PRO.2a.A (xviii) (N) 1,000

CENSUS OF INDIA 1961

VOLUME V-PART VII-A

SELECTED CRAFTS OF GUJARAT

18. PENKNIVES, NUTCRACKERS AND SCISSORS OF KUTCH AND JAMNAGAR

R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent 0/ Census Operations, GuJarat

P1UCB Ro. 2.eo or 5 Sb. I d. or , V.S. 0.9+ CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT PuBLICATIONS

Census of India, 1961 Volume V-Gujarat is being published in the (ollowing parts: " I-A(i) General Report " I-A(ii)a " I-A(ii)b " I-A(iii) General Report-Economic Trends and Projections " I-B Report on Vital Statistics and Fertility Survey '" 1-0 Subsidiary Tables '" II-A Gena-ru Population Tables '\< II-B(I) General Economic Tables (Tables B-1 to B-IV-C) '\< II-B(2) General Economic Tables (Tables B-V to B-IX) '" II-C Cultural and Migration Tables " III Household Economic Tables (Tables B-X to B-XVII) * IV-A Report on Housing and Establishments "'IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables " V-A Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scbe;duIed Tribes V-B Ethnographic Notes on SchecWted'. ~es and Scheduled Tribes (including reprints) *'" VI Village Survey Monographs VII-A Selected Crafts of Gujarat " V1I-B Fairs and Festivals * VIII-A Administration Report-Enumerauoa .} Not for Sale *VIII-B Administration. Report-Tabulation *IX Atlas Volume '" IX(A) Atlas Volume (Abridged) '" X-A(i) Special Report on Ahmedabad City i< X-B Special Tables on Cities and Block Directory " X-C Special :Migrant Tables for Ahmedabad City STATE GoVERNMENT PuBLICATIONS '" 1 7 District Census Handbooks in English " 17 District Census Handbooks in Gujarati • Published .. Village Survey Monographs for-thirteen villages, Pachhatardi, MagdaUa, Bhirandiara, Bamanbore, Tavadia, Isanpw, Ghadvi, Chichod, Sutrapada, Jambur, Ambav) Mana Sanja and Velavadar published :: Monographs on Agate Industry of Cambay, Wood Carving of Gujarat, Patara Making at Bhavnagar, Ivory Work of Mahuva, Padlock Making at Satya, Scale Making of Savarkundla, Perfumery at Palanpur. Crochet Work of Jamnagar, Sujani Weaving of Broach, Soap Making at Kapadvanj, Mashru Weaving of Patan, Glass Work at Kapadvanj, Jari Industry of Surat, Transparent Lacquer Work of Sankheda, Traditional Silver Ornaments, Brass and Copperwares at Shior and Snuff Making at Sihor published------PRINTED BY SHANTlLAL H. SHAH AT NAVAJIVAN PRi!.SS, AHMEDABAD-14. PUDLlSH$D BY TH$ MANAGU OF PUBLlCATlONS PEUD-1969 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

FIELD INVESTIGATION R. M. VANKANI Tabulation Officer

PHOTOGRAPHS K. D. VAISHNAV

LAY OUT AND PRINTING M. P. JACOB Head Proof-reader

SUPERVISION AND FIRST DRAFT 1. C. P. VYAS Research Officer (Special Studies Section) 2. K. F. PATEL Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations Assisted by R. M. VANKANI Tabulation Officer

EDITOR R. K. TRIVEDI Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat, AHMEDABAD

CONTENTS PAGES FOREWORD vii-x PREFACE xi SECTION INTRODUCTION Introduction-Location-Anjar-Bhuj-Mota Reha and Nana Rehd.-Pij-Sojitra-Jamnagar 3- 4 SECTION II CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN Origin of the Craft-Caste and Community-Kansara-Luhar-Muslim Luhars-Size and Structure-Type of Units-Literacy-Workshops and Dwellings-Health 5- 9 SECTION III RAW MATERIALS 10 SECTION IV TOOLS AND TE(''HNIQUE A-Tools and Implements-Hammer--Chisel-Pincers-Drill-File-Anvil-Furnace-B­ Techniques-Penknives-(a) Forging-(b) Grinding-(c) Electroplating and Polishing, etc.­ (d) Joining and Fitting the Handle (Finishing)-Nutcrad::ers-Engraving and Embossing of designs-Manufacture of Brass Nutcrackers at Jamnagar-(i) Mould making-(ii) Casting­ (iii) Fixing the Steel Blade-(iv} Grinding-(v) Polishing and Electroplating-Scitsors­ Improvement in Technique . II-IS SECTION V FINISHED PRODUCTS AND MARKETING Finished Products-Penknife-Nutcracker-Marketing-Trainin, 16-18 SECTION VI ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Capital-Cost of Production-Wage Structure-Income 19-20 SECTION VII CONCLUSION. 21 APPENDIX TABLES 23-27

GLOSSARY 28

INDEX 29 UST OF STATEMENTS IN TEXT

STA'l'E1IENT Surveyed households by caste II Workers and non-workers by sex and broad age groups III Number of family workers and hired worken IV Literates by age group and educational levels V Number of households by area used as workshop VI Raw material IO VII Tools and implements II Vln Price of finished products, 1962--63 16 IX Bwy and alack seasons 20 X Distribution of households by annual income 20 UST OF TABLES IN APPENDIX

Number of persons employed in production 25 II Dittribution of artisan communities 25 III List of very skilled craftsmen of each community 26 IV Distribution of family membel'l according to age, sex and earning status 26 V Literacy according to age and sex 27 VI Composition of workers 27 ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATE Tools Between paces 22-23 II Making moulds III Upper and lower parts of the mould IV M~lting br~ss scrap in a- (urnace V Pouring liquid metal in mould VI Moulds arranged in series fed with liqtl.id metal vn Heating before tempering Vln Tempering the bJades; Heating after tempering IX Filing the handles; Joining and fitting the handles X Sharpening and polishing the finished article on a hand-operated emery wheel XI Sharpening (A mechanical procest ) XII Machine drilling XIII Knii1,es, penknives, nutcrackers and scissors XIV-XV Nutcrackers in a variety of ,hape. XVI Scissors 'K' Model; Scissors 'G' Model; Penknive (H' Model XVII Smt. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, with ';, "A. Sumar J unas & Co.", Bhtti. FOREWORD

One of the first steps to be taken in the study may well reveal that it is perhaps cheaper First Five Year Plan was the establishment of from the social point of view to develop industrial six boards for the promotion of handicrafts, skills from scratch than to try to graft traditional village and small indus tries : (I) The Kh adi and skill on alien soil. A rather tragic case of Village Iridustries Board; (2) The All-India failure to make what would on the face of it Handicrafts Board; (3) The All-India Hand­ seem a minor adjustment cast its heavy shadow loom Board; (4) The Central Silk Board; (5) on the nation when it was discovered that The Coir Board; and (6) The Small Indu· goldsmiths used to working on 22·carat gold all s tries Board. their lives felt sadly helpless when asked to The rapid expansion of the activities of these work on 14-carat, so narrow and unadaptahle Boards wbich concentrated not only on produc­ were the limits of their skill and proficiency tion and techniques, but also on organisation, and so rudimentary the tools and equipment extension, credit, marketing, and export, conso .. with which they and their forefathers had worked. lidated and enlarged the position that the This fiscal accident revealed that tools are even household industries sector had so long enjoyed more im portan t than skills. in the nation's economic life. It was this fact An early opportunity was therefore taken that forced itself upon the preparations for the in February 1960 to suggest to State Census 1961 Census and deman<;!ed that household Superintendents, that the Census provided a industry should be separately investigated for a unique opportunity for conducting and document­ proper accounting of the nation's manpower, ing a survey of this kind. As such a survey was resources and its specific contribution to the quite outside the usual terms of reference of Census national income. The 1961 Census therefore work it was thought prudent cautiously to feel asked a special series of questions on household one's way with the thin end of the wedge of industry, ~put of family and hired labour, what would, it was hoped, prove to be an and the periods Over which household exciting pursuit. It was therefore considered industry is conducted. It was felt, however, that the wiser course to wait until the State Census an enumeration of the total number of establish­ Offices relt so interested that they would no ments and their industrial classification would longer take the inquiry as an imposition but be incomplete without a proper description of rather want to do it on their own and ask for what they produce and how they produce. the necessary staff and equipment. This office, It was important to make an assessment of the too, in its turn, could make use of the interval limits of rigidity within which traditional skill to organise and elaborate the design of inquiry operates. This could be obtained by studying in order to feed the appetite that work in the caste, occupational, social and economic progress would serve to whet. Because it was a stratifications, the limitations of credit and labour of love, sought to be unobtrusively thrust marketing facilities, the dominance of custom over on one's colleagues and because the inquiry contract, the persistence of traditional tools and itself was so vast that normally it would demand design forms, the physical limitations of transport, in any country as big a set·up; if separately communication and mobility, the inability to established, as the Census organisation itself and adopt new lines or adapt to changing circum_ that over a much longer period, and because stances. It was important also to make an it was almost a pioneer venture, nothing like it assessment of the limits of lIexibility that having been undertaken since the 1880's, it was traditional skill is capable of, because the decided to move towards a build-up, by stages, transformation of traditional skills to modem to let the inquiry unfold itself only as fast as skills is easier said than done and a thorough my colleagues chose to ask for more.

vii l'ORllWOll.D

Thus. in the first circular of 18 February, Mention has been made of a questionnaire in 1960, it was suggested that the inquiry might three parts and thirty questions_ The idea was be conducted through the agency of the to make. beginning with empirical, analytical Development Department. the State Director of studies baled on.a structured questionnaire Industries, the Director of Tribal Welfare, the which would replace general descriptive accounts Registrar of Cooperative Societies, and other orga­ that had obtained. SO far. The primary aim nisations ooncerned with the promotion of house­ Was to obta'Tn a picture as much of the artisan hold industry. A draft questionnaire containing himself as of his craft, to obtain a perspective of 30 questions in three parts was recommended the artisan and his craft in his social and for canvassing. It was suggested that information economic setting, the extent to which tradition on this questionnaire, village by village and bound him and the winds of change rumed area by area, might either be obtained through him, the extent of his mobility and immobility, the regular departmental ",hanllels of the State the conditions of market, credit, new contacts Government, or through the newly set up Census and designs in which he operated, the frame organisation, or through the hierarchy of the of new as well as traditional producer-customer newly-created Panchayats. Stress Was laid on relationships in which he still worked, and how the need of photographic documentation and far he was ready to pierce his oWn caste-tribe illustration of desigos, shapes and forms not only socio--economic coCOOn and make a break by photographs bu t with the help of line through to new opportunities promised by the drawings or sketches together with a full Five Year Plans. The aim was to hold up the description of the materials used. mirror to hereditary skills struggling with the dialectics of tradition and change. ' Almost the whole of 1960 and the first half of 1961 were spent in organising and taking Thus the first part of the questionnaire, purport­ the Census count, although several States even ing to be a village sch~dule,isought to take account during this period had not allowed the grass of the size and popUlation of the village, its to grow under their feet but made exploratory remoteness from a proximity to centres of ;trade studies and decided in their minds how the and commerce, in short, the degree Qf isolation in inquiry should be organised. A series of regional which the artisan worked, and the relative conferences held in Trivandrum, D.rjeeling and strengths of various communities in the village Srinagar in May and June 1961 revealed much which would afford clues to social interdependence enthusiasm among State Superintendents to and the prevalence of the jajmani system. The proceed with the survey, but thc need of second part was devoted to artisan communities separate staff and equipment was felt at the in the village: the several castes of artisans, the Same time as the realiza tion dawned that this number of families in each, the total number of was much too serious an inquiry to be treated workers, males and females, the extent of casually and left to be achieved through the cooperative activity among them, the extent of usual administrative channels and State Census dependence upon employers and of wage of Superintendents proceeded to augment their contract labour. There were questions on the raw staff with qualified research and investigating materials used, the means of their procuremen t, the officers, technical persons, photographers, artists, possible extent of dependence on others for raw draughtsmen and other trained personnel. materials, the extent of the material that artisans This was followed by rapid progress in can handle within the limits of their skill. There coordination between the Central and State were other questions on the exchange and flow Census Offices in the matter of exchange and of designs, the use of c<)lours, the ancientness of processing of information, documentation and the craft and legends associated, the colonization investigation, of assisting each other with trained of the craftsman, on patrons and customers and investigators and editing and finalizing dralls, on social and economic COn tact with the layouts, presentations. world inside and outside the village. There

