I.Sol~..... •... · ~ .....: : What were the challenges : to the nation's stability : during the late 1700s American Diary : and early 1800s? . • • • • • • ••• • • •• • • • I • •• I • I. "We are now about to embark upon an Reading Guide expedition, which may terminate in our sudden Content Vocabulary tribute (p. 287) embargo (p. 290) deaths/ our perpetual [eternal] slavery, or our neutral rights (p. 289) nationalism (p. 293) immortal glory. The event is left for futurity impressment (p. 289) [the future] to determine. The first quality of Academic Vocabulary react (p. 289; restriction (p. 291) a good seaman, is/ personal courage,-the Key People and Events second, obedience to orders/-the third, Embargo Act (p. 290) fortitude [strength] under sufferings; to these Nonintercourse Act (p. 290) Tecumseh (p. 291) may be added, an ardent [passionate] love of Battle of Tippecanoe (p. 293) country. I am confident you possess them all." Henry Clay (p. 293) John Calhoun (p. 293) -LI. Stephen Decatur to the crew of the USS E ex Reading Strategy Taking Notes As you read, create a chart like the one below, and describe the actions the United States took in each of the situations.

Action Taken Demand for Tribute 1.' Attacks on the Chesapeake 1'1 Tecumseh's Confederation on Foreign Seas British merchant ships remained at home. American shippers profited from the situa­ I?Jtntilm¥1 Pirates made travel by sea dangerous tion and increased their trade. By 1800, the and brought the United States into conflict with Tripoli. United States had almost 1,000 merchant ships trading around the world. History and You Think about the dangers at sea that sailors face. Read to learn about the challenges of those Americans who traded on the open seas in Barbary Pirates the early 1800s. Sailing on foreign seas could be dangerous

• a • • a a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • because of piracy. For example, pirates from the Barbary Coast states of North Africa­ S ea travel was dangerous in the early 1800s. Morocco, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis-terror­ Sailors fought deadly storms and were threat­ ized European ships that were sailing on the ened by pirates. Many Americans, however, Mediterranean Sea. Pirates demanded tribute, depended on trade with foreign nations and or protection money, from their country's were forced to rely on traveling by ship. governments to let their ships pass safely. In 1785 the Empress of China returned to European countries routinely paid tribute so New York from China with a highly prized that their ships would be undisturbed. They cargo of tea and silk. The goods sold for a believed that it was less expensive to pay the fabulous profit. Soon, ships from New York, Barbary Coast pirates than it was to go to war Philadelphia, and New England sailed regu­ with them. larly to China and India, transporting furs and other goods. American merchant ships War With Tripoli began sailing to South America, Africa, and The United States, too, had to pay tribute lands along the Mediterranean Sea. to the Barbary Coast states. The ruler of Trip­ War between France and Britain in the oli, however, did not think it was enough. In mid-1790s gave an additional boost to Ameri­ 1801 he asked the United States for more can shipping. To avoid being captured or money. When President Jefferson refused, destroyed by the enemy, many French and Tripoli declared war on the United States.

Primary Source USS Constitution

Still Serving In 1794 President George authorized the ,-' construction of six warships, including the Constitution, to protect American merchant ships. Today, the USS Constitution is the oldest active ship serving in the United States Navy.

The USS Constitution in Boston Harbor ~ Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli. Freedom of the Seas The Americans, though, could not defeat the pirates, and the conflict continued. l l'i mtjiD@i A war between Great Britain and Pirates seized the United States warship France threatened the security of the United States, Philadelphia in 1804. They towed the ship into as well as American shipping and trade. Tripoli Harbor and threw the crew into jail. History and You What problems might develop Stephen Decatur, a 25-year-old U.S. Navy when a country refuses to trade with other countries? captain, took action. He slipped into the What do you think happens to that country's heavily guarded harbor with a small raiding industries and its standard of living? Read to find out party. Decatur burned the captured ship to what happened when tried to stop prevent the pirates from using it. A British trade to avoid getting drawn into a war. admiral praised the deed as the "most bold ...... and daring act of the age." The war ended in June 1805. Tripoli agreed T homas Jefferson was reelected in 1804, and to stop demanding tribute, but the United his second term began with the nation at States had to pay $60,000 for the prisoners to peace. Across the Atlantic Ocean, however, be released. It would not be until 1815, how­ Great Britain and France were fighting a war ever, that American tribute payments ended that threatened to interfere with American completely. trade. The United States ended the war with Tripoli in 1805. Now the United States was Reading Check Explaining Why did Tripoli declare caught in the middle of a war between Great war on the United States? Britain and France.

Primary Source The Barba

An Ongoing War The first Barbary War took place from 1801 Stephen Decatur and his crew attack one of Tripoli's to 1805. In 1805 Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute gunboats. Decatur became a national hero as a from the United States. Pirate raids, however, continued on result of his actions in the Barbary Wars. T American ships. After the War of 1812, Stephen Decatur and the United States Navy used military force to stop the raids and end tribute payments permanently.

