used for biofuel. from algae r "HHSFTTJWFMZ EFWFMPQ UFDIOPMPHJFT BOE The US Department of Energy (DOE) processes that significantly improve released a Request for Information on June total algae yields without dramatically 3, 2009, regarding its National Algal Bio- increasing costs. fuels Technology Roadmap. In response, r 3FEVDF UPUBM DBQJUBM DPTUT UISPVHI Phillip Brown, president and chief operat- advanced technology, of algae pro- ing officer of Diversified Energy (Gilbert, duction and harvesting. Components Arizona, USA), placed on the company’s having the greatest impact on capital website a document entitled “A Commer- costs are the algae growth system, cial Economics Perspective.” According to water management/harvesting/extraction, and CO delivery infrastructure. Brown, priorities in developing and com- 2 mercializing algal biofuels should be the Brown’s comments may be down- loaded in a pdf format from www. The Donald Danforth Plant Science following: diversified-energy.com/index.cfm?s_ Center (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) r 'PDVT SFTFBSDI BOE EFWFMPQNFOU activities on minimizing operations webAction=pressRoom, in a press release and GeoSynFuels, LLC (GSF; Golden, dated June 22, 2009. Colorado, USA) have formed a joint and maintenance (O&M) costs for venture called Agrius BioForms LLC algae production systems. His anal- (ABF) to produce low-cost proteins ysis showed that utilities (electricity, water, etc.), CO , maintenance of the Airlines need such as enzymes for cellulosic biofuels 2 algae growth system, labor, and nutri- production. The advantage of ABF’s biofuels to survive ents have the greatest influence on technology resides in using soybean operations costs. Utilities represent The New Straits Times Press (Kuala Lumpur, seed and other high-protein-content more than one-third of the total O&M Malaysia) interviewed Paul Steele, director CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE expenses. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 512 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) seeds as protein production platforms. The development of ABF’s technology is projected to reduce further the low of aviation environment for the International cost of GSF’s cellulosic biofuels process Air Transport Association (IATA), in June. and improve GSF’s ability to compete Steele said that the development of biofuels in the $1.5 trillion global transporta- is crucial to the sustainability of the airline tion fuel market. industry. He also indicated, “[W]e have seen QQQ a lot of interest from new players, such as Honeywell . . . to develop the fuel.” Steele said companies are looking for technical certification of the fuels before making further investments. He expects such certification will be available by 2011. Certification is necessary because it indi- cates that methods of making the fuel have been clearly specified and criteria for acceptance of the fuel have been met. IATA expects airline usage of biofuels using only certified palm oil as and when to be 3–6% by 2020. sufficient volumes become available. The company predicts, on the basis of the current rate of certification, that this will be possi- Biofuel production ble by 2015. The company recently received its first cargo of 5,000 metric tons (MT) of from algae certified palm oil, and expects to use at least 50,000 MT in 2009. In a June report entitled “Biofu- expanding Palm oil suppliers from whom Neste els Markets and Technologies” Pike Jim Lane, editor of BiofuelsDigest.com, Oil buys are required to be members of the Research (Boulder, Colorado, USA) projected on June 22 that algal biofuels Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO; www.rspo.org), an organization that brings forecasts that the combined biodie- capacity will expand from 1 million gallons together palm oil producers, users, and non- sel and bioethanol markets will reach (4 million liters) in 2009 to 1 billion gallons government organizations in the interest of $247 billion in sales by 2020. The esti- (4 billion liters) by 2014. He based his estimates on price and capacity projections for promoting the production of sustainable mate for 2010 is $76 billion. Long-term palm oil. commitment of national governments, 2009–20014 by more than 30 algae biofuels companies. In 2014, 39% of the algal According to a company press release, technological advances, and economies Executive Vice President Jarmo Honkamaa of scale will bring about this increase. fuel capacity is expected to be in the United States; 33% of 2014 capacity is projected said, “Neste Oil has developed a system for The 99-page report is available for to use a photobioreactor process, and 67% the full traceability of the palm oil it uses, $3,500 at www.pikeresearch.com. open pond/raceway systems. No projection all the way from plantations to NExBTL QQQ was included for fuel produced through fer- plants.” Cargill (Frankfurt, Germany) started mentation processes (e.g., Solazyme, South production at its new glycerine refinery San Francisco, California, USA; Bayer in Germany in early June. Construction Technology, Leverkusen, Germany) or syn- BIODIESEL on the new plant, which is located adja- thetic genes (e.g., Synthetic Genomics, La cent to Cargill’s existing biodiesel pro- Jolla, California). duction facility in the Höchst Industrial Lane also estimated that algae biomass California city Park, began in September 2008. By- yields for open pond systems would be product crude glycerine from the bio- 24–53 tons per acre (54–119 metric tons drops biodiesel diesel plant will constitute the majority per hectare) per year. In 2003, the city of Berkeley, California, of the refinery’s feedstock. USA, started burning biodiesel derived from QQQ recycled frying grease in its more than 100 The US Environmental Protection RENEWABLE cars and trucks that ran on diesel. Over the Agency extended the comment period years, however, the feedstock for the city’s by 60 days on its proposed rule revis- DIESEL biodiesel changed to soybean oil. Reflecting concerns of the citizenry that use of biodie- ing the national Renewable Fuel Stan- sel derived from soybean oil is exacerbat- dard program, commonly referred to Neste Oil commits ing world hunger, the city stopped receiving as RFS2. The original comment period shipments of soybean-based biodiesel in was to end on July 27, 2009, and will to certified palm oil May 2009. The City Council will consider now end on September 25, 2009. One of the feedstocks that Neste Oil (Espoo, formalizing this policy in September. The proposed rule would dramati- Finland) uses in producing its NExBTL Deputy Public Works Director Andrew cally increase the volume requirements renewable diesel is palm oil. Neste Clough indicated the city could revert to for renewable fuels, establish four cat- announced in June that it is committed to biodiesel from recycled frying grease, but inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 513 egories of renewable fuels, and require some renewable fuels to achieve green- the supply is inadequate, and it is hard on company’s nearby power plant could be fed house gas emission reductions com- engines (Oakland Tribune, June 4, 2009). In to the algae. The biodiesel would be enough pared to the gasoline and diesel fuels 2005 two of the city’s diesel truck engines to fuel the Dalton Utilities’ diesel fleet. they displace. These revisions were exploded when the city got a bad batch of mandated by the Energy Independence biodiesel made from recycled grease. and Security Act of 2007. Pennycress QQQ Evonik (Essen, Germany) has dedicated PetroSun, Dalton harvested in Illinois a new production plant for sodium Utilities to use Seventeen acres (6.9 hectares) of land sown methylate in Mobile, Alabama, USA, to pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) near Peoria, just 9 months after laying the corner- wastewater Illinois, USA, were harvested June. The stone. The plant has an annual capacity seeds of the plant contain about 36% oil, of 60,000 metric tons, and production to grow algae, almost twice as much as soybeans, accord- is expected to support the production ing to Terry Isbell, a researcher with the US of biodiesel from canola and soybean produce biodiesel Department of Agriculture National Center oils. The company claims their catalyst for Agricultural Research’s New Crops The town of Gilbert, Arizona, USA, signed offers customers consistently high bio- Division (Peoria). an agreement in mid-June with Petro- diesel yields and especially high-purity The crop was planted in September Sun Biofuels Inc. (Scottsdale, Arizona) to crude glycerol. (see inform 19:673, 2008), and during the begin an algae-to-biofuels wastewater pilot winter months it went dormant. The seed is QQQ program at the Neely Wastewater Recla- harvested in late spring, using traditional Ethanol now fuels over 50% of the mation Facility, operated by Severn Trent farm equipment, allowing farmers to plant light vehicles in Brazil, according to Services. The purpose of the program is to another crop after the pennycress has been Almir Barbassa, chief financial officer evaluate the feasibility of using wastewa- removed. of Petrobras (São Paulo), the coun- ter as a source of nutrients and water for The seed will be used to plant more try’s oil and energy company. Barassa the cultivation of algae and their subsequent acres in the fall of 2009. Biofuels Manufac- told journalists in June, “Gasoline has processing into feedstock for the production turers of Illinois, LLC, is planning to break become the alternative fuel. It is today of biodiesel and other products. The Town ground “as soon as August” if legislation is what ethanol was before.” In June gas- of Gilbert will be offered all biodiesel pro- signed by Illinois Governor Pat Quinn sup- duced from this pilot program at the actual oline cost about R$2.50 a liter, and porting loan guarantees from the state, to cost of production and processing during alcohol was about R$1.50. construct a plant to convert pennycress seed the term of the program. QQQ oil into biodiesel. Dalton Utilities (Dalton, Georgia, Indian Finance Minister Pranab Mukher- USA) has been spraying the chlorinated jee cut the country’s biodiesel import effluent from the secondary treatment of tax from 7.5% to 2.5% to help bring community wastewater, representing about down prices and increase consump- 34,000 people, onto a 9,000-acre (3,600- tion, according to the government. A hectare) site to remove residual nutrients, proposal was also made to exempt bio- such as phosphorus, before discharging the diesel blends from excise tax. Before water to the Conasauga River. Recent tests this, biofuels were exempt, but blends indicated the soil is approaching its sorp- were not. tive capacity with respect to phosphorus. QQQ The University of Georgia has contracted to According to The Boston Globe news- work with Dalton Utilities to adapt the site paper, General Motors is planning to for growing algae to remove these nutrients make ethanol-fueled cars for Thailand. from the wastewater and to use the algae to produce biodiesel. The company says the cars can run on So far, six naturally occurring algae either E20 (20% ethanol, 80% gasoline) have been isolated from Dalton’s wastewa- or E85 fuel. ter and evaluated for their ability to remove Volvo Thailand started marketing flex-fuel vehicles that can run on a phosphorus and to produce oil. A one-acre Pennycress. Photo by Keith Weller; courtesy range of alternative fuels, including E85, pilot facility will be built in the winter of USDA-ARS. 2009–2010 to field-test these organisms. in December 2008. The goal is to build a 20- to 40-acre facility The government of Thailand has on which algae would potentially produce Biofuels from been offering incentives such as lower 260,000 gallons (1 million liters) of biodie- excise taxes to companies and individu- sel annually and remove phosphorus from diatoms als that can help the nation cut its reli- the 25 million to 35 million gallons (94 In an Industrial & Engineering Chemis- ance on fossil fuels, making the country million–130 million liters) of water pro- try Research review paper (doi:10.1021/ an attractive market for biofuel-powered cessed each day. Carbon dioxide from the ie900044j), Ramachandra, Mahapatra, vehicles. Q 514 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

Karthick B, and Gordon propose three in colder climates of the United States. After ultra low sulfur diesel at the pump station ways to enhance the harvest of oil from testing and cross-breeding, SG Biofuels and breakout tank farm of Plantation Pipe microalgae called diatoms (Bacillariophy- could open the US Gulf Coast for jatropha Line Company, Collins, Mississippi (USA), ceae): (i) by using biochemical engineer- cultivation. The region has been considered creating a 15,000-barrel (1.8 million liter) ing, to extract the oil from the cells and amenable for jatropha, because frosts occur batch of B5 that was shipped to market- process it into gasoline; (ii) by altering the only occasionally in the area. ing terminals located in Athens, Georgia, cells so that they actively secrete their lipid These cold-tolerant strains are included USA, and Roanoke, Virginia, USA. Kinder content; (iii) by growing diatoms on tilted among thousands of variants of Jatropha Morgan performed testing on samples from “solar panels” covered by at least a bound- curcas the firm has collected from a range of the batch and found that the samples arrived ary layer of water from which secreted oil climates and geographies around the world on specification. would rise to the top for skimming. The as part of its Genetic Resource Center, the Tom Bannigan, KMP Products Pipeline latter two are especially attractive because company’s collection of jatropha genetic president, said “We believe the blending and they do not require the cells to die in order material (see inform 20:360, 2009). transportation of biodiesel by pipeline will to harvest the oil. have significant advantages for our customers when compared to the alternative of Shipping biodiesel installing capital-intensive blending facili- Cold-tolerant commercially by ties at individual marketing terminals.” jatropha Bannigan added, “Kinder Morgan pipeline is initially focusing on moving blended SG Biofuels (Encinitas, California, USA) biodiesel on segments of the Plantation announced in June that it has identified On June 30 Kinder Morgan Energy Part- system that transport only gasoline and several strains of cold-tolerant jatropha ners, L.P. (KMP; Houston, Texas, USA) diesel because of concerns about possible capable of thriving in climates previously announced that its shipment of blended ‘trailback’ of biodiesel into subsequent jet thought to be outside of the crop’s preferred 5% biodiesel (B5) on a mainline segment fuel batches. If we can work through these subtropical habitat. Utilizing the strains, the of its pipeline was a first in the United issues, we will evaluate the possibility of company has initiated a breeding program States (see inform 19:803, 2008; 20:218, moving blended biodiesel to every market to develop jatropha as an oil-producing crop 2009). The company injected B99 into on the Plantation system.” inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 515

J. Craig Venter, of human genome South America, according to FAS. Brazil First draft of fame, is the founder and chief executive is the largest. jatropha genome officer of SGI. POET in the market completed ETHANOL Joint venture partners Synthetic Genomics to buy ethanol Inc. (SGI), of La Jolla, California, USA, and distilleries the Asiatic Centre for Genome Technology, Colombia mandates of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, announced The largest US producer of ethanol, POET completion of a first draft assembly of the E-85 vehicles LLC (Sioux Falls, South Dakota) is cau- jatropha genome in late May. (The joint The US Department of Agriculture’s Foreign tiously in the market to purchase additional venture had previously announced comple- Agriculture Service (FAS) confirmed in ethanol distilleries, including ones from tion of the oil palm genome in 2008.) June that the Colombian government has recently bankrupt companies. For example, The sequencing process revealed that mandated that, beginning in 2012, all new Pacific Ethanol (Sacramento, California) the jatropha genome is approximately 400 vehicles sold within the country must bear filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy in May 2009, Aventine Renewable Energy Hold- million base pairs in size, similar to the size E85 flex-fuel technology. That is, vehicles ings Inc. (Pekin, Illinois), in April 2009, of the rice genome. Teams are now working must be operable on gasoline blended with and VeraSun (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), to annotate the genome to identify particu- 0–85% ethanol (E0 to E85). The govern- in October 2008. lar genes of interest and to discover genetic ment had already decreed that blends of E10 and B5 (5% biodiesel/95% petrodiesel Reuters reported in early June that variations for use in marker-assisted breed- POET is considering several Aventine and ing. They are using both traditional breeding blend) be achieved by 2010, and expectations are that this goal will be met. Pacific Ethanol facilities. Criteria for con- tools and modern plant molecular biology Ethanol production in Colombia started sideration include location, design, markets, tools to improve plant yield, oil quality, and in late 2005, and palm oil-based biodiesel and price. POET claims to have “multi- fertilizer requirements and to enhance stress in late 2007. Colombia is now the second- ple trade secrets” that could make these and disease tolerance. largest producer of biofuels in Central and CONTINUED ON PAGE 530 Stephen S. Chang Award The Award

The Stephen S. Chang Award recognizes a scientist, technologist, or engineer who has made significant and distinguished accomplishments in basic resea rch that must have bee n utilized by industries for the develop ment or improvement of products related to lipids. The awardee may be recognized for either one major break through or an accumulation of publications.

A prospective recipient must agree to be present for ac ceptance of the award and to deliver an award address The Stephen S. Chang Award recognition shall consist of a jade at the 101 st AOCS Annual M eeting & Expo. The award is galloping horse symbolizing the award and an honorarium. The made without regard for national origin, place of resi late Stephen S. Chang, an AOCS past president, and his wife, Lucy D. Chang, sponsor the award. dence, race, color, creed, or gender. . . ':- ..... ""\,,... ' ~ .· ""'- .. - ~' . . , - .. - - - ' L ~ ~ ,_

Nomination Procedures

Nominations for the 2010 The suggestions listed below may be helpful to nominators in addressing the manda award must be submitted tory criteria of industrial utilization. before October 15, 2009. 1. Documentation of the application of research a. Patents received, licensing arrangements Candidate material should b. Specific examples of industrial use be sent to the AOCS 2. Documentation for the development or improvement of products related to lipids Awards Program at a. Listing of new products, manufacturers, sales history [email protected]. b. Manufacturers' testimonials regarding product improvement resulting from their direct utilization of the basic research in specific products w ith compara tive figures on sales or consumer acceptance

The nomination must include a letter from the nominator, at least three su pporting letters, the nominee's curriculum vitae, and a list of major relevant publications, in i cluding patents. - www.aocs.org/member/awards Briefs inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 517

The Indian health agency will study the Health & Nutrition levels of trans fatty acids in edible oils in the hope that levels eventually can be standardized, Health Secretary V. K. Subburaj told the Times of India newspaper in late May 2009. Previously, tests conducted by the Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment on various products found that levels of TFA were several times higher in India compared to the recommended standards elsewhere. Testing has also found that edible oil from state-run ration shops have TFA levels as high as 50%, the report noted. QQQ Smaller doses of plant sterols given frequently have a greater cholesterol- lowering impact (approximately 6% lower) than single doses, according to a study led by P.J.H. Jones of the Rich- ardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The research appeared in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (63:747–755, 2009). U. of I. emeritus veterinary biosciences professor Fred Kummerow, who is 94, has spent nearly QQQ six decades studying lipid biochemistry, and is a longtime advocate for a ban on trans fats in Scientists at the Institute of Food food. Photo by L. Brian Stauffer, University of Illinois News Bureau. Research and the University of Not- tingham (UK) led by Luca Marciani compared an acid-unstable emulsion Trans fats and one key enzyme in the regulation of blood with an acid-stable fat emulsion to find flow. out if the acid-stable emulsion would Kummerow begins by describing the blood flow two main causes of heart disease: sudden be emptied from the stomach more blood clots in the coronary arteries, and slowly, cause more rapid lipid absorp- It isn’t news that partially hydrogenated vegetable oils contain trans fatty acids atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in tion, and lead to a greater feeling of (TFA), or that consumption of TFA has the arteries to the point where it interferes satiety than the acid-unstable one. been deemed unhealthful. The negative with blood flow. TFA contribute to both of The scientists found that the health effects attributed to TFA include these causes of heart disease, he says. acid-unstable fat emulsion broke up an increase in “bad” cholesterol (LDL, or “The arteries of someone who dies to form layers on the watery phase of low-density lipoprotein) and a decrease from atherosclerosis look like old scrub the meal with the fat floating on top. in “good” cholesterol (HDL, or high-den- boards as a result of the formation of This resulted in the watery phase being sity lipoprotein). Both of these effects are plaques,” Kummerow notes. “They look emptied from the stomach before the assumed to lead to hardening of the arteries corrugated, and this plaque buildup con- fat layer. One hour after the meal the (atherosclerosis). tinues to the point where it will stop blood stomach volume of the acid-unstable A study by emeritus veterinary bio- flow.” emulsion was only half of that of the sciences professor Fred Kummerow of The body can use TFA as a source of acid-stable emulsion. The research- the University of Illinois in Urbana- energy for maintenance and growth, he ers also found that compared to the Champaign, USA, reveals a new way in says, but TFA interfere with the body’s acid-unstable emulsion, the acid-stable which TFA gum up the cellular machin- ability to perform certain tasks critical to emulsion made participants feel fuller, ery that keeps blood moving through arter- good health. Because these effects are less less hungry and have less appetite. ies and veins. The study, which appears in obvious, many researchers have missed the The study appeared in the British the August 2009 issue of Atherosclerosis underlying pathologies that result from a diet that includes trans fats, Kummerow Journal of Nutrition (101:919–928, (205:458–465, 2009; doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.009), reports for the suggests. 2009). Q first time that TFA interfere with more than CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE 518 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