viii FOREWORD were specific questions on the workshop itself and handicrafts obtaining in their State. As for the particularly the tools and the source of supply of specific crafts to be investigated several tables these tools, because it wag felt that tools decide were devised from the structured questionnaire everything and are the surest index of inertness in order to guide investigators toward pointed or lIexibility. Separate blocks of questions were observation and analysis, to enable them to designed to bring out the ramifications of write, not just general descriptions, but with artisan castes throughout the country and the their eye on the object and on facts. ways they sustained themselves, the type of clientele they catered for, the extent to which Investigations conducted between September they operated on money or harter or service, 1961 and May 1962, including a study group how specialized their craft was, how wide the of all States and the Social Studies Division in market, how dependent they were on their December 1961 at Delhi, stimulated many of socially preordained clientele and how restricted the States into going in for a much enlarged ,the latter was by the seemingly unalterable schedule. The revised village schedule itself, the laws of social custom; the extent to which counterpart of the first part of the February they could operate in the open market, the 1960 schedule, contained 19 large sections range of their wares and the sizes to which containing elaborate and probing questions. The these were ordinarily restricted either by the Family Schedule for practising artisan families limits of their own skill or the length of their similarly contained 19 main questions each customer's purse-strings. Inquiries were to be subdivided into many questions. The Family made about the operation of middlemen and Schedule for non.practising artisan families of cooperative societies, the people who gave contained 21 questions. There were schedules new designs and demanded new products. for the study of cooperative societies, of production­ Finally the several stages of production of the cum· training centres, 'and of consumer's prefe­ articles themselves were to be fully described rence. This enlarged schedule of investigation, in including the final and finishing stage and a the formulation of which the States themselves list of very skilled craftsmen of each community actively assisted, was greatly welcomed.Thesurveys was to be furnished. The third part was devoted that will appear in this series will therefore oonsi.t specially to tribal communities and designed to of two main types : (a) those based on the original find out how self.snfficient or dependent they short schedule and (b) those based on the much were on the production and supply of manufa. enlarged schedule. In some cases Census Superin. ctured goods, the extent to which they produced tendents felt enthused enough to scrap the work themselves or depended on others, their contacts based on the original short schedule and do it {)ver with other communities and the specific forms again on the enlarged schedule. In the meantime of production and commerce through which these much experience was gained on the analysis of contacts were maintained. facts and figures to clothe each observation with Particular ~mphasis was laid on the need of plenty of authentic information so that the reader obtaining as full an account as possible of could make his own judgement instead of being unique regional design differentiations as they expected to see all the time through another rellect not only the very culture patterns of the pair of eyes. country but the persistent inventive faculties of This programme of survey of handicrafts the craftsmen. The importance was emphasised and household industries has been fortified by of giving full attention to articles of domestic several ancillary surveys, each one of which use as it is in their shapes, designs and forms would deserve major attention. Along with the that the culture patterns and traditional skills survey a compilation has been made of all persist mast tenaciously. handicraft centres in each Stale and an inventory Simultaneously with the investigation of prepared of skilled craftsmen. Photographic specific crafts, State Superintendents proceeded and other documentation has been built up to to compile a comprehensive list of all types of oonstitute what may now be regarded as the PORl!WORD

most considemble repository in the country. complete inventory, replete with sketches and Elaborate and accurate maps of craft centres measurements of every object, has heen prepared in taluks, tehsils and districts are either ready of exhibits in museums of tribal crafts in India. or under preparation. A full census of all fairs There has heen a fairly satisfactory survey of houses and festivals, weekly hats and markets, throughout and buildings, indigenous architectual designs India, has been taken and is heing published and use of local building material of the whole for the first time. Andhra Pradesh has embarked country. All this bas been entirely a labour of upon a project of chronicling the social and love, patiently organised and executed under religious antiquity and uniqueness of every fair great strain and in disregard of health and and festival. A separate volume will be devoted to comfort, for which I take this opportunity of each district which promises to be of the utmost expressing my appreciation and grateful thanks value to sociologists and orientalists. A full and to my colleagues.

NEW DELHI, ASOK MITRA, JULY 30, 1964. &gistrar General, India. PREFACE

Gujarat has been well-known in the country and abroad for its crafts since agel_ A special study, therefore, of the selected crafts in this region along with the 1961 Census offered a good scope of finding out what they were in the past and are capable of in present times. This publication is the eighteen in the series of craft monographs and embodies the results of survey conducted to study the manufacture of Prnknives, Nutcrackers and Scissors of Kutch and Jarnnagar. The earlier publications relate to :

(i) Agate Industry of Cambay, (x) Soap Making at Kapadvanj, (ii) Wood Carving of Gujarat, (xi) Mashru Weaving of Patan, (iii) Patara Making at Bhavnagar, (xii) Glass Work at Kapadvanj, (iv) Ivory Work of Mahuva, (xiii) Jari Industry of Sural, (v) Padlock Making at Sarva, (xiv) Transparent Lacquer WorkofSankheda, (vi) Scale Making of Savarkundla, (xv) Traditional Silver Ornaments, (vii) Perfumery at Palanpur, (xvi) Brass and Copperwares at Sihor (viii) Crochet Work of Jarnnagar, and (ix) Sujani Weaving of Broach, (xvii) Snuff Making at Sihor.

Besides the field staff and other members of the Census Organisation who have contributed to this survey, I must acknowledge the useful comments offered by Dr. Roy Burman, Officer on Special Duty, while going through the draft monograph and express my grateful thanks to Shri Asok Mitra, Registrar General and ex-officio Census Commi"ioner, India, for his valuable guidance in the organisation of this survey in Gujarat.

R. K. TRIVEDI, AHMEDABAD, Superintendent of Census Operations, October 12, 1968. Gujarat.

1. PENKNIVES, NUTCRACKERS AND SCISSORS OF KUTCH AND JAMNAGAR

If-I

SECTION I INTRODUCTION

It is the taluka and subdivisional headquarters INTRODUCTION with a population of 23,301 souls according to 1.1 IRON HAS BEEN in use since about 5,000 the 1961 Census. Founded in 805 A. D. by years. Various references have been found in Ajepal, the brother of king Ajmer, the town the ancient Indian literature relating to use of rose to eminence in the reign of Khengarji iron in ancient India. The use of razors is (1548-1595). The walls were added to the referred to in Rigveda and arrows made from town during the reign of Desalji (1718-1741). iron in Dhanurveda. Brihat Samhita gives an The town seems to be un der active seismic belt interesting account of tempering of swords. Thus as it was rocked by earthquakes in 1844, 1845, the ancient smiths in India had the practical 1874, 1891, 1941 and 1956. The earthquake of knowledge of various processes of nlaking iron 1956 caused heavy losses to the life and pro. and steel and knew how to temper a blade perty of the people. It has a textile mill and by using differen t varieties of liquids for cotton ginning and pressing factories and is an 'quenching' the heated metal. They had important trading centre. acquired a high degree ofmetallurgical skill and produced best quality steel for the manufacture BRuJ of swords, daggers, spears, battle-axes and other I.5 Formerly the capital of the State of weapons of war. Kutch and after Independence of the 'c' Class I.2 Cutlery in general means edged and State of Kutch, Bhuj is now the district head­ hand-operated cutting tools like penknives, quarters and a terminus station on the Bhuj­ pocket-knives, household butcher and table­ Kandla-Deesa section of the Western Railway. knives, combination of fork and spoon with Being the Divisional Headquarters of the S.T., steel blade, putty-knives, hunting-knives, .nut­ it is well-linked with all the t.lnka headquar­ crackers, scissors, straight razors, shears, carvers, ters in the district. The place is also connected deavers, spatulas, and paint scrapers. The uti­ by regular air services with Bombay, Rajkot lity articles like penknives, nutcrackers and and Jamnagar. As per 1961 Census, the popu­ scissors are mostly found in every household. lation of the town is 40,180 persons. Having a Blacksmiths in towns and various villages meE u­ temple of Bhujiya Nag (snake deity) 011 the facture them. Bh'\iia Hill, it was formerly called Bhujang­

LOCATION nagar, town sacred to snake, from which its present name Seems to have been derived. 1.3 In Gujarat, places famous for good L6 Silhouetted by lakes Desalsar and quality of penknives, nutcrackers and scissors Hamirsar in the background, the town has are Anjar, Bhuj, Mota Reha and Nana Reha many historical places sheddircg light on its in Kutch district, Sojitr. and Pij in Kaira old architectural monuments like J2madar district, and Jamnagar city in Jamnagar dis­ Feteh Mahmad's house and his tomb, Muhammad trict. The study was conducted at these centres Panna Masjid, the Darbargadh (King's during 1961. A brief description of each centre palace), the Aina Mahal and Ra Lakha's is given below. ehhatri.

ANJAR ~OTA REBA AND NANA REHA 1.4 Anjar is a railway station on the Bhuj­ 1.7 The villages Mota Reha having a New Kandla section of the Western Railway. population of 1,142 persons and Nzna Reha 4 SECTION I-INTROOUCTION with a population of 506 persons, are well­ rivers Nagrnati and Rangmati it is a district known for the small-scale industry of cutlery. headquarters with a population of 148,572 Both these villages of Kutch district are o.dja­ persons according to the 1961 Census. It is a cent to each other and connected by S.T. junction station on the Viramgam·Okha section routes. The former is 10 miles from Bhuj and of the Western Railway and is also connected the latter 12 miles. by roads with Rajkot on the Rajkot-Okha State Highway. 'Other places in Saurashtra are PI] also connected with J amnagar by bus. Regular I.8 Three miles from Nadiad, Pij is a railway air services operate between Jamnagar, Rajkot, station on Nadiad-Bhadran section of Western Bhuj and Bombay. Railway. It is also connected by S.T. bus with Nadiad and has a population of 5,771 persons. I.lI Till Independence, Jamnagar was the capital of Nawanagar State ruled over by Jams, SOJITRA a Jadeja Rajput clan believed to be the des­ I.9 Seven miles nwth-west of Petlad a cendants of Yadavas and originating from taluk. he.dque.rters, Sojitra is a town well. Sa mas ruling over Nagar Thatha in Sind and co,mected by S.T. buses with important centres then migrated to Kutch. In 1540, Jam Raval such as Ahmedabad, Nadiad, Petlad, etc. It is founded the city on the site of Nagnath bandar. also a railway station on Nadiad-Bhadran It has now developed into an industrial city section of the Western Railway. Ddting back having a woollen mill, chemical works, 22 oil­ to 2nd century B. C., it is identified by Yule mills and four salt works. Among numerous with Sazantion mentioned by Ptolemy ( 130 crafts prevalent there, the most important are A. D.). In olden times highway fiam Gambay to nutcrackers, penknives) tnlllks, locks, soap, Cen tral India passed through Sojitra which beads, metalware, musical instruments, buttons, produced indigo and textiles exported from stone carving, silk weaving, embroidery, textile Cambay. The 1961 Census population of the dyeing and printing, kumkum, kajal and surma. town is 12,046 persons. The artisans of Jamnagar are well-known for their art of weaving palav, sari ends, and jari JAMNAGAR brocade. Tie and dye saris of Janmagar are I.IO Situated on the confluence of the famous and popular all over Gujarat. SECTION II CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN

narrated by the proprietors of Messrs. Sumar ORIGIN OF THE CRAFT Junas & Co. ILl THE EARLY HISTORY of the art of making An uncle of Sumar Junas named Budhan cutlery il shrouded in mystery. In Kutch. tbe was ~n accomplished craft~man, He won prize,s craft is pursued for the last 150-200 years. The for his exquisite workmanship and C2P~lCity to industry is mainly carried on by manual kbour, manufacture parts of machines exactly resembl­ except reeen t introduction of machinery for ing the original. It is sojd by the gfi'_r_dsons of polishing, drilling, electroplating, grinding, etc. Budhan that Raydhanji, the grandLther of the 11.2 According to local legend the present present Maharao of Kutch b ad a revolver, Muslim Luh"fS of Kutch pursuing this craft which w~tS rnanuf3.ctured in Europe. Once were form~rly cultivators of land. Agriculture some part of it was broken and it became un­ did not engage them for the whole year and serviceable. On hearing about the craftsmanship they remained without work for 6-7 mon ths. of Budhan the Mabrao called him and asked Their religious preceptor, therefore, advised him whether he could replace the broken part. them not to while away their time idly but to He humbly replied "Bava, (Sire), giye me a have some industry for supplementing their chance to examine the piece and I shaJI try income. The craftsmen thus started the craft of my level best to get the piece repaired". He manufacturing penknives and nutcrackers during then asked for a month's time alid within that the off agricultural season. period he not only replaced the damaged part 11,3 According to another acconnt about by a new one but also made another revolver the origin of the craft in Kutch, Jamadar which was the exact replica of the origin?.!, Fetch Mahmad (1801 A. D.) who was known without the trade mark embossed on it. Placing as Cromwell of Kutch selected Reha a place the two revolvers side by side and exhibiting about 10 to 12 miles from Bhuj for manufactur­ only the unmarked sidc, he requested the ing weapons and the ancestors of Snmar Junas M"harao to identify his revolver. But the the famous artisan who developed the craft Maharao could not recognise it as the damaged settled there at his instance. With tr.e help of part was so skilfully repaired that it looked crude implements then in use he tried hard to like the origin,._!. In appreciation of the per­ raise production and made radical changes in formance of Budhan, the 'l\1aharao gave him design and craftsmanship. In course of time cash reward and a house in J3huj in whieh his manufacturing of weapons diminished and descendan 1s still live. craftsmen took to making penknives and nut­ II.5 At Pij the Luhar craftsmcr used to crackers. SUm8.I Junas worked in collaboration manufacture razors and scissors 60 years ago with the concern of Shri K. N. Ajani, an when they started manufacturing penknives and inhabitant of Kotham, Taluka Abdasa, Kutch. knives by copying imported makes. When the Their products were marked with the trade village was electrified they have been u,ill!; name Ajani. Quality goods coupled with grinder and polishing machines. intensive publicity have earned this firm good CASTE AND COMMUNlTY reputation as producers of penknives and nut­ crackers. II.6 This craft is essentially a smithy craft 11.4 A very interesting account of the traditionally pursued by Luhars. As am be seen craftsmanship of the descendants of Junas is from the statement below mainly Luhars, beth 5 SECTION U--CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN

Muslim and Hindu, are engaged in the craft of differences they had to move with their besides seven households of Kimsara and one family goddess from Dhinoj in Mehsana each of Brahmin and Lohana. district to Visnagar where they settled "nd spread over to other places in Gujarat, viz., STATEMENT I Nadiad and Dabhoi. According to another legend Gujarat Kansaras were the offspring Surveyed households by cute of five brothers worshipping Kalika Mala by Castes beating ben metal cymbals. Pleased by their Hindu Muslim devotion the GQddess gave them a boon to earn their living by beating bell metal md Centre Kansara Brahmin Luhar Lohana Luhar Total beCame bell metal smiths. They !Jave following clans: Jamnagar pjj 15 15 1. Bagaya 5. Karkasariya Sojitra 2. Barmeya 6. -Parmar Nana Reha ., 33 33 3. Bhatti 7. Solanki MotaReha .. 4. Gohel Anjar The surnames Bhatti, GoheJ, Parmar and Bhuj Sohnki denote strain of Rajput blood in Total 17 40 66 them.

