Insults, Threats and Other Impolite Utterances in British TV Series Emmerdale
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Insults, threats and other impolite utterances in British TV series Emmerdale Outi Hasu-Rannikko Master’s Thesis English Philology Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki March 2020 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Faculty of Arts / Department of Modern Languages Tekijä – Författare – Author Hasu-Rannikko Outi Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Insults, threats and other impolite utterances in British TV series Emmerdale Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject English Philology Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s Thesis year 56 + 26 (appendix) March 2020 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract This paper examines how Jonathan Culpeper’s theoretical framework on impoliteness, based on the concept of face and face wants and Brown and Levinson’s previous politeness framework, can be applied to analysing fictional discourse in a TV soap opera. The research material consists of 21 episodes of Emmerdale aired originally on the British ITV channel between 26 June and 13 November 2018 and transcribed by the author of this thesis. Emmerdale was selected as the subject because this long-running series is very popular in the United Kingdom and it is a typical example of drama or soap opera which is primarily based on discourse between the characters. The use of impoliteness is examined in the interactions of three selected characters that often use impolite or even insulting language. The data consists of face-to-face discourse (dyads) between the main characters and other characters in the series. The dyads are classified as close or distant relationships depending on whether the other interactant is a friend or family member, or an outsider. The method is quantitative as well as qualitative. In addition to sarcasm, six types of impoliteness are selected as focus areas (insult, condescension, criticism, threat, silencer, dismissal). The focus is on the linguistic form of utterances, and non-verbal and paralinguistic features are largely excluded. In addition to calculating the occurrence of the mentioned types of impoliteness in the dialogues, it is assessed whether there are differences in the use of impolite utterances between the selected characters or between close and distant relationships. The results show that in terms of the percentage of impolite utterances, the analysed characters can be considered equally impolite and all characters were more impolite in distant than in close relationships. One of the characters was notably more impolite in close relationships than the other two. There were also some differences between the types of impoliteness the characters used to express impoliteness. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords impoliteness, television discourse, soap opera, impoliteness strategy, Emmerdale Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited E-Thesis Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information 2 List of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 3 1.1 Emmerdale ........................................................................................... 6 2. Theoretical framework ........................................................................... 7 2.1 Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory in brief ................................ 7 2.2 Previous impoliteness research ............................................................ 9 2.3 Impoliteness in fictional discourse ..................................................... 11 2.3.1 What is impoliteness in interaction? ........................................... 12 2.3.2 Mock impoliteness or banter ....................................................... 15 2.3.3 Functions of impoliteness ........................................................... 16 2.4 Culpeper’s impoliteness framework .................................................. 20 2.4.1 Culpeper’s impoliteness strategies .............................................. 21 3. Material ................................................................................................ 25 3.1 Selected characters ............................................................................. 26 3.1.1 Cain Dingle ................................................................................. 27 3.1.2 Charity Dingle ............................................................................. 28 3.1.3 Ross Barton ................................................................................. 29 4. Methods ................................................................................................ 30 4.1 Classification ...................................................................................... 31 4.2 Transcription ...................................................................................... 33 5. Results and analysis ............................................................................. 34 5.1 Cain Dingle ........................................................................................ 34 5.1.1 Close relationships ...................................................................... 35 5.1.2 Distant relationships .................................................................... 37 5.2 Charity Dingle .................................................................................... 39 5.2.1 Close relationships ...................................................................... 40 5.2.2 Distant relationships .................................................................... 41 5.3 Ross Barton ........................................................................................ 43 5.3.1 Close relationships ...................................................................... 43 5.3.2 Distant relationships .................................................................... 45 5.4 Comparison of three characters .......................................................... 47 5.5 Character development....................................................................... 49 6. Discussion and conclusions ................................................................. 50 References .................................................................................................... 53 Appendix 1 ................................................................................................... 57 3 1. Introduction Politeness is an integral part of human interaction, and it has linguistic expressions in every language, according to Brown and Levinson’s universal theory on politeness (later referred to as B & L). The purpose of politeness is to maintain harmony in society and make communication possible between potentially aggressive parties (B & L: 1987: 1). However, it can be argued that in some cases the intention of the speaker is not to maintain harmony but rather to be intentionally impolite, or even insulting, without any regard to the other interactant’s face, in other words “the public self image that every member of society wants to claim for himself” (B & L 1987: 61). In recent years the attention in politeness research has shifted from politeness to impoliteness and especially Jonathan Culpeper’s work has inspired studies on impoliteness. He has established an impoliteness framework, which is parallel but opposite to Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness. He also wants to demonstrate that impoliteness is not just a marginal activity in some specific contexts, and therefore an appropriate framework for impoliteness is needed (Culpeper 1996: 350). In some circumstances it is not in the interactant’s interest to maintain the other interactant’s face because the parties may have a conflict of interests (Culpeper 1996: 354). In this paper, I examine how Jonathan Culpeper’s theoretical framework on impoliteness, based on the concept of face and face wants, applies to fictional discourse in a TV soap opera. I have selected Emmerdale as the subject of my study because this long-running series is very popular in the United Kingdom and it is a typical example of drama or soap opera which is primarily based on discourse between the characters, triggered by their previous history, relationships or events. Another reason for selecting the series is my long experience of some 15 years as a viewer of the series, which I considered to be an asset in this study. Emmerdale contains an abundance of confrontational dialogue, and my aim is to see how impoliteness in the series complies with Culpeper’s impoliteness 4 framework, which he has applied to discourse in military training courses, exploitative television shows and even Shakespeare’s drama (Culpeper 2015). Based on my own experience as a viewer, Emmerdale includes a diversity of confrontational discourse with impolite and even insulting language. My hypothesis is that the discourse includes a wide variety of impolite utterances that attack the other interactant’s positive and negative face and thus constitute a face- threatening act. I also expect that sarcasm will play an important role. As a genre, soap opera thrives on conflict, which makes the ground fertile for various impoliteness phenomena serving as catalysts of the plot and characterisation. For this reason, the discourse of a soap opera provides an ample source of analysis. According to Culpeper (1998: 83-84), impoliteness in drama is particularly interesting because it generates the disharmony and conflict between characters, which generates audience interest and often moves the plot