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Centro De Investigación Científica De Yucatán, A.C. Posgrado En Ciencias Biológicas BIOLOGÍA DE LA REPRODUCCIÓN DE AECHMEA

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Centro De Investigación Científica De Yucatán, A.C. Posgrado En Ciencias Biológicas BIOLOGÍA DE LA REPRODUCCIÓN DE AECHMEA POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS CICY BIOLÓGICAS Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas BIOLOGÍA DE LA REPRODUCCIÓN DE AECHMEA BRACTEATA (SW.) GRISEB. (BROMELIOIDEAE: ~ROMELIACEAE) Tesis que presenta MANUEL ROLANDO POOL CHALÉ En opción al título de MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS (Ciencias Biológicas: Opción Recursos Naturales) Mérida, Yucatán, México Junio 2015 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE YUCATÁN, A. C. POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS POSGRADOEN CIENCIAS CICY RECONOCIMIENTO BIOLÓGICAS Por medio de la presente, hago constar que el trabajo de tesis titulado "Biología de la reproducción de Aechmea bracteata (Sw.) Griseb. (Bromelioideae: Bromeliaceae)", fue realizado en los laboratorios de la Unidad de Recursos Naturales del Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán , A.C. bajo la dirección de la Dra. lvón Mercedes Ramírez Morillo, dentro de la Opción Recursos Naturales, perteneciente al Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas de este Centro. Atentamente, Director de Docencia Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. i J Mérida, Yucatán, México; junio de 2015 DECLARACIÓN DE PROPIEDAD Declaro que la información contenida en la sección de Materiales y Métodos Experimentales, los Resultados y Discusión de este documento proviene de las actividades de experimentación realizadas durante el período que se me asignó para desarrollar mi trabajo de tesis, en las Unidades y Laboratorios del Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., y que a razón de lo anterior y en contraprestación de los servicios educativos o de apoyo que me fueron brindados, dicha información, en términos de la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor y la Ley de la Propiedad Industrial, le pertenece patrimonialmente a dicho Centro de Investigación. Por otra parte, en virtud de lo ya manifestado, reconozco que de igual manera los productos intelectuales o desarrollos tecnológicos que deriven o pudieran derivar de lo correspondiente a dicha información, le pertenecen patrimonialmente al Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán , A.C., y en el mismo tenor, reconozco que si derivaren de este trabajo productos intelectuales o desarrollos tecnológicos, en lo especial , estos se regirán en todo caso por lo dispuesto por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor y la Ley de la Propiedad Industrial, en el tenor de lo expuesto en la presente Declaración. Manuel Rolando Pool Chalé DEDICATORIA "No te prometo luz al final de cada túnel, tampoco alegrías o tristezas, pero sí fuerzas para luchar y salir adelante", esas palabras tan ciertas las dijo DIOS. A este Ser a quien le dedico como primer número este trabajo, como agradecimiento por tantas bendiciones, en especial por las bendiciones más grandes, LA VIDA Y LA SALUD. A mis Padres, el Sr. Pedro Celestino Pool Tun y la Sra. María Teresa Chalé Aké, por haberme inculcado valores en la vida y por haberme orientado en la disciplina de la superación. A mis hermanos Pedro, Reyna, Leidy y Jimmy, por brindarme sus consejos y apoyos en todo momento y en cualquier circunstancia de la vida. A Guadalupe Tun Caamal (mi Lupis) por su cariño, compañía, paciencia, apoyo moral y motivación constante durante todo el transcurrir de mi trabajo de tesis. A la Dra. lvón Ramírez Morillo por su motivación y apoyo en mi formación académica, sobre todo por sus consejos, paciencia y su valiosa amistad. A mis parientes y amigos que siempre creyeron en mí. Por sus consejos y buenos deseos brindados. Por último, a todas la gente que creyó en mí, a todas esas personas que por lo menos alguna vez pensaron, "ÉL, SÍ PUEDE". AGRADECIMIENTOS Un agradecimiento de manera especial al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) por la confianza puesta en mí y por la beca otorgada con número de apoyo (CVU/Becario: 511 082/288897). Así mismo, por el apoyo con la Beca de Movilidad 2014 como parte de la Convocatoria Becas de Movilidad Nacional. Agradezco especialmente a la Dra. lvón Mercedes Ramírez Morillo, por haberme dado la oportunidad de asesorar mi tesis, por su apoyo en mi formación académica y por abrirme siempre las puertas al diálogo. Le agradezco por ser más que una asesora, una amiga. A los miembros del comité tutorial: Dr. Germán Carnevali Fernández Concha y a la Dra . Claudia Hornung-Leoni, por sus observaciones, comentarios y recomendaciones en cada tutora!, quienes forjaron a la formación de la tesis. A los miembros del comité revisor de tesis y sínodos de examen de grado: Dra. lvón Ramírez Morillo, Dr. Germán