In all, 66 households have Leen surveyed in During the course of time Kansaras seven centres selected for study. At Jamnagar were further subdivided in to five divisions the craft of making nutcrackers is plied mainly (I) Champaneri,' (2), Maru, (3) Shihore, by Kimsara community with whom the craft of (4) Ahmedabadi and (5) Visnagara, the last manufacturing metalwares is traditional. At named being more numerous. '-\lhilc none other centres Luhars who are traditionally of the five divisions eat together or inter­ engaged in smithy predominate. Those working marry) the Maru or Marwari wear a sacred at Nan. Reha, Mota Reha, Anjar and Bhuj in thread. Their appearance, dress and speech Kutch are Muslim. At Anjar one Lohana house­ do not distinguish them from Bania or Kanbi hold and at Jamnagar one Brahmin household and are addressed respectably as Mahajan. are also engaged in the craft. A brief ethno­ All the Kansaras are either Ra:thanandi, graphic account of Kansara and Luhar castes is Shaiva or Vallabhachari but hold their given below. titular Goddess Kalika Mata in great reVerence. They have Brahmin priests from Audich, KANSARA Mewada, Shrigod and Shrimali subdivisions "The word Kansara seems to have and visit temples of Goddess Ambaji, been derived from the SaD.skrit word· kan­ Becharaji and Kalika. Widow remarriage syaka, meaning bell metal workers. There among Kansaras, except Visnagara are not are two main divisions among K;:'tnsar~,s, viz., allowed."l Maru and Gujarati. The former are said to have migrated from Marwar to Scjakpur in LUllAR Saurashtra and settled at various places in HThe word Luhar is derived from the Saur(\shtra. The Gujarati Kansaras are Sanskrit word lahakar meaning a blacksmith. believed to be the former Kshatriya residents According to the legend prevalent among of Champaner 29 miles east of Baroda and them, the Luhar, are the descendants of the descendants of Saliastrarjuna. On account Pithvo created from pith or back of the

l. MUKERJEA, SATYA. V., Th. C,nSllS of [lidia, 1931, Vol. XIX, Baroda, Part I-Report, pp. 442-443 MUSLIM LUHARS 7

dust clinging to Parvati's back for manu­ ment shows the workers and non-workers by facturing weapons for Shiva against his war sex and broad age groups. with demons Andhkar Md Dhundhkar. STATEMENT II The endogamous divisions which do not Workers and Don-workers by ilex and interdine or intermarry are Gujjar, Bhav­ broad age groups nagari, Panehal, Sirohia, Surati, Chokia, Persons Males Females Dali, Khambhati, Lodhaghada, Rupaghada, Non- Non- Non. Age Work- work- Work- work- Work- work- Pithva and Parajia. Panchal Luhars claim group ers ers to be the descendants of Brahmin, who had 1 4 5 degraded owing to their taking to b!ack­ 0-14 1 153 1 72 81 smith's profession. The surnames Chavda, 15-34 49 73 49 19 54 35-59 50 34 48 2 34 Chohan, Dodia, etc., denote- the presence of 60+ 10 12 10 2 JO Kshatriya blood among them."l Total 110 272 108 93 2 179 II.7 The women and family members help Smithy being a strenuous job females do not them in pnmping bellows, and performing participate in it. This is evident from the fact other lighter tasks. Luh.rs work as village that except 2 females in the age group 35-59, artisans and are paid in kind. The machine age all the workers are males. In the younger age has proved a great handicap to Luhars who group 0-14 there is only one male worker. Out have given up their original Occup"tion and of 110 workers all but 11 are aged 15-59. In taken occupations such as silversmithy, carpentry, the surveyed households there are 10 females watch repairing) etc. They are liberal in social and 12 males in the older ages 60 and above, outlook and allow widow remarriages and of whom 10 males are workers and the rest of divurce. They follow sects like Kabirpan thi, the males and all females are non-workers. Swaminarayan, Ramanandi, etc. Their priests Thus, the participation of aged males is signi­ called Luhar gors are despised by Brahmins. lican t in this craft. TYPE OF UNITS MUSLIM LUHARS II.! 0 All the working units are independent II.8 The functional name among Muslims establishments. Most of them sell their finished man ufacturing cutlery is Luhar. Some of the products to traders or master craftsmen. artisans of Bhuj and Mota and Nana Reha are Majority of the units employ hired workers. Bhatti hailing from Bikancr and Jaisalmer. The following statement shows number of They believe themselves to be Bhatti Rajputs family workers and hired workers engaged in con verted to Islam. The others are Shaikhs this craft. subdivided into three branches (I) Siddiki, (2) STATEMENT UI Faruqi and (3) Abbasi. 8iddikis claim descent Number of family workers and hired from Abu Baker Siddik, Faruqi from Umar-AI­ workers Faruk, and Abbasi from Abbas one of the nine House- holds uncies of the Prophet Mohamed. The word House.. engag- 'Shaikh' is also a honorific term corresponding holds ing No. of No. of surve- hired family hired Total to the word 'Esquire' in English. Thus all Centre yed workers workers workers workers local con verts were addressed as Shaikh· (or 1 2 3 4, 5 6 Muhammad) prefixed to their names and Bibi Jamnagar 8 7 15 55 70 perfixed to the names of females. Pij 15 to 25 10 35 Sojitra 2 2 2 SIZE AND STRUCTURE Nana Reha D 16 W W M H.9 There are 382 persons in the 66 Mota Reha 3 4 4 8 Anjar 3 11 12 23 households surveyed giving an average of 5.79 Bhuj 2 2 3 oj, 7 persons per household. The following state- Total 66 40 110 105 215

I. MUURJEA, SA'lYA. V., TIIe 0""" 'f India, 1931, Vol. XIX, Baroda, Part I-RePort, p. 449 8 SECTION lI~CRAFT AND CRAFTSMEN

Hired workers are employed by Some of the households, 163 or 42.67 per cent are literate, units in all the centres except Sojitra. Out of the respective percentage of males and females 66 households surveyed 40 en gage hired workers. being 56.22 and 27.62. Against 110 family members, there are 105 who are hired. The proportion of hired workers is The percentage of literacy among the house: the highest (I : 3.6) at Jamnagar. At Nana holds surveyed ,exceeds the State average of Reha hired workers are all Muslims while those 24.09 per cent. Literacy is confined to taking at Pij are Raval, Marvadi and Bariya. primary education and only B persons, 6 males LITERACY and 2 females, have received education up to II. I I Out of 382 persons living in surveyed the secondary level) and none above it.

STATEMENT IV Literates by age group and educational levels

Literate without educational level Primary Secondary Illiterate ------Age group Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 3 4 8 10 II 12 13 0-4 60 26 34 5-9 37 19 18 16 10 10-14 17 8 9 22 13 9 15-19 14 8 6 10 5 5 20-24 21 13 14 25-29 15 10 13 10 30-34 10 7 35-44 17 14 10 18 13 5 45-59 19 6 13 17 15 2 60+ 13 4 9 2 Total 219 88 131 33 27 6 122 80 42 8 6 mile from their residence. The remaining 32 WORKSHOPS AND DwELLINGS households have workshop within their dwellings. II.12 Out of 66 households surveyed, 34 In most of the cases the front portion of the or 51.5l per cent have a workshop separate house is used as a workshop. The following from their dwellings, but situated within a statement shows the area used as workshop. STATEMENT V Number of households by area used as workshop Area in sq. ft.

Un 251 & ~peci- Centre 0-25 26-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250 above tied Total 2 10 Jamnagar Pij 15 Sojitra 2 Nana Reba 33 Mota Reba 3 Anjar 3 Bhuj

Total 3 7 8 11 16 14 6fi WORKSHOPS AND DWELLINGS 9

Out of 66 households, 10 have a meagre 26 per cent in rented dwellings. As to the working space of 26 to 100 sq. ft., 8 have 101 condition of houses in regard to light and venti­ to 150 sq. ft., 18 have 151 to 250 sq. ft. and lation, 62 households enjoy good ventilation, 16 have 251 sq. ft. and above. The work is only one has moderate ventilation and no in­ carried out with traditional tools and equip­ formation is available for the rest. ments at all the centres except Jamnagar where HEALTH modern machinery is installed. The place of work is called koak (workshop) which is not II.14 The craft is mainly pursued by adult well kept. The floor is littered with a,h, dirt males. All the operations involved in making and iron filings. Instrmnents are not arranged these articles call for hard physical labour. systematically or hung on wall but are found Though the processes are strenuous requiring scattered on the floor. A stone trough filled sturdy body there are no instances of profes­ with water is placed near the anvil for quen­ sional disability or disease contracted as a result ching heated articles. There is a180 a pit 2' x 2lJ' of working in the craft. deep for a striker to stand at "lower level, so that he may not be required to bend him~ IU5 The artisans are addicted to tea and self while striking with a hammer. This is an bid;. In rural areas like Nana Reha, Mota intelligent device to reduce physical strain. Reha and Pij they have no modern recreation II.13 Sixty-five per cen t of households live in facilities like cinema, whereas in other centres single room tenements. 74 per cent of the the artisans occasionally visit cinema houses. households reside in their own houses, whereas They do not work on festive days.

H-2 SECTION III RAW MATERIALS

IlLI TIlE PRINCIPAL raw materials required IIL2 The knife as well as the nutcracker in the craft are iron containing one per cent consists primarily of a sharp edge or blade of carbon, and steel. In Kutch, used and discarded steel. Old files are the best raw material for files which could be easily tempered for obtain­ the industry, as it compares favourably with ing a sharp cutting edge are mainly used. Other the steel available in the market. In the past, raw materials arc ,copper, brdss scrap, buffalo artisans were using "Johnson and Nicolson" horns for handles, celluloid, plastic, brass wire, files. But now, they use Hindust'ln or other stainless steel, silver and mineral coal for fuel. Indian files as import of steel goods has been The ,following statement shows main aI'J.d subsi­ banned. Main markets for waste steel files ami diary raw materials used a.t various centres. mild steel arc Bombay, Ahmedabad and Rajkot. The artisans can obtain them easily from the STATEMENT VI local market also. Brass dhalias are made to order by the local bell metal smiths, whereas Raw material horns used in handles of penknives are purchased either from Ahmedabad, Bombay or Sl. Main raw Subsidlary raw No. Centre material material and fuel Rajasthan. The cost per lb., of old files is about 45 to 50 paise while that of brass scrap is about Rs. 4.50 to 5. The cost of horns is 1 Jamnagar Steel, iron Bra!ls, zinc, lead, cop~ per, silver, nickel salt, about Rs. 3 to 3.25 per lb. It is estimated copper sait, nickel that annually raw material worth Rs. 2,000 to pIate 3,000 is consumed per unit. Coal is used as Fij Iron Steel wire, iron sheet, fuel for heating and annealing processes and blackwood, coal electricity for operating machines. Sojitra Iron, iron Coal strip IlL3 For acquiring the subsidiary raw 4 Nana Reha Steel, iron Coal, horns materials like brass, nickel salts, nickel plates, 5· Mot~ Reha Steel, iron Copper, brass, honn, copper salts, copper plates, polishing material, borax etc., an import licence is necessary. The regular Anjar Steel ~crap, Brass horns, units can get sufficient quota, but a beginner plating material, scrap, coke experiences great hardship in procuring these 7 Bhuj Steel Brass materials.