The USS Enterprise defeated and captured the pirate ves­ sel Tripoli in 1801. Seventy-five percent of the Tripoli's crew was killed in the fighting, while there were no casual­ ties on the Enterprise. T

command of the U.S. Mediterranean fleet in 1803. His leadership helped defeat Tripoli and end the war. ~

Critical Thinking

Predicting How do you think European countries viewed the U.S. actions after the wars? A nation's balance of trade is the difference between the value of a nation's exports and Imports and Exports, 1800-1820 its imports. A nation has a trade surplus when it exports more than it imports. For 180 example, if the United States exported $100 160 in cotton and imported $50 in tea, it would 140 be experiencing a trade surplus, or positive

0 Exports: e Imports: 0 Balance of trade: goods sold goods purchased difference between the value of a nation's exports and its imports

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States

Neutral Rights Violated British then forced these deserters to return to When Britain and France went to war in the British navy. This practice of forcing peo­ 1803, America had a prosperous trade with ple to serve in the navy was impressment. both countries. As long as the United States While some of those taken were deserters remained neutral, shippers could continue from the British navy, the British also doing business. A nation not involved in a impressed thousands of native-born and nat­ conflict had neutral rights. That is, it had the uralized American citizens. right to sail the seas and not take sides. For two years, American shipping pros­ Attack on the Chesapeake pered. By 1805, however, Britain and France Often the British waited for American lost patience with American "neutrality." ships outside an American harbor where they Britain blockaded the French coast and threat­ boarded and searched them. This occurred in ened to search all ships trading with France. June 1807 off the coast of Virginia. The Leop­ France later announced that it would search ard, a British warship, stopped the American and seize ships caught trading with Britain. vessel Chesapeake. The Leopard's captain demanded to search the American ship for American Sailors Kidnapped British deserters, but the Chesapeake's captain The British were in desperate need of sail­ refused. The British opened fire, crippling the ors for their naval war. Many of their own Chesapeake and killing three crew members. sailors had deserted due to the terrible living News of the attack spread. Americans conditions in the British Royal Navy. British reacted with an anti-British fury not seen naval ships began stopping American ships since the Revolutionary War. Secretary of to search for suspected British deserters. The State James Madison responded to the news.

The Jefferson Era Chapter 9 289 Jefferson's embargo policy had a disastrous effect on INTERPRETING American trade, and it did not stop the British and French from seizing American ships.

1. Interpreting What are King George and Napoleon Bonaparte doing? 2. Drawing Conclusions Do you think this cartoon supports Jefferson's embargo policy? Why or why not?

A. King George of England B. Thomas Jefferson C. Napoleon Bonaparte of France

He called the attack an outrage. Many Ameri­ the weaker Nonintercourse Act. This act cans demanded war against Britain. President prohibited trade only with Britain and France Jefferson, though, sought a course of action and their colonies, but it too was unpopular other than war. and unsuccessful. A Disastrous Trade Ban Jefferson Leaves Office Because Britain violated America's neutral Jefferson followed Washington's prece­ rights, Jefferson banned some trade with Brit­ dent by making it clear that he would not be ain. The attack on the Chesapeake triggered a candidate for a third term. The Republi­ even stronger measures. cans chose James Madison as their candidate In December 1807, Congress passed the for president. The Federalists nominated Embargo Act. An embargo prohibits trade Charles Pinckney and hoped that anger over with another country. In addition to Britain, the embargo would help them win. Pinck­ the act banned imports from and exports to ney carried most of New England, but the all foreign countries. Jefferson wanted to pre­ Federalist ticket gained little support from vent Americans from using other countries to the other regions. Madison won the presi­ trade with France and Britain indirectly. Jef­ dency with 122 electoral votes to Pinckney's ferson and Madison wanted to avoid war, but 47 votes. they also wanted to hurt Britain by banning the trade of agricultural products. Reading Check Summarizing Why was the The embargo of 1807 was a disaster. It Embargo Act ineffective? wiped out all American commerce with other nations and was ineffective against Britain. Hlstor---···- The British simply turned to Latin America student Web Activity Visit ~ncoe . com and complete the for agricultural goods. Congress then enacted Web Activity about American trade issues in the early 1800s.

290 Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era War Fever The French, however, continued to seize American ships, selling them and pocketing l~rmtlm¥1 Trade issues with Britain and France the proceeds. Americans were deeply and tensions between Native Americans and settlers divided. The nation was on the verge of challenged James Madison. war, but it was hard to decide whether the enemy was Britain or France. Madison History and You Why do you think tension between different groups occurs? Read about the believed that Britain was the bigger threat conflicts among the various groups during the early to the United States. 1800s. Frontier Conflicts Madison also received news about prob­ J ames Madison took office as president lems in the West. Ohio became a state in 1803. under unfavorable conditions. At home and White settlers wanted more land in the Ohio abroad, the nation was involved in the Valley. Native Americans already gave up embargo crisis. Meanwhile, Britain contin­ many millions of acres. However, the settlers ued to halt American ships. Cries for war continued to move onto lands that were guar­ with Britain grew louder. anteed to Native Americans by the treaty. Tensions increased as some Native Ameri­ Closer to War cans renewed their contacts with British In 1810 Congress passed a law permitting agents and fur traders in Canada. direct trade with either France or Britain, Other Native Americans pursued a new depending on which country first lifted its strategy. Tecumseh (tuh•KUHM•suh), a trade restrictions, or limits, against America. powerful Shawnee chief, built a confederacy Napoleon seized the opportunity and prom­ among Native American nations in the ised to end France's trade restrictions. Northwest.