TFA displace—but cannot replace— levels of fatty acids in human milk may all the vegetable oils mentioned increased the essential fatty acids linoleic acid reflect the current diet of the mother as well significantly from 2008. (omega-6) and linolenic acid (omega-3), as the diet consumed early in pregnancy,” Some questions regarding dietary fats which the body needs for a variety of func- they conclude. and food information were asked for the tions, including blood flow regulation. The research appeared in Lipids first time in 2009. Of those who have heard TFA have previously been shown to (44:405–413, 2009). of the general term “unsaturated fats” and/ interfere with an enzyme that converts or any of the specific unsaturated fats, 70% the essential fatty acid linoleic acid into of respondents stated that they would find arachidonic acid, which is needed for the US consumers still it either “somewhat helpful” or “extremely production of prostacyclin (a blood-flow helpful” to list the types of unsaturated fats enhancer) and thromboxane (which regu- confused about fat on the Nutrition Facts panel on the food lates the formation of blood clots needed Sixty-seven percent of US consumers are label. All survey participants were asked to for wound healing). Simply adding more concerned with the amount of fat they characterize the overall messages they have linoleic acid to partially hydrogenated fats consume, and 69% say they are concerned heard or read in the media (TV, Internet, is not enough; in 2007, Kummerow’s team with the type of fat they consume. That’s magazines, newspapers, etc.) with regard to reported that extra linoleic acid did not according to the annual Food and Health fats. Thirty-eight percent reported hearing overcome the problem. Survey conducted by IFIC (International or reading that “fats can be part of a health- “Trans fats inhibited the synthesis of Food Information Council), a trade group ful diet”; 34% reported hearing that “fats arachidonic acid from linoleic acid, even based in Washington, DC, USA. cannot be part of a healthful diet”; and 28% when there was plenty of linoleic acid Consumers continue to pay particular of respondents reported that they “have available,” Kumerrow said. attention to trans fat, IFIC reports. Aware- not heard or read about fats in a healthful The new study reports that in addition ness of trans fat remains high at 90%. Fifty- diet.” to interfering with the production of arachi- seven percent of consumers who say they donic acid from linoleic acid, TFA also look at the Nutrition Facts panel on pack- reduce the amount of prostacyclin. Thus, aged foods say they use trans fat informa- Isoﬂavones and blood clots may more easily develop, and tion on it, and of those who are aware of sudden death is possible. trans fat, 64% say they are trying to reduce breast cancer risk “This is the first time that trans fatty trans fat in their diet. Consumers’ under- The question over whether soy isoflavones, acids have been shown to interfere with yet standing of healthful fats, such as unsatu- which have functional similarity to human another part of the blood-flow process,” rated fats, still appears to be lacking. estrogens, protect against breast cancer as Kummerow said. a result of their anti-estrogenic activity or In other recent work on TFA, investi- PERCEIVED HEALTHFULNESS increase risk as a result of their estrogen- gators led by Gülhan Samur looked at the like properties, remains an issue of debate. fatty acid composition of mature breast Similar to 2008, the majority of respondents rated olive oil (74% in 2009) as being New work by researchers in the United milk in 50 Turkish women and the asso- States examines the relationship between ciation with the women’s diets. Samur “somewhat healthful” or “extremely healthful.” The following oils show a significant isoflavone supplementation and mammo- and colleagues are with the Department of graphic density, a strong marker for breast Nutrition and Dietetics at Hacettepe Uni- decrease in the percentage of respondents who rated them as being “healthful”: cancer risk, among postmenopausal women. versity in Ankara. Led by Gertraud Maskarinec at the “Total milk lipid extracts were trans- soybean (54% in 2009 vs. 60% in 2008), canola (52% in 2009 vs. 59% in 2008), and Cancer Research Center Hawaii in Hono- methylated and analyzed by using gas lulu (USA), the Osteoporosis Prevention liquid chromatography to determine fatty sunflower (49% in 2009 vs. 58% in 2008). The percentage of Americans who perceive Using Soy (OPUS) study is a multisite, acid contents,” they write. “A questionnaire randomized, double-blinded, and placebo- was applied to observe eating habits and corn oil as “healthful” remained steady this year (34% vs. 37% in 2008). Overall, the controlled trial. Researchers assigned 406 three days of dietary records from mothers postmenopausal women to 80 or 120 milli- were obtained. Daily dietary intake of percentage of respondents who report they were “unaware” of the healthfulness of grams/day of isoflavones each or a placebo total energy and nutrients was estimated for two years. Percent densities were by using a nutrient database. The mean assessed in digitized mammograms using total trans fatty acid content was 2.13 ± a computer-assisted method. The mam- 1.03%. The major sources of trans fatty mogram reader did not know the treatment acids in mothers’ diets were margarines/ status at the time of the mammograms. butter (37.0%) and bakery products and “We applied mixed models to compare confectionery (29.6%). Mothers who had breast density by treatment while consid- a high level of trans isomers in their milk ering the repeated measures. The mam- consumed significantly higher amounts of mographic density analysis included 358 these products. Saturated fatty acids, poly- women, 88.2% of the OPUS participants; unsaturated fatty acids, and monounsatu- 303 had a complete set of three mammo- rated fatty acids of human milk constituted grams, 49 had two, and six had only one 40.7 ± 4.7%, 26.9 ± 4.2%, and 30.8 ± 0.6% mammogram. At baseline, the groups were of the total fatty acids, respectively. The similar in age, BMI, and percent density, but inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 519

mean breast density differed by study site with CLA/omega-3 LC-PUFA compared (P = 0.02). A model with all mammograms with control (P = 0.024),” they concluded. did not show a treatment effect on any mammographic measure, but the change over time was significant; breast density “Shunt” enhances decreased by 1.6%/year across groups (P < 0.001). Stratification by age and BMI did fat burning not reveal any effects in subgroups. In this It sounds like a dieter’s dream: a genetic randomized two-year trial, isoflavone sup- alteration that allows mice to convert fat plements did not modify breast density in to carbon dioxide and remain lean while postmenopausal women,” the authors write eating a high-fat diet. in the Journal of Nutrition (139: 981–986, By inserting a molecular shunt into 2009). the livers of mice, researchers have shown they can make the animals burn more fat. The so-called glycoxylate shunt consists of CLA and LC-PUFA two metabolic enzymes normally found in bacteria and plants, but not in mammals, combination tested according to a report in Cell Metabolism The results of a recent study did not support (9:525–536, 2009). beneficial effects of combined therapy “It’s an additional channel for burning with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and fat to control obesity,” said James Liao of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty the University of California, Los Angeles acids (omega-3 LC-PUFA) for beta-cell (UCLA; USA). dysfunction or insulin resistance in humans, “This creates a shortcut through [the but suggested that insulin sensitivity in normal pathway],” added Katrina Dipple, older obese subjects may be reduced. also of UCLA. “It’s like putting in a toll Dietary supplementation with either road.” CLA or LC-PUFA has been shown to alter In the beginning, the researchers really adiposity and circulating lipids, both pre- didn’t know what the enzymes taken from sumed risk markers of cardiovascular E. coli bacteria would do when placed in diseases. “However, CLA may decrease mammalian cells. In fact, the glycoxylate insulin sensitivity, an effect that may be shunt actually prevents the complete oxi- reversed by omega-3 LC-PUFA,” the scien- dation of fat in the organisms in which it is tists noted. Thus, the researchers tested the normally found. potential of CLA plus omega-3 LC-PUFA Remarkably, they found that human to affect insulin secretion and sensitivity in liver cells expressing the enzymes burn nondiabetic young and old, lean and obese more fat. Likewise, mice with the shunt subjects. resist becoming obese despite eating a high- Led by Bo Ahrén of Lund University fat diet. in Sweden, the researchers gave CLA at 3 Liao and Dipple’s team traced those grams (g)/day (d) plus omega-3 LC-PUFA effects to lower levels of a fat metabolite at 3 g/d or a control oil at 6 g/d to lean called malonyl-CoA and an additional fat or obese young (20 to 37 years old) or oxidation pathway. lean or obese older men (50–65 years) for “By perturbing the system, we were 12 weeks. The study had a double-blind, able to find how it’s controlled,” Dipple placebo-controlled, randomized, cross- said. over design, and primary end points were The findings suggest that malonyl-CoA insulin secretion and sensitivity during a may be a good target for therapies aimed at standardized meal test, evaluated by mod- ramping up fat breakdown. While the deliv- eling glucose, insulin, and C-peptide data. ery of these genes into humans via gene “There was no significant difference in therapy might someday be an option, Dipple fasting levels of glucose, insulin, or C-pep- emphasized it is not their intent to suggest tide after CLA/omega-3 LC-PUFA treat- such a strategy in the case of obesity. The ment compared with the control oil,” the study does offer proof-of-principle for a researchers write. “Neither insulin secre- new way to study metabolism, however. tion nor estimated sensitivity was affected “Usually, we study metabolism by by CLA/omega-3 LC-PUFA in lean or knocking out a gene or replenishing one obese young subjects or in older lean sub- that is missing,” Liao said. “In this case, jects. However, in older obese subjects, we introduced a new pathway to see the estimated insulin sensitivity was reduced response.” Q CALL FOR

The AOCS is accepting nominations for the 2010 Schroepfer M edal. Call for nominations

The Schroepfer Medal is sponsored by the Ameri can Oil Chemists' 1. A prospective recipient must agree Society and w ill be presented every two years at the AOCS Annual to be present for the acceptance of the award and must agree to deliver Meeting & Expo. The award, w hich consists of an honorarium an award address at the 10 1s t AOCS and a medal, was established to honor the memory of George J. Annual Meeting & Expo.

Schroepfer, Jr., a leader in the sterol and lipid field for more than 2. The award shall be made w ithout 40 years. The award aims to foster Schroepfer's idea ls of personal rega rd for national origin, place of resi dence, race, color, creed, sexual integrity, high sc ientific standards, perseverance, and a strong spirit orientation, gender, or re ligion. Fai l of survival, tempered by charm and w it. ure of a nominee to receive the award in one year shall not bar him or her from consideration for the award in a The purpose of this award is to recognize sc ientists who have made subsequent year. significant and distinguished advances in the steroid field. Th e work 3. Completed nominati ons should include a 300- to 1000-word sum may represe nt a single major achievement or a cumulative body of mary describing the significance of work. Preference w ill be given to accomplishments in biochemistry the nominee's accomplish ments in the steroid field, a current curriculum and phys iology w ith biomedical applications and to interdisciplin vitae including a full list of publica ary research in w hich rigorous chemical and analytical methods tions, and two supporting letters from individuals who are fam iliar with the were applied to elucidate the physiological roles of steroids in ani nominee's accomplishments. Option mals, plants, or microorga nisms. However, fundamental adva nces al ly, the nominati on package may also include copies of three publica that are primarily chemical, pharmacologica l, or analytica l w ill tions illustrating the nominee's most also be considered. important work in the steroid field.

I I www.aocs.org/member/awards inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 521 Briefs Biotechnology News Research published online in The FASEB Journal (doi: 10.1096/fj.09-131995) describes a new protein that can kill the HIV virus when used as a microbicide and shows how it might be possible to manufacture this protein in quantities large enough to make it affordable for people in developing countries. In this paper, Ma and colleagues describe how they combined two protein microbicides (b12 monoclo- nal antibody and cyanovirin-N) into a single “fusion” molecule and showed that this molecule is more active against HIV than either of its individual components. They designed synthetic DNA for producing this molecule and introduced this DNA into plant cells. After regenerating transgenic plants that produce the fusion molecule, they prepared the microbicide from a plant extract made by grinding the leaves. QQQ Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, Missouri, Cognis. Courtesy USA) and BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany) scientists recently reported Reports examine In the most recent case, a research that a naturally occurring gene can help project with 274 apple trees was destroyed at the Federal Research Institute for Hor- corn plants combat drought condi- biotech in Germany, ticulture, the Julius Kuehn Institute, near tions and confer yield stability during Dresden. The trees were housed in a plastic periods of inadequate water supplies. Mexico, Czech greenhouse. In reaction to this, Minister of The companies stated that they will Republic Agriculture of the State of Sachsen Lothar use the gene in their first-generation Kupfer put out a press release stating that drought-tolerant corn product, which The US Department of Agriculture’s this “criminal” action caused damage of is designed to provide yield stability Foreign Agricultural Service recently about $1 million. Kupfer argued that a and will be the first biotechnology- released a series of biotech-related reports number of facts call for support of green derived drought-tolerant crop in the covering the response to, and practices sur- biotechnology: bigger yields, improved world. rounding, biotech throughout the world. plant health, and lesser need for pesticides The companies said that the They include GAIN report nos. GM9026 and fertilizers. Kupfer also pointed out that drought-tolerant corn contains the (Germany), MX9041 (Mexico), and biotechnology is present in modern life, in cspB gene, from Bacillus subtilis. This EZ9007 (Czech Republic). different vaccines, in detergents, and in gene codes for an RNA chaperone, many foods. a commonly occurring protein mole- GM PLOT DESTRUCTION In 2008, BDP reported 26 cases of cule that binds to RNA and facilitates IN GERMANY field destructions and six cases of field occupations. its function. Anti-biotech groups continued their QQQ destruction of research plots in Germany in Bayer CropScience AG (Monheim, 2009. By the end of May 2009, the German GMO TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Germany) and Monsanto have agreed Plant Breeders Association (BDP) reported CREATED IN MEXICO to cross-license their respective her- six cases of research plot destructions and On June 22, the Secretariat of Agriculture, bicide tolerance traits in rapeseed/ occupations in Germany. Since there is no Livestock, Rural Development, Fishery canola on a nonexclusive basis for commercial cultivation allowed in Germany and Food (SAGARPA) published in Mexi- commercialization within their respec- activists are concentrating their destruc- co’s Diario Oficial an agreement to create tive branded canola seed businesses. tive work on research fields and research the Technical and Scientific Commit- installations. tee for Genetically Modified Organisms. 522 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) Under the terms of this global agreement, Monsanto will grant Bayer CropScience access to Monsanto’s Genuity™ Roundup Ready® canola According to the agreement, the main (i) Decisions concerning genetic mod- trait and Bayer CropScience will grant objective of this committee is to support ifications should not contradict scientific Monsanto access to its LibertyLink® SAGARPA in the analysis of petitions and evidence; tolerance trait for use in canola. notices related to genetically modified (ii) Breeding techniques, including organisms (GMO) in accordance with the GM, should primarily be evaluated with Bio-safety Law. The specific objectives of respect to the outcome rather than the this committee include: process itself; (i) Review, assess, and issue technical (iii)The precautionary principle should opinions on the potential risks that GMO be replaced by serious and robust risk/ could have on animal, plant, and aquacul- benefit assessment applied to all innova- ture health based on the risk analysis and tions in agriculture; the results submitted by developers and (iv) Risk assessments should always administrative bodies; include the benefits and comparison of par- (ii) Analyze the cases and situations allel technologies with all their components that are submitted for consideration in order (e.g., GM crop deployment, standard agri- to state a technical opinion on the issuance culture with pesticides, and organic farming of permits and notices for activities with with permitted plant protection measures, GMO under the support of scientific, legal, since pesticides and even mycotoxins in or technical studies; organic foods present risks); (iii) Understand, discuss, and issue (v) Economic assessments should technical opinions on safety measures for also be done by comparison with parallel implementation, based on technical, legal, technologies; and/or scientistific studies; (vi) If EU member states are allowed (iv) Monitor, review, analyze, and issue to ban technology permitted elsewhere in technical opinions on the actions or omis- the EU, they should also be allowed to use sions that warrant the imposition of admin- a technology that has not yet been approved istrative penalties in accordance with the by the EU, provided that it does not impinge current legislation. on other member states. Members of the Technical Com- mittee will be representatives of several QQQ SAGARPA areas: the Fisheries and Aqua- EFSA evaluates Dow AgroSciences Canada Inc. culture Scientific Commission; the coordi- (Calgary) announced in June that it nator of International Affairs; the National antibiotic had renewed its strategic alliance with Institute of Forest, Agriculture and Live- the National Research Council Plant stock Research; the National Institute of resistance marker Biotechnology Institute of Saskatoon, Fisheries; the National Service of Seed Saskatchewan, for an additional five- Inspection and Certification; the National genes year term. The research goals of the Service of Agro Alimentary Health, Safety strategic alliance include the develop- and Quality; and the Undersecretary of An EFSA (European Food Safety Author- ment of enabling technologies and the Agriculture. ity) statement was published in June that development and production of new provided a consolidated overview of the oil profiles for industry and health. The CZECH RECOMMENDATIONS use of antibiotic resistance marker genes (ARMG) in GM plants, including a joint agreement also includes research into FOR EU BIOTECH POLICY scientific opinion of the GMO and BIOHAZ improvements in agronomic produc- According to the Czech Academy of Sci- Panels. The Panels concluded that, accord- tivity and increased yield. ences, many European scientists are dis- ing to information currently available, QQQ turbed by the fact that political factors and adverse effects on human health and the Syngenta (Wilmington, Delaware, ideology prevent unbiased assessments environment resulting from the transfer of USA) recently announced that it had of biotechnology in some EU (European the two antibiotic resistance marker genes acquired Georgia-based Circle One Union) countries, negatively affecting the (nptII and aadA) from GM plants to bacte- Global Inc., to add an antitoxin crop whole community. Being aware of the ria, associated with use of GM plants, are protection technology to the com- responsibility their country bears during the unlikely. Uncertainties in this opinion are pany’s portfolio. Circle One Global EU Presidency, Czech scientists working due to limitations related, among others, markets the product Afla-Guard, with biotech crops prepared a White Book to sampling and detection, as well as chal- which is aimed at reducing aflatoxin, summarizing their experience and analyz- lenges in estimating exposure levels and the a toxin that can develop in crops such ing relevant EU legislation. (The book is inability to assign transferable resistance as corn and peanuts, particularly during available as a pdf file at www.bc.cas.cz/en/ genes to a defined source. Two members heat and drought stress. Q MOBITAG.html.) of the BIOHAZ Panel expressed minor- The White Book makes the following ity opinions concerning the possibility recommendations: of adverse effects of antibiotic resistance inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 523

marker genes on human health and the concluded that Austria’s invocation of the reads and our own assembly pipeline, we environment. safeguard clause in relation to maize (MON were able to achieve a very high quality In another opinion, the GMO Panel 863) and oilseed rape varieties MS8, RF3, assembly in spite of the genome’s very high reviewed its previous assessments of indi- and MS8×RF3 was unjustified. repeat content. The approach we have taken vidual GM plants containing ARMG, taking for sequencing and assembly of the oil palm into account the findings and conclusions of offers a significantly faster and more eco- the joint opinion of the GMO and BIOHAZ Oil palm genome nomical way to characterize large, highly Panels. The GMO Panel concluded that its complex genomes,” said Robert Hercus, previous risk assessments on the use of the sequencing, Synamatix managing director. nptII marker gene in GM plants are con- 454 Life Sciences, a center of excel- sistent with the risk assessment strategy assembly lence of Roche Applied Science, developed described in the joint opinion and that no announced and commercialized the 454 Sequencing new scientific evidence has become avail- System for ultra-high-throughput DNA able that would prompt it to change its pre- Recently, a team of researchers announced sequencing. vious opinions on these GM plants. that they had completed the sequencing, In their joint opinion, the GMO and assembly, and annotation of the oil palm BIOHAZ Panels concluded that transfers genome. Officiated by the Prime Minister of Cracking the of ARMG from GM plants to bacteria have Malaysia, Najib Tun Razak, the announce- not been shown to occur either in natural ment detailed the partnership between Sime problem of pod conditions or in the laboratory. The key Darby (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), Syna- barrier to stable uptake of antibiotic resis- matix Sdn Bhd (Selangor, Malaysia), and shatter in brassicas tance marker genes from GM plants to bac- 454 Life Sciences (Branford, Connecticut, An international team of scientists has teria is the lack of DNA sequence identity USA) to fully characterize the genome of cracked the problem of pod shatter in bras- between plants and bacteria. this tropical plant. sica crops such as oilseed rape. Just before In related news, EFSA also evaluated Although the completion of the 1.7 harvest, oilseed rape pods are prone to information in relation to the safeguard billion-base-pair oil palm genome is an shatter, causing a 10–25% loss of seeds and clause invoked by Austria on oilseed rape important agricultural milestone, it also up to 70% in some cases. (GT73), concluding that “in terms of risk signals a fundamental shift in the tech- “By artificially producing a hormone to human and animal health and the envi- nological approach used for sequencing in a specific region of the fruit, we have ronment, no new scientific evidence was large complex plant genomes. The genome stopped the fruit opening in the related presented that would invalidate the previ- was sequenced using only the Genome model plant Arabidopsis, completely ous risk assessment of oilseed rape GT73. Sequencer FLX Titanium system and then sealing the seeds inside,” says Lars Øster- The EFSA GMO Panel also concludes that assembled and analyzed by Synamatix. gaard from the John Innes Centre (Norwich, no new scientific data or information was This was the first de novo genome assem- Norfolk, England). “We need to refine the provided in support of adverse effects of bly of a large and highly complex plant to process for use in agriculture to reduce seed oilseed rape GT73 on the environment and be completed without the addition of con- loss but still allowing them to be easily on human and animal health in Austria. ventional Sanger sequencing data. This harvested.” Therefore, no specific scientific evidence, fast and economical approach opens new The scientists discovered that the in terms of risk to human and animal health doors to understanding the genetic makeup absence of the hormone auxin in a layer of and the environment, were provided that of a wide range of economically important cells in the fruit is necessary for the fruit to would justify the invocation of a safeguard plants, where sequencing has traditionally open. Two stripes of tissue form where no clause.” been prohibitively expensive. auxin is present, and these separate to open For the same reason, EFSA also “By using the combination of long 454 the pod. It is already known that proper plant development, such as organ growth and patterning, requires specific hormones to accumulate in specific regions. This is the first time that removal of a hormone has been found to be important for cell fate and growth. Brassica plants normally disperse their seeds by a pod-shattering mechanism. Although this mechanism is an advantage in nature, it is one of the biggest problems in farming oilseed rape. As well as losing valuable seeds, it results in runaway “vol- unteer” seedlings that contaminate the next crop in the rotation cycle. If rape seeds are harvested early to get around the problem, immature seeds may be collected that are of inferior quality. The research was published in Nature 459 (583–586, 2009). Q g; ~ ~ MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION 091NF ne -.: . Street Address: 2710 S. Boulder Drive, Urbana, IL 61802-6996 USA. 0 Mail Address: P.O. Box 17190, Urbana, IL 61803-7190 USA. N ~.:== Ph

