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Macadamia Improvement and Conservation

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Macadamia Improvement and Conservation Macadamia improvement and conservation Craig Hardner CSIRO Plant Industry Project Number: MC02054 MC02054 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the macadamia industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of the macadamia industry. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 1947 X Published and distributed by: Horticulture Australia Ltd Level 7 179 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 © Copyright 2009 Final Report Macadamia improvement and conservation MC 02054 (November 2008) Compiled by Dr C. McConchie CSIRO TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 – Project Details _______________________________________ 2 CHAPTER 2 – Summaries __________________________________________ 3 Media Summary _________________________________________________ 3 Technical Summary ______________________________________________ 3 CHAPTER 3 ______________________________________________________ 6 Recommendations _______________________________________________ 6 CHAPTER 4 _____________________________________________________ 11 Management Overview: Field Trials _________________________________ 11 Chapter 5_______________________________________________________ 46 The effects of rootstock on propagation success and early field performance. 46 Chapter 6_______________________________________________________ 64 An economic model of macadamia production and processing for the calculation of economic weights for selection and breeding ________________________ 64 CHAPTER 7 _____________________________________________________ 96 Objective assessment and valuation of raw macadamia kernel quality ______ 96 Chapter 8______________________________________________________ 126 Assessment of nut and kernel quality for selection of candidate cultivars ___ 126 Chapter 9______________________________________________________ 148 Resolving Issues of Identity and Relatedness in Macadamia using Microsatellite Markers______________________________________________________ 148 Chapter 10 _____________________________________________________ 168 Prediction of individual Genetic Value from B1.1 progeny trials ___________ 168 i CHAPTER 1 – Project Details _____________________________________________________________________ Project Title: Macadamia improvement and conservation HAL Project Number: MC 02054 Project Leader: Dr C. McConchie CSIRO Plant Industry Queensland Bioscience Precinct 306 Carmody Rd St Lucia Qld 4067 Phone :07 3214 7789 Fax: 07 3214 2272 Email: [email protected] Other Key Personnel: Craig Hardner, João Manual Monteiro da Costa e Silva, Emlyn Williams, Bruce Greaves, Darren Morrow, Rod Daley, Patrick O’Riordan, Ciaran Forde, Malcolm Wegener, Chris Coverdale Robert Forrester, Andrew James, Adele Schmidt, Peter Albertson, Neil Wiltshire, Philip Pisanu, Craig Levitt, Jodi Neal, Di Prestwidge, Carl Loveridge, John D. Wilkie and Timothy Kowitz , Purpose of the report: The main objectives of the project were to investigate: 1. Develop improved cultivars for the Australian Industry. 2. Identify elite rootstocks for the Australian industry. 3. Conserve native germplasm for future use in the breeding program. 4. Develop economic models for the evaluation of genetic material and critical cost sources in macadamia production and processing 5. Develop efficient assessment methods for selection and management 6. Optimise genetic improvement methods for macadamia _____________________________________________________________________ Funding sources: HAL, AMS, CSIRO and collaborating Growers Date of report: November 2008 Disclaimer Any recommendations contained in this publication do not represent current HAL Limited policy. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication, whether as to matters of fact or opinion or other content, without first obtaining specific, independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this publication 2 CHAPTER 2 – Summaries Media Summary The Macadamia improvement and conservation program has had major impact on the management of genetic resources for the Australian industry. This project has selected 20 candidate cultivars that are predicted to increase the profitability of the Australian industry by 30%. A discounted cash flow model of macadamia production and processing has been developed and used to identify selections with the suite of characteristics that had the greatest economic impact. Much of this gain will be delivered to the grower, as the major trait influencing selection is yield, although selections are also on average, smaller trees, and have higher kernel recovery, percentage of whole kernels and kernel quality. The field performance and commercial kernel quality were evaluated by a selection committee to identify any candidates that did not meet industry standards. Improved knowledge on the performance of different rootstocks in the nursery and early orchard production has prompted the adoption of ‘Beaumont’ as an alternative to ‘H2’ for propagation of the new selections for RVT testing. To support these decisions improved kernel assessment methods have been developed that allow selection to target kernel traits so that kernel quality can be maintained and improved in future selections. To assist in cultivar identification and protect the industries research investment a new suite of DNA markers have been developed. Further gains are anticipated since monitoring of the 2nd series of crosses that were established across 12 sites over three growing regions to better sample the range of environmental variation for macadamia production has been maintained. The wild germplasm collections at Tairo and Alstonville have been maintained to support the future incorporation of this material into the improvement program to deliver new cultivars with novel characteristics for transformational change to the industry. Technical Summary The Macadamia improvement and conservation program has had major impact on the management of genetic resources for the Australian industry. This project has selected 20 candidate cultivars that are predicted to increase the profitability of the Australian 3 industry by 30%. A discounted cash flow model of macadamia production and processing has been developed and used to identify selections with the suite of characteristics that had the greatest economic impact. The value weights and economic weights derived in this study assume a linear relationship between the change in the trait and the effect on the profitability. Much of this gain will be delivered to the grower. Seven traits measured on the candidate cultivars were used in the selection index, the important determinates of profitability were average rate of yield increase, canopy width at 10 years and total kernel recovery. There was little gain in assessing cultivars for percentage of marketable whole kernels, and average grade of whole and half kernels under the current assumptions and unless there were massive changes to the relationship between these traits and raw kernel price. One of the major challenges for the project has been the development of research tools for selection for kernel quality. It is a basic requirement that traits must be able to be measured for them to be changed. It was found that commercial kernel assessment while able to accurately value kernel did not consistently identify the same defect. This was because kernels with multiple deficiencies are only put in one category in commercial kernel assessment, making it difficult to identify the underlying biological control of quality. Secondly, because kernel assessment is subjective results differed significantly among assessors. In 2004 then again 2006, the use of modified sensory evaluation techniques for visual kernel assessment was evaluated. In its final form this method employed 2 assessors to evaluate on a continuous scale the severity of five attributes of kernel quality (basal discolouration, discoloured rings, shrivelled kernel, discoloured crest and suture lines) for replicate kernel from the same individual. Key to this approach was a strong experimental design that enabled the effects of day, order of presentation and assessor to be controlled so that the genetic performance of individuals could be predicted more accurately. This work indicated that only basal discolouration and shrivelled kernel were under genetic control. The role of rootstocks in macadamia performance has also been investigated in 15 cultivars propagated as seedling rootstocks and 12 of these cultivars were also 4 propagated as cuttings and as clonal rootstocks. The 12 cultivars were budded onto the established clonal and seedling rootstocks in an incomplete design. Analyses have shown there were significant differences among rootstocks for germination, strike of cuttings, growth of rootstock, and budding success, but there was little correlation among cultivars for these traits. Successful plants were used to establish a field trial in 2002-3 across 4 sites to evaluate field
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