United States United States - State - State D Territory Territory - Present-day - Claimed area - Special status boundary - Present-day boundary - Claimed area

Map Skills Place Describe the changes in French territory between 1800 and 1820. Primary S ource Tecumseh "The only way to stop this evil [white settlement of Indians' land], is for all the red men to unite in claiming a common and equal Tecumseh organized a confederation of 14 right in the land as it was at first, and should be now-for it never Native American nations to oppose white was divided, but belongs to all. ... Sell a country! Why not sell the settlement on lands in the Northwest. He air, the clouds, and the great sea, as well as the earth?" recognized that individual Native American -Tecumseh in a letter to President Harrison, 1810 groups had little power to negotiate with the United States government. Tecumseh's brother Tenskwa­ T The Prophet tawa, known as the Prophet, founded Prophetstown in Indi­ ana. This village served as the spiritual, social, and political capital of the confederation of Native American nations.

Tecumseh's pipe tomahawk ~

Making Inferences Why do you think American leaders feared Tecumseh?

Tecumseh believed that a strong alliance­ He feared they would form an alliance with with the backing of the British in Canada­ the British. Harrison warned Tecumseh in a could halt white movement into Native letter that the United States had more war­ American lands. A commanding speaker, riors than all the Indian nations combined. Tecumseh had great political skills. He Tecumseh replied to Harrison in person. believed the U.S. government's treaties with PRtMARY SouRcE separate Native American nations were "Brother ... Since the peace was made, you have worthless. "The Great Spirit gave this great island to his red children," he said. No one killed some Shawnees, Delawares and Winnebagoes. nation had the right to give it away. ... You have taken land from us and I do not see how we can remain at peace if you continue to do so. You Tecumseh had a powerful ally in his try to force red people to do some injury. It is you that brother, Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet. are pushing them on to some mischief. You endeavor The Prophet urged Native Americans to [try] to make distinctions. You try to prevent the Indi­ return to their ancestors' customs. His mes­ ans from doing as they wish-to unite and let them sage attracted a large following. The Prophet consider their lands common property of the whole:' founded Prophetstown in northern Indiana, -from Tecumseh, an Indian Moses located near where the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers meet. The Battle of Tippecanoe A Meeting With Harrison When Tecumseh went south to expand the William Henry Harrison, governor of the confederacy, Harrison attacked Prophetstown Indiana Territory, became alarmed by the on the Tippecanoe River. After more than two growing power of the two Shawnee brothers. hours, the Prophet's forces fled in defeat.

292 Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era The Battle of Tippecanoe was declared a Not everyone, however, wanted war. The glorious victory for the Americans. Harrison's Federalists in the Northeast remained strongly victory, however, resulted in something the opposed to it. American people hoped to prevent. Tecum­ seh joined forces with the British, whom, set­ Declaring War tlers believed, had supplied his confederacy By the spring of 1812, Madison knew that with guns. war with Britain was inevitable. In a message to Congress on June 1, he cited: War Hawks PRIMARY SouRcE In the meantime, President Madison faced demands for a more aggressive policy toward "Such is the spectacle of injuries and indignities which Britain. The most pressure came from a group have been heaped on our country:' of young Republicans known as the War -from Madison's "War Message" Hawks. They wanted war with Britain. The Madison asked for a declaration of war. leading War Hawks were Kentucky's Henry Meanwhile, the British had decided to end Clay and South Carolina's John Calhoun. their policy of search and seizure of American The War Hawks were mainly from the ships. Unfortunately, it took much time for West and South. They supported increases in this news to travel across the Atlantic, and military spending and were driven by hunger leaders in Washington, D.C., did not know for land. War Hawks from the West wanted about Britain's change in policy. Word of the the fertile forests of southern Canada, whereas policy change arrived too late. Once set in Southerners desired Spanish Florida. The motion, the war machine could not be War Hawks also wanted to expand the stopped. nation's power. Their nationalism-or loy­ alty to their country-appealed to a renewed Reading Check Summarizing What factors led American patriotism. to the war with Britain?

Vocabulary 4. Summarizing How did conflict 6. Expository Writing Take the 1. Define each of the following on the American frontier role of William Henry Harrison. terms in a sentence: increase tensions between the Write a letter to the president United States and Britain? explaining why you plan to attack Prophetstown. Critical Thinking An 5. Drawing Conclusions Use a Main Ideas diagram like the one below to What were the challenges to the 2. Discussing How widespread identify how people from each nation's stability during the late was American trade by 1800? region felt about going to war 1700s and early 1800s? Include information about the with Britain. types of goods that were traded. 3. Explaining Explain why U.S. security was threatened as a result of the war between Britain and France.

The Jefferson Era Chapter 9 293