Firm/Institution ------Positionffitle ______

Business Address (Number, Street).______City, State/Province ______

Postal Code, Country ______Year of Birth (optional) ____ Business Phone ______Fax ______Previously an AOCS student member? 0 Yes 0 No Expected Graduation Date ______E-mail ------Invited to be a member by ______

MEMBERSHIP DUES $ ___ U.S./Non-U.S. Non-U.S. Membership dues include a monthly subscription to inform. Active Surface Mail Airmail membership is "individual" and is not transferable. Membership year is from January 1 through December 31, 2009. OActive Oj.l-4t> $99 0~$'\M •complimentary student membership includes free access to onl ine inform onll. Stude 0 Corporate 0 $750 0 $750 nt membership appl ies 10 ful l-time graduate students working no more than 50 Yo time 0 Student* 0 $ 0 0 N/A in professional work, excluding acaaemic assistantships/fel lowships. A professor must confirm these conditions every year, in writing.

OPTIONAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS $ ___

JAOCS 0 $150 These prices apply only w ith member inform-Student member only, rate for print Lipids 0 $150 ship and include print and on line U.S./Non-U .S. Surface Mail Non-U.S. /\irmai l journal of Surfactants and Detergents 0 $150 versions and sh ipping/hand ling. 0 $30 0 $1 15

DIVISIONS AND SECTIONS DUES (S tudents may choose one free Div ision membership.) $ ___ Divisions Dues/Year Divisions Dues/ Year Sections Dues/Year Sections Dues/ Year 0 Agricultural M icroscopy $1 2 0 Industrial Oil Products $15 0 Asian FREE 0 India $10 0 Analytical $15 0 Lipid Oxidation and Quality $10 0 Australasian $25 0 Lalin American $15 0 Biotechnology $10 0 Phospholip id $20 0 Canadian $15 0 USA FREE 0 Edible App lications $15 0 Processing $10 0 European $10 0 Food Structure and Functionality $20 0 Protein and Co-Products $10 0 H ealth and Nutrition $15 0 Surfactants and Detergents $20

MEMBERSHIP PRODUCTS O Membership Certificate: $25 • O AOCS Lapel Pin: $10 • O Membership Certificate and AOCS Lapel Pin: $30 $ ___

PREFERRED METHOD OF PAYMENT 0 Check or money order is enclosed, payable to the AOCS in U.S. funds drawn o n a U .S. bank. TOTAL 0 Send bank transfers to: Busey Bank, 201 West M ain Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA. Account number 1111 50-836-1. REMITTANCE Reference: Membership. Routing number 071102568. Fax bank transfer details and application to the AOCS. $ ____ 0 Send an invoice for payment. (Memberships are not active until payment is received.) 0 I wish to pay by credit card: 0 MasterCard 0 Visa 0 American Express 0 Discover Credit Card Account Number ______Name as Printed on Card ______Expiration Date Signature ______Dues are not deductible for charitable con tributions for income tax purposes; however, dues may be considered ordinary and necessary business expenses.

AOCS: Your international forum for fats, oils, proteins, surfactants, and detergents. This Code has been adopted by the AOCS to define the rules of professional conduct for its members. As a condition of membership, it shall be signed by each applicant. AOCS Code of Ethics • Chemistry and its application by scientists, engineers, and technologists have for their prime objective the advancement of science and benefit of mankind. Accordingly, the Society expects each member: 1) to be fam iliar with the purpose and objectives of the Society as expressed in its Articles of Incorporation; to promote its aim actively; and to stri ve for self-improvement in sa id member's profession; 2) to present conduct that at all times reflects dignity upon the profession of chemistry and engineering; 3) to use every honorable means to elevate the standards of the profession and extend its sphere of usefulness; 4) to keep inviolate any confidence that may be entrusted to said member in such member's professional capacity; 5) to refuse participation in questionable enterprises and to refuse to engage in any occupation that is contrary to law or the public welfare; 6) to guard aga inst unwarranted insinuations that reflect upon the character or integrity of other chemists and engineers.

I hereby subscribe to the above Code of Ethics. Signature of /\pplicant ------Briefs inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 525 The Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincin- nati, Ohio, USA) has acquired the Zirh skincare brand from Zirh International S&D News Corp. (New York, New York, USA). Zirh is a premium male grooming brand available in high-end department stores, specialty outlets, and online. Like P&G’s recent acquisition of The Art of Shaving, the acquisition of Zirh “supports P&G Beauty & Grooming’s strategy to build the world’s premier male grooming company,” said the company in a news release. QQQ Bradford Soap Works (West Warwick, Rhode Island, USA) acquired custom soap manufacturer Stahl Soap (Hoboken, New Jersey, USA) for an undisclosed sum on June 9, 2009. A Bradford spokesperson told HAPPI magazine the company intends to “bring the majority, if not all, of the manufacturing of these products into our West Warwick facility.” QQQ

This will be the first surfactants manu- Laffans and facturing plant for Huntsman outside of the Huntsman United States, the report noted. collaborate Market report on Laffans Petrochemicals Ltd., which is based in Mumbai, India, and Huntsman biocides Corp. Singapore Pte Ltd., a unit of the US- The average growth rate of specialty biobased chemicals manufacturer, have signed cides used in disinfectants and sanitizers a letter of intent “to share knowhow, exper- in household, industrial, and institutional tise, and resources for specialty chemicals.” cleaners was 2.9% in 2008, which exceeded A report in the Hindu Business Line news- Oregon was set to be the 13th US the 1% growth of the overall biocide indus- paper suggests the companies “intend to state to regulate the amount of phos- try in the United States, according to Spe- leverage each other’s capabilities and phorus allowed in residential automatic cialty Biocides 2008: A Global Series of resources for surfactants and amines man- dishwashing detergent after the state Regional Market Analyses from consult- ufacturing in India.” Laffans’ responsibili- ing and research firm Kline & Co. of Little legislature passed a bill to that effect ties reportedly will include manufacturing in late May 2009. As of June 15, the Falls, New Jersey, USA. and raw material sourcing, whereas Hunts- In 2008, the US specialty biocide governor had not yet signed the bill man’s role would include commercial infra- market was valued at just under $2.0 billion, into law, but was expected to do so. structure, branding, product range, global with market volumes approaching 272,155 The bill bans the sale of residential approvals, technology, and manufacturing metric tons. Water treatment is the leading dishwasher detergents in Oregon with processes. application group in the United States, with more than 0.5% phosphorous content According to the newspaper, “the halogenated biocides the leading category by July 1, 2010. Commercial products planned technology transfer will include owing to significant consumption within are exempt from the ban. specialty nonionic surfactants, glycol water treatment. By contrast, the house- QQQ ethers, and amines for a wide range of hold, industrial, and institutional cleaning Consumer products publicized as the markets, including agrochemicals, house- products industry consumed around $130 “world’s ﬁrst and only line of house hold, personal care, oil and gas, and auto- million of specialty biocides in 2008. products that are both eco-certi- motive brake fluids.” 526 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

The green trend is affecting customers of specialty biocides within the house- CED: Call for papers hold, industrial, and institutional cleaning The CED (Comité Español de la Detergen- products sector, Kline says. The impor- cia Tensidactivos y Afines) has issued a call tance of this trend has been acknowledged for paper proposals for its annual meeting, not only by such specialty companies as April 14–15, 2010, in Barcelona. Method Home Products and Seventh Gen- The topics to be covered include raw eration, Inc., but by major companies in materials, synthesis and analysis, new the industry, signified, for example, by developments and applications, phys- Clorox’s introduction in January 2008 of ico-chemistry, environment, legislation, fied and carbon neutral” has been its new product line, Green Works. Simi- markets, and consumption/distribution. introduced in Canada. Manufactured larly, consumer products manufacturers are The submission deadline is September 30, by Montreal-based Bio Spectra, the using more environmentally friendly bio- 2009; paper proposals should be submitted Attitude® line-up of products includes cides in disinfectants and sanitizers rather via www.cedmeeting.com (e-mail: ced@ laundry detergents, autodish deter- than other biocide formulations. jornadasced.com). gents, and fabric softener. The prod- “Although green cleaning products ucts are certified by the EcoLogo only comprise a small percentage of the total household, industrial, and institutional program administered by Terrachoice, Chemrez to expand cleaning products market, sustainability a marketing firm based in Ottawa, and environmental responsibility is where Oleochemicals producer Chemrez Tech- Ontario, Canada. the industry is focused,” says Anna Ibbot- nologies Inc. of the Philippines is expand- QQQ son, industry manager at Kline’s Chemi- ing its business abroad, according to the LS9, Inc., an industrial biotechnology cals and Materials practice. “As there is Manila Times newspaper. A publicly listed company based in South San Francisco, currently no uniform industry definition for firm, ChemrezTech manufactures biodiesel, California, USA, has announced a stra- green, it creates a huge challenge for chem- powder coatings, resins, and other specialty tegic partnership with The Procter & ical suppliers to develop and then posi- chemicals. Last year, Chemrez’s exports Gamble Co. The partnership includes tion their products to address this market to Thailand, Japan, Australia, Turkey, and a multiyear collaboration to accelerate movement.” the United States accounted for 15% of its the adoption of LS9’s proprietary tech- More information about the report is total revenues of P4.66 billion (roughly $96 nology in the production of a broad available at www.KlineGroup.com. million). portfolio of products, including sustain- The company’s chief finance officer, able chemicals and renewable trans- Alvin Lao, told the newspaper that Chemrez plans to develop new products in order to portation fuels. P&G names new build its coco methyl ester export markets. QQQ head Additional oleochemicals manufactured by the company include glycerine and other The Procter & Gamble Co. (P&G) has a methyl ester derivatives. new leader: Robert McDonald—formerly chief operating officer of the Cincinnati, Ohio-based multinational—replaced CEO Degradation of A.G. Lafley on July 1, 2009. Lafley, 61, who took over as CEO in 2000, remains as alkylbenzene chairman of the P&G board. Lafley is widely credited with rein- sulfonates venting and reinvigorating P&G by speed- A new study led by Tsutomu Tasaki and col- ing the time-to-market of new products and leagues at the Miyazaki Prefecture Indus- selling off underperforming brands. “A.G. trial Technology Center in Japan examines is the top CEO of my generation,” Amgen a water and wastewater treatment technique CEO Kevin Sharer told BusinessWeek in for eliminating alkylbenzene sulfonate sur- UK’s Technology Strategy Board, a unit late 2007. “He’s a role model for all of factants from aqueous systems. of the British government, will fund us.” The technique uses an eight-watt low- research on skin- and haircare products McDonald, 55, not only will have to pressure mercury lamp in the presence of from seaweed, the group announced follow a business icon, he will also need nanobubbles (diameter = 720 nm) for the in May. The aim of the Board is “to to revive P&G’s declining sales and profits decomposition of sodium dodecylbenzene- develop new or improved sustainable as consumers move from name brands sulfonate (SDBS), as a model compound in materials, processes, and products”; a to economy labels. In his 29-year tenure aqueous solution. total of 18 projects will beneﬁt from with P&G, McDonald has held positions “Degradation experiments were con- an investment totaling over £20 million in Canada, the Philippines, Japan, Korea, ducted with an ozone lamp (185–254 nm), Belgium, and the United States, including a (almost $37 million). Q both with and without nanobubbles,” the stint as president of Global Fabric & Home researchers write. “The result shows that Care. inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 527

the oxidation and mineralization rate of enhancement on the mineralization of sur- pharmaceutical-quality results without the SDBS were significantly enhanced under factants is attributed to the high adsorption prescription or the high price. 185–254 nm irradiation by oxygen nano- capability of nanobubbles, because of the For chemical suppliers geared toward bubbles. Although a high concentration of small particle size offering a large surface the construction and automotive industries, surfactant was used in this study, SDBS area to facilitate the reaction.” the last 18 months have been tough as the removal is effective in the integrated nano- The study appeared in Industrial & housing, finance, and automobile markets bubbles/vacuum ultraviolet system, via Engineering Chemistry Research (48:4237– crawled to a near halt amid the worst reces- the observation of 99.8% SDBS oxida- 4244, 2009). sion in recent history. However, suppliers in tion and 76.8% total organic compound the personal care space enjoyed solid gains removal after 24 hours of irradiation,” they in 2008 as personal care specialty chemi- continue. Personal care cals have been able to maintain their spe- “The current study investigates the cialty status and healthy margins, while effect of [the] size of bubble on the min- market remains other classes of polymers, additives, and eralization rate of SDBS. Furthermore, the engineered plastics, once considered spe- rates of surfactant degradation were com- promising cialty products, have been commoditized pared with those of nonsurfactants such as (see Fig. 1). benzene sulfonate. It was found that the Anna Ibbotson Specialty products represent about mineralization of SDBS surfactants with nanobubbles was observed to be more effec- Despite the economic downturn, the per- 40% of the $10 billion-plus personal care tive than that with microbubbles (diameter sonal care industry remains an attrac- ingredients industry, with an array of per- = 75.8 μm). The comparative results show tive market for suppliers of performance formance products, including actives, that the mineralization rate of surfactants ingredients aimed at delivering the results delivery systems, film formers, sensorial was much faster than the nonsurfactants in consumers demand from hair and skin agents, rheology-control agents, and spe- the presence of nanobubbles under 185–254 products. The market is ripe for savvy sup- cialty surfactants, among others. As con- nm irradiation,” they note. pliers who can find the right niche and the sumers demand better performance at lower The researchers concluded: “Based right buyers for their innovative products costs, there remains ample opportunity for on the experimental results and kinetic to capitalize on the demand for anti-aging, specialty suppliers to leverage the current degradation model, we concluded that the anti-wrinkle, and other products that offer economic and technological developments 528 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

to remain competitive, and even thrive, in an otherwise dismal industry.

ECONOMIC WOES GOOD FOR THE INDUSTRY Personal care remains an attractive industry partly as a result of the poor economy. As laid-off workers and those struggling finan- cially learn to adjust their spending habits to compensate for the reduction in dispos- able income, they begin to seek alternatives to costly hair and skincare treatments. To make up for cutting back on physician or salon treatments, consumers are demand- ing better performance from off-the-shelf FIG. 1. Global personal care market growth at retail level, 2008. Abbreviation: CAGR— products and exploring mass retail distri- compound annual growth rate. © 2009 Kline & Company bution channels as a cost-effective source for their products. Products in this space, longer staying power or improved pene- reach a wider audience. While products at particularly those with anti-aging and anti- tration give consumers a better return on the luxury end of the scale have suffered a wrinkle qualities, are thriving. their investment, helping to drive sales, and bit in the weak economy, mass products are In addition, unemployed or under- foster repeat customers. There has been a holding their own. For suppliers whose cus- employed consumers who once enjoyed great deal of buzz surrounding the use of tomers’ lines include brands at both ends of employer-sponsored healthcare benefits microcapsules to deliver skincare actives, the spectrum, like L’Oréal and The Procter are now doing more to take better care of such as retinol, retinyl palmitate, and & Gamble Co., there could be opportunity themselves in an effort to avoid costly out- vitamin E acetate for anti-aging. Particu- to infuse lower-cost brands with higher- of-pocket medical expenses. This trend, larly in the wake of negative publicity sur- value actives in a cost-effective way by coupled with a desire to maintain per- rounding nanoparticles and their perceived leveraging existing formulation lines and sonal appearance in a bid to improve their danger of allowing the absorption of actives economies of scale. employment prospects, will likely buoy the into the body through the skin, microcap- personal care industry right through the sules are considered a safer alternative. CONVERGENT MARKETS = worst of the recession and beyond. DIVERSIFIED CUSTOMER BASE NATURAL INFUSION SPURS The recent convergence of the personal care, COMPLACENCY IS BAD FOR GROWTH BUSINESS pharmaceutical, and nutrition industries to The naturals trend continues to infuse form new markets in cosmeceuticals, nutra- Even given these positive trends, innova- growth into the industry as botanical ingre- ceuticals, and nutricosmetics bodes well for tion remains a crucial component to success dients such as grapeseed extract for anti- specialty actives suppliers who can market for suppliers of specialty actives and deliv- aging, green tea for anti-wrinkle, and other innovative ingredients designed to provide ery systems for the personal care indus- organic sources garner proof of efficacy. specific benefits in these areas. By com- try. Staying ahead of the curve will remain The opportunity here is for chemical sup- bining the power of pharmaceutical-grade critical: developing exciting new products, pliers to devise the most efficient method to actives with the perceived safety of natural working with customers to devise strategic extract the specifically-desired molecule for ingredients and sound nutritional overtones, packaging and marketing initiatives, as well the activity desired. An efficient harvesting actives suppliers could diversify their sales as leveraging the at-home-treatment trend, and extraction process would reduce manu- across the various end-use industries for can all help to drive growth for companies facturing costs and help boost the appeal of personal care, nutrition, and pharmaceuti- with the right approach to the market. botanicals-based products for both formu- cal applications. Products that promise specific results— lators and consumers. Consumers’ interest over the past six especially those for which claims can be The “packaging” of synthetic actives to seven years in environmental protection scientifically substantiated—will continue with botanical ingredients could also and healthier living has helped to carry the to be a boon to the industry. Synthetic pep- provide a powerful strategy for suppliers nutrition market well through the recession; tides, for example, have revolutionized the whose individual products are unable to raw materials suppliers in the personal anti-aging industry by bringing pharmaceu- withstand the current economic forces. A care industry might take a lesson from this tical strength to off-the-shelf products in combination of actives, such as a synthetic success to stay ahead of the tide in diffi- nearly all distribution channels. To take a peptide-green tea mix, could leverage the cult times. lesson from history, continued investment combined benefits of both actives and help in research and development to develop hold down the cost of the final product. Anna Ibbotson is an industry manager for new actives with heightened and specific In addition to product innovation, spe- chemicals and materials at Kline & Compa- efficacy will pay off for future growth. cialty actives suppliers might consider an ny’s ofﬁce in Oxford, UK. She can be reached Similarly, delivery systems that offer innovative channel marketing approach to at [email protected]. Annual Meeting inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 529 People News/ Inside AOCS Next annual meeting program shaping up Catherine Watkins