10 SECTION IV TOOLS AND TECHNIQ.UE

O?eratlQn.'I!o. Hammen are generally made of A-Tools and Implements superior quality of iron and have a smooth IV. 1 THE TOOLS GENERALf,..V used are ordinary rOtlllded wooden shaft fitted into a circular hole smithy tools like hanuners of different denomi­ of the stroker. They cost from Rs. 3 to 12 nations and sizes, anvil, chisel, ·ptmch, drill, according to size and quality. file, adze, etc.) besides electrically operated CHISEL (Chhini) machinery installed by soIlle of the establish­ ments for drillin g, polishing, cutting, etc. The IV.3 Craftsmen also need sharp edged following statement gives the list of electrically chisels for cutting and shaping, where iron and manually operated tools and implements. snippers cannot be used. They are normally made by the craftsmen themselvelii out of iron STATEMENT VII bars (Iaklas) of superior quality bought from Tools and implements the local market at the rate of Rs. 2 to 2.50 per kg. They have a straight edge, varying Place from where 11 Valut from ~" to i" in width and 3 to 4" in length. Tools and implements in ~. imported Chisels of various shapes and sizes -are used for carrying out chasing and perforation (i) Electriclllly Operated work on the surface of the metal, their cost Electric motors varying according to their size, shape and quality l H.P.-lO H.P. 300.1,000 Ahmedabad of steel. Buff polish machine 1,000 Rajkot, Nadiad Drilling machine 200 Calcutta PINCERS (San,i) Emery stone 35.125 Bhuj Nickel plating appli- IV.4 A pair of iron pincers is one of the ance 300-500 Ahmedabad most serviceable tools, commonly used for Polis bing appliance 500 Ahmedabad handling semi-manufactured articles, while heat­ Grinding machine 3,000 Ahmedabad ing them in furnace during annealing and Electroplating machiI).e 2,000 Ahmedabad soldering operations. Pincers are of two kinds, (ii) Manual{y Operated one with straight aat jaws and the other with Hammers of different curved jaws turned at right angles. These are sizes 10.20 each Local Chisel 5-20 Local made of iron procured from the local market. Pincers 10 Local DRILL (Shardi) Drill 6 Local Files 5-20 each Local IV.5 An electrically operated drill is used Local Anvil 24-75 by some of the units for boring holes in iron Hacksaw machine 450 Local Bellows 40-70 Local and brass pieces. It consists of an electric motor Vice 15·25 Local and a mechanical device which rotates a poin­ Buff stand 100 Local ted iron rod meant for boring. The piece to be bored is held firmly below the rota ting HAMMER (Hathoda) rod. When the machine is operated, the pointed IV.2 Hammers of various shapes and sizes end of the rod rotates on the brass piece which are used for raising, levelling and planishing is drilled by the appropriate pressure applied 12 SECTION IV-TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE

to it. The bores made in the pieces are article, therefore, depends upon the quality of needed for fixing handles, rivets, etc. the steel used and finishing attained. Ordinary hand-operated drill' is used for PENKNIVES boring holes in wooden or horn handles which are finally fitted to the brass hafts. This drill IV.1O A knife consists primarily of a steel is a simple traditional tool used by ordinary piece with a sh'arp edge or Hade. The other <:arpenters. component part is a handle. A handle consists of two equal pieces of brass known as tadia. FILE (Kanas) Both the sides of the handle are rivetted at IV.6 File is a scraping appliance locally three different points. A steel spring is pr()vided known as kanas used to smoothen irregular within the handle for maintainin g the blade edges. They are flat, square, round, half-round in position and keeping it. fully opened or and triangular in shape. Available in the local closed. The outer surface of the 'handle is market their prices vary from Rs. 5 to 20 decorated by a strip of horn, wood or plastic according to their size 'and quality. fiXed on both the sides. All metal handles are however, kept plain or sometimes decorated ANVIL (Eran) with engraving. There are four stages in the IV.7 Anvil is a basic tool required in production of penknives, viz., (aJ forging, smithy workshops. It is like an iron log meant (b) grinding, (c) polishing and (d) finishing, for putting an article while hammering. Anvils which are described below. last for many years. They are made by the (a) Forging-Bars of steel, discarded files smiths themselves. They are also sold in the and blades of ateJanu !okhand having more than market and the price depends on the quality 1 per cent carbon are used for manufacturing varying from Rs. 24 to 75 per piece. the blade of a penknife. Scrap iron and steel having less than 1 pe,r cent carbon are not FURNACE (Bhatthi) suitable. Forging is ~ process in which hot IV.8 Furnaces are of two types. One for iron piece is repeatedly hammered for ,its con­ tempering the blades and the other for melting version into the required shape. While it is the metal. For tempering purposes, ordinary. still hot, the hammer is struck on the section smithy furnaces are used. They are semi­ placed on an anvil and held with tongs by an circular in shape and made of stone and clay assistant. Forging is done by a worker in stand_ or mud. The front portion called mouthpiece ing position. At times the artisan stands in a is open for feeding charcoal and for heating pit and hammers the article kept on the ground the metal repeatedly, as and when required. near-by, so as to reduce the physical strain of The fire is urged in the furnace through leather hammering while standing on the ground. The bellows furnished with a bamboo nozzle. A article is converted into a fiat sheet by constant basketful of charcoal is placed in the furnace hammering. In doing so, the article is required as and when required "nd the air blown through to be heat"d repeatedly and hammered. This the bellows produces the extent of heat desired. operation imparts hardness to the blade, and For melting brass and c~pper underground makes the molecules of the article more com­ furnaces are used. The metal to be melted is pact. It also remOVeS impurities that might put in the crucible kept in the furnace. Such have remained in the steel and gives it furnaces are mainly used at Jamnagar where resistance against the wear and tear besides nutcrackers are manufactured by moulding retaining a s)larp cutting edge. The defects and process. unevenness are removed by :means of an abrasive paper. A bolster called budh is devised at a B-Techniques little distance from the end of the blade which IV.9 Making of blade is an important is to be affixed to the handle. The end of the part of the technique involved in the manu­ blade is forged further to form a prolongation facture of cutlery articles. The value of the called tan~, which is to be inserted in the J;JENKNIVES 13 handle. The craftsmen of all these seven centres fingers the fineness of the edge from time to produce penknives by manual method. time. The blade is then sheared and filed for giving (e) Electroplating and Polishing, etc.-The blade the desired shape. It is then annealed by is then passed on for final polish or glaze, repeated heating and quickly cooling in water to which is done by hand with the powder of bring in proper hardness and elasticity. The bricks or rough stone. All the grind marks are glowing and subsequent changing of the colour removed in this process. Chromium plating is of steel are watched carefully to find out whether finally done by electroplating process. the required temperature is attained. The (d) Joining and Fitting the Handle (Finishing)­ hardened steel appearing pale grey is brittle The blade is now ready for the last process of and cannot hold the cutting edge longer. The fitting it with a handle. The tang or the pro­ blacksmiths by their professional skill of percept­ longed portion of the blade is inserted in a ion of colour stop heating as soon as the handle and held tight by means of rivets which requisite hardness is attained. Thus heating of are fixed by drilling the requisite portion of the brittle steel progresses till it changes colour the tang and the handle, The handle is prepared from brown to purple, then to dark blue and out of wood for which sisam wood (Dalbergia finally to dull blue black. s15oo) is preferred, or sometimes plastic, iron or The designs on the blade are scraped by brass strips are used. Brass strips are purchased means of a fine chisel and inlaid with brass. from local Kansaras or brass smiths. The folding (b) Grinding-A sharp cutting edge is blade of the pocket-knife is made to slide into obtained by grinding the blade after forging. the slit or groove kept within the handle, and Grinding of the edge meant for cutting is done when opened the blade is held in position on an emery vvhee1 or on a coarse sandstone against the spring called thesi. The tang of a about 6'·8' in diameter and 7"-8" thick. Before fIxed blade knife is hafted by fixing slabs of grinding, a little water is poured on the stone. required material rivctted through its entire The stone is made to rotate with a leather length. The half tang of the fixed blade is strap wrapped on the axle of the wheel. An inserted in the handle and held in place by assistant sitting oppo,ite the grinder holds two means of rivets. A flat or push tang of a folding ends of the strap in his hands and draws blade is inserted in a hole drilled at the end of them to and fro. The operation of grinding is a handle. unhealthy and proves detrimental to eyes of the The assembling operation of all parts of a worker. The moist sandstone and iron dust from knife, viz., two Quter slabs, two linings in a slot the blade thrown off d1ll'ing grinding affect the between which a blade folds in a handle, one eyes of the grinder as well as the helper. spring, and a handle demands great skill and Besides the laborious process of drawing the precision. After assembling, the spring should be leather strap for rotating the wheel, continuous so adjusted as to give the required tension for 'bending over the wheel during grinding with holding the blade while open and should be clothes ~et and soggy with perspiration and smooth to operate. The fitting of spring to a stone particles flowing in the air affect the blade demands utmost skill as improper filting of lungs of the worker in the long run and causes the spring or its joints will affe ct its position consumption and other diseases of the lungs. while shut or open. When opened it should open The rough grinding of blade on emery smoothly in a straight line of the handle. After wheel is not enough. A smooth sharp cuttin!l; assembly folding of a blade inside its handle edge with fine texture is required to be brought sho1!ld ensure that the edge of the blade is out after removing rough grind marks. The covered under the haft and the nail marks on edge of the penknife tapers from handle, to the blade are left uncovered to facilitate opening. point till it receives a smooth surface and NUTCRACKERS sharpness. The grinding requires professional skill which is acquired and developed through IV.ll The sharp edge or blade of a nut­ generations. The grinder touches and feels with cracker is a piece of steel. The other component 14 sECTION IV-TOOLS AND TECHNIQUE part is the butt, which is forged into two MANUFACTURE OF BRASS NUTCRAOKERS AT pieces, one forming the edge and the other JAMNAGAR flat holding the object to be cut. The pivot is a rivet joining the ends of two pieces. The nut­ IV.13 At Jam',agar the nutcrackers are cracker is an item of fancy for many houses in made of brass with an iron blade. The process Gujarat whe;e use of betel-leaf aud betel-nut is of manufacturing nutcrackers of brass with am commOn. The nutcracker is avai~ble in a wide iron blade differs from that in which only iron variety of sbapes and sizes. The material used is used. Instead of forging and hammering, the in the manufacture of nutcrackers is steel, and brass is melted and cast in the mould,. The non-ferrous metcJs like German silver, brass and process can be divided in to following stages sL.1.inless steel. When non-ferrous metals are used (i) mould-making, (iiJ casting, (iii) fixing the the edge, are to be steel laid and laminated on steel blade, (iv) grinding, (v) polishing and the frame of mild steel, brass, Germ•. n silver or electroplating. other base metal. For preparing a nutcracker an (i) Mould-making-Nutcrackers are manufact­ 'L' shaped metal piece is cut and processed ured in various shapes and sizes. Moulds of with heavy forging and filed for giving desired required size and shape are first made from shape to the head. The second light forging is day mixed with molasses. Separate moulds are done to get the shape of a particular part. The prepared for two component parts of a nut .. fir,t process is done by a pair of workers Olle cracker. The alluvial soil of. the river is used as controlling the forge and holding the article, clay. The clay is refined by removing coarser and the other striking with a [4 lb. sledge components and only fine clay is used, other­ hammer. In the next process of light forging a wise it affects the shape of the article. Clay is worker independently works with a 2 lb. hammer. mixed with molasses to make the mould com­ The other processes of grinding the edge, poli­ pact aud hard. The mixture is then filled in shing and assembling are the same as those the circular frame. The lr,ame is placed on the employed in the manufacture of penknives or ground and clay is pressed over it by feet. A sci~sors. Though other processes involve m.anual model of the componen t part is placed upon the operation', the grinding and polishing at Jam­ layer of the clay. The negative mould is thus nagar are done on grinder and polishing machi­ obtained by using the original article. When the nes run On 10 H. P. electric motors. Similarly impressions are clear, the original article i. final polish or glaze is carried out on a buff removed. stand run by electricity. At centres like Anjar, (iil Casting-Brass and copper ,craps are Nana Reha, Pij and Sojitra all operations are generally used for casting. The scrap is purchased still carried out manually. Artisans at Bhuj from the market at the ruling price. Scrap employ grinder. and polishing buff stauds run brass or scrap copper and zinc is melted in a on ! H. P. electric motor. crucible in the underground furllace. The pro­ portion of copper scrap and zinc is determined ENGRAVING AND EMBOSSING OF DESIGNS by the master craftsmau according to the quality IV.12 The design to be chased on blade is of brass to be obtained, generally in the propor­ first drawn on paper by hand. It is then trans· tion of 2 : I (2 parts copper and I part zinc). ferred to the blade. Drawing the design on Hard coke is used as fuel. The required quan­ paper gives scope for addition or alteration tity of materials is kept in the crucible, placed which is not possible on a blade without spoiling on the furnace, and heated to a very high it. It is then incised by making depressions with degree of temperature. Melting takes about 2 a chisel on a blade so that the design may not to 3 hours. When the metal boils, a little quan­ get lost in subsequent operations. Hot tar is then tity of alluminium powder is added to it so that filled in the depression to serve as a hard core. impurities in the metal come to the surface. The designs comprise figures, floral patterns and The impurities are removed by a perforated conventional decorative motifs. ladle. When all the Impuriti., are removed, NUTCRACKERS 15 pure liquid is poured in the moulds by lifting shape is made in moulds. Other processes like the crucible with long tong •. The liquid then forging, heating, annealing, grinding, polishing, settles down in the cavity of the mould. After etc., are similar to those adopted in the manu­ 10 to 15 minutes the liquid cools down and facture of a penknife. Sufficient care, however, the frame is disintegrated and the article which is required to be taken in grinding and a"embl­ is in a crude form is taken out with the help ing of both the blades. The upper and lower of one blade iron fork. The defects or malforma· edges of the blades are so adjusted that they tion, if any in the casting process is then corree .. remain in clo<;e contact \\lith each other. While ted by use of borax, etc. The uneven surface is applying pressure both the blade, should engage then smoothened with files. each other and allow free snip-snapping. Each (iii) Fixing Ihe Steel Blade-Both the compo­ blade is slightly bent toward. the other. The nents of a nutcracker are moulded separately. A joints are also precisely adjusted so that the steel blade is fixed in the cavity of the upper two parts remain in contact with each other at portion. The upper and lower parts are then the cutting edge. joined with a rivet to make a nutcracker. IMPROVEMENT IN TECHNIQUE (iv) Grinding-After fixing the iron blade, the edge is sharpened by grinding on electrically IV.IS Some of the units have adopted impro­ operated grinding machine. ved technique of production by installin g modern (v) Polishing and Electroplating-Polishing and machinery and tools. The forging which was electroplating is carried out in the same manner done formerly with hand bellows or swing bellows as discussed earlier. is now done by power blower. The grinding which was done by reversible hand pooled wheel SCISSORS is now carried out by power or electric driven IV.14 Scissors are manufactured at Anjar. wheels in some of the units. The bow type Scissors, complete with bows meant for grip by drill is now replaced by power drill. Simple thumb and fingers while operating are manu· hand poli'hed has given way to electroplating factured from hard cast iron. The required which produce a very fine glaze and finish. SECTION V FINISHED PRODUCTS AND MARKETING

