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ED250202.Pdf DOCUMENT RESUME ED 250 202 St 045 222 AUTHOR Chapman, Robert D.; Bondurant, R. Limn,Jr. TITLE Comet Halley Returns. A Teacher's Guide, 1985-1986. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelte, Md. Goddard Space FlightCenter. REPORT NO EP-197 . PUB DATE Jul 84 NOTE 56p.. AVAILABLE FROM of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use- Guides(For Teachers) (052) tDRS PRICE MF01/PC03'Pluk Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Astronomy; *Elementary School Science;Elementary Secondary Education; *Science Activities; Science Education; *Secondary School Science IDENTIFIERS *Comets . ABSTRACT This booklet was designed'aian aid for elementary and secondary school teachers. It is dividedinto two distinct parts. Part Iis a brief tutorial which introducessome of the most important concepts about, comets.Areas addressed include: the historical importance of Comet Halley; howcomets are found and names; cometary orbits; what Comet Halley will look like;how and when this comet can be viewed; thenature of comets; and Comet Halley in 1910. Part II containsa number of suggested activities built around the comet. These include bothclassrbom exercises and carefully described field work to observethe comet. Guidance is provided on where to look for thecomet, how to observe it, and how to photograph'it. Virtuallyevery exercise can be done without special equkpient; all that is ,needed some thought on the part of the teacher to adapt the activitiesto the appropriate grade. level. A list of selected readings is providedat the end of the booklet for those who desirea more in -depth treatment of the subject. (JN) * * * * * ** * * * * * * * ******************************************************* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can.be made *. * from the original document. ************************************************ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** VA DEPAimynNTcoEDUCATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This ocume has been reproduced as recer ad fro the person or otganizetion orig. mg it IIMinor changes have been made to Itnprol reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this docu mot do no') necessarilyrilPraniit Off iCialNIE POSRIOn Or policy. "PERMISSU'N TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERI HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE SpUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." 2 C St 4 7` COVER: Computer enhanced image of Comet Hefty from May 26, 1910. The image is the sum of four photographs originally made at the Helwan Observatory inEgypt. The photographs were digitized, added together and computer enhanced at the Interactive Astronomical Data Analysis Facility of the Goddard Space Flight Center by Dr. Daniel A. Xlinglesmith, Ill. 3 4 4 It 11. 3 COMET HALLEY RETURNS I. O A Teachers' Guide 1985-1986 f. t 44 t '4t National Aerqnautics and Space Administration Educational Programs Office of Public Affairs Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland 0771. 0 Robert D. Chapman, Ph.D. Associate Chief, Laboratory for Astronomy and Solar Physics Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland and For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, R. Lynn Bondurint, Jr., Ph.D. U.S. Government Printing Office, Educational Services Officer, Washington, D.C. 20402 Office of External Affaiis Lewis Research Center EP-197 Cleveland, Ohio )1- ,4 4. O 'or PREFACE A . Comet Halley is on its way to a 1985.86 rendezvous with the earth and the sun. This most famous of all comets is sure to generate an increasing level of interest among 'the general .public and particularly among young people as it 4 draws ever nearer to us, The event offers an unparalleled learning opportunity for students at all ,levels to gain the skills, understanding and enthusiasm necessary to study science. T his booklet has beenput together as an aid for teachers in elementary and . secondary schools.It is divided into two distinct parts. The first part is a brief tutorial which introduces some of the most important concepts about comets, ,including their historical significance. In the limited space available, it Om only hit the high points. A list of selected readings is provided at the end of the 1;soklet for those who desire a more in-depth treatment of the subject. The second part of the booklet contains a number of suggested activities, built around the comet.These ,include both classroom exercises and carefully described field work to observe the comet. Guidance is provided on where to look for the cornet, how to observe it, and how to. photograph it.Virtually' every exercise can be done without special equipmentAll that is needed is some thought on the,part-01 the teacher to adapt the ictivities to the appro.,. 