Each year at the AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo (AM&E), division The AOCS Program Committee met on May 6, 2009, to develop representatives play a vital role in creating the program for the next session topics for the 101st Annual Meeting & Expo, May 16–19, year’s meeting. They use a simple but effective process honed over 2010, in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. the years to make program creation a virtually painless operation. First, each division holds a roundtable session—usually an hour in length—during the opening days of the meeting. The roundtable fats (formulating based on nutrition and economics); general groups discuss broad program areas and emerging science that are edible applications technology topics of particular interest to each division’s members. Then, armed with Q Food Structure & Functionality: Food-body interactions; the session titles developed during the roundtable meetings, division design of successful performing interfaces; phase transitions representatives attend the Program Committee meeting on the after- and rheology of food structures; new processing approaches noon of the last day of the AM&E. (Jim Kenar of the US Department for the creation of novel food structures; structuring at nano of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service’s National Center for level for food applications Agricultural Utilization in Peoria, Illinois, USA, currently is chair- Q Health and Nutrition: Lipids and inflammation and lipid person of the committee.) signaling molecules; bioactivity of short- and medium-chain Once the Program Committee meeting begins, the division rep- fatty acids and their health effects; omega-3 and -6 benefits/ resentatives jot down their session titles on rectangular pieces of liabilities—interactions, competition; general health and nutri- paper supplied by the AOCS Meetings Department staff, who have tion topics also laid out a grid on a wall of the meeting room with the 12 AOCS Q Industrial Oil Products: Alternative fuels; processing tech- divisions listed vertically and the days and day parts listed horizon- nologies; biobased lubricants; new glycerol uses; industrial tally at the top. applications; oleochemicals and polymers; general industrial The division representatives next post their topics under the oil products proper day/day part, and discussion begins. The group can easily Q Lipid Oxidation and Quality: Emulsions and interfaces— see where topics overlap, at which point divisions often choose to omega-3 oils and stability; specialty antioxidants; shelf-life co-sponsor a session. Some good-natured negotiation often occurs stability and sensory properties (cereals and whole grains); as the work of program development continues. By the end of the frying oils; general lipid oxidation and quality 90-minute meeting, the bare bones of the following year’s program Q Phospholipid: Nutritional and biological functions of polar are in place, proving that low-tech solutions sometimes are the most lipids; lipids in nanotechnology; analytical characterization efficient. and quantification in phospholipids; industrial and feed applications of phospholipids; general phospholipids MEETING DETAILS The 101st AOCS AM&E will be held May 16–19, 2010, in Phoenix, Arizona, USA; the general chairperson is Douglas M. Bibus, Lipid Technologies LLC, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, USA. The tentative topic list, by division, includes: information Q Agricultural Microscopy: Aquafeeds; agricultural microscopy; food, feed, and fertilizer safety; minerals At a glance Q Analytical: Nutraceuticals; rapid technologies; trace contami- Q 101st AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo nants; mass spectrometry; general analytical topics Q May 16–19, 2010 Q Biotechnology: Biocatalysis; sterols; processing technolo- Q Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, gies; oilseed biotechnology and genomics; utilization of co- Arizona, USA product streams; biobased surfactants and ingredients; general Q Online submission of declarations of biotechnology topics intent (i.e., a proposal to present at the Q Edible Applications Technology: Lipid crystals and struc- meeting) at http://AnnualMeeting.aocs. tural properties in foods; baking fats (formulating based on org ends on October 5, 2009; the dead- nutrition and economics); food emulsions; confectionery line for abstract submissions is January 11, 2010. 530 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

Q Processing: Processing hot topics surfactants; extended-chain surfac- 5, 2009. Required information includes (sustainability, energy, new technol- tants; dynamic properties of surfac- the paper title, authors, affiliations, and ogy); food/feed safety and quality; tants; industrial applications; green keywords for the proposed presentation. exhibitor presentations; personnel and ingredients and labeling; general Authors can access their online account facility safety; general processing cleaning—new surfaces; biobased anytime before the January 11, 2010, dead- Q Protein and Co-Products: Protein and surfactants/ingredients line to complete and/or edit their abstract co-products from biofuel production; submissions. However, authors are strongly corn meal utilization; from peptides to HOW TO PRESENT encouraged to add abstracts sooner, rather macromolecules; novel technologies than later, to help session chairs organize for isolation and extraction of proteins Persons wishing to make either oral or their sessions. and co-products; general protein and poster presentations should complete the co-products Declaration of Intent form at http://Annu- Catherine Watkins is associate editor of inform Q Surfactants and Detergents: General alMeeting.aocs.org no later than October and can be reached at [email protected].

BIOFUELS NEWS (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 515) facilities profitable, and POET itself has partners in the plant, which now produces of consumption and export terminals (see remained profitable, on average, even during 40,000 liters of fuel per month. inform 19:674, 2009), according to Reuters. the economic crisis of the past year. Graeme Sweeney, Shell executive vice Participants include Cosan, Sao Martinho,

president Future Fuels and CO2, said, “I am and Crystalsev, which have joined to form excited we are leading the pack in cellu- Uniduto, an organization whose purpose is losic ethanol production technology and, take care of technical and viability studies Shell sells with this event, showing what is possible as well as environmental clearance for the in the future.” He added, “While it will be pipeline. cellulosic ethanol some time before general customers can buy Petrobras, the state-run oil company, is through retail outlet this product at local service stations, we are also entering the ethanol market in Brazil, working with governments to make large- and expects to produce 3.5 billion liters of As of June 10, 2009, customers at a Royal scale production economic.” fuel annually by 2013 through partnerships Dutch Shell service station in Ottawa, in mills and projects, as reported by Reuters. Ontario, Canada, became the first in the Its pipeline project, PMCC, expects to begin world to fill their tanks with gasoline con- Ethanol pipelines in operations in 2010 taining 10% cellulosic ethanol that had been Ethanol produced from sugar in Brazil derived from wheat straw. The biofuel was Brazil goes for export as well as internal markets, produced locally from non-food raw mate- Operators of three separate ethanol pipeline where about one-third of the fuel used in rials at Iogen Energy Corporation’s dem- projects in Brazil are considering coordinat- vehicles is ethanol (inform 19:159, 2009). onstration plant (Ottawa), using advanced ing their efforts to transport ethanol from Reuters said Brazil could export 25 billion conversion processes. Iogen and Shell are remote areas of the country to the main areas liters of ethanol annually by 2025. Q

CALENDAR (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 492)

November 2–4, 2009. BIO-Europe, 15th gress 2009 (PIPOC 2009), Kuala Lumpur, table Oils: Biodiesel, Ink, Biobased Sol- Annual International Partnering Confer- Malaysia. Information: e-mail: pipoc2009@ vents, and Lubricants, Munich, Germany. ence, Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress mpob.gov.my; www.mpob.gov.my or Information: www.smartshortcourses.com Center, Vienna, Austria. Information: www.conferencealerts.com/seeconf. or www.aocs.org/meetings/biodiesel09/ www.ebdgroup.com/bioeurope. mv?q=ca1xmhs3. index.cfm/2nd-International-Congress-on- Biodiesel-3rd-Practical-Short-Course. November 2–5, 2009. Soya & Oilseed November 10–11, 2009. 4th European Bio- Summit 2009/Global Soybean & Grain plastics Conference, Ritz Carlton Hotel, November 14–19, 2009. Association for Transport 2009, The Roosevelt Hotel, Berlin, Germany. Information: e-mail: the Advancement of Industrial Crops 21st New Orleans, Louisiana. Information: [email protected]; www. Annual Meeting: The Next Generation of www.soyatechevents.com. european-bioplastics.org. Industrial Crops, Processes, and Products, Termas de Chillán, Chillán, Chile. Informa- November 9–12, 2009. Malaysian Palm November 14–15, 2009. 3rd Practical tion: www.aaic.org/2009_meeting.htm. Oil Board International Palm Oil Con- Short Course: Industrial Uses of Vege- Annual Meeting inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 531

2009–2010 are: Ian Purtle, President; Keith Grime, Vice Presi- Minutes for the 2009 AOCS dent; Timothy Kemper, Treasurer; Christopher Dayton, Sevim Erhan, William Hausmann, and Andrew Proctor, Members-at- business meeting Large. The 100th AOCS annual business meeting was called to order Continuing in their current terms are Secretary Steve Hill; by AOCS Past President and Centennial Celebration Committee Members-at-Large Erich Dumelin, Alejandro Marangoni, Tom Chairperson Robert Hastert at 7:20 a.m., Tuesday, May 5, 2009, McKeon, and Neil Widlak; Education and Meetings Steering at the Rosen Shingle Creek in Orlando, Florida, USA. Committee Chairperson Deland Myers; and Publications Steer- AOCS President Casimir Akoh welcomed the participants ing Committee Chairperson Robert Moreau. and extended a special thank you to the Centennial Celebra- Akoh gave his retiring president’s address highlighting key tion Committee. Akoh also recognized AOCS Past President events during his presidency. He stated that while the global Dick Baldwin, the longest-standing member present at this economy is in crisis, AOCS continues to prudently manage its meeting. Baldwin is a living link to AOCS founding President resources and plan for growth. Once the economic conditions Felix Paquin, having met Paquin at the 1950 Annual Meeting improve, AOCS will be ready with new products and services in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. to benefit the people and industries AOCS serves. Akoh was Akoh thanked the AOCS Past Presidents and recognized pleased to report that AOCS Membership continues to grow, as their contribution to the Society. Akoh noted that Oliver Fiala, does member retention. Akoh considers communication with who was not in attendance, has been a member for 74 years (our Society members and constituents to be a top priority and has longest-standing member) and that two of AOCS’ corporate endeavored over the past year to keep them updated with regular members had held that status for 50 years. Akoh stated, “AOCS articles in inform. Akoh recognized the efforts of the AOCS wouldn’t be here after 100 years without the individuals who Foundation through the current Campaign for Technology and in found value in being part of the AOCS network, companies that its upcoming new initiative. Akoh stated that in AOCS’ second found the AOCS an important source of technical information century, it will be critical that our leaders think strategically, and networking, and without the support of allied associations stay relevant, and continue to build on our global presence. He worldwide.” For more information on the rich history of AOCS, thanked the membership for their support during his term and President Akoh directed the participants to visit the Hall of Pres- offered his congratulations on AOCS’s 100th anniversary. idents in the Expo Hall. Akoh also thanked retiring Board members Rick Della Akoh thanked and invited Annual Meeting General and Porta and Carlos Molina for their dedicated years of service on Technical Chairperson Pamela White to the podium. White the AOCS Governing Board. opened by recounting that AOCS Past President David Wesson As his final action, Akoh passed the AOCS gavel to incom- had once expressed that AOCS’ history of collaboration and ing President Ian Purtle. information sharing was established during informal discus- In the incoming president’s address, Purtle emphasized that sions following technical sessions. It was during these less- although times have changed, AOCS’ aspirations have remained formal discussions that participants found they were pursuing the same. On the occasion of AOCS’ 100th anniversary, Purtle similar goals and could work together to achieve them. White urged the participants to consider what the Society has meant said these informal discussions are probably occurring even to them personally and to the fields served by AOCS members. today at bars and restaurants following the technical sessions. Purtle stated that those of us who continue to benefit from the White hoped that the participants found value in attending contributions made through the AOCS organization owe a debt the technical sessions and enjoyed reading about and seeing of gratitude to the nine founding members who gathered in images of the history of the Society in the special exhibit area. Memphis, Tennessee, in 1909, as well as those who have carried White thanked the Annual Meeting Committee and everyone forward the original vision of this Society. Purtle spoke about else who contributed to the outstanding technical program for the growth of AOCS and the industry over the past century and this meeting. reminded participants that it is our task to “continue this stew- President Akoh called AOCS Secretary Steve Hill to the ardship, following the vision and example of those nine young podium to present the minutes from the 2008 business meet- men in Memphis 100 years ago.” ing—unless someone made a motion to approve the minutes AOCS Award winners were recognized. as published in the October 2008 issue of inform. The motion AOCS Executive Vice President Jean Wills Hinton thanked to approve the minutes as published was made, seconded, and the members, both new and long-time, for their participation approved by a voice vote. and the major role they have played in AOCS’ growth, success, AOCS Foundation Chairperson Mike Boyer took the and longevity. She noted that the responsibility for carrying the podium to discuss the success of the Foundation’s Campaign work of AOCS into the future is now ours. She expressed confi- for Technology, which comes to a conclusion in 2009. Boyer dence that AOCS’ members and constituents would be success- explained that more than $318,000 had already been raised, ful in living up to the standards that our founding members so with a goal of $500,000 by the end of the year. Boyer went on diligently established. She expressed gratitude on behalf of the to discuss the Foundation’s plans for the future, including its AOCS staff for the opportunity to work with the organization focus on the issue of sustainability. and the individuals who are affiliated with it. Past President Philip Bollheimer presented the Governing With no further business, President Purtle adjourned the Board election results and reported that the officers elected for meeting at 8:15 a.m. and introduced the Keynote Speaker, Daniel Burrus. 532 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

In this book, in Book Review which he promotes Lau- ricidin, Kabara provides Fats are Good for You and Other Secrets: us a kind of “redemption” How Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Actually of saturated fats and cho- Beneﬁt the Body lesterol. He also takes the John J. Kabara, North Atlantic Books, 2008 opportunity to examine the situation from another 242 pages point of view: the positive ISBN: 978-1-55643-690-1, $16.95. side of fat consumption and how consumption of Jane Mara Block certain saturated fats and cholesterol are necessary John J. Kabara has written an easy-to-read book to maintain health. The last 60 years that can be understood by professionals and have witnessed a change researchers involved in the subject area as well as in the diet of the popula- by any interested layperson. The author’s writing tion, with an excessive consumption of satu- style did not happen by chance: The intention is rated and trans fats, and to present and publicize a product, monolaurin, or a major imbalance in the omega-6⁄omega-3 fatty acid ratio in the glyceryl monolaurate, or, as it was registered com- diet. This dietary pattern has brought about a rise in the incidence of a number of chronic diseases among the population (cardiovas- mercially, Lauricidin. cular diseases, stroke, cancer, inflammatory disease, and obesity, Kabara, a researcher in this area for around 50 years, has made among others). The essential fatty acids, like vitamins and miner- a major contribution to the study of saturated fat and cholesterol als, are necessary in the diet. However, the excessive intake of any metabolism, and he presents this in the book from an unusual angle. type of fat (including mono- and polyunsaturates) can have nega- In the majority of papers and books published on saturated fats, tive effects on health, such as sexual and immune system dysfunc- these compounds are treated negatively, and the approach normally tion, cardiovascular disease, and increased risk for the development takes the form of describing the detrimental effects of their con- of cancer. sumption on health. In contrast, this book describes the beneficial In this context, attempts to find fats “guilty” or “innocent” effects of medium-chain monoglyceride fatty acids (C8, C10, and, seem pointless. The main message that should be broadcast to the particularly, C12, or Lauricidin). According to Kabara, the differ- population is that balanced diets, not only in caloric terms but also ent types of fat (saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated) have dif- in relation to quality, are best. From this point of view, the message ferent caloric and pharmacological effects, although these are not of the book is very clear and opportune: there are no good or bad always recognized. As a result, he suggests that the term “saturated fats; it is their inappropriate intake that leads to metabolic disor- fat” should be differentiated and always preceded by the adjective ders. The key words to ensure that dietary fats have positive effects “short-, medium- or long-chain.” on our health are variety and moderation, together with the correct After an introduction to oils and fats, the author presents a balance in terms of the quantity of saturated, mono-, and polyun- history of the use of natural medicines and a summary of fat metab- saturated fats. As the author says: “It is time for an oil change, both olism. Later chapters cover the beneficial effects of fats on health, in our thinking and in our diet.” such as the antimicrobial action of saturated fats, antimicrobial and antiviral effects of fatty acids and monoglycerides present in mater- Jane Mara Block is an associate professor at Universidade Federal nal milk, and the effect of lipids on oral health. The actions of fats de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Ali- as modulators of the immune system, as well as their effect on the mentos, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. She can be reached at increased risk of cancer, atherosclerosis, infections, benign pros- [email protected]. tatic hyperplasia, and gastric ulcers, are also presented, although the author emphasizes that these effects depend mainly on the concentration and type of fat present in the diet. Some of the effects presented are well-established, while others remain scientifically We are looking for additional book reviewers, including reviewers unproven. Since this book comes under the category of “popular from outside North America. If you are interested in reviewing science,” much of the information is unsupported by references or, one or more books, please send an email to the book review in some cases, supported by an insufficient number of references. editor (William Artz) at [email protected] and indicate your Additional references really should be included to support the rec- subject area of interest. An e-mail request for the review with ommendations based on the effects described. information about the text is sent to each reviewer, before any The author’s reflections on over five decades of research on book is mailed out for review. Reviews are generally expected saturated fats and cholesterol are presented before the final chapter, three to four months later. After review submission, the books which consists of positive testimony given by consumers concern- belong to the reviewer. AOCS provides a general review guide- ing the effects of Lauricidin in the diet on a remarkably varied line, available to each reviewer upon request. range of pathological conditions. Publications inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 533

lipid biochemical research, and offers a method capable of effi- Patents ciently manufacturing a large amount of high-DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)-content phospholipids and lysophospholipids. Patent Applications A novel microorganism HFKI-0020 (FERM AP-20545) of the genus Pseudomonas that produces enzymes with phospholipase A1 activity can be used as a new supply source of enzymes with Modiﬁcations of solid 3-sn- the phospholipase A1 activity. A lipid-modifying agent containing an effective dose of enzymes with the phospholipase A1 activity phosphoglycerides produced by those novel microorganisms allows the efficient mass- Yesair, D., et al., Biomolecular Products Inc., January 15, 2009, production of lysophospholipids. US20090017119A1 Methods for hydrolyzing solid ungranulated lysophosphati- dylcholine with phospholipase A2 are provided. Also disclosed Stable beverage products are methods for making a lipid matrix of lysophosphatidylcho- line, monoglyceride, and fatty acid, and lipid matrices of having comprising polyunsaturated fatty a particular structure. acid emulsions Chen, Y., et al., Coca Cola Co., January 15, 2009, Shortening system US20090018186A1 A beverage product comprising at least one beverage base and Doucet, J., c/o Frommer, Lawrence, Haug, January 15, 2009, at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid emulsion, said emulsion US20090017181A1 comprising a continuous liquid phase; an emulsifier; and a discon- A shortening system, such as a spray shortening system; for tinuous liquid phase comprising a blend including a polyunsatu- instance, a shortening system containing unhydrogenated or non- rated fatty acid source and a dispersing agent, the polyunsaturated hydrogenated vegetable oil, such as a highly unsaturated, nonhy- fatty acid source comprising at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid, drogenated or unhydrogenated vegetable oil, e.g., soybean oil or wherein the weight ratio of the fatty acid source to the dispersing canola oil and a minimum or minor amount (e.g., by weight about agent in the blend ranges from about 9:1 to about 1:10. 3–10%, advantageously about 3–7%, more advantageously about 3–6%, or about 3–5% or less than about 6% or less than about 8%) of conserved trans monoglyceride and/or diglyceride, advanta- Hydrotreating and catalytic geously a monoglyceride or a mono- and diglyceride that is mostly monoglyceride, based on a highly unsaturated oil, such as a highly dewaxing process for making unsaturated vegetable oil, e.g., canola or soybean oil, which has been selectively and partially hydrogenated so as to result in con- diesel from oils and/or fats servation of the geometric isomer of the C18:1 ester, namely the Ghonasgi, D., et al., ConocoPhillips Co., January 22, 2009, C18:1t or elaidic ester, as well as to methods for making and using US20090019763A1

such a shortening system, products from the use of such a short- Methods for producing C10–C30 hydrocarbons from fatty mate- ening system, and the monoglyceride and/or diglyceride constit- rials, such as triglyceride compounds, are provided. Hydrocarbon uent of the shortening system, and methods for making and uses compounds, particularly those boiling in the temperature range of thereof. between about 80°F to about 1,000°F [27–540°C], are produced by contacting a fatty material with at least one catalyst comprising cobalt and molybdenum on a zeolite support under hydrotreating Polyol reﬁning conditions. Additional hydrotreating catalysts also may be used to Soest, H.-K., et al., LANXESS Deutschland GmbH, January 29, further improve the properties of the hydrocarbon product. 2009, US20090030243A1 The subject of the present invention is a method for refining of polyols, preferably glycerol, by means of monodispersed ion Nonhydrogenated fat composition exchangers in a purification unit of ion exclusion process and a and its use mixed bed. Van Den Bremt, K., and B. Kleenewerck, c/o Scully, Scott, Murphy, & Presser PC, January 22, 2009, US20090022868A1 Novel microorganism, lipid- The present invention relates to a nonhydrogenated vegetable fat composition suitable for use in confectionery fats. The nonhy- modifying agent, and the method of drogenated vegetable fat composition consists of an interesterified fat obtained by subjecting a blend of an amount of at least one manufacturing 2-acyl lauric fat and an amount of at least one nonlauric fat to an interest- lysophospholipids erification. The nonhydrogenated vegetable fat composition has an SFC [solid fat content] that is at least 50 wt% at 20°C and less Nishihara, M., et al., Tokyo University of Marine Science and than 15 wt% at 35°C, a content of C + C fatty acids of at least Technology, January 29, 2009, US20090029428A1 12 16 55 wt% with respect to the total weight of the fat composition, and The present invention provides a new supply source of phos- a ratio of C /C fatty acids of at least 1. pholipase A1, which is useful for phospholipid modification and 12 16 534 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