Carnevali, Dra . Claudia Hornung-Leoni, Dr. Rodrigo Duna de Stefano y M. C. Carlos Barrientos, por sus importantes observaciones, comentarios y recomendaciones durante la revisión del documento de la tesis escrita. Al Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. (CICY), en particular a la Unidad de Recursos Naturales (URN) , por el apoyo y las facilidades de sus instalaciones y equipos de laboratorio prestados durante la elaboración de la tesis. Al CICY por el apoyo económico a través de la Beca de Movilidad (2014-11) para la presentación de una ponencia en el XVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Mesoamericana para la Biología y la Conservación, realizada en la Ciudad de Copán Ruinas, Honduras, en octubre de 2014. Al Jardín Botánico Regional "Roger Orellana" (CICY) y sus responsables, por permitirme hacer de las colecciones (en particular Aechmea bracteata) parte de mi trabajo de campo. Así también , a los responsables de los invernaderos, en especial a Fernando A. Contreras Martin por la facilitación de los espacios para realizar parte de mi trabajo de tesis. Al Herbario CICY (Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán , A.C.) y a los responsables del mismo, por el préstamo de sus ejemplares. Agradezco especialmente, a Amílcar Castillo por su ayuda en campo y laboratorio, así mismo a Luz Alcudia, lleam Rivera, Evelyn Rios y Esther Herrera, por acompañarme y ayudarme en las colectas de campo de los ejemplares utilizados en el presente trabajo. A los Doctores Carlos Barrientos y Jorge Montero por instruirme, por la ayuda y recomendaciones en la parte estadística de mi tesis. Así mismo, a la Dra. Demetria Mondragón por sus consejos, recomendaciones y formar parte de uno de mis tutorales de la tesis. Al Dr. Gustavo Romero-González por la edición del resumen en inglés, a los Drs . José Luis Andrade Torres, Javier Orlando Mijangos Cortés y Azucena Canto Aguilar, por el apoyo otorgado en algún momento de la tesis. A la Dirección de Docencia (Subdirección de Posgrado) y sus responsables: a Landy Rodríguez y Alejandra Arcea por su ayuda en todo lo que se refiere a trámites, por su paciencia y amabilidad en todo momento en el que hice acto de presencia. Agradezco especialmente a Nancy Sulub y Liligelia García por el apoyo otorgado en algún momento académico, pero más por sus lindas amistades. A la Dra. María Goreti del Carmen Campos Ríos por sus consejos y apoyo, por escucharme y motivarme en todo momento, en especial por brindarme su amistad. A Lilia Can ltzá, Dolores Chan Puc, José Luis Tapia y Silvia Hernández, por sus consejos, atenciones a mis dudas y peticiones y por sus motivaciones constantes. Así mismo agradezco a María Rosalina Rodríguez por su ayuda en algún momento de la tesis. A Carlos Jiménez, especialmente a William Cetzal y Ricardo Gaumer, por la ayuda, recomendaciones y motivaciones constantes y más por ser buenos colegas y amigos. A todos mis amigos del CICY, en especial de la URN , por sus consejos, ideas, motivaciones, ayudas y por haber confiado en mí: Sergio García, Julián Parra, William, Nahlleli Chilpa, Astrid Huechacona, Carlos Leopardi, Enrique López, Florencia Pech , lrving Saenz, Raymundo González, Eduardo Pérez, Cesar Canché, Lizandro Peraza, Ricardo Balam, Sara Villanueva, Luz Alcudia, Esther Herrera, Reyna Santana, Amilcar Can , y Gabriela Aviles. ¡Muchas gracias a todos! fndice general ÍNDICE GENERAL Página ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. V ÍNDICE DE CUADROS. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .. ix RESUMEN.............................................................................................. 1 ABSTRACT.............................................................................................. 3 CAPÍTULO l. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... 5 1.1. INTRODUCCIÓN. .. ..... .. .. .... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... .... .... .. .. .. .... 5 1.2. ANTECEDENTES GENERALES. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ........ 9 1.2.1. Estrategias reproductivas en plantas con flores. .. .. .... .. .... ...... ... 9 1.2.2. Polinización. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. 11 1.2.3. Recompenzas florales. .. .. .. .. .... .. ... ... 12 1.2.4. Sistemas de cruzamiento.......................................................... 14 1.2.5. Sistemas de compatibilidad....................................................... 16 1.2.6. Bromeliaceae y el género Aechmea Ruiz y Pav. .......................... 18 1.2.7. Aechmea bracteata (Sw.) Griseb. ................................................. 20 1.3. HIPÓTESIS. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ... .. 22 1.4. OBJETIVOS. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ... 23 1.4.1. Objetivo general. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. 23 1.4.2. Objetivos específicos. .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .
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