eighth), etc., according to their size. The quality FINISHED PROPUCTS of the article is mainly determined by the V.l PENKNIVES, NUTCRACKERS and scissors are grade of steel used, shepe and finish. Variegated manufactured in variegated shapes and sizes. floral designs" trade mark of the owner, etc., People of all communities purchase them as are embossed 'or engraved on the blade. Three they are articles of common utility. Penknives grades of sted, viz., file steel, spring steel and are used for cutting fruits, vegetables, mending mild steel are used in the manufacture of pen­ pencil, etc., and scissors for cutting cloth, trim­ knives in following varieties and shapes. ming hair, paring nails, etc. Nutcrackers will (I) Penknives of short blades up to 4" length be found in most of the houses of Gujarat (2) Knives with uniform flat and thin hlade and used for cutting ,opari or betel.nut. (3) Long po in ted blade Thus .people of aU walks of life use these V.3 It is very difficult to assess the value articles. of finished products as small units do not main­ V.2 The length of penknives varies from tain any account. It is, however, ,estimated 14" to 4" while that of nutcrackers from 4i" that articles worth Rs. 10,000 to /2,000 are to 6~". They are termed as savaya (one and produced annually at Bhuj. The articles pro" quarter), akha (full), poniya (three quarters), duced in Kutch are shown below along with adadhiya (half), pavia (quarter), judana (one their prices. STATEMENT VIIl Price of finished products, 1962.63 Price in Price in. 51. Size in R •. (per SI. Size in Rs. (per No. Varielies inch dozen) 1iI0. Varieties inch dozen) I 2 3 4 I 3 4 PENKNIVES NUTCRACKEas-contd. Model S., Black handle, blue Model GOR., Nickel blue colour colour and golden letters Ir' to 4" gO to 30 golden letter$ 4f' to 61" 21 tQ 36 2 Model N., Nastri narrow blade 21" to 4" 12 to 30 MOdel A., File blue colour 3 Model NS., Celluloid broad blade It" to 31" 12 to 33 golden leiters 4th to 6!u 12 to 24 4 Model NSN., Celluloid Nastri blade If" to 3f' 12 to 30 1vfode1 B., File blue Colour 5 Model E., Whole broad steel plate Ii" to S," 10 to 27 golden letters 4*"t06," 12 to 24 6 Model EN., Nastri whole plain Model C., File blue colour .teel 2!" to 3f' 15 to 30 golden letters 41" to 6f' 13.50t025 Model SNK.., Black handle plain Model D., F~le blue colour blade It" t04" 10 to 36 golden letters 4f' to 6f' 15 to 30 Model NNK., Nastri narrow Model ANK., Nickel 4f' to 61:" 15 to 27 plain blade 1in "to 4" 1() to 33 Model BNK., Nickel 4l:" to 61" 15 to 27 9 Model M., Fountain pen shape 3" to 4" 21 to 24 Model CNK., Nickel 41" to 61" 18 to 30 10 Model Fl., Fish shape If" to Sf' 15 to 27 Model DNK., Nickel 4!,' to 61" 18 to 30 11 Model F., Table·lmife 7" to 8" 18 to 36 Model LNS.) Peacock shape 12 Model JL., Daggers 3" to 12" SO to 144 engraved spring I 4," to 6<" 72 to 120 13 Model SF., Fils' quality lr' to 4" 7.50 t027 10 Model LNV., P,==acock shape 14 Model SK., Second quality, single without engraved spring 4,,' to 6f' 48 to 84 polish If' to 4" 6.50 to 24 11 Model L., Peacock 'hape with 15 Model EFN., Steel first whole enamelled spring 41" to 6r' 84 to 180 plain If'toSf' 9 to 24 12 Model LV., Peacock shape with· 16 Model ST., Third quality 2." to 31" 8 to 30 out enamelled spring 4!t! to 6r' 66 to 120 13 Model AF., First quality 4t"lo6l" 10 to 21 NUTCRACUltS 14 Model AC., Second quality 4!"to6!" 7.50tol1.50 1 Modd NB., Nickel bore 4f' to 6f' J9 to 30 15 Model AFN, First nicke) 4·r to 6f' 10.50 to21 2 Model NS., Celluloid, dandi 4!" to 6r' 24 to 42 16 Model TC' Third grade 41" to 6f' 8.75 3 Model GO., Round dandi niclte1 l plating 4i" to 6l" 18 to 30 SClSS1JllS 4 Model eH., Square dandi 41" to 6!,' 21 to 36 I Model K., Fabric cutting 5'''t06,,' 30t042 5 Model RNB., Nickel blue colour 2 Model G., Hair.,cutting 6" 36 golden letteu 41" to 61" 21 to 36 3 Model Z., Small lciSSO-rs 4" 15 16 FINISHED PRODUOTS 17

VA Prices of dl these cutlery articles vary II. Bottle shaped; according to their size and workmanship. They 12. Knife with double clips; are usually within the reach of an aver,l,ge m<:n. 13. Long tailed; The price of nutcracker varies from 60 paise 14. LDagger shaped; Kutch products. 6. Peacock shaped and enamelled.

V.5 Very little attempt is made to stan­ V.6 Storage is a major problem. The goods daIdise the products of this industry. One of the are stocked at intermediate stage before final units at Anjaf, namely, "A. Sumar Junas and Co., finishing to ,.void the duplicue labour of finish­ Rehawala" has tried to standardise some fifty ing and polishing. But some finished goods ditferen t varieties produced by il. However, the are always kept in ready stock to meet with specifications are not rigid and uniformity is the public demand after giving them a light not strictly maintained. About 225 varieties of cover of vaseline wra pped in moist proof paper. penknives, nutcrackers. and scissors are manu­ factured by Messrs. Sumar Junas and Co. The MARKETING variation is generally found in the quality of V.7 Articles of cutlery are required in steel used in the blade, shape of the article and every house. Ahmedabad and Bombay are the the material of which handles are made. Some chief marketing centres besides Anjar, Bhuj of the varieties which are artistic in shape and and Jamnagar which produce them. They are have beautiful handles are meant for giving sold locally either at artisans' shops or through presents. A few of the popular varieties are Khadi Bhandars in Kutch or to traders out­ listed below. side Kutch according to the orders placed by Penknife them. Small independent workers sell their goods directly to the traders or master crafts­ I. Celluloid or coloured plastic handle with men who sell them in the markets at Bhuj, nickel plated plain blade in different sizes; Anjar and Mandvi. The traders at Bhuj and 2. Nickel plated in single piece, steel handle Anjar work as collecting or purchasing agents and blade; for merchants at Ahmedabad and Bombay for 3. Black horn handle with nickel plated plain the goods produced at Nana Reha and Mota blade in different sizes; Reha. One of the chief whole-salerS is Ajani 4. Fish shaped handle of metal; & Co., who sell under the trade mark 'Ajan; 5. Fountain pen shape (full size and half size); & Co.'. Their sales exceed Rs. I lakh per 6. Key shaped penknife having ordinary polish; year. The biggest unit of A. Sumar Junas & 7. Fancy and dagger shaped; Co., has a factory at Anjar, a workshop at 8. Pistol shaped knife; Reha and a sales branch at Bhuj. But his major 9. Double spring design; sales take place through his representatives and 10. Boot shaped; salesmen anuextend up tu Bihar and Karn,~t; k.

B-3 18 SECTION V-FrNISHED PRODUCTS AND MARKETING

V.8 Finished products are sold both retail Various shapes are given to make them attrac­ and wholesale either on cash or credit basis. tive and their sizes vary from numbers 0 to 6. Merchants at distanl places usually buy them All the processes involved in the manufacture on credit, and make payments according to the of nutcrackers at Jamnagar except grinding and busines; convention within 15 days to a month. polishing which are mechanised are manually Winter and summer are the peak seasons. Pro­ operated. Most of the artisans except those at duction also is less in monsoon and heavier in Jamnagar, work on traditional tools and by winter. The time-lag between production and age-old methods. The benefits of large-scale sale is normally two to three months. Finished manufacture, standardization and economy in products are transported by road or rail. The production are not available to them, as they craft enjoys a special concession at Bhuj where are not yet acquain ted with the use of it is exempted from the levy of octroi duty by modem tools and equipments needed for the the Municipality. purpose.

TRAINING V.9 Jamnagar is another welknown centre for the manufacture of nutcrackers which are V.lO No regular training is imparted to marketed in all the towns and cities of Gujarat apprentices or new entrants, who learn the craft and important centres of trade throughout India. while doing lighter jobs at a young age. SECTION VI ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

CAPITAL COST OF PRODUCTION

VI.I A NUMBER OF factors like an investment, VIA The cost of production varies from market, type of raw materials used, labour, etc., article to article depending on the grade of detemlines the economics of the industry. Eut steel and quality of other raw materials used, capital is one of the important factors without shape of article given and type of finish. It which no industry can be organised. The craft also depends on size and workmanship of the of penknives and nutcrackers is labour intensive. a.ticie. The exact figures of cost of production On an average an amount of Rs. 1,000 to 1,500 of each article are not available but the cost is required for tools and equipments, Rs. 1,500 structure can broadly be divided as under : (I) to 2,500 f6r raw materials and working capital 25 per cent worth steel, (ii) 15 -per cent bringing the total in veslment to Rs. 3,000 to worth copper, (iii) 10 per cent horn and other 4,000 per unit. Large units like A. Sumar raw materials, (iv) 30 per cent labour and (v) Junas & Co., have invested R,. 50 to 60 thou­ 20 per cent profit. The cost of penknives sand excluding buildings, and the investment varies fro,m Rs. 7 to 36 per dozen and nut­ in worku.g capital vary from Rs. 30,000 to crackers from Rs. 9 to 42 and more. The 100,000 depending on the ,eason. craftsmen are hard workers but they are not VI.2 Majority of the craftsmen invest their well conversant with the use of modern tools own capital, but at Jamnagar and Ilhuj loans and equipment which help reduce the cost of were taken from businessmen. Some have availed manufactured articles. of loans from Government which varied from Rs. 500 to 5,000. Out of 66 households surve­ WAGE STRUCTURE yed 38 from Jamnagar, Nana Reha and Anjar VI,5 Adult males generally practice the have obtained loans of Rs. 500 each and craft as all the operations involved in the 2 households of Bhuj Rs. 2,000 each from manufacture of penknives and nutcrackers Government. At Jamnagar loans were taken require strenuous labour. Family member. as for promoting the business as a whole, at other well as hired workers are engaged in the craft. places it was taken for the purchase of im­ The average earning of a cT(lftsman varies proved implemen ts. Nana Reha artisans foun d from Rs. 3 te 6. Hired labourers are paid loans to be helpful in raising their production. daily wages in cash. Skilled labourers are VI. 3 The Cottage Industries Board advances employed for the whole year. The workers loans up to Rs. 2,000 for working capital pay­ engaged in fitting of handles of knives and able over a period of 5 years at 3 per cent polishing work ue paid on piecework basis interest. Government has also provided a subsidy at the rate of Rs. 2.50 and Rs. 1.50 per dozen for using power in industry but so far this articles respectively. benefit has not been availed of by tho,e engaged VI.6 Artisans are employed throughout the in this craft due to ignorance. The industry year. During peak season they work for 8 to deserves increased Governmen t aid in the form 12 hours a day whereas during slack season of loans, machinery on hire-purchase, sufficient they work for three to four hours only. The quota of controlled raw material and following statement shows the periods of busy marketing. and slack seasons at different centres.

19 20 SECTION VI-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

STATEMENT IX

Busy and slack seaSonS

Average Average No. of days working working Centre Busy season worked hOUTS Slack sea.'\on hour

Jamnagar November-July 270 August, September, October Pii Novernber-June 240 IZ July-october Sojitra November-Jtme 240 July-October Nan<\ Reha October-Jllly 300 8 July-September Mota Reha November-June 240 8 July-October Bhuj November-June 240 August-September Anjar November-June 24·0 August-October 4

The busy seasoo dijfer ~ little at different workers by heredity. Skilled workers are not centres, as at Jamnagar the peak season is indented from other centres nor is there any from November to July and at Nana Reha mobility amOJ1g crC1Jt~mcn working :'.t different from October to July. But at the rest of the centres. There 1S no centre for traini11g arti .. centres it extends from ]\'rovember to· June. sans in this craft. Government is thinking of Similarly the average working hours in peak estltblishing a centre under the 5chcme of Rural season which in no ca:-.e are less than 5, Industries Project to impart trair._ing to thoM varied at different centres. During slackseasOl~, who desire to have it in the use of improved they work from 3 to 4 hours, only at Jamnagar tools and implements and in electroplating. they work for 6 hours on an average. Sunday INCOME is observed ~s a weekly holiday. Workers also enjoy off days on other festive or religious VL8 Income earned from the craft by the days. surveyed households is presented in the follow. VI,7 Those engaged in this craft are ing statement.