System and method for heating Low fat spread with ambient viscous fuel supplied to diesel stability engines Pernetti, M., Conopco Inc. d/b/a Unilever, January 29, 2009, US20090029025A1 Samanta, I., and S. Gallagher, General Electric Co., January 29, Fat-continuous spreadable food product that comprises a dis- 2009, US20090025908A1 persed aqueous phase, a primary emulsifier, polyglycerol polyri- A heat transfer system is used for heating a viscous fuel sup- cinoleate, 5–30 wt% of fat, and less than 1 wt% of hardstock and plied to a diesel engine. The heat transfer system includes a heat wherein the fat phase comprises at least 70 wt% of palm oil on fat exchanger provided at a predetermined location within the heat phase, which is storage stable at ambient temperature and up to transfer system. A hot fluid and viscous fuel are circulated in a 40°C. The invention also provides for a method of making a spread heat-exchanging relationship within the heat exchanger to heat without an inversion step. the viscous fuel supplied to the engine from a first temperature to a second temperature. Fatty acid hydroxylases and uses Process for the production of thereof phospholipids Meesapyodsuk, D., and Qiu, X., Bioriginal Food & Science Corp., January 29, 2009, US20090031454A1 Schneider, M., and E. Loveaas, ProBio Group AS, January 29, The invention provides isolated nucleic acid molecules that 2009, US20090028989A1 encode novel fatty acid hydroxylases. The invention also provides The present invention provides a phospholipid composition recombinant expression vectors including hydroxylase nucleic acid obtainable by a process comprising contacting a fish meal with an molecules, host cells into which the expression vectors have been organic solvent to produce a lipid-containing liquid, and subject- introduced, and methods for the production of hydroxyl fatty acids ing said liquid to microfiltration optionally followed by solvent such as 12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid (ricinoleic acid). stripping. Soy-based aqueous food Glycerol derivatives and methods concentrate of making same Kodali, D., c/o Dorsey & Whitney LLP, November 27, 2008, Niederreiter, C., et al., Nestec S.A., January 29, 2009, US20080293602A1 US20090029007A1 Symmetrical polyols, polyol esters, polyesters, polyurethanes, The present invention relates to soy-based aqueous concen- triazoles, and polyvinylethers derived from glycerol and methods of trated food compositions that are stable to cooking conditions, making the symmetrical polyols, polyesters, polyurethanes, poly- i.e., do not undergo decomposition or separation upon prolonged hydroxyvinylethers, and triazoles are discussed. Also provided is heat and/or acid treatment. The invention also relates to the use of a method of making serinol [2-amino-1,3-propanediol]. partially hydrolyzed soy protein to improve the stability of said compositions and to a method for preparing a stable soy-based concentrated food composition. Patent information is compiled by Scott Bloomer, a registered US patent agent with Archer Daniels Composition suitable for use in Midland Co., Decatur, Illinois, USA. Contact him baking at [email protected]. McNeill, G., et al., Loders Croklaan USA LLC, January 29, 2009, US20090029024A1 A composition comprising: (i) from about 20% to about 80% CLASSIFIED by weight of an interesterified palm oil olein; (ii) from about 5% to about 25% by weight of a liquid oil; and (iii) from about 15% to about 75% by weight of a fat selected from the group consist- ing of palm oil stearins, interesterified palm oil stearins, palm oil oleins, fully hydrogenated oils, and mixtures thereof may be used as a bakery fat, particularly a laminating fat for products such as puff pastry. Publications inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 535

_-ESA, PA, and CLA feeding. The contents day but were not different when consumed Extracts & of 22:6n-3 and total n-3 PUFA were signif- once per day (3.43 ± 0.62, 3.22 ± 0.58, and icantly increased in the liver, kidney, and 3.30 ± 0.65 mmol/L: control, three times heart by PA feeding, but not by _-ESA. In per day, and single-BF, respectively). Rel- contrast to PA, supplementation with CLA ative to the control, end-point LDL level Distillates significantly decreased 22:6n-3 in the liver, was 0.21 ± 0.27 mmol/L (6%) lower (P < kidney and heart. The content of 20:4n-6 0.05) at the end of the three-times-per-day was significantly decreased in the liver and phase. Cholesterol fractional synthesis rate Effect of unsaturated acyl kidney by CLA feeding, but not by _-ESA was highest (P < 0.05) after the three-times- and PA. The present results indicate that per-day-phase (0.0827 ± 0.0278, 0.0834 chains on structural _-ESA, PA, and CLA have differential ± 0.0245, and 0.0913 ± 0.0221 pool/day, transformations in effects on 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 contents in control, single-BF and three times per day, triacylglycerols mouse tissues. Conjugated linolenic acid respectively). Cholesterol-absorption effi- (CLnA), a group of octadecatrienoic acid ciency decreased (P < 0.05) by 36 and 39% Mykhaylyk, O.O., and C.M. Martin, Eur. J. isomers with a conjugated triene system, after the three times-per-day and single- Lipid Sci. Technol. 111:227–235, 2009. has been reported to exhibit favorable phys- BF phase, respectively, relative to control. Simultaneous time-resolved small- iological effects, including anticancer prop- Present data indicate that to obtain optimal angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering has erties and regulation of lipid metabolism. cholesterol-lowering impact, plant sterols been used in the study of the isothermal Punicic acid and _-ESA, two isomers of should be consumed as smaller doses given crystallization behavior, after quenching, of CLnA, have been shown to convert into more often, rather than one large dose. triacylglycerols (TAG) with 18 carbons in cis9,trans11-18:2 in vivo. The effect of the hydrocarbon chains. Saturated, unsatu- CLnA on fatty acid composition in mouse Delivery of lycopene to rated TAG, their blends, and mixed satu- tissues was investigated in comparison with rated/unsaturated TAG were studied. The CLA mixtures in the present study. The data physiologically relevant mixed saturated/unsaturated TAG and their obtained here could provide information for vascular cells blends form an _ -phase with a longitudinal 2 the potential application of CLnA-contain- Lorenz, M., V. Stangl, C. Jacob, K. Daemen, packing different from two-chain and three- ing seeds as functional food ingredients, a chain packings, which distinguishes them V. Böhm, K. Fröhlich, G. Baumann, K. natural source of endogenously formed Stangl, R. Simone, and P. Palozza, J. Food from the other fats. The unstable _ -phase, 2 cis9,trans11-18:2, and a dietary feeding Lipids 16 observed at the initial stage of crystalliza- :259–272, 2009. strategy to beneficially modify the fatty Lycopene most likely contributes to tion of mixed saturated/unsaturated TAG, acid composition of animal tissues. is classified as a transient mesophase. Two the positive health effects of tomatoes on dimeric units proposed for a structural the cardiovascular system. However, eluci- Plant sterol consumption dation of underlying cellular mechanisms model of the _2-phase have been used to describe the structural organization of TAG frequency affects plasma lipid is hampered by the intricate solubility of molecules in the liquid state. lycopene in aqueous solutions. Cells rel- levels and cholesterol kinetics evant to the cardiovascular system, includ- in humans ing bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), Fatty acid composition in AbuMweis, S.S., C.A. Vanstone, A.H. Lich- the monocytic cell line THP-1, and RAT-1 tissues of mice fed diets tenstein, and P.J.H. Jones, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. fibroblasts, were treated for various time containing conjugated linolenic 63:747–755, 2009. periods (0–72 h) with different concentrations of lycopene (1, 5, and 10 μM), sol- acid and conjugated linoleic The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of single versus mul- ubilized either in tetrahydrofuran (THF) acid tiple doses of plant sterols on circulating or micelles as solvents. Incubation of all Yuan, G.-F., A.J. Sinclair, H.-Y. Sun, and D. lipid level and cholesterol trafficking. A three cell types led to a concentration- and Li, J. Food Lipids 16:148–163, 2009. randomized, placebo-controlled, three- time-dependent increase in cellular lyco- The influence of 1% alpha-eleo- phase (six days/phase) crossover, super- pene content. Both vehicles tested, THF and micelles, proved equally effective in stearic acid (_-ESA, cis9,trans11,trans vised feeding trial was conducted in 19 13-18:3) and 1% punicic acid (PA, subjects. Subjects were provided (i) control the delivery of lycopene to cells. A marked cis9,trans11,cis13-18:3) on fatty acid margarine with each meal; (ii) 1.8 g/day difference in the amount of lycopene incor- composition in mouse tissues was com- plant sterols in margarine with breakfast porated was observed among the various pared with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, (single-BF) and control margarine with cell types. Compared with THP-1 cells, the mixture of primarily cis9,trans11- and lunch and supper; or (iii) 1.8 g/day plant uptake of lycopene using both solvents was trans10,cis12-18:2) in the present study. sterols in margarine divided equally at each higher in BAEC and RAT-1 fibroblasts for The content (% total fatty acids) of 18:2n-6 of the three daily meals (three times per all concentrations and time points tested. was significantly reduced in the heart and day). Relative to control, end-point plasma Epidemiological data indicate a beneficial adipose tissues, and total polyunsaturated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol effect for consumption of tomato prod- fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6 PUFA were concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) after ucts in the prevention of cardiovascular significantly reduced in adipose tissue by consuming plant sterols three times per diseases. Only limited data are available 536 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) on the cellular uptake of lycopene in vas- AOCS Journals Q Characterization of Turkish virgin olive cular cells. Lycopene was successfully oils produced from early harvest olives, delivered to different cells relevant for the Dıraman, H., and H. Dibeklio lu cardiovascular system. These results repre- Q Synthesis of sodium (+)-(12S,13R)- sent an important prerequisite for the study epoxy-cis-9-octadecenyl sulfonate from of molecular and cellular mechanisms by vernonia oil, Sutton, D.C., N.S. Johnson, which lycopene may exert its beneficial C. Hlongwane, and F.O. Ayorinde effects on the cardiovascular system. Q Chemical and enzymatic interesterification of a blend of palm stearin: soybean Current advances in sunflower oil for low trans-margarine formulation, oil and its applications Costales-Rodríguez, R., V. Gibon, R. Garcés, R., E. Martínez-Force, J.J. Salas, Verhé, and W. De Greyt and M. Venegas-Calerón, Lipid Technol. Q Comparative oxidative stability of 21:79–82, 2009. fatty acid alkyl esters by accelerated The fatty acid and triacylglycerol com- methods, Moser, B.R. positions of a vegetable oil determine its Q Plant sterol and policosanol charac- physical, chemical, and nutritional prop- terization of hexane extracts from erties. The applications of a specific oil grain sorghum, corn, and their DDGS, depend mainly on its fatty acid composi- Leguizamón, C., C.L. Weller, V.L. Schle- tion and the way in which fatty acids are gel, and T.P. Carr arranged on the glycerol backbone. Minor components, e.g., tocopherols, also modify oil properties such as thermo-oxidative Journal of the American Oil resistance. Sunflowerseed commodity oils Chemists’ Society (July) predominantly contain linoleic and oleic fatty acids, with lower contents of palm- Q Purification of GLA-triglycerides from itic and stearic acids. High-oleic sunflower evening primrose oil by gravimetric oil, which can be considered as a commod- column chromatography, Rincón-Cer- ity oil, has oleic acid up to around 90%. vera, M.A., I. Rodríguez-García, J.L. Additionally, new sunflower varieties with Guil-Guerrero different fatty acid and tocopherol compo- Q Characterization of oil extracted from sitions have been selected. Owing to these buriti fruit (Mauritia flexuosa) grown in modifications, sunflower oils possess new the Brazilian Amazon region, Silva, S.M., properties and are better adapted for direct K.A. Sampaio, T. Taham, S.A. Rocco, R. home consumption, for the food industry, Ceriani, and A.J.A. Meirelles and for nonfood applications such as biolu- Q Profiling of phytosterols, tocopherols, bricants and biodiesel production. and tocotrienols in selected seed oils from Botswana by GC–MS and HPLC, Fast gas chromatography: Mitei, Y.C., J.C. Ngila, S.O. Yeboah, L. Applications in milk fat analysis Wessjohann, and J. Schmidt Q Color measurements in blue-tinted Povolo, M., and G. Contarini, Lipid Lipids cups for virgin-olive-oil tasting, Melgosa, (July) Technol. 21:88–90, 2009. In our society, saving time is impor- M., L. Gómez-Robledo, R. Huertas, L.F. Q Low and high fat diets inconsistently tant because time is money. For this reason Capitán-Vallvey, M.J. Moyano, and F.J. induce obesity in C57BL/6J mice and the development of instrumentation able Heredia obesity compromises n-3 fatty acid to perform high-speed analytical determi- Q Characterization of cross-linked lipase status, Tallman, D.L., A.D. Noto, and nations is an ongoing matter, particularly aggregates, Prabhavathi Devi, B.L.A., C.G. Taylor regarding routine control analyses. In the Z. Guo, and X. Xu Q Modification of palm oil for anti-inflam- last few years the possibility of perform- Q Milk thistle seed oil constituents from matory nutraceutical properties, Zainal, ing gas chromatographic analysis in a very different varieties grown in Iran, Fathi- Z., A.J. Longman, S. Hurst, K. Duggan, short time has been increasing. In this paper Achachlouei, B., and S. Azadmard- C.E. Hughes, B. Caterson, and J.L. a general overview of fast chromatogra- Damirchi Harwood phy and our experience in its application Q Products formed during thermo-oxi- Q Effects of dietary coconut oil on the bio- to the analysis of milk fat triacylglycerols dative degradation of phytosterols, chemical and anthropometric profiles of is reported. Rudzińska, M., R. Przybylski, and E. women presenting abdominal obesity, W˛asowicz Assunção, M.L., H.S. Ferreira, A.F. dos Publications inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 537

Santos, C.R. Cabral, and T.M.M.T. Flo- Comparison of two gas-liquid includes the quantitative analysis of caro- rêncio chromatograph columns for the tenoid and tocopherol contents of 41 corn Q Effect of ALA-enriched food supply on and 24 broccoli genotypes grown in mul- cardiovascular risk factors in males, Sioen, analysis of fatty acids in tiple environments (years and seasons in I., M. Hacquebard, G. Hick, V. Maindiaux, ruminant meat one location) to partition the variation into genetic, environment, and genotype by Y. Larondelle, Y.A. Carpentier, and S. Alves, S.P., and R.J. Bessa, J. Chromatogr. environment interaction (G × E) compo- De Henauw A 1216:5130–5139, 2009. nents and measure the phenotypic stabil- Q Effect of trans8, cis10+cis9, trans11 conju- Two gas-liquid chromatograph cap- ity of genotypes for these phytochemicals. gated linoleic acid mixture on lipid metab- illary columns for the analysis of fatty The primary carotenoids and tocopherols olism in 3T3-L1 cells, Joseph, S.V., J.R. acids (FA) in ruminant fat are compared. in corn were lutein and a-tocopherol (65 Those columns are the CP-Sil 88 having Miller, R.S. McLeod, and H. Jacques and 73% of total carotenoid and tocoph- a length of 100 m and a highly polar sta- Q Characterization of both polyunsatu- erol, respectively), whereas `-carotene tionary phase and the Omegawax 250 rated fatty acid biosynthetic pathways and _-tocopherol were dominant in broc- having a length of 30 m and a stationary in Schizochytrium sp., Lippmeier, J.C., K.S. coli (65 and 79% of total carotenoid and phase of intermediate polarity. Fatty acid Crawford, C.B. Owen, A.A. Rivas, J.G. tocopherol, respectively). Partitioning of methyl ester (FAME) patterns of branched- Metz, and K.E. Apt the variance indicated that genetic differ- chain, cis and trans octadecenoate isomers Q Effect of bilayer phospholipid composi- ences among the genotypes averaged for as well as conjugated and nonconjugated tion and curvature on ligand transfer by the primary compounds in corn (lutein, 18:2 and 18:3 isomers are fairly differ- the _-tocopherol transfer protein, Zhang, zeaxanthin, and _- and a-tocopherol) and ent between columns, even though most W.X., G. Frahm, S. Morley, D. Manor, broccoli (`-carotene, lutein, and _- and of the FAME could be separated on either a-tocopherol) accounted for the largest and J. Atkinson column. However, the CP-Sil 88 showed proportion of the variation (67 and 55% of Q Dietary lipid level induced antioxidant better resolution of 18:1 isomers than Ome- total phenotypic variation averaged across response in Manchurian trout, Brachymys- gawax 250. The analysis of 96 samples of the phytochemicals in sweet corn and broc- tax lenok (Pallas) larvae, Zhang, H., Z. Mu, ruminant meat fat in both chromatographic coli, respectively). Stability analysis identi- L. Xu, G. Xu, M. Liu, and A. Shan systems showed that averages obtained for fied several corn (IL451b sh2 and IL2027-8 Q New 17-methyl-13-octadecenoic and total FA content and for most of the indi- sh2) and broccoli (“Pirate” and “Baccus”) 3,16-docosadienoic acids from the vidual FA did not differ between columns. genotypes with relatively high mean con- sponge Polymastia penicillus, Denis, C., Moreover, regression analysis of Ome- centrations for the various carotenoids and G. Wielgosz-Collin, A. Bretéché, N. Ruiz, gawax and CP-Sil 88 data is highly cor- tocopherols that were comparatively stable related. Quantitative differences between V. Rabesaotra, N. Boury-Esnault, J.-M. across seasons and years. The results of this chromatographic systems were detected for Kornprobst, and G. Barnathan investigation suggest that sweet corn and samples containing more than 66 mg fatty Q Differences in sterol composition broccoli germplasm with enhanced concen- acids per gram of muscle dry matter. between male and female gonads of domi- trations of carotenoids and tocopherols can nant limpet species, Kawashima, H., M. be developed using conventional breeding Ohnishi, and S. Ogawa Feasibility for improving protocols. Q Effect of ALA-enriched food supply on phytonutrient content in cardiovascular risk factors in males, Sioen, vegetable crops using Enrichment of amaranth oil with I., M. Hacquebard, G. Hick, V. Maindiaux, sn Y. Larondelle, Y.A. Carpentier, and S. conventional breeding ethyl palmitate at the -2 De Henauw strategies: Case study with position by chemical and carotenoids and tocopherols in enzymatic synthesis sweet corn and broccoli Pina-Rodriguez, A.M., and C.C. Akoh, J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:4657–4662, 2009. Interested in contributing Ibrahim, K.E., and J.A. Juvik, J. Agric. Amaranth oil is rich in linoleic, oleic, to inform magazine? Food Chem. 57:4636–4644, 2009. and palmitic acids. Structured lipids (SL) Among vegetables, sweet corn (Zea Do you have a story that would be perfect with specific functional and nutritional char- mays L.) and broccoli (Brassica olera- for the pages of inform? A new development acteristics can be prepared through chem- cea L. ssp. italica) are important sources in your ﬁeld that is sure to generate wide- ical or enzymatic interesterification. The of dietary carotenoids and tocopherols. spread interest? A proﬁle of a colleague or aim of this study was to increase the palm- Because medical evidence suggests that institution? Been to a meeting whose hot itic acid content at the sn-2 position in ama- carotenoid and tocopherol health-pro- topics stirred great debate? inform maga- ranth oil triacylglycerols for possible use moting activity acts in a dose-dependent zine is actively seeking the contributions of in infant formula. Chemical and enzymatic manner, conventional breeding to develop you and your colleagues. Contact inform’s interesterification techniques were assessed elite sweet corn and broccoli germplasm managing editor at [email protected] for before selecting the latter for further opti- with enhanced levels of these phytochemi- more information. mization modeling. Enzymatic interesteri- cals will potentially promote health among fication of ethyl palmitate and amaranth oil the consuming public. This investigation significantly increased the total content of 538 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

