CHAPTER 4 Spring Mountain Conservation Landscape

The central feature of this conservation landscape is Spring Mountain, which rises about 350 feet above the surrounding lands. The mountain is almost completely forested and supports an exceptionally high diversity of of birds and including several rare species.

Description Location The Spring Mountain Conservation Landscape is located in the north central part of Montgom- ery County. Containing approximately 3,338 acres, it includes parts of Upper Frederick, Lower Frederick, Upper Salford, Marlborough, and Perkiomen Townships (Figure 4.1). The landscape is anchored on the south- ern end by Spring Mountain. Extending northwest along the Perkiomen Creek from Schwenksville to Perkiomenville, it connects to the Mill Hill/Deep Creek Conservation Landscape. At the south- ern end the landscape connects with the Middle Perkiomen Creek Corridor. The landscape includes 4.85 miles of the Perkiomen Creek and 4.9 miles of the Perkiomen Trail (Figure 4.1). View from the top of Spring Mountain Geology The Spring Mountain Conservation Landscape lies on an arm of the Boyertown diabase sheet that extends south-southeast from Perkiomenville to Schwenksville, making a swing to the west at Spring Mountain (Figure 4.2). As in other diabase landscapes, forest cover remains high due to diffi culty of clearing the rocky land for farming. The rocky slopes of Spring Mountain were identifi ed as “unimproved woodland” on the 1893 Atlas of Montgomery County refl ecting the fact that the land remained forested at that time. Not all of the landscape is underlain by diabase however; red shales of the Brunswick Formation occupy an area along the Perkiomen from above Spring Mountain to the mouth of the Unami Creek. Outcrops are visible on steep slopes along the west side of the trail above the Salford Sta- tion Road bridge. A narrow band of Lockatong Formation argillite to the east helps to create the steep slopes in this area (Figure 4.2).

Forest Cover The landscape is 51 percent forested (1,705 acres of forest), as compared to 20% forest cover for Montgomery County as a whole. When a 50-meter (165 feet) buffer is applied along all forest

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 81 edges, the Spring Mountain landscape is found to con- tain 703 acres that qualify as forest interior habitat (Fig- ure 4.3). The single largest area of forest interior in the landscape is located on Spring Mountain; however, not all parts of this forested expanse are currently protected.

Hydrology The National Wetlands Inventory lists 9.6 acres of wet- lands within the landscape, most of which is within the fl oodplain of the Perkiomen Creek. Critical Features Spring Mountain Woods, the highest priority site from the

1995 Natural Areas Inventory, lies within the landscape Nodding trillium (Figure 4.4). Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program-list- ed plants documented during 2006 fi eld studies include ginseng, nodding trillium, and Wister’s coralroot. Protection Status and Other Designations Spring Mountain is included in the Highlands Region and has been designated as a critical trea- sure by the Highlands Coalition. Publicly owned lands include 234 acres at Spring Mountain owned by Montgomery County. In addition, Schwenksville Borough owns approximately 31 acres of the former Spring Moun- tain House Resort; an additional 6.5 acres is owned by Perkiomen Township. The County also owns the 17.6-acre former Camp Rainbow property along the Perkiomen Creek above Spring Mountain. Upper Salford Township owns several parcels along the Perkiomen totaling 62.4 acres. Lower Frederick Township’s Foy Park occupies 6.17 acres along the creek at the Spring Mount Road bridge.

Core Area Spring Mountain Reaching a height of just over 480 feet above mean sea level, Spring Mountain is a prominent feature along the Central Perkiomen Valley. It lies along the east side of the Perkiomen Creek opposite the mouth of Swamp Creek. The north side contains a ski area, which is leased to a private operator. The Perkiomen Trail traverses the lower slope on the west side of the mountain. Bounded by Perkiomen Creek, Spring Mount Road, and Schwenksville Road, Spring Mountain covers 401 acres of which 335 are forested. Spring Mountain Woods was identifi ed as the highest priority site in the 1995 Montgomery County Natural Areas Inventory. Spring Moun- tain Meadows, which consists of two successional seepage areas on the lower south slope, were listed as locally signifi cant. A total of 243 acres is currently in public ownership. Past Uses – Spring Mountain, with the Perkiomen Creek curving around its western edge, has