STATEMENT X Distribution of households by annual income

Income grQUp (in Rs.) Jamnagar Pij Sojitra Nana Reha Mota Reha Anjar BhlJj Total 1 2 3 4 S 7 8 9 Less than 500 501 to 800 1 801 to 1,000 2 1,001 to 1,500 6 15 1,501 to 2,000 7 13 2,001 to 2,500 4 6 2,501 and above 1 1 19 Total 15 33 3 2 66

It can be seen from the above statement the households distributed ill such centrtE as that 34 or 51.5 per cent of the households are Nana Reha, M'Jta Reha, Sojitra and Pij. concentrated in the middle income groups Sixteen out of 19 households earning more than Rs. 1,001 to 2,500. The lower ranges of Rs. 501 Rs. 2,500 arc at Jamnagar (7)

VII. I IN THE MANUFACTURE of penknives, nut­ VII.4 It is gratifying tn learn that the crackers and scissors, all the processes, viz., Rural Industries Project at Bhuj propose, to forging, annealing, grinding, polishing, finishing train craftsmen in electroplating and other and assembling of parts were formerly manually processes. Bhuj Municipality has also taken a operated and the same artisan worked on all praiseworthy action by exempting the craft from of them. The use of mochine and electricity the payment of octroi duty. Rhadi Bhandars during the last decade has ch,.nged the structure also serve as a. very useful marketing agency of the craft, as some of the manual operations for the display and sale of the products of this are now performed mechanically, and division craft at their emporia and stores. of labour introduced to some extent. Polishing VII.S In the past, nutcrackers were and hammering are mostly done by unskilled beautifully and artistically designed. Even now labonrers who are employed full-time or on they arc finely chased and en2melIed, if special piece-wages. Similarly, grinding work is done orders for such quality work are received. But by skilled grinderS. Owing to the hereditary the general trend nowad8Ys is to cater to the nature of the craft, the skill is handed down needs of the common man who has been making from father to son since generations. Not increasing use of nutcrackers and other cutlery infrequently it is confined to a particular com­ articles. Variation in designs, utilisnion of munity as in Kutch, where Muslim Luhars are improved techniques and explore.tion of foreign for the most part engaged in this craft. markets coupled with standardisation of products VII.2 Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are essential for stepping up demand. required in the craft are con trolled commodities. Import restrictions on foreign brands of files VII.6 The future of tb cran is bright as like Johnson and Nicolson and other makes the usc of cutlery articles is likely to increase have caused difficulty in working as the artisans with the rise in the standard of living of the trained in tempering foreign files could not people at large. The progressive outlook of appropriately temper Indian files. The artisans some of the establishmen ts is evident from do not get them regularly as and when required, the adoption of m~chinery and modern tool, with the result that paucity of raw materials in the various processes which were hitherto causes a bottleneck in production. Many a time carried out manually. Modem methods of pending orders are cancelled as they cannot be publicity and salesmanship have aJ,o been complied with for want of raw materials. The introduced by some units for expansion of the output also suffers. The new entrants in parti. orbits of marketing. cular experience great difficulties till they get VII. 7 But small units are not likely to an import licence. Insufficiency of funds also withstand the competition of large-seale manu­ operates as a' handicap to the adoption of facturers, unless their output is significantly machinery in production. raised. All efforts should, therefore, be made to VII.3 The Govemmcnt has framed schemes raise the output and reduce cost. There is a for the development of small-scale and cottage great scope of increasing production, if small industries and rural crafts of the country. Pro~ units are encouraged to use modern tools and vision was made in various Five Year Plans for implements. Establishment of common service granting them liberal subsidies, loans and con­ centre for polishing and electroplating as well cessions. The non-utilization of these facilities as training in the modern technique would calls for close study of their difficulties and also give this craft the much needed impetw removal of handicaps in their way. it requires for its modernisation. 21

PLATES

PLATE I

:3 o o E-< PLATE II

\ Top and Boltom : Making moulds PLATE III

Upper and lower parts of the mould PLATE IV

Melting brass scrap in a furnace PLATE V PLATE VI

Moulds arranged in series fed with liquid metal PLATE VII PLATE VIII

Tempering the blar/es

Heating after tempering PLATE IX

Filing the handles

Joining and filling tile handles PLATE X PLATE XI

Sharpening (A mechanical process) . PLATE XII PLATE XIII

Knives, penknives, nutcrackers and scissors PLATE XIV

\

Nutcrackers in a PLATE XV

vanery of shapes PLATE XVI

Scissors 'K' },;Jodel

\

Scissors 'G' illode!

..

Penknife 'H' Model PLATE XVII

Smt. indira Gandhi, Prime Minister oj India, , with "A. Sumar Junas & Co.", Bhuj

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

TABLE I

Nw:n,ber of persons employed in production

Name of villagrsj No. of house- Name of the craft towns surveyed holds mrveyed Persons Males Females

4

Penknive~, Nutcrackers and Scissors Jamnagar 15 IS Pij 15 25 25 Sojitra 2 2 Nana Reba 33 50 50 Mota Reha 4 3 Anjar 11 10 Bhuj 3 3 Total 66 110 108

TABLE D

Distribution of artisan commnnities

No. of families work­ ing in own houses or in No, of workshops set No. of Adult family workers families up by their families in the craft wotking employers Name of villages/towns survey------under co­ surveyed ed Persons Males Females operation Own Master

Jamnagar Kansara 12 12 Brahmin I 3 Pij Lubar (Panch.l) ~.v 25 25 15 Sojitra Lubar (Panchal) '2 2 2 Nana Reba Muslim Lubar 33 50 50 17 33 Mota Reha Muslim Luhar 3 4 3 Anjar Muslim Luhar 2 8 Muslim Lohana Bhuj Muslim LtJtar

Total 66 110 108 2 18 66

25 H-4 26 APPENDIX

TABLE m

List of very skilled craftsmen of each community

Name· of villagesJ Name of the craft towns surveyed Casle Name$ of very skilled <:raftsmen I 2 4 Penknives, N lltcracke:rs and Scissors Jamnagar Kansara Ranchhoddas Karamshi Bhailal Kalyanji. Karshandas Keshavji Kantilal Keshavji Naadlal Keshavji Pij Luhar (Panehal) Haribhai Mathurbhai Trikambhai Motibhai Shantilal Bahechardas Bahechardas Mangalbhai Shankarbhai Mangalbhai Sojitra Lubar (Panehal) Kantilal Panchal Nana Reba Muslim Luhar Fakir Muhmad Nurrnuhmad Abdula Rajah Janmamad Abdul Rehman Khanmiya Mota Reha Muslim Luhar Anjar Muslim Luhar Jusab Abdul Rehman Rahimlala Abdul Ro/trpan Ibrahim Abdul Rehman Abdula Mustfa Sadik Suleman Bhuj Muslim Luhar Turiya Abdrehman Ismail Abdula Rehman Sadik Usrnan AlIa Rappa

TABLE IV

Distribution of family members according to age, sex and earning status P<-:rsons ------Males Females Non- Non- Non- Age group Workers workers Total Workers workers Total Workers workers Total I 4 10 0-4 60 60 26 26 34 34 5- 9 53 53 2.1 25 28 28 10-14 40 41 21 22 19 19 15-19 24 31 10 17 14 14 20-24 II 27 38 II 9 20 18 16 25-29 17 14 31 17 17 14 14 30-34 14 6 22 14 .. . 14 8 35-44 26 19 45 24 24 19 . 21 45-59 24 15 39 24 24 15 15 ()Q & above 10 12 22 10 12 I1J 10 Total 110 272 382 108 93 201 179 181 APPENDIX 27

TABLE V

Literacy according to age and sex

Persons Males Females

Age group IL L P S Total IL L P Total IL L P Total 3 4 7 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 0-4 60 60 26 26 34 34 5-9 37 16 53 19 25 18 10 28 10-14 17 22 41 13 22 19 15-19 14 10 31 17 14 20-24 21 14 38 20 13 18 25-29 15 13 31 10 17 10 14 30-34 10 22 14 35-41 17 10 18 45 13 24 14 21 45-59 19 17 39 15 24 13 15 60 & above 13 22 12 10 Total 219 33 122 8 382 88 27 80 201 131 42 181

IL=I1literate L=L.iterate without educationa11evel P=Pr.imary S=Secondary N()n: None ill S.S.C. or above.

TABLE VI

Composition of workers

Total No. of persons employed in production Total No. of No. of home- surveyed house- holds engaged Total No. Total No. of Main caste/tribe of other Name of vil!agesJ hJlds engaged other hirffi of family other hired hired workers ~hown towns surveyed in the craft workers workers workers Total in Col. 5

Jamnagar 8 15 55 70 Kansara and Lubac Pij 15 10 25 10 35 Raval, Marwadi and Bariya Sojitra

Nana Reba 33 16 50 20 70 Harijan and Muslim Lubar Mota Reha Harijan and Muslim Luhar Anjar 11 12 23 Mwlim Lubar Bhuj 4 7 Muslim Luhar

Toea1 66 40 110 lOS 215 GLOSSAR Y K A Lamp soot Half' nze Kajal M ..."" File Atha Full ai •• Kantu • Alld... 1,1rk,nJ Iron used for manufacturing blades Kansara or Bronze ~mith or Br_llmitlt of penknives KIItI'Y"''' Kodh. A workIDop Kum.ktcm Vermilion; red ttlrmertc powder B L BanMr • Al""\ Bhaltll; • A fllrnace w{ya A wavy de1ign Blacksmith; one 'Who works on (lob) iron Bidi Indigenous cigarette Lokkar Bud~ A bolste' M Mahqian Guild

Chhini , Chisel Nag , SnaKe D

Dhali. , Moulded br ... P,11lV The end portion of a ,.,.; One quarter in1siZe Il PavIa Pmtjya Three quarters it: rize Bran • Anvil 8 Pincers G sGJlli Sari • Hhidu WOJllen'. chief garm~nt craped round the body Gor Prit:lt SIlVa,a One and a quarter in size Drill H Shardj Sisam D~b.,.gia latifali.; blaek weod tr.e H.tlroda Hammer s,pMi A betel·nut S,rma Collyrium; IUlphurate of antimony J 'I

Jad . A thread manul\ul\ured by winding Iron bars flattened silver or gilded wire on silkl Latch artificial ,ilk yam Strip. of bras. used for making handle! Judana One-eighth in ~si2~ of a knife

28 INDEX

A

Aina Mahal, 4- Improvement in technique, 15 Ajani and Co" 17 Introduction, 3 Ajepal, 3 Ajmer, 3 • J Andhkar and Dhundhkar, 7 Anjar, 3, 6.. 7, 8, 10 lamnagar, 3, 4, 6, 7, B} 14 A. Sumar Junas and Co.; Rehawa.la, 17 J2:m Rawal, 4 Aleda"" lokRand, 12 Johnson and Nicolson, 10

B K

Bhuj, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 Karnatak, 17 Bhujangnagar, 3 Khadi Bhandars, 17, 2.1 Kbengarji, 3 Bhujia Hill, 3 Bihar, 17 Kothara, 5 Brihat Samhita,_ 3 L Bud.han~ 3 Busy and alack seasons, 19, 20 Literacy, 8 Location: 3 c M Capital, 19 Caste and community, 5, 6, 7 Maharao of Kutch, 5 -Kansara~ 6 Marketing, 17 -Lohana,6 Messrs. SUfiar Junas & Co., 5 -Luhar, 5, 6, 7 Mota Reha, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 Champaner, 6 Muhammad Panna Masjid, 4 Conclusion, 21 N Cost of production, 19 Craft "and craftsmen, 5 Naga.r Thatha, 4 Cromwell of Kutch, 5- Nagmati and Rangmati, 4- Nagnath bandar, 4 D Nana Reha, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 Nawanagar~ 4 Desalji, 3 Dc!alsar, 3 o Dhalias, 10 Origill of thr.- craft, 5 Dhanurveda, 3 Dhinoj, 6 p

F Pij, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 Pithvo,6 Fateh Mahmad's house, 4, 5 Price of articles, 17 Finished produch, 16 Ptolemy, 4 Future of the craft, 2 1 R

H Ra Lakha'. Chhatril 4 Raw materials, 10 Ham.irsar, 3 Raydbanji, 5 Health, 9 Rigveda, 3 Hindustan, 10 Rural Indw.tries Project, 20, 21 29 H-5 lNDEX

s 1.'-co1l1d.