palmitic acid, reduced linoleic acid content, LR at low degrees of supercooling with in the focus of research for three decades. and increased the amount of palmitic acid increased k and SFC and decreased t1/2. The Within the last decade, however, it became at the sn-2 position of the SL product. Even characteristics of the blends may have cor- evident that the lipolytic pathway is incom- though amaranth oil content of palmitic relations with their properties in potential pletely understood. Studies on the regula- acid (18.3%) was originally similar to that meat applications. tion of lipolysis and the characterization in breast milk (18.3−25.9%), the structural of HSL-deficient mice indicated that addi- changes induced through enzymatic modi- Increase of cholesterol tional previously unrecognized factors that fication resulted in a SL closely resembling contribute to fat catabolism must exist. This breast milk fat and hence its possible appli- oxidation and decrease of led to the discovery of the perilipin, adipo- cation as a fat substitute for infant nutri- PUFA as a result of thermal philin, Tip47 (PAT) family of lipid drop- tion. A second-order polynomial model was processing and storage in eggs let-binding proteins and the identification developed to predict the amount of total of a novel TAG hydrolase named adipose palmitic acid incorporated when reaction enriched with n-3 fatty acids triglyceride lipase (ATGL). This review time and substrate level were manipulated, Mazalli, M.R., and N. Bragagnolo, J. Agric. focuses on the importance of ATGL as TG and to optimize the combination of param- Food Chem. 57:5028–5034, 2009. lipase within the “lipolytic machinery” and eters to achieve specific palmitic acid con- In this work, cholesterol oxide forma- the current knowledge of molecular mecha- tents in amaranth oil. The resulting model tion and alteration of fatty acid composition nisms that regulate ATGL activity. is useful to develop an SL from amaranth were analyzed in n-3 enriched eggs under oil enriched with palmitic acid specifically different storage periods and two temper- Fast method for monitoring at the sn-2 position for possible application atures. The eggs enriched with n-3 fatty in infant formulas acids were stored at 5 or 25°C for 45 days phospholipase A2 activity by and subsequently boiled or fried. For each liquid chromatography– Physical characterization of treatment, 12 yolks were analyzed every electrospray ionization mass 15 days including time zero. The concen- lard partial acylglycerols and trations of the cholesterol oxides 7-keto- spectrometry their effects on melting and cholesterol, 7`-hydroxycholesterol, and Schebb, N.H., D. Falck, H. Faber, E.-M. crystallization properties of 7_-hydroxycholesterol increased during Hein, U. Karst, and H. Hayen, J. Chro- the storage period and were higher in matogr. A 1216:5249–5255, 2009. blends with rapeseed oil fried eggs. Only the 7-ketocholesterol was A new liquid chromatography–elec- Cheong, L.-Z., H. Zhang, Y. Xu, and X. affected by the storage temperature, and its trospray ionization mass spectrometry Xu, J. Agric. Food Chem. 57:5020–5027, concentration was highest in eggs stored at (LC–ESI-MS) method for the fast determi-

2009. 25°C. There was no significant difference nation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activ- This work attempted to examine the in the contents of cholesterol and vitamin ity has been developed. For the first time, effects of lard partial acylglycerols on the E at the different storage periods; however, the method allows the parallel detection of melting and crystallization properties of the concentration of vitamin E decreased glycerophosphatidylcholine (GroPCho) blends with lard and rapeseed oil (LR). with thermal treatment. In addition, the as PLA2 substrate as well as of its prod- Partial acylglycerols [lard-monoacylglyc- n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially ucts fatty acid (FA) and lyso-GroPCho. erols (lard-MAG) and lard-diacylglycerols 18:3, 20:5, and 22:6, were reduced through- ESI-MS was carried out in negative ion (lard-DAG)] were found to result in differ- out the storage at 5 and 25°C. mode, detecting the FA as [M − H]− ions ent melting and crystallization properties and the lyso-GroPCho and GroPCho as of LR. Lard-MAG exerted a slight inhibi- Fate of fat: The role of adipose acetate adducts [M + Ac]−. Utilizing a fast tory effect on crystallization of LR. Never- gradient on a short C5-modified silica gel theless, it was not statistically significant triglyceride lipase in lipolysis column with 3 +m particles, five GroPCho, (P > 0.05). In fact, the presence of lard- Zimmermann, R., A. Lass, G. Haemmerle, five FA, and six lyso-GroPCho could be MAG did not change the solid fat content and R. Zechner, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, separated according to their chain length (SFC) of LR. Lard-DAG, on the other hand, Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 1791:494–500, in less than 3 min. A very high average exerted different effects on the crystalliza- 2009. chromatographic efficiency of 41,200 the- tion of LR depending on its concentration Lipolysis, the coordinated catabolism oretical plates (plate height 0.5 +m) was and degree of supercooling. The presence of triacylglycerol (TG) stored in cellular achieved for the separation of the GroPCho. of a low concentration of lard-DAG was lipid droplets, provides fatty acids, di-, The method was applied for monitoring found to significantly (P < 0.05) delay and monoglycerides. These products are the release of arachidonic acid (20:4 FA) nucleation and crystal growth velocity of important energy substrates, precursors and 1-stearoyl-lyso-sn-GroPCho (18:0 LR at low degree of supercooling, which for other lipids, or lipid-signaling mole- GroPCho) from unilamellar vesicles of was reflected by a reduced Avrami con- cules. Following their discovery by C.H. 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-GroPCho stant (k) and SFC and increased half-time Hollenberg, M.S. Raben, and E.B. Astwood (18:0/20:4 GroPCho). With a limit of detec- of crystallization (t1/2). Meanwhile, a high (1961) and M. Vaughan, J.E. Berger, and D. tion of 0.5 pmol (total amount injected on concentration of lard-DAG was found to Steinberg (1964), hormone-sensitive lipase column) for the FA and lyso-GroPCho promote nucleation and crystal growth in (HSL) and monoacylglycerol lipase stayed and 1.5 pmol for the GroPCho as well as a Student Page inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 539

linear range of 1.5 decades, the method has proven to be suitable for the monitoring of different secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) conver- sions. Furthermore, it was applied to screen a small library of PLA2 inhibitors for their activity toward sPLA2 type V and snake venom of Bothrops moojeni. In both cases, active samples could be directly identified. With its short analysis time, its high chromatographic efficiency, and the parallel detection of substrate and all products, the developed LC–ESI-MS method is well suited for the analysis of PLA2 activity. Automated lipid identiﬁcation and quantiﬁcation by multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics Yang, K., H. Cheng, R.W. Gross, and X. Han, Anal. Chem. 81:4356–4368, 2009. This article presents the strategies underlying the automated identification and quantification of individual lipid molecular species through array analysis of multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) data, which are acquired directly from lipid extracts after direct infusion and intra- source separation. The automated analyses of individual lipid molecular species in the program use a strategy in which Meet Rivka Efrat MDMS-SL data from building block analyses employing precursor ion scans, neutral Honored Student Rivka Efrat with the purpose of lowering its viscosity. loss scans, or both are used to identify expects to receive her Ph.D. from “The second part focuses on the structure of individual molecular species, followed by a low-viscosity cubic phase—the new cubic quantification. Through this strategy, the The Hebrew University of Jeru- phase that results from the addition of guest program screens and identifies species in salem by the end of 2009. What molecules of biological value at increasing a high-throughput fashion from a built- will come next? “I hope to con- concentrations to its maximum solubiliza- tion capacity,” she noted. “The guest mol- in database of over 36,000 potential lipid tinue investigations in surface molecular species constructed employing ecules that were studied included an ionic known building blocks. The program then chemistry either at a university drug, insoluble in water, and hydrophobic uses a two-step procedure for quantifica- or in industry,” she told inform. molecules with added health benefits,” she added. “The third part of the project focuses tion of the identified species possessing a Efrat remembers her first meeting with on researching and producing nano-particu- linear dynamic range over three orders of her Ph.D. supervisors, Nissim Garti and lated structures with internal cubic organi- magnitude and re-verifies the results when Abraham Aserin. “They suggested I work zation (cubosomes or micellosomes),” she necessary through redundant quantifica- on several different subjects. One of them concluded. tion of multidimensional mass spectra. This was ‘cubic liquid crystalline phases and program is designed to be easily adaptable their soft dispersed particles.’ The possibil- In her time away from the laboratory, for other shotgun lipidomics approaches ity of designing and creating nanoparticles Efrat likes trekking, gymnastics, reading that are currently used for mass spectro- with sophisticated inner structures drew my books, and exploring new software. Assum- metric analysis of lipids. Accordingly, the curiosity,” she said. ing she has free time, that is: She is the development of this program should greatly The first part of her study examines the mother of three children and reports that accelerate high-throughput analysis of influence of an added third component to a her husband and children all “are very sup- lipids using MDMS-SL. Q lyotropic liquid crystal of cubic structure portive of my love of science.” Q New from AOCS Press! GREEN Biobased Surfactants and Detergents Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Biobased Surfactants and Detergents Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Douglas G. Hayes, Dai Kitamoto, Daniel K.Y. Solaiman, and Richard D. Ashby, Editors

2009. Hardbound. 515 pages. ISBN 978-1-893997-67-7. Product code 235 Nonmember: $225 • AOCS Member: $180 ~ Books Plus CD-ROM Product code PKG-235 ~ Nonmember: $290 • AOCS Member: $240

Today's petroleum prices and supply issues mean more interest in biobased surfactants and detergents, w hich can outperform synthetic, petroleum-derived, surfactants .t. (biodegradability, biocompatibility, and measures of sustainability). Consumers wa nt eco friendly and biobased products, leading to increased use of biobased surfactants. This new, KXS must-have book highlights the latest biobased surfactants being developed, the potential for the "sustainable" manufacturing of biobased surfactants via a biocatalytic route, and PRESS novel applications for biobased surfactants. Contents include how to reduce manufacturing and purification costs, impurities, and by-products. ~ Podcast available online!

To order: CONTENTS www.aocs.org/store Part 1. Introduction, Importance, and Relevance • Biobased Surfactants: Overview and Industrial State-of-the-Art Search product code 235 Part 2. Biosynthesis of Rhamnolipids and Sophorolipids Phone:+ 1-217-693-4803 •Production and Modification of Sophorolipids from Agricultural Feedstocks Fax:+ 1-217-693-4847 • Mannosylerythritol Lipids: Production and Downstream Processing •Adva nces in Bioprocess Development of Rhamnolipid and Sophorolipid Production Email: [email protected] • Microemulsions of Rhamnolipid and Sophorolipid Biosurfactants • Lipopeptide Biosurfactants and Their Use in Oil Recovery Part 3. Employment of Phospholipids and Their Mimics in Biomedical Applications •Influence of Pulmonary Surfactant Protein Mimics on Model Lung Surfactant •Lung Surfactants: Formulation, Evaluation, and Polymeric Additives •Self-Assembling Properties of Glycolipid Biosurfactants and Their Functional Developments Part 4. Sugar-, Polyol-, and Amino-based Lipids: Biodegradable and Biocompatible Surfactants for Foods, Health Care Products, and Pharmaceuticals AOCS "Books Plus" CD-ROMs let you •Basic Properties of Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters and Their Applications • Selective Enzymatic Synthesis of N-Acylated Alkanolamine Emulsifiers access an entire bookina lightweight, •Synthesis of Saccharide Fatty Acid Ester Biosurfactants Catalyzed by Lipase portable, and completely searchable •Synthesis, Aggregation Properties, and Applications of Biosurfactants Derived From Of course, in the CD-ROM. AOCS Arginine "Books Plus" product the standard •Design of Vegetable Oil Metalworking Fluid Microemulsions Using Biobased Surfactants book is also included for your home, • Polyol and Amino Acid-based Biosurfactants, Builders, and Hydrogels school, or office use. • lnterfacial Properties of Sugar-based Surfactants Lipids inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 541 Emerging research in insect lipids

A number of hydroxy FA are found in insects including 9,10,16-trihydroxy-hexadecanoic acid (aleuritic acid), which is found in substantial amounts in the secretion of the tac bug, Tacharadia lacca, and is a major compo- Brent Sørensen nent of shellac. Beeswax and royal jelly contain a number of hydroxy FA, including 17-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid. Although insects represent over half of all known living species, Branched-chain FA have been found in aphids, mainly in the there has been relatively little focus placed on the study of lipids extracts of overcrowded larval cultures. Acetylenic FA are present in this highly diverse group of animals. Aside from universal func- in a number of insects, mainly as pheromone precursors. Whereas tions such as energy storage (for flight and metamorphosis), sig- FA found in insects are also generally found in higher organisms, naling, and structural components of membranes, fatty acids (FA) there are examples unique to insects, including trans sorbic acid serve as precursors for pheromones that are used for communi- (6:2), which is found in certain aphids but not in their host plants. cation. They are also major components of cuticular wax, which The mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki, contains up to 12% tet- prevents moisture loss and protects the insect against fungal and radecan-1,14-dioic acid. bacterial infection. In certain cultures, the potential uses of insect Both 18:2 and 18:3 are considered essential to most insect oils have long been recognized. species and must be consumed in the larval diet. Larvae grown on an 18:3-deficient diet are characterized by decreased growth and FA PROFILES survival rates. Certain insects (crickets and beetles) are able to FA are stored in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) in the fat body, produce 18:2 de novo via recently characterized Δ-12 desaturases. but they are transferred in the form of sn-1,2 diacylglycerol bound Whitefly also appears to be able to convert labeled acetate to 18:3. to lipophorin (a lipoprotein). The FA profile of each insect varies Most insects are able to elongate 18:2 and 18:3 into longer-chain with lipid class and tissue, as well as the developmental stage and FA, including eicosapentaenoic aicd (20:5, or EPA). Mosquitoes, sex of the insect. In generalist insects (those that are able to use however, lack such mechanisms, and therefore EPA is considered a wide array of food sources), the FA composition of the insect essential for them. The exact roles of these essential FA, however, largely reflects that of the diet. FA patterns in parasitic insects are still uncertain. also are similar to those in their hosts. The major FA in insects are Some essential FA are found as fatty acid conjugates (FAC), for example N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-l-glutamine, or volicitin usually linoleic acid (18:2) and _-linolenic acid (18:3). Diptera, an order that includes flies and mosquitoes, can be distinguished (see Scheme 1), found in the oral secretions of certain Lepidopteran by relatively high larvae. Volicitin triggers defense responses in the plants, includ- levels of 16:1, ing the emission of volatiles that attract wasps to attack their larval while Hemiptera prey. These FAC, however, are also thought to benefit the insect, (sucking insects) acting as a surfactant to aid digestion or allowing the insect to have high levels store glutamine, which is crucial in nitrogen metabolism. Insects of myristic acid have also evolved a mechanism whereby FA are esterified to phy- (14:0). In species toecdysteroids, facilitating their rapid excretion. Ecdysteroids are of Lepidoptera insect molting hormones that signal the insect to shed its rigid (butterflies and exoskeleton, enabling further growth. Many plants produce identi- cal ecdysteroids in substantially higher amounts to defend against Scheme 1 moths), odd- numbered car- insect invasion by causing premature molting. bon-chain FA including 15:0, 15:1, 17:0, and 17:1 were found, suggesting that NOVEL APPLICATIONS there was a different oxidation mechanism, or that these FA were A greater understanding of insect lipids and their metabolism has synthesized from propanoate (3:0) instead of acetate (2:0). allowed the development of many novel applications. Many insects 542 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

are serious agricultural pests and cause billions of dollars in crop damage annually. Cyclopropene FA have been effective in inhib- iting desaturation of pheromone precursors, thereby restricting mating and propagation of many pest species. Recently, larvae of the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis, were fed diets supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Decreases in the incorporation of unsaturated FA and survival rate were noted, suggesting that CLA may be used as an ecologically friendly pest control method. In many developing countries, edible insects are an important food source, and their rearing has been considered a strategy for achieving global food security. Although entomophagy is generally taboo in Western culture, the practice is gaining increased acceptance. Aside from being rich in high-quality proteins, phytophagous insects are rich in essential FA. In Sudan, melon bug oil (MBO) and sorghum bug oil (SBO) are extracted and used for cooking, particularly in times of famine. The oils are also used for meat pres- ervation and have been considered for use as antibacterial agents. Both oils have high oxidative stability, which is advantageous in countries with high temperatures and limited cold storage. Blend- ing MBO and SBO with sunflower oil has been shown to increase its stability. Esters have also been prepared from these oils, and their potential as biodiesel has been studied. Traditionally, many insects and their larvae have been applied as cancer treatments. Several FA with anticancer activity have recently been isolated from Protaetia brevitarsis larvae. There is also potential for the lipid content of insects to be engineered, intro- ducing nutraceutical FA such as CLA. Silkworms fed on leaves sprayed with CLA readily incorporated the isomers into triglycerides. Powdered silkworm is currently sold in countries such as Japan and Korea as a treatment for diabetes. The health benefits of CLA are synergistic with those inherent in silkworm. Insects have been used as models to study memory and behavior, and may also have application in the study of many lipid-related diseases. Much about insect lipids and their metabolism remains to be understood, and a host of innovations relevant to agriculture and medicine may yet be discovered. One can hope that this interesting field will continue to gain recognition. inform Contributing Editor Brent Sørensen is currently a Ph.D. student at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena, Germany. He may be contacted at [email protected].

information For further reading: Q Arrese, E.L., L.E. Canavoso, Z.E. Jouni, J.E.Pennington, K. Tsuchida, and M.A.Wells, Lipid storage and mobilization in insects: Current status and future directions, Insect Bio- chemistry and Molecular Biology 31:7–17 (2001). Q Canavoso, L.E., Z. Jouni, K.J. Karnas, E. James, J.E. Pen- nington, and M. Awells, Fat metabolism in insects, Annual Review of Nutrition 21:23–46 (2001). Q Stanley-Samuelson, D.W., R.A. Jurenka, C. Cripps, G.J. Blomquist, and M. de Renobales, Fatty acids in insect composition, metabolism, and biological signiﬁcance, Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 9:1–33 (1988). Award Address inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 543