144, 'y priate g"rade level. Both authors of the booklet have proven, outstanding abilitiett to communicate science to laymen. In addition, Chapman is a recognized authority in the field of cometary research, having co-authored one of the few professional level textbooks on comets.The result of their collaboration is a scientifically accurate, and well-planned guide. If you use it well, your students will have a profitable educational experience with lifelong rewards. Elva Bailey Educational Programs Officer Goddard Space Flight Center July 1984 4 4 5 o . 0 a4 a 4 CONTENTS II%It: Page PART I. TOE NATURE OF COMETS 1 THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE PF COMET HALLEY . 1 HOW COMETS ARE FOUND AND NAMED 3 COMETARirORBITS' 5 WHAT WILL COMET HALLEY LOOKLIKE 9 HOW AND, WHENWE CAN VIEW COMET HALLEY 10 WHAT IS A COMET? 10 COMETS OF THE PAST 18 COMET HALLEY IN 1910 . 19 PLANS TO OBSERVE COMET HALLEY 19 .. PART II. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES -, 23 IN THE CLASS1656M 23 , Newspaper Accounts 11 23 ) , ...- Oral History 24 Time Capsule 24 Comet alley Artistically Speaking 24 Comets and Life Sciences - 24 . Comet Hall of Fame 24 OBSERVING/THE COMET 24 Brightness 25 Length of Comet Halley's Tail in Miles 28 Recording Observations 30 Plotting the Locatiiin of Comet Halley 30 ° COMET HALLEY'S. ORBIT.4. 33 PLACES TO VISIT THINGS TO DO 36 ' COMPUTING AN EPHEMERIS FOR COMET HALLEY 35 SELECTED READINGS 40 INTigX 41 O 4 Part I THE NATURE OF COMETS A bright comet is a spectacular object to behold. If Two of the most notable scientists of all timewere you had awakened around 4:00 in the morning in Galileo Galilei (1664-1642) and IsaacNewton early March, 1976 and braved thelate winter cold (1642-1727). These twomen, more than anyone yqu would have been rewarded witha beautiful else, in*nted the., modern. science of sight:a view. of the naked-eye Comet West. mechanics. It Newton also postulated the existence ofuniversal would have been visible in theeastern sky, near the gravity, which asserted that all bodies inthe uni- point where the sun would rise ina few hours. The verse attract one another. 'It is the intense gravity comet's head would have beennear the horizon, of the massive sun that holds thesolar system and its tail would have beenseen streaming upward together. toward the zenith.For those of us whosaw the comet, it will remain a memorable event. Forthose In parallel with all of these developmentsin the who have never seen one, it is well worththe effort concepts of planetary motionwere developments to observe one. in our understanding of comets.In the Fourth Century B.C., Aristotle believed that cometswere a Comet Halley will .be visible to smalltelescopes, phenomenon of the, earth's atmosphere. binoculars and even the naked In his eye in late 1985 and treatise Meteorologioa he asserts that cometsare early 1986. The event is alreadystirring interest "exhalations" in the outer reaches of the both. in the scientific community, and atmo- in the general sphere.This view was repeated by suchgreat public. What is it about this cometthat generates philosophers as Ptolemy.It is interesting to note so much interest? How can we observe it when it that the Roman Stgico philosopher LuciusSeneca paisei near the earth? What willscientists around (4 B.C.- A.D. 58) held the view that comets are the world try to find out? Thesequestions and celestial bodies which travel throughspace in others will be answered in the followingpages, as elongated orbits. Before we Ode Senecatoo much we tell the story of the comet. To begin letus take of a pat on the back,we must realize that his idea a look at the reasons that Comet Halley isso was as much of a guess as was that of Aristotle., It important historically. was Snot until the 16th century that Tycho, with his very accurate instruments, could makeobserva- tions which established that cometsare celestial THE HISLORICAL IMPORTANCEOF objects. He observed the position of COMET HALLEY a bright comet' that appeared in 1577 from various sites inEurope., If the comet were in the earth's atmosphere, To tell the whole story of the importance then of Comet it would have a measurable parallax (see Figure1), Halley would take a large volume, forwe would that is, it would shift against the backgroundof the have to look at the whole history ofthe develop- stars by a measurable amountas he moved hilt ment of our understanding the nature ofthe equipment about on the surface of theearth, planets and how they move.The early Greeks viewing the csmet com different angles. He could thought that the planeall revolved around the not detect a mbasura e parallactic shift, earth in orbits that so he con- a combinations of perfect cluded that the come had to be at leastseveral circles. In the.first cen A.D., Claudius Ptolemy times farther away from ttie earth than themoon: proposed a complex sys of epicycles that ex- whose parallax he could measure. plained almost all of the observed factsabout the motions of celestial bodies. This systemwas used In 1665, the Great Plague closed down Cambridge to predict the motions of the planets for althost 14 University, and the 23-year old Isaac Newtonwas centuriesa fact that attests to thesuccess of the forced into a two-year hiatus in his formal .ate theory.
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