Sahastrarj una, 6 The Cottage Indwtries Board, 19 SejakpurJ 6 Tools and implements Il~ 12 Shti K. N. Ajani, 5 - Electrically operated., 11 Size and structure, 7 '-Manually opel'ated,' 11, 12 Sojitra, 3,. 4~ 6~ 7, 8, 10 Total investment, 19 Storage, 17 Type! of units, 7 Sumar Junas, 5 v T • V~ricties of articles, 16,17 'fad;", 12 Technique of, 12, 13, 14, 15 w --Nutcrackers, 13, 14 Wage structure, 19 - PeolrnJv•• , 1Z, 13 Workcr:s and non-vo'Oc'kers, 7 -Scissors, 15 Workshops and dwellings, .8 LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS AS ON 17-2-1964 AGARTALA- S. S. Book EtnPorium, 118, Mount Joy Road Laxmi Bhandar Books & Scientific Sales CR) The BangaJore Press, Lake View, Mysore Road, AGRA- P. O. Box 507 National Book House, Jeoni Mandi The Standard Book Depot, Avenue Road Wadhawa & Co., 45, Civil Lines Vichara Sahitya Private Ltd., Balepet Banwari Lal Jain, Publishers, Mati Katra (R) MaHala Pustab Press, Balamandira, Gandhinagar English Book Depot, Sadar Bazar, Agra Cantt. (R) Maruthi Book Depot, Avenue Road (R) AHMADNAGAR- International Book Home Private Ltd.,4-F,Mahatma Gandhi Road v. T. Jorakat, Prop., Rama General Stores, Navi Navakamataka Pubns. Private Ltd., Majestic Circle (R) Path (RJ BAREILLY- AHMEDABAD- Agarwal Brothers, Bara Bazar BaJgovind Kuber Dass & Co., Gandhi Road BARODA- Chandra Kant Chiman Lal Vora, Gandhi Road Shri Chandrakant Mohan Lal Shah, Raopura (R) New Order Book Co., Ellis Bridge Good Companions Booksellers, Publishers & Sub.. Mahajan Bros., OPP'j Khadia Police Gate (R, Agent (R) Sastu IGtab Ghar, Near Relief Talkies, Patthar Kuva, New MedicallJook Howe, 540, Madan Zampa Road (R) Relief Road BEAWAR- AJMER- The Secretary, S. D. College, Co-operative Stor~1 Book-Land, 663, Madar Gate Ltd. (R) Rajputana Book House, Station Road BELGHARIA- Law Book House, 271, Hathi Bhata Granthlok, Antiquarian Booksellers & Publishers Vijay Bros., Kutchery Road (RJ (24-Parganas), 5/1 AmHca Multherjee Road Krishna Bros., Kutchery Road (R) BHAGALPUR- ALIGARH- Paper Stationery Stores, D. N. Singh Road Friend's Book Howe, Muslim University Market BHOPAL- Superintendent, State Government Press ALLAHABAD- Lyall Book Depot, Mohd. Din Bldg., Sultania Road Superintendent, Printing &. Stationery, U. P. DcJite Books, Opp., Bhopal T.a1kie3 (R) Kitabistan. 17-AI Kamla Nehru Road Law Book Co., Sardar Patel Marg, P. Box 4 BHUBANESWAR- Ram Narain Lal Beni Modho, 2-A, Katra Road Ekamra Vidyabhaban, Eastern Tower, Room No.:3 (R) Universal Book Co., 20, M. G. Road BIJAPUR- The University Book Agency (of Lahore), Elgin Shri D. V. Deahpande, Recognised Law Booksellen, Prop. Road Vinod Book Depot, Near Shiralsbetti Chowk (R) Wadhwa & Co., 23, M. G. Marg (R) BIKANER- Bharat Law House, 15, Mahatma Gandhi Marg (R) Bhandani Bros. (R) Ram Narain Lal Beni Prashad, 2-A, ·Katra Road (R) BILASPUR- AMBALA- Sharma Book Stall, Sadar Bazar (R) English Book Depot, Ambala Cantt. BOMBAY- Seth Law House, 8719, Railway Road, Ambala Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, Q}.teens Road Cantt. (RJ Charles Lamboct & Co., 101, Mahatma Gandhi Road (}).operator's Book Depot, 5/32, Ahmed Sailor AMRITSAR- Bldg., Dadar The Law Book Agency, G. T. Road, Putligarh CWTent Book. House, Maroti Lane, Raghunath S. Gupta, Agent, Govt. Publications, Near P. O. Dadaji St. Majith Mandi Current Technical Literature Co., Private Ltd., India Amar Nath & Sons, Near P. O. Majith Mandi House, 1st Floor ANAND- International 81)0k. H?U!~ Ltd., 9, A1h Lane, M. G. Road Vijaya Stores, Station Road (R) Lakkani Book Depot, Girgaum Charotar Book Stall, Tu1si Sadan, Stn.. Road (R) Elpees Agencies, 24, Bhangwadi, Kalbadevi MANSOL- P. P. H. Book Stall, 190-B, Khetwadi Main Road D.N. Roy & R.I<. Roy BOoksellers, Atwal Bu~ding (RJ New Book Co. 188-190, Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road BANGALORE-- Popular Book Depot, Lamington Road The Bangalore Legal Practitioner Co.operative Sunder Dal Gian Chand, 601, Girgaum Road, Ne.. Society Ltd., Bar Association Building Princess S trett List of Agents..... td.

BOMBAY.. OIIld. Engl~h Book Shop, 34, Sector 22·D (R) Mehta Bros., 15·Z, Sector 22·B (R) D. B. Taraporewala Sons & Co" (P) Ltd., 210, Tandan Book Depot, Shopping Centre, Sec,,>, \6 (R) Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road Kailash Thacker & Co., Rampart Row Law Publishers, Sector 22-B (R) N. M. 'I'ripathi Private Ltd., Princess Street CHHINDWARA- The Kothari Book Depot, K.ing Edward Road The Verma Book Depot (R) P. H. Rama Krishna & Sons, 14-7, Rajalam Bhuvan, COCHIN- Shivaji Park Road No.5 (R) Sar;uwat Corporation Ltd., PalHarakav Road C. Jamnadas & Co., Booksellers, 14&-C, Princess St. Indo Nath & Co .• A-6. Daulat Nagar, Borivli CU'ITACK- Minerva Book Shop, Shop No. 1/80, N. Subhas Road Prtss Officer, Orissa Seett. Academic Book Co., Association Building, Girgaum Cuttack Law Times Road (R) Prabhat K. Mahapatra, Mangalabag, r.B. 35 Dominion Publishers, 23. Bell Building, Sir P. M. D. 1'. Sur &. Sons, Mangalabag (R) Road (R) Utkal Stores, Balu Bazar (R) Bombay National History Society, 91 Walkeshwar DEHRADUN- Road (R) Jugal Kishore & Co., Rajpur Road Dowamadeo & Co., 16, Naziria Building, Ballard National News: Agency, Paltan Buar Estate (R) Bishan Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh, 318, Asian Trading Co., 310, the Minlball, P.B. 1505 (R) Chukhuwala CALCU'ITA- Utam Pustnk Bhandar, Paltan Bazar (R) Chatterjee & Co., 3/1, Bacharam Chatterjee Lane: DELHI- D33S Gupta & Co .• Ltd., 54/3, College Street J. M. Jaina & Brothers, Marl Gate Hindu Library, 69 A, Bolaram De Street Atma Ram & Sons, Kaabmere Gate S. K. Lahiri & Co., Private Ltd., College Street Federa1 Law Book Depot, Kashrnere Gate M. C. Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd., 14, Bankim Bahri Bros., 188, Lajpat Rai Market Chatterjee Street Bawa Harkishan Dass Bedi (Vijaya General Agencies) W. Newman & Co., Ltd., 3, Old Court House Street P.B. 2027, Ahata Kedara, Chamalian Road Oxford Book and Stationery Co., 17, Park Street Book-Well, 4, Sant Narankari Colony, P. B. 1565 R. Chambray & Co., Ltd., Kent House, P. 33, Mission Imperial Ptlblishing Co., '3, Faiz ~azaI, Daryaganj Road Extension Metropolitan Book Co., 1, Faiz;Bazar S, C. Sarkar & Sons Private Ltd•• I.a. College Square Publication Centre, Subzima.ndi Thaeker Spink & Co., (1933) Private Ltd., 3, Esplanade Youngman & Co., Nai Sarak, East Indian Army Book Depot, 3, ,Daryaganj Firma K. L. Mukhopadhaya, GIlA, Banchha Ram All India Educational Supply Co., Shri Ram Buildings, Akrar Lane Jawahar Nagar (R) K. K. Roy, P. Box No. 10210, Calcutta-19 (R) Dhanwant Medical &: Law Book House, 1522, Sm. P. D. Upadhyay, 77, Muktaram Babu Street (R) Lajpat Rai Market (R) Universal Book Dist., B12, Hastings Street (R) University Book House, 15, U. B. Bangalore Road, Modem Book Depot, Cbowringhee Centre (R) Jawahar Nagar (R) Soot & Co., 125, Canning Street Law Literature House, 2646, Balimaran (R) S. Bhattacharjee, 49, Dharamtala Street (R) Summer Brothers, P. O. Birla Lines (R) MukheJjee Library, 10, Sarba Khan Road Universal Book & Stationery Co., 16, Netajj Current Literature Co., 208, Mahatma Gandhi Road Subhuh Marg TbeBook Depository, 4/1, Madao Street (1st Floor) (R) B. Nath & Bros., 3BOB, Charkhawalan (Chowri Scientific Book Agency, Netaji Subhash Road (R) Bazar) (R) Reliance Trading Co., 17fl, Banku Bihari Ghose L.me, Rajkamal Prakashan Private Ltd., 8, Faiz Bazar District Howrah (R) Premier Book Co., Printers, Publishers & Booksellera, Indian Book Dillt. Co., 6512, Mahatma Gandhi Road (R) Nai Sarak (R) CALICUT- UJliversal Book Traders, 80, Gokble Market Touring Book Stall (R) Tech. & Commercial Book Coy., 75, Gokhle CHANOIGARH- Market (R) Saini Law Publishing Co., 1416, Chabiganj, Kailimere Superintendent, Government Printing & Stationery, Pu,njab Gate (R) G. M. Ahuja, Booksellers &. Stationers, 309, Nehru Jain Law Agency, Flat No.8, Sector No. 22 Bazar (R) Rama News Agency, Booksellers, Sector No. 22 Sat Narain & Sons, 3141 Mobil. Ali Bazar, Marl Universal Book Store, Booth 25, Sector 22 .. D Gate

ii List of Agents-cOllld. OELHl..collki. JABALPUR- . Kitab Mahal (Wholesale Div.) Private Ltd., 28, Faiz Bazar Modem Book House, 286, Jawaharganj Hindu Sahitya Sansar, Nai Sarak (R) National BookHl)use, 135 Jai Prakash Narain Marg (R) Mumhi Ram Manohar Lal, Oriental Booksellers jAIPUR- &. Publishers, P. B. 1165, Nai. Sarak (R) Government Printing and Stationery Department, K. L. Seth, Suppliers of Law, Commercial, Tech. Rajasthan Books, Shanti Nagar, Ganeshpura (R) Bharat Law HoUS(:, Booksellers & Publishers. Opp•• Adarsb Publishing Service, 5AIIO Ansari Road (R) Prem Prakash Cinema DHANBAD- Garg Book Co., Tripolia Bazar Ismag Co·operative Stores Ltd., P. O. Indian School Vani Mandir, Sawai Mansingh Highway of Mines Kalyan Mal & Sons, Tripolia Bazar (R) New Sketch Press, Post Box 26 (R) Popular Book Depot, Chaura Rasta Krishna Book Depot, Chaura Rasta (R) DHARWAR- Dominion Law Depot, Shah Building, P.B. No. 23 (R) The Agricultural College Consumers C()UR- GAUHATI- Sahyog Book Depot (R) Mokshada Pustakalaya JHUI\JHUNU- GAYA- Shashi Kumar Sarat Chand (R) Sahitya Sadan, Gautam Budha Marg Kapram Prawhan Prasaran, 1/90 Namdba Niwas. Azad GHAZIABAD- Marg (R) Jayana Book Agency (R) jODHPUR- GORAKHPUR- Dwarka Das Rathi. Wholesale Books and News Agents Vishwa Vidyalay& Prakashan, Nakhes Road Kitab-Ghar. Soj ati Gate Choppra Brothers, Tripolia Bazar GUDUR- The Genera1 Manager, The N,D.C. Publishing' & Ptg. jULLUNDUR- Society Ltd. (R) Hazooria Bros., Mai Hiran Gate (R) GUNTUR- Jain General House, Bazar Bansanwala Book Lovers Private Ltd., Kadriguda, Chowrasta University Publishers. Railway Road (R) GWALIOR- KANPUR- Superintendent, Printing & Stationery, M.B. Loyal Book: Depot, Patankar Bazar, Lashkar Advani & Co., P. Box: 100, The Mall M. C. Daftari, Prop. M. B. Jain & Bros., Sahitya Niketan, Shradhanand Park Boo~llers, Sarafa, Lashfcar (R) The Universal Book Stall, The Mall HUBLI- Raj Corporation, Raj Ho~, P. B. 200, Chowk (R) Pervaje's Book House, Koppikar Road KARUR- HYDERABAD- Sbri V. Nagaraja Rao, 26, Srinivasapuram (R) Director, Government Pres.'! KODARMA- The Swaraj Book Depot, Lakdikapu} Tht Bhagwati Press, P.O.Jhwnri Tilaiya, Dt.Hazaribag Book tovers Private Ltd. (R) KOLHAPUR- Labour Law Publications, 873, Sultan Bazar (R) Maharashtra Granth Bhandar, Mahadwar Road (R) IMPHAL-- KOTA- Tikendra & Sons, Bookseller! (R) KOla Book Depot (RJ INDORE- KUMTA- Wadbw. & Co., 56, M. G. Road S. V. Kamat, Booksellers & Stationers (N. Kanara.) Swarup Brother'!, Kbajuri Bazar (R) LUCKNOW- Madhya Pradesh Book Centre, 4l, Ahily. Pur. (R) Modern Book House. Shiv Vil", Palace (R) Soochna Sahitya Depot (State Book Depot) Navyug Sahitya Sadan, Publishers & Bookseller.., Balkrishna Book Co., Ltd., Hazratganj 10, Kh'\iuri Bazar (R) British Book Depot, 84, Hazratganj iii List of Agents-e•• Id.