Regiospeciﬁc quantiﬁcation of triacylglycerols containing ricinoleate and dihydroxy fatty acids in castor oil by mass spectrometry

properties of dihydroxy fatty acids are dif- Editor’s note: The following article is based on the address given ferent from those of ricinoleate. Dihydroxy by Jiann-Tsyh (Ken) Lin, the 2009 Herbert J. Dutton Award winner, fatty acids have not been used in industry yet at the 100th AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo, held in Orlando, and can be used to produce biobased prod- Florida, USA, May 3–6. ucts similar to those of ricinoleate with different physical properties, for example, as a thickening agent for lubricants. Regioisomers of TAG also affect the Jiann-Tsyh (Ken) Lin physical properties of the oils for industrial uses. Regioisomers of TAG in biological The presence of a hydroxyl group on a fatty acid drastically samples have been identified and quantified changes the physical properties of the oil, for example, viscosity, by mass spectrometry (MS) based on the pour point, melting point, solubility, and crystal structure. Rici- premise that the loss of the acyl chain from noleate (R, OH18:1, Fig. 1), a monohydroxy fatty acid, has many the sn-1 or sn-3 position is energetically favored over the loss from industrial uses (including in the manufacture of aviation lubricant, the sn-2 position. We have identified and quantified the regiospe- plastic, paint, and cosmetics), because of the presence of a hydroxyl cific TAG in castor oil using a different MS method. The regiospe- group. Ricinoleate occurs as acylglycerols (AG) in castor oil, and cific quantification of both AAB (with two different fatty acids) about 70% of castor oil is triricinolein (RRR). Castor oil is the and ABC types (with three different fatty acids) of TAG contain- only commercial source of ricinoleate. We have previously identi- ing ricinoleate and dihydroxy fatty acids by MS is presented here. fied and quantified 14 molecular species of AG containing ricino- The regiospecific identification and quantification of TAG can help leate in castor oil using high-performance liquid chromatography in both the industrial uses of the oils and the understanding of the (HPLC) as shown in Figure 2 and Table 1 (Lin et al., 2003). We biosynthesis of TAG (Fig. 3) for the development of transgenic oil have also recently identified four diacylglycerols (DAG) and eight seed plants to produce ricinoleate and dihydroxy fatty acids. triacylglycerols (TAG) in castor oil containing dihydroxy fatty acids (Lin et al., 2009). These dihydroxy fatty acids were new fatty acids and were proposed as 11,12-dihydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid REGIOSPECIFIC ANALYSIS OF TAG IN (11,12-dihydroxyoleic acid, diOH18:1), 11,12-dihydroxy-9,13-oc- CASTOR OIL tadecadienoic acid (diOH18:2), and 11,12-dihydroxyoctadecanoic The regiospecific fragment ions used for the analysis of regioiso- acid (11,12-dihydroxystearic acid,diOH18:0) as shown in Figure mers of TAG were from the loss of the fatty acid specific at the sn-2 1. Dihydroxy fatty acids were not previously reported in higher position as _,`-unsaturated fatty acid using electrospray ionization plants. According to HPLC, the AG containing dihydroxy fatty (ESI)–MS of TAG lithium adducts. Six diricinoleoylacylglycerols acids represented about 2.5% of the castor oil. Individual AG con- (RRAc) containing one non-ricinoleoyl chain in the HPLC fractions taining dihydroxy fatty acids were about 0.5% or less. The physical of castor oil (Fig. 2) were used for the regiospecific quantification

TABLE 1. Molecular species of acylglycerols identiﬁed and their contents (%) in castor oil Acylglycerolsa % Acylglycerols % Acylglycerols % RR 0.14 RRO 7.23 RLS 0.02 RRR 70.92 RRRR 0.47 ROS 0.01 RRLs 0.67 RRS 1.08 LLL 0.002 RRLn 0.15 RLL 0.08 LLO 0.005 RRL 6.58 RLO 0.13 LOO 0.01 RRP 1.57 ROO 0.05 aAbbreviation: R = ricinoleic acid, Ls = lesquerolic acid, Ln = linolenic acid, L = linoleic acid, O = oleic acid, P = palmitic acid, S = stearic acid, RR = diricinoleoylglycerol, RRRR = (ricinoleoylricinoleoyl)diricinoleoylglycerol. 544 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

three stereoisomers—RAcR, RRAc, and AcRR—combined were as follows: ROR (91%), RLR (95%), RLnR (96%), RSR (96%), RPR (78%), and RLsR (31%). The non-hydroxyl fatty acids were mostly at the sn-2 position of TAG in castor oil. Figure 3 shows the proposed biosynthetic pathway of castor oil. Transgenic inhibition of phospholipase C hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholines might be used to block the incorporation of non-hydroxyl fatty acids into TAG, thus increasing the content of ricinoleate in seed oil. We have previously identified (12-ricinoleoylricinoleoyl) diricinoleoylglycerol [RRRR, tetraacylglycerol]) in castor oil by ESI-MS of the RRRR sodium adduct. HPLC-purified RRRR from castor oil (Fig. 2) was subjected to ion trap and high-resolution ESI-MS2 for identification. By using ESI-MS4 of the lithium adduct of RRRR, the regiospecific location of 12-ricinoleoylricinoleoyl chain on the glycerol backbone was identified and quantified by the ions from the losses of the acyl chains specific at the sn-2 position as _,`-unsaturated fatty acids (Lin and Arcinas, 2008). Ninety-five percent of the 12-ricinoleoylricinoleoyl chain was identified at the sn-2 position of RRRR. FIG. 1. The structure of ricinoleate and the proposed structures of TAG containing dihydroxy fatty acids were eluted before dihydroxy fatty acids in castor oil (Lin et al., 2009). (A) ricinoleate; RRR (Fig. 2). No TAG containing dihydroxy fatty acids and non- (B) 11,12-dihydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, (C) 11,12-dihydroxy-9,13- hydroxyl fatty acid were detected, and TAG containing three dihy- octadecadienoic acid, (D) 11,12-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. droxy fatty acids were detected in castor oil. The two regioisomers

(Lin and Arcinas, 2007). The non- ricinoleoyl chain (Ac) was a normal fatty acid—oleic acid (O), linoleic acid (L), linolenic acid (Ln), stearic acid (S), and palmitic acid (P)—or a hydroxy fatty acid, lesquerolic acid (Ls). The MS2 spectra of [RRAc + Li]+ showed the fragment ions of [RRAc + Li − RCOOH]+ and [RRAc + Li − AcCOOH]+, reflecting the neutral losses of ricinoleic acid and non-ricinoleic acid, respectively. The fragment ions of [RRAc + Li − RCOOH]+ were used for MS3 fragmentations. The MS3 spectra showed the fragment ions from the loss of fatty acids specific at the sn-2 position as _,`-unsaturated fatty acid, [RRAc + Li − RCOOH − AcCH=CHCOOH]+ and [RRAc + Li − RCOOH − RCH=CHCOOH]+. Hsu and Turk (in Lin and Arcinas, 2007) proposed a fragmentation pathway of the loss of fatty acid specific at the sn-2 position as an _,`- unsaturated fatty acid from TAG lithium adducts (MS3). The abun- dance of the latter ion was very low except for RRLs. The abundances FIG. 2. High-performance liquid chromatography chromatograms of castor oil detected by evapo- of these two ions reflected the abun- rative light-scattering detector (ELSD; Lin et al., 2009). (A) 0.032 mg of castor oil in 4 μL ethanol; dances of the two fatty acids at the (B) 0.79 mg of castor oil in 100 μL ethanol. C18 column (25 × 0.46 cm, 5 μm). Eluent: Linear gra- sn-2 position and also the abundances dient from 100% methanol to 100% isopropanol in 40 min. Flow rate: 1 mL/min. Abbreviations: of the two regioisomers of RAcR Acylglycerols, where R = ricinoleic acid, Ls = lesquerolic acid, Ln = linolenic acid, L = linoleic acid, and RRAc (AcRR). The approxi- O = oleic acid, P = palmitic acid, S = stearic acid, RR = diricinoleoylglycerol, RRRR = (ricinoleoylri- mate contents of RAcR among the cinoleoyl)diricinoleoylglycerol. inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 545 information

For further reading: of TAG of the AAB type were quantified by the ESI-MS3 of the TAG lithium adducts using the regiospecific ions from the losses Q Lin, J.T., C. Turner, L.P. Liao, and T.A. McKeon, Identification of fatty acids specific at the sn-2 position as _,`-unsaturated fatty and quantification of the molecular species of acylglycerols acids, as described as that of RRAc. The approximate contents of in castor oil by HPLC using ELSD, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. regioisomers are as follows: diOH18:1-OH18:1-diOH18:1 (92%), Technol. 26:773−780 (2003). diOH18:1-OH18:1-OH18:1 (92%), diOH18:1-diOH18:0-diOH18:1 Q Lin, J.T., A. Arcinus, and L.A. Harden, Identification of acylg- (91%), diOH18:2-OH18:1-OH18:1 (80%), and diOH18:0-OH18:1- lycerols containing dihydroxy fatty acids in castor oil by mass OH18:1 (96%). Three regioisomers of TAG of the ABC type were spectrometry, Lipids 44:359−365 (2009). also quantified by the ESI-MS3 of the TAG lithium adducts. Q Lin, J.T., and A. Arcinas, Regiospecific analysis of diricino- However, the MS2 spectra of [ABC + Li]+ showed the fragment leoylacylglycerols in castor (Ricinus communis L.) oil by elec- ions of [ABC + Li − A]+, [ABC + Li − B]+ and [ABC + Li − C]+ trospray ionization-mass spectrometry, J. Agric. Food Chem. reflecting the neutral losses of three fatty acids, A, B, and C, respec- 55:2209–2216 (2007). 3 + tively. From the MS spectrum of [ABC + Li − A] , the ratio of fatty Q Lin, J.T., and A. Arcinas, Regiospecific identification of acids B:C at the sn-2 position was obtained. Similarly, from the 2-(12-ricinoleoylricinoleoyl)-1,3-diricinoleoyl-sn-glycerol in other two ions the ratios of A:B and A:C were also obtained. From castor (Ricinus communis L.) oil by ESI-MS4, J. Agric. Food Chem. the ratios of A:B and B:C, the ratio A:B:C can be estimated. The 56:3616–3622 (2008). ratio of A:B:C also can be estimated from A:B and A:C, as well as from A:C and B:C. We have obtained the ratio OH18:1:diOH18:1: diOH18:2 of TAG (ABC), as 71:5:24, 85:6:9, and 64:15:21. The variation might be due to the different abundances of the regiospecific ions from the different precursor ions and the different regiospecific ions. The average of the three ratios (three regioisomers) CONCLUSION was about 7:1:2. We also estimated the ratio of OH18:1: diOH18:0: The non-hydroxyl fatty acids are predominantly at the sn-2 position diOH18:1 (three regioisomers) of TAG (ABC) as 7:2:1. of TAG (RAcR) that contain two ricinoleate and one non-hydroxyl normal fatty acid in castor oil. The ricinoleoylricinoleoyl chain is predominantly at the sn-2 position of RRRR in castor oil. For the TAG containing dihydroxy fatty acids and ricinoleate in castor oil, ricinoleate is predominantly at the sn-2 position and dihydroxy fatty acids are predominantly at the sn-1,3 position.

Jiann-Tsyh (Ken) Lin can be contacted at the Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, via his e-mail address: [email protected]. FIG. 3. Proposed biosynthetic pathway of castor oil (Lin et al., 2009). Green arrows show the key enzyme steps gov. driving ricinoleate into acylglycerols. Two arrows with solid bars show a complete block. Red arrows show the phospholipase C hydrolysis, which can be targeted to block the incorporation of non-hydroxyl fatty acids into triacylglycerols to increase (presumably) the content of ricinoleate in transgenic seed oils. PC, phosphatidylcholine; PA, phosphatidic acid; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine. How do you benefit from being an AOCS member? Ask one of our long

Nat Kessler Michael L. Valletta Ragnar Ohlson Michihiro Sugano 50+ Saburo Komori William Wagner Frank H. Passalaqua Bernard F. Szuhaj YEARS OF MEMBERSHIP George A. Kopas Russell C. Walker Nicholas Pelick Thomas H. Applewhite Ernest Koref William Walker William L. Porter A. R. Baldwin Vincent P. Kucesk i Arthur E. Waltking Maurice Rosenthal 35-39 Graham Barker Donald Kuemmel R. S. Walson Stan ley Smith YEARS OF MEMBERSHIP Fred Barrett Kenneth A. Kuiken Norman H. Wille Paul Sosis Phillip G. Abend William Barry Edward Latondress Gerry H. Zekert Toru Takagi Jeannene A. Ackerman Fred J. Baur Daniel Leo Karl T. Zilch John van Haften Petar Alaupovic Joyce L. Beare-Rogers William Link Helen Zmachinski Leamon D. Williams Verlin I. Allbritton Kenneth Becker Norman Lovegren Randall Wood Ardin L. Backous Robert Behrmann Andrew M. Lubienski F. Vernon K. Young W. Maurice Belcher Fred Bieri Francis Luddy 45-49 Ezra Berger Raymond Bistl ine Gerhard Maerker YEARS OF MEMBERSHIP Paul D. Berger Ram Blau Vaidyanath Mahadevan Lars Ake D. Appelqvist 40-44 Jean A. Bezard Dean Bredeson Helmut K. Mangold Stanley Bader YEARS OF MEMBERSHIP Dennis J. Breitbart Carl Brown Edward McMullen Jose Becerra Rique Robert G. Ackman Francis R. Cala Travis L. Budlong Lincoln D. Metcalfe Daniel R. Berger Don Banks Edward J. Campbell Arnold Carsten Frank Middleton Anthony P. Bimbo Hemendra N. Basu Martin C. Carey George C. Cavanagh Noel Myers Robert M. Burton Kurt G. Berger Roy A. Carr John H. Chaloud K. Ananth Narayan Jorge J. Castellanos Giovanni Bigalli Douglas A. Cavanagh Giles Colbert Desmond New David G. Cornwell C. William Blewett Edith J. Conkerton Lois Crauer Nippon Yuryo Kentei Jacqueline Dupont Michael M. Blumenthal Clemence K. Dartey Dimilrios Dimitriou Kyokai Joseph G. Endres Donald E. Britton Salil K. Das Richard Dreyer Robert M. Pierce David R. Erickson G lenn D. Brueske James K. Daun Le Roy Dugan, Jr Richard Purdy Abraham S. Feigenbaum Boyce H. Butler Robert Delaney Harold Dupuy Richard Reck George C. Feighner Raou l J. P. Clarenc Edward Emken Manuchehr Eijadi Edward Reid Glenn f uller Samuel Cohen M. Paul Fa rr Giles Farmer Martin D. Reinish Linsley S. Gray Jesse E. Covey Walter E. Farr Oliver Fiala Jim Ridlehuber John E. Heilman Richard Keith Downey Ronald Field David Firestone Louis Roman Murray Heimberg John A. Dupps, Jr Frank J. Flider Charles H. Fisher Logan Roots Thomas B. Hilton William M. Grogan Thomas A. Foglia Edwin N. Frankel Milton J. Rosen Robert J. Hlavacek Fran k D. Gunstone David G. Forster William French August M. Rossetto, Jr Keith L. Johnson Lynn A. Hawkins, Jr Akira Hayashi Carl W. Fritsch Howard Roth Jon Kabara James M. Iacono Yoshio Hirabayashi Cecilia Gilmore Andrew Rutkiewic Morris Kates John S. Kilpatrick Edward H. King, Jr Martin E. Ginn Werner H. Schmidt C. Louis Kingsbaker, Jr Ernest F. Kopka John K. G. Kramer Edward L. Griffin, Jr Matej K. Schwitzer R. G. Krishnamurthy Edward C. Leonard Philip A. Lofgren Erwin Grob Wayne Seto Arnis Kuksis Marcel S. F. Lie Ken Jie Stanley C. Loft Lauro Gutierrez-Vela Sydney H. Shapiro Robert E. Landers John F. Marsden Bruce E. McDonald Earl G. I lammond Rex Sims Gary R. List James H. McClare Douglas E. M cl emore Robert C. I lastert William Singleton Theodore K. Mag Don T. Morton David B. Min Ralph T. Holman Endre Sipos James C. McPherson, Jr Richard A. Ormsbee Carter G. Naylor A llen How land Lloyd M. Smith John R. Mitchell Conrad W. Petersen Richard D. O'Brien Glen Jacobson Jack Suriano Poul Moeller Jalam K. Punwar Douglas V. Okonek Vagn Jespersen A loys L. Tappe! Ahmad Moustafa Ja mes B. M. Rattray Marshall Pike William Johnson Paul C. Thionville Oscar W. Neiditch Fran k Jordan Joseph Topps John H. Nelson Eric Jungermann Albert Tucker Toshiro Nishida Horace Keith Robert Uschan Charles R. Norris Lowell J. Nutter

"The value ofAOCS is a pretty simple equation for me: AOCS has given me an excellent conduit for keeping up with technologies and people throughout my career, and involvement in AOCS committees and activities has allowed me to grow as an individual, and to have a lot offun in working with a lot of interesting and talented folks." - MICHAEL F. COX 'ilOCS has provided me international exposure in lipid research, and without the Society, I would never have achieved my goals no matter how hard I worked. AOCS is like an extended family to me. I can connect up and rely on my -standing members. f ellow members, be they theyoun g or thefamous; together we move the boundary of lipid research