LUCKNOW.... nId. Geeta Book Howe, Booksdlera & Publishers Krishna.. Ram Advani, Hazratganj, P. B. 154 murthipuram (R) Universal Publishers (P) Ltd., Hazratganj News Paper HOUle, Lansdowne Building {R} Eastern Book Co., Lalbagh Road Indian Mercantile Corporation, Toy Palace Ramvilas(R) Civil & Military EducationalStores.106fB Sadar Bazar (R) NADIAD- Acquadum Supply Co., 213, Faizabad Road (Rl R. S. DeBay Station Road (R) Law Book Mart, Amin~Ud~Daula Park (R) NAGPUR- LUDHIANA- Superintendent:, Govert;lment p~s & Book Depot Lyall Book Depot, Cha.ura Bazar We3tern Book Depot, Residency Road Mohindra Brothers, Katcheri Road (R) 'The Asstt. Secretary,' Mineral Industry Association, Nanda Stationery Bhandar, Pustak Bazar (R) Mineral House (R) The Pharmacy News, Pindi Street (Rl NMNITAL- Coural Book Depot, Rara Bazar (R) MADRAS- NI'.NDED- Superin.tendent, Government Press, Mount Road Book Centre, College Law General Books, Station Account Test Institute, P. O. 760 Emgore Road (R) c. Subbiah Chetty & Co.~ Triplicane Hindwtan General Stores, Paper & Stationery K. Krishnamurty, Post Box 384 Merchants, P. B. No. 51 (R) Presidency Book Supplies, 8, Pycroft Road, Triplicane Sanjoy Book Agency, Vazirabad (R) P. Vardhachary & Co., 5, Linghi Chetty Street NEW DELHI- Palani Parchuram, 3, Pycrofts Rolill., Triplieane Amrit Book Co., Connaught Circus NCBH Private Ltd., 199, Mount Road (R) Bhawani & Sons, 8-F, Clonnaught Place V. Sadanand, The Personal Bookshop, 10, Congress Central News Agency. 23/90, Connaught Circul Buildings, Ill, Mount Road (R) Empire Book Depot, 278 Aliganj MADURAI- Englioh Book Stores, 7-L,ConnaughtCircus, 1'.O.B. S2B Faqir Chand & Sons, I5-A. Khan Market Oriental Book House. 258, West Masi Street Book C·g, House, Connaugbt Vivekananda Press, 48, West Masi Street Jain Agency, Prem PIaee Oxford Book & Stationery Co., Scindia House MANDYA SUGAR TOWN- Ram Krishna & Son. (of Lahore) 16/B, Connaught PIa« K. N. Narimhe Gowda & Sons (R) Sikh Publishing House, 7·C, Connaught Place MANCALORll- Suneja Book Centre, 24/90, Connaught Circus U. R. Shenoye Sons, Car Street, P. Box 128 United Book Agency, 31, Municipal Market, MANJESHWAR- Coonaught Circus Mukend. Krishna Nayak (R) Jayana Book Depot, Chhapanvala Kuan, Karol Bagb MATHURA- Navayug Traders, Desh Bandbu Gupta Road, Dev Nagar Roth & Co., Tilohi Building, Bengali Gnat (R) Saraswati Book Depot, 15, Lady Harding Road MEERUT- The Secretary, Indian Met. Society, Lodi Road Prakash Educational Stores, Subhas Bazar New Book Depot, Latest Books, Periodical., Sty. & Hind Chitta Press, West Kutchery Road Novelle1!., 'P. B. 96, Coonaught Place Mehra Brothers, 50·G, Kalkaji Loyal Book Depot, Chhipi Tank Luxmi Book Stom, 42, Janpatb (R) Bharat Educational Stores, Chbippi Tank (R) Hindi Book Howe, 82, Janp.th (R) Universal Book Depot, Booksellers & News People Publishing House (P) Ltd., Rani Jhansi Road Age." (R) R. K. Publishers, 23, Beadon Puca, Karol Bagh (R) MONGHYR- Sharma Bros., 17, New Market, Moti Nagar Anusandban, Minerva Press Buildings (R) Aapki Dukan, 5/5777, DeY Nagar (R) . MUSSOORIE- SarvodayaService,66A-l, RontakRoad,P. B. 2521 (R) Cambridge Book Depot, The Mall (R) H. ChaDllson, P. B. No. 3034 (R) Hind Traders (R) The Secretary, Federation of Association of Small MUZAl!'FARNAGAR- Induatry of India, 23-Bj2, Rohtak R.ad (R) Mitlal & Co., 85-C, New Mandi (R) Standard Booksellers & Stationers, Palam Enclave (R) B. S. Jain & Co., 71, Abupura (R) Lllksluni Book Depot, 57, Regarpura (R) MUZAFFARPUR- Sant Ram BookseUen, 16, New Municipal Market Scientific &: Educational Supply Syndicate Lody Colony (R) Legal Comer, Timanio House, Amgola Road (Rl PANJIM- Tirhut Book Depot (Rl Singhals Book House P.O.B. 70 Near the Church (R) Sagoon Gaydev Dhoud, Booksellers, 5-7 RuA, 3 Ide MYSORE- Jameria (R) H. Venkataramiah & Sons, New Statue Circle PATIlANKOT- Peoples Book H01l!e, Opp., Jagan Mohan Palaee . The Krishna Book Depot, Main Bazar (R)

Iv List of Agents-conld.

PATIALA- SHILLONG- Superintendent, Bbupendra State Pr~s.s The Officer-in-Chargc, Asaam Government, B. D. Jain & Co., 17, Shah Nashin Bazar Chapl. Boo"tall, P. B. No. 1 (RJ PATNA- SONEPAT- Superintendent, Government Printing (Bihar) United Book Agency J. N. P. Agarwal & Co.) PadriaKi-Haveli, Ragbu.. SRINAGAR- oath Bhawan Luxmi Trading Co., Padri-Ki-Havtli The Kashmir Bookshop. Residency Road Moti Lal Banarsi Dass, Bankipore SURAT- Bengal Law House, Chowhatta (R) SOO Gajanan Pustakalaya, Tower Road PITIlORAGARH- TIRUCHIRPALLl- Maniram Punetha & Sons (R) Kalpana Publishers, Wosiur PONDlCHERRY- S. Krishnaswami. & Co., 35, Subhaah Chander Boac MIs. Honesty Book Howe,9 Rue Duplix (R) Road POONA- Palamiappa Brm. (R) Deccan Book Stall, Deccan Gymkhana TRIVANDRUM- Imperial Book Depot, 266, M. G. Road International Book Depot, Main Road International Book Service, Deccan Gymkhana Reddear Press & Book Depot, P. B. No.4 (R) Raka Book Agency,Opp., Natu's ,Chawl, Near Appa Balwant Chowk TUTICORIN- Utility Book Depot, 1339, Shivaji Nagar (R) Shri K. Thiagarajan. lO·e, French Chapal Road (R) PUDUKOTIAI- UDAIPUR- Shri P. N. Swaminathan SivaDl & Co., East Main Jagdish & Co., Inside Surajapole (R) Road (R) Book Centre, Maharana, Bhopal Consumers, Co-op. RA.jKOT- Society Ltd. (R) Mohan La! Dossabhai Sbah, Booksellers and Sub-Agents UlJAIN- RANCHI- Manek Chand Book Depot, Sati Gate (R) Crown Book DeJX>t, Upper Bazar Pustak Mahal, Upper Bazar (R) VARANASI- REWA- Student, Friends & Co., Lanka (R) Chowkhamba Sarukrit Series Office. Cklpal Mandir Superintendent, Government State Emporium V. P. Road, P. B. 8 ROURKELA- Glob Book Centre (R) The RourkeJa Review (R) Kohinoor Stores, Univenity Road. Lanka SAHARANPUR- B.H.U. Book Depot (R) Chandra Bbarata Pustak Bhandar, Court Read (R) VELLORE- SECUNDERAllAD- A. Venkatasubhan, Law BoobeHers Hindustan Diary Publishers. Market Street VljAYAWADA- SILCHAR- The Hook & Review Centre, Eluru Road, Govempet (R) Sbri NJSbitto SeD, Nazirpatti (R) VISAKHAPATNAM- SIMLA- Gupta Brothers, Vi:zia Building Superintendent, Himachal Prade"b Government Book Centre, 11/97, Main Road Minerva Book Shop, The Mall The Secy. Andhra University, General Ch-op. Store~ The New Book Depot 79, The Mall Ltd.(R) SINNAR- VIZIANAGRAM- Shri N. N. Jakbadi, Agent, Tiznes of India, ginnat' Sarda & Co. (R) (Nasik) (R) WARDHA- Swarajeya Bhandar. Bhorji Market Goverrunent of India Kitab Mahal, 1 Janpath, Opp.,India Coif.. HOUJO,r New Delhi For local sale! High Commissioner for India in Londoo, India Government of India Book Depot, HOUle, London, W. C. 2 8 Haitings Street, Calcutta . y List of Agenb-con&ld.

Ran.. ,. Boolr. ..taU bolder.

SIS. A. H. Wheeler & Co., 15, Elgm Road, Allahabad SIS. Education Enterprise Private Ltd., Kathumandu (NepalJ SIS. Aktie Bologat, C. E. Fritzes Kungl, Hovobokbandel, Gahlot Bros., K. E. M. Road, Riboer Fredsgation-2 Box 1656, Stockholm-16, (Sweden) Reise-und VerkebrsverJag Stuttgart, Post 730. Gutenberg_ lIigginbothams &. Co., Ltd., Mount Road, Madraa stra 21, Stuttgart No.lI24S, Stuttgart den (Germany West) Shri Iswar Subramanyam 452, Reversite Driv Apt. 6, New York, 27 N W Y M. Gulah Singh & Sons, Private Ltd., Mathura Road, The Proprietor, Book Centre, Lakshmi Manlions, 49, The New Delhi Mall, Lahore (Pakistan) (Oa S. R _!oj

The Head Oerk, Govt. Book Depot, Ahmedabad The Registrar of CompaniC3, Mahatma Gandhi Road, West The Awtt. Director, Extension Centre, Kapilesbwar Road, Cott. Bldg. p, B. 334, Kanpur Belgaum The Registrar of Companies, Everest 100, Marine Drive, Bombay The Employtnent Officer, Employment Exchange, Dhar The Asstt. Director, Footwear Extension Centre, Polo The Registrar of Companies, 162, Brigade Road, Bangalo~ Ground No. 1. jodhpur The Registrar of Companies, Gwalior

The Officer I/C., Extension Centrej Club Road, Muzaffarpur Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, Bhuli RQad, Dhanbad 'l'm- Director, Jndian Bureau of Mjnes, GoVk of India, Regiotrar 01 Companjes, Oliva, Cu.tac]r Gandhi, Co.tac]r Ministry of Mines & Fuel, Nagpur The Registrar of Companies, Gujarat State, Gujarat The Asstt. Director, Industrial Extension Centre, Nadiad Samachar Building, Ahmedabad (GujaratJ Publication Division, Sales Depot, North Block, New Delhi The Head Clerk, Photozincographic Press, 5, Finance Road, The DeveJopment Commisaioner. SOlaU Scale Industriea. Poona New Delhi Government Printing & Stationery, Rajkot The Officer [/C., University Employment Bw-eau, Lucknow The Officer I/O., Extension Centre, Industrial Estate, Officer [/C., S. I. S. I. Extension Centre, Malda Kolar, Ranchi Officer 1/0., S. 1. S. I. Exleluion Centre, Habra, Tabaluri~ The Director, S. I. S. I. Industrial Extcruion Centre, Udhna, 2~ Pargan .. Surat Officer 1/0., S. I. S. I. Model Carpentry Workohop, Piyau The Registrar of Companies. Narayani Building, 27, Nagar, P. O. 8urnipur Erabourne Road, Calcutta-l Officer l/C., S. I. S. I. Chrontanning Extension Centre, The Regiltrar of U,mpanies, Kerala, 50, Feet Road, Ernakulam Tangra 33, North Topsia Road, Calcutta46 The Registrar of Companies, H. No. 3-5-83, Hyderguda, Officer I/C., S.I.S.I. fu:temion: Centre, (Footwear), Calcutta Hydorabad Asstt. Director, Exteruion Centre, Hyderabad R.egistrar of Companies, Mam, Manipur and Tripura~ Aatt. Director, Exteruion Centre, Krishna Distt. (A.P.) Sbillong Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, jhabua Registrar of CompanieJ, Sunlight lruurance Building~ -\jmeri Dr. Director lnciwg", S.l.S.l., C/O Chid Civn Admn. Goa, Gate Extension, New Delhi Panjim The Regiltrar of Companies. Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, The Regiatrar of Trade Unions, Kanpur Link Road, Jullunchu City The Employment Officer, Employment Exchange, Gopal R.egistrar of Companies, Bihar, jammal Road, Patna.l Bhavan, Mornia Registrar of Companies, Raj, & ~mer j Shri Kamta Prasad The Officer I/C., State Information Centre, Hyderabad Howe, lIt Floor, IC' Scheme, Alhok Marg, jaipur The Registrar of Companies, Pondicherry The Registrar of Companies, Andhra Bank Buildiua:, 6J.• iDlhi The AIItt. Director of Publicity and Information, Vidhana Chctty Street, P. B. 1530, Madras Saubba (P.8. 271) Bangalore