Roberta L. Richards Helen Georga further. " H arold H. Perry Owens Stewart E. Gloyer -MARCEL LI E KEN )IE Jan Pettersen James L. Roorda M anuel Gomez O jeda Guy L. Posschel le Kenneth F. Schoene F. Gerald Gomolka Adul Premprasert Carl W. Schulze Stephen M . Greenberg Suk Hoo Yoon M aria A. Grompone A ndrew Proctor Ramon Segu ra Gerard L. Hasenhuettl George J. Zimmerman M onoj K. Gupta Michael Pulliam Hiroyuki Shimasaki William). Hausmann John S. Guymon Ju lius Rath Carlos E. Soza Barrundia Bengt Herslof Fran k M. Hahn Lars Rei mann Dennis K. Strayer Kian H ock Ho 25-29 Mumtaz H aider Ja mes M . Richmond Nagao Totani Sa ndra Ho lloway YEARS OF MEMBERSHIP Edward C. Hamill Ned M . Rockwell Ernie H. Unger A ndre Huyghebaert M asao Abe W olf Hamm Otto Rohr Shun Wada P. C. Jain Yvonne V. Agustin Tomas T. Hansen Jan A. Rosenblom Peter J. Wan Lawrence A . Johnson Cas imir C. Akoh Jan A. Heida I Pravit Santiwattana Richard F. Wilson Michael P. Kennedy Rajindra Aneja William Blake H endrix Kiyotaka Sato Vincent Zibo h Hiroshi Kihara David J. A nneken Dennis H. Hogan Edward T. Sauer Derek N. Zinkhon Aposto los K. Ki ritsakis M arvin 0. Bagby Krister Holmberg John F. Scamehorn A ndrew T. Kwong John E. Bauer Joe l H. Houston Katherine Sch mid Daniel S. Lampert Ernest R. Bean J. Edward Hunter Jeffrey D. Scott 30-34 Giovanni Lercker Kenneth E. Beery Yukihiro Ishikawa Gloria T. Seaborn YEARS OF MEMBERSHIP George U . Liepa P. Maurice Bell Len E. lvarson Edward S. Segui ne Richard Adlof Earl Louviere Becky Bingman Ronald J. Jandacek Bernard C. Sekula M oghis U. A hmad Edmund W. Lusas Michael Boerner Yukio Kakuda Hector J. Sepulveda Carl Amos Gerald M aus Philip A. Bo llheimer Foon Wing Kam A rnon Shani George E. Anderson Patrick Mayzaud Steven J. Brouwer Jagesh Khaitan H yo-Sun Shin William E. Artz Paul D. McElroy Blaine Byers Gary A. Knox Frederick C. Shook Christopher Astley Yoshiro M iura Pete C. Cartw right Dharma R. Kodali Vijai K. S. Shukla George Battaglini T. W illiam David Nes Uriel G. Cegla Semih Sefa Koseoglu Frederick P. Simonian H. Newton Beavers Frank T. O rthoefer Liew Chee Pi ng Rodney Kuss Satish C. Singhal Jose Luis Berna Ramesh Patel John P. Cherry Dean Lao, Jr Patrick J. Slonecker Marjorie L. Besemer Durk Pearson Michael T. Clandinin Hans Lingner! Thomas P. Smith John Blachford Jesse Peoples Tristano Collo ridi Firouz Madadnoee Pau l J. Stern M ichael J. Boyer W illiam E. Prosise M iguel E. Corti Rodney J. Mailer Jennie M . Stewart John B. Braunwarth Warw ick). Rush M ichael F. Cox M ehar S. Manku Barrie Tan James A. Breazeale Barry Sa nders A. Saari Csallany Tatiana Marinkovic Boon Keng Tan Kenneth Carlson F. Shridha r K. Sathe Michael F. Czuczak M erle S. Masri Ban Geok Tay Judy A. Carter Ro nald A. Schnitzer Remi De Schrij ver Ted Matson Junji Terao John L. Cayias W alter A. Shaw Etienne M. Deffense Richard E. McD onald Byron E. Thompson Barrie F. Cruickshank Harry E. Snyder Deborah A. Diersen- Ammanuel M ehreteab Ralph E. Timms Rasik D aftary Frank C. Tenent, Sr Schade A nand Menon Frederik R. van de Voort Levente L. Diosady Prakit Triyanond Aris J. Domnas Robert P. Micciche Fran k G. Veldkamp Janet M . Duran Werner E. Wagner M elinda K. Doucette H. Steven Misner Earl D. Weak James H . D yck Robert E. Wainwright Wyatt N. Elder, Jr A lbert F. Mogerley Pamela J. W hite Kok Leong Er Gary C. Walker Jeffrey Fine Darrel L. M uck Michael J. W int John W. Erdman, Jr Kathleen Warner M urray Flash ner Hyam M yers Tony Yates N. A. M ichael Eskin William S. Welker Alyce D. Fly A nton J. Nagy Gow-Chin Yen John R. Euber Neil R. Widlak Dennis L. Fost Etsuo N iki Basiron Yusof Louis D. Fontana M ary A nn Williams Kn ud A . Gerstenberg Harumi O kuyama Werner Zschau Daniel P. French James E. W illits Zana G. G illiam Ro nald K. Ostroff Floyd E. Friedli Walter J. Wolf Leo G. Gingras Richard J. Otterson This list was compiled on llija Gawrilow Thomas E. Wood Hari shchandra Goya l Thomas M . Pavli na March 1, 2009. Edward A. Geiss

"My involvement in AOCS has provided unique leadership and mentoring opportunities in addition to helping me establish an international network of colleagues and friends I've come to depend upon. Within the Society, I obtain timely technical Your Global Fats and Oils Connection information and sharpen my leadership skills while having thefr eedom to try out new ideas and to www.aocs.org/mem ber positively contribute to the Society. " - JIM KENAR 548 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) Ultra-efﬁcient technology for drying and conditioning grains and oilseeds as well as for moisture removal, limits the Editor’s note: The third in a periodic series, this article is based efficiency of this technique. Large volumes on a presentation given Wednesday, May 6, in the Processing of air must be heated for heat transfer, and Exhibitor Session at the 100th AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. as the air picks up moisture from grains, For the ﬁrst two articles from this series, see inform 20:469–472 the temperature of the air drops and the air and 473–475. reaches saturation. The larger the volume of air used, the more energy that is expended; much of this energy is lost up the stack (Fig. Farah Salaria 1). Many drying techniques have thermal The drying of oilseeds and grains is critical for downstream pro- efficiencies as low as 30%. Also, the distri- cessing and storage. It prevents caking, agglomeration, spoilage, bution of air through the bulk solid beds and and degradation of material. Controllability of the drying process silos is often not ideal, which leads to non- is important in order to compensate for changes in the feedstock. uniform heat transfer and drying. Excessive drying of solids is undesirable and results in weight loss, whereas too much moisture can lead to degradation and numerous quality issues during storage, as well as the imposition of penalties at sale. Varying weather and process conditions call for more efficient and flexible methods of drying. Also, solids have different limits on temperatures to which they can be heated and varying ideal moisture content for storage. Natural drying is not always an option, and many variations of the air-drying method have been used. The drying process is governed by typical factors such as ambient conditions, relative humidity, temperature, grain texture, sensitivity to heat, moisture content, and toughness of the grains. Conventional methods for drying oilseeds and grains typically use high volumes of hot air that are blown through the bed of grains. Use of hot air as the heating media,

FIG. 1. Conventional direct air dryers lose energy up the stack. Processing Exhibitor inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 549

FIG. 2. Indirect heating of air increases its moisture carrying capacity.

The use of indirect heat— control, and flexibility of perfor- through hot water or steam—has mance. Moreover, consistent product been shown to reduce the volume quality is achieved as the equipment of air, consumption of energy, and is designed for uniform heat trans- emissions radically. If heat is avail- fer, ideal mass flow, and uniform able from a waste heat source, this drying throughout the grain or oil- can further add to the energy effi- seeds bed. ciency of the drying process. The Plate bank heat exchanger plate heat exchanger design incor- dryers (Fig. 3) are recommended for porating cross airflow for removal of any manufacturing facility looking moisture uses indirect heating of the to gain green points for environ- solids through plates. This reduces mentally friendly technology use. the demand for a large volume of Installing of such dryers, as pre- hot air and keeps the air tempera- conditioners or residual dryers, will ture constantly high, which enables reduce emissions and load on oth- the air to carry increased amounts erwise energy-intensive dryers, thus of moisture before reaching satura- improving the overall energy effi- tion (Fig. 2). ciency of the facility and ultimately This technology is unique in increasing production capacity. that it combines the science of heat transfer and thermal modeling with Farah Salaria, vice president–Prod- knowledge of the mass-flow char- uct Development for Solex Thermal acteristics of bulk solids. The result FIG. 3. Plate bank heat exchangers (dryers) are Science Inc. (Calgary, Canada), can be is a thermally efficient technology energy efficient and can offer greater operational reached via e-mail at farah.salaria@ that provides precise predictability, flexibility. solexthermal.com. 550 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) Highlights from Milan isoflavone symposium

Mark Messina The meeting, held May 13–14 in Milan, Italy, was formally opened by Antonello Sannia, International Academy of Phytotherapy (Dolo Venice, Italy), who presented the objectives of the meeting. Fol- Isoflavones are a group of diphenolic compounds lowing him was Miriam Jacobs (EFSA), who discussed the agen- with a limited distribution in nature. Among com- cy’s mandate to evaluate the safety of isoflavones. Highlights of monly consumed foods, they are found in nutrition- selected presentations are summarized below. ally relevant amounts primarily only in the soybean. BREAST CANCER It is largely for this reason that the health effects of The session on breast cancer began with Mark Messina, Loma soy foods have been the focus of so much atten- Linda University (California, USA), reviewing the primary evi- tion. Proposed health benefits linked to isoflavone dence on which concern that isoflavones may pose a risk to breast cancer patients and high-risk women is based: Namely, that in intake include protection against breast and pros- athymic ovariectomized mice implanted with MCF-7 cells (an tate cancer, osteoporosis, and heart disease, as estrogen receptor positive [ER+] human breast cancer cell line), well as the alleviation of menopause-related hot following removal of the estrogen pellet that is needed to stimulate tumor growth (generally removal occurs when the cross-sectional flashes. area of the tumor is between 30 and 40 mm2), there is an initial The three isoflavones in soybeans are present primarily as the period of tumor regression in all mice. In mice consuming diets glycosides genistin, daidzin, and glycitin to which can be attached containing genistin/genistein (the aglycone form), though, tumor acetic and malonic acids. Most interest in isoflavones stems from regression is followed by eventual tumor regrowth. Messina dis- their estrogen-like effects, but these same properties have led to cussed the strengths and weaknesses of this animal model, which concerns that isoflavone and soy food intake may have untoward has been used extensively in cancer research. One of the more consequences, especially in specific subpopulations. controversial findings arising from this model is that processing For example, despite its long history of use, questions about influences tumor stimulation. That is, despite containing similar the safety of soy infant formula have been raised. This issue was amounts of genistein, more highly processed soy products lead to formally evaluated by the US National Institutes of Environmen- greater tumor stimulation. The explanation for this observation is tal Health Sciences in 2006, but a second evaluation is planned for that processing leads to higher peak plasma free (unconjugated) later this year. Unarguably, however, the concern that has led to genistein levels. most consternation and confusion among both health professionals Following Messina, Kenneth D.R. Setchell, Cincinnati Chil- and the public is the possibility that isoflavone-containing prod- dren’s Hospital Medical Center (Ohio, USA), presented an exten- ucts stimulate the growth of estrogen-sensitive tumors. In fact, this sive review of isoflavone absorption and metabolism. He began by concern was one of several that led to a request by the BfR (Federal noting that the proportion of isoflavone aglycones in soy foods and Institute for Risk Assessment in Germany) for the European Food supplements is very low (1–2%), unless the food is subjected to Safety Authority (EFSA) to evaluate the safety of dietary isofla- fermentation, as in the case of tempeh, natto, and miso, because the vone supplements and isoflavone-rich foods including soy infant intestine and liver are very efficient at glucuronidating isoflavones formula. A subcommittee of EFSA is expected to submit a report once absorbed. Next, Setchell presented new data from his research to the executive director by the end of 2009. A separate EFSA group showing that in humans, processing of genistin-containing working group is also evaluating the efficacy of isoflavones for soy products does not affect peak circulating free (unconjugated) alleviating hot flashes. genistein levels as it does in athymic ovariectomized mice. More To present the results of recently conducted studies most specifically, peak unconjugated genistein levels in response to the relevant to understanding the health effects of isoflavones, the consumption of soynuts (minimally processed), soymilk, and iso- Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN; www.crnusa.org) con- lated genistin (highly processed) were similar. vened a two-day symposium of internationally recognized experts To explore the relationship between soy and breast cancer risk, to discuss the safety and efficacy of isoflavones for postmenopausal several clinical studies have examined the impact of isoflavone- women. CRN is a trade association based in Washington, DC, USA. containing products on mammographic breast tissue density and Meeting report inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8) 551

breast cell proliferation in biopsy samples using the immunohis- tochemical marker Ki67 (a nuclear protein expressed by cells in all active phases of the cycle but not in quiescent or resting cells). Gunnar Söderqvist, Karolinska Institute (Stockholm, Sweden), discussed the value of these markers and noted that conventional hormone therapy (estrogen plus progestin) increases both density and proliferation and breast cancer risk. In contrast to the effects of conventional hormone therapy, isoflavones have no effect on these two breast cancer markers. Jeffrey Tice, University of California (San Francisco, USA), reviewed the results from the eight studies (half involving premen- opausal women; half involving post-) showing that isoflavones do not affect breast tissue density. The trials included nearly 1,700 subjects, their duration ranged from six months to three years, and the isoflavone dose from 40 to 120 mg/d. Next, Eva Lundström, Karolinska University Hospital, discussed the four studies that took breast biopsies and assessed cell proliferation before and after isoflavone exposure; two involved breast cancer patients, one healthy subjects, and one women under- going breast biopsy or definitive surgery for breast cancer. Daily isoflavone intake in these trials ranged from 36 to >100 mg/d and study duration from two weeks to one year. The final presentation in this session was by Xiao Ou Shu, Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tennessee, USA), who reviewed the three epidemiologic studies that have evaluated the impact of soy food intake on the prognosis of breast cancer patients. A report from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study (SBCS), which was published in 2005, showed that neither soy protein nor isoflavone intake prior to breast cancer diagnosis was related to breast cancer prognosis among 1,459 breast cancer patients, approximately two- thirds of whom were ER+. However, preliminary results from an ongoing cohort study of 5,043 breast cancer patients who are also part of the SBCS, and enrolled approximately six months after cancer diagnosis, show that soy intake, measured either as soy protein or soy isoflavone intake, was associated with favorable out- comes. Further, the benefit of soy food intake on survival was more pronounced among women with ER+ breast cancer, and soy food intake did not impact the efficacy of tamoxifen. The third study that was reviewed, a recently published report from a cohort of 1,954 breast cancer survivors in the United States who were prospectively followed for 6.31 years, also found evidence to suggest soy food intake after diagnosis improved prognosis and that soy foods did not interfere with tamoxifen. THYROID FUNCTION The second day of the symposium began with an examination of the impact of isoflavone exposure on thyroid function.In vitro and in vivo, in rats genistein inactivates thyroid peroxidase (the key enzyme in thyroid hormone synthesis), although despite the inac- tivation, thyroid function remains normal. In his review of this topic, Francesco Squadrito, University of Messina (Italy), noted that 20 clinical studies, some of which have been conducted for three years in duration, have shown that in euthyroid individuals neither soy foods nor isoflavone supplements affect thyroid function. In fact, unpublished three-year data presented by Squadrito show that genistein (54 mg/d) not only has no effect on thyroid hormones but also does not affect the expression of T3 nuclear receptors and retinoic acid nuclear receptors (RAR, RXR) in human 552 inform August 2009, Vol. 20 (8)

peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which are sensitive markers of conducted; however, the results overall are quite mixed. Several thyroidal influences. Although it remains to be definitively estab- explanations for the mixed data have been proposed. These include lished whether isoflavones affect thyroid function in subclinical the variation in baseline hot flash frequency, interindividual differ- hypothyroid individuals, or in those whose iodine intake is inad- ences in isoflavone metabolism, and the differing genistein content equate, there are at least preliminary data indicating this is not the of the intervention products. case for the former. In an attempt to provide some clarity about the effects of isoflavone supplements on the alleviation of hot flashes, Mindy Kurzer, ENDOMETRIAL CANCER University of Minnesota (Minneapolis-St. Paul, USA), presented the results of an ongoing systematic review and meta-analysis of Estrogen-only therapy stimulates endometrial thickness, endome- the literature (although only studies evaluating the effects of isofla- trial tissue proliferation, and increases endometrial cancer risk, vone supplements derived from soybeans were considered). For the so it is not surprising that the impact of isoflavone exposure on systematic review, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria; of those, 12 endometrial tissue and cancer risk has been studied by numer- reported that isoflavones significantly alleviated hot flash frequency ous investigators. These data were discussed by Mark Messina. and/or severity. Efficacy was similar for severity and frequency. None of the 24 studies identified reported that isoflavone supple- For the meta-analysis, 10 trials met the inclusion criteria; the ments (from soy and red clover) or isoflavone-rich soy foods or average reduction in frequency and severity beyond the placebo soy protein affected endometrial thickness. However, a five-year effect was 16 and 20%, respectively. Sub-analysis of the data indi- study found that, in comparison with the placebo group, isoflavone cated that supplements providing at least 15 mg/d genistein were supplements slightly increased risk of developing simple hyperpla- more efficacious and potent than those providing less than this sia among postmenopausal Italian women. These results should be amount. Kurzer concluded that these preliminary results show interpreted cautiously, however, because there were a number of that isoflavones significantly alleviate hot flashes and improve study limitations. For example, compliance was not assessed, no the quality of life for women suffering from frequent hot flashes information on endometrial thickness and bleeding patterns was when considering the overall improvement (including the placebo provided, and specific details about the isoflavone content of the response) is approximately 50%. Addressing this point, Gordana intervention product were lacking. In addition, it is not clear that M. Prelevic, Royal Free Hospital (London, England), noted that women with inaccessible endometrium samples (~25%) at baseline many women are seeking natural alternatives to estrogen for the were excluded for evaluation at future time points; therefore, it is alleviation of hot flashes and that according to a recent survey possible some hyperplasia was present at study onset. among those who are, the vast majority would be quite pleased Furthermore, although not a design weakness, there is some with a treatment that provides at least a 50% reduction in symptom evidence that the absence of hyperplasia in the placebo group is frequency. atypical. In the Postmenopausal Estrogen and Progestin Inter- The final presentation of the symposium was by Clemens B. ventions (PEPI) Trial, over just a three-year period, 2.4% of the Tempfer, University of Vienna School of Medicine (Austria), who placebo group developed endometrial tissue abnormalities (cancer reported on the results of a recently accepted-for-publication meta- or hyperplasia). If this rate had occurred in the placebo group in analysis that used a fixed-effects model to evaluate the side effects the above-mentioned Italian study, almost certainly the differences of phytoestrogen treatment compared with placebo or no treatment between groups would not have been statistically significant. in randomized controlled trials. In total, 92 randomized controlled Finally, although only limited epidemiologic research has trials with 9,629 participants were identified. The only side effect been conducted, these data suggest that isoflavone exposure from that differed in frequency between the active and control groups soy foods is associated with a reduced risk of endometrial cancer. was a higher rate of gastrointestinal disturbances among the former. Given all of the data, Messina concluded that the evidence does Based on the available evidence, it was concluded that phytoestro- not allow effects on endometrial cancer risk to be used as a basis gen supplements have a safe side effect profile, with moderately for recommending for or against the use of soy foods or isoflavone elevated rates of gastrointestinal side effects. supplements. inform Contributing Editor Mark Messina owns his HOT FLASHES own consulting company, Nutrition Matters, Inc., and Hot flashes are a classic symptom of menopause; in Europe and is an adjunct associate professor in the Department North America about 70% of women are affected by them. Maria of Nutrition, School of Public Health, at Loma Linda Andrikoula (University of Ioannina Medical School, Greece) noted, University (California, USA). He has organized and though, that this is the case for only 5 to 18% of Japanese and chaired all eight international symposia on the role Southeast Asian postmenopausal women. In 1992, Adlercreutz and of soy in preventing and treating chronic disease and colleagues suggested that the low prevalence of hot flashes reported is the chairperson of the editorial board of The Soy Connection, a by Japanese menopausal women might be at least partially due to quarterly newsletter on soy that is distributed to more than 125,000 their high consumption of soy foods. More than 50 hot flash trials dietitians and other health professionals. He can be contacted at evaluating the efficacy of isoflavone-containing products have been [email protected]. ~Springer springer.com the language of science

Get more from SPRINGER and your AOCS subscription!

As a journal subscriber and member of AOCS did you know that you are also a part of Springer? Not only do you receive 5 Springer journals FREE with your JAOCS, JSD or Lipids subscription but you also have access to many helpful products from Springer.

5 Free Springer Journals with AOCS Subscription

~ Did we mention that you receive 5 Springer journals at no cost when you subscribe to JAOCS, JSD, or Lipids? Each journal has 5 related Springer journals that come free with your -·---- subscription - but you must be an AOCS member to receive them. If you aren't already -----·------a subscriber see which journals you're missing out on and join AOCS at springer.com/aocs

Tables of Contents Alerts

~Vi sit the webpage for your favorite AOCS or Springer journal - even if you don't have a subscription! - sign up for theirToC Alert and whenever a new issue is published you will immediately receive an email detailing the latest Table of Contents. It's an easy way to keep up with journals you're interested in. Sign up at springer.com ~Springer also has Book Alerts in all our subject areas. Sign up for these and you'll immedi ately know what Springer is publishing and w hen. Find out more at springer.com/alert

Free Online Journal Access

~ Springer often trials many of our Chemistry journals, including JAOCS, JSD and Lipids, but the only way to be in on the secret is to join our Alerting services. This way whenever we send out an email with Free Online Journal Access you're automatically informed. Just another way we like to say thank you for subscribing to the journals and being an AOCS member. It's easy, just visit springer.com/alert

Contact Doreen Berning at the AOCS to become a member and order your subscription. AOCS, P.O. Box 17190, Urbana, IL 61803-7190 USA .,. Phone:+ 1-217-693-4813 .,. Fax:+1-217-693-4857 .,. Email: [email protected] .,. Web: www.aocs.org 014166x