82 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 83 84 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 85 86 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 87 long been a recreation area drawing people from near and far. Spring Mountain House, a resort hotel, occupied a site on the south slope from 1883 until the late 1940s. Operated later as a retirement home, the building was torn down in 1990 following vandalism. Foundations, ac- cess drives, and many non-native plants are reminders of this earlier use. A spring midway up the slope behind the old hotel site may be the feature for which the mountain was named. The Perkiomen Inn, located on the west slope, included a golf course. It ceased operation after a fi re in 1951; for a time the property was operated as a YMCA camp. Woodside Inn, located on the east slope, continues in operation as a restaurant. In addition to the hotels, a railroad station and adjacent amusement park were located at the west end of the mountain near the village of Spring Mount. The amusement park, including an observatory on the west end of the mountain, ceased operation in 1901. The geology of Spring Mountain supported quarrying for paving stones known as Belgian blocks that were shipped by rail to Philadelphia. In fact, an earlier name was Stone Hill. Although quarrying ceased about 1920, split rocks and drill holes visible in the woods provide enduring evidence of surface quarrying of the large diabase boulders. Diversity – Many local amateur and professional bota- nists have scrutinized the fl ora of Spring Mountain over the years including Ann Newbold, Val Udell, Jack Holt, Janet Ebert, Peter Small, Marcia Clouser, and the authors of this report. The result is a checklist of 534 species of which 137 (26%) are non-native (Ap- pendix 4.A). This represents exceptionally high diversity for an area of only 400 acres. Three species classifi ed by the Pennsylva- nia Natural Diversity Inventory are known to be present: Wistar’s coralroot, nodding trillium, and ginseng. Plant Communities – Data were collected from three 100-meter transects in order to quantify the species composition of the forest (Appendix 4.B). Upper slope forests were dominated by tuliptree and chestnut oak, with shagbark hickory, pignut hickory, white oak, white ash, black oak, sugar maple, bitternut hickory, and red maple in decreasing order of importance. The most abundant spe- cies in the understory were Norway maple, sugar maple, and white ash. The only canopy species detected in the seedling layer was white ash. The prominence of tuliptree refl ects the successional Wistar’s coralroot nature of this forest. The abundance of Norway maple and sugar maple in the understory is an indication of future changes in composition of the canopy unless steps are taken to control the invasive species and reduce deer density. Mid-slope forests on the north side of the mountain were dominated by red oak, chestnut oak, and tuliptree. Associated species included sugar maple, American basswood, white ash, and bitternut hickory. However, oak was missing from the understory and seedling layers where the dominant species were white ash, red maple, and sugar maple. The lower slope forest on the northeast side was dominated by sugar maple, tuliptree, and black oak. Associated species included bitternut hickory, white ash, white oak, beech, chestnut oak, bass- wood, and red maple. Sugar maple and white ash dominated the understory and seedling layers.

88 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 All three areas sampled fall into the sugar maple – basswood forest type; the composition of the herbaceous layer was an important factor in this determination. Overall trends were consis- tent throughout; sugar maple is increasing in importance and oaks are declining. Although this may be partly due to the greater shade tolerance of sugar maple, over browsing by deer is also indicated. Shrub and ground layer plants have been browsed repeatedly leaving stunted stems and stubby branches. In addition, many sapling trees have been killed or seriously damaged by bucks rubbing the velvet from their antlers. Oaks, which are particularly vulnerable to deer dam- age, were missing from the lower levels of the forest. Reptiles and Amphibians – Eleven species of reptiles and amphibians were documented on Spring Mountain during 2006-07 (Table 4.1). The list includes redbelly turtle, a PNHP-listed species, which was observed in the Perkiomen Creek at the base of Spring Mountain.

Table 4.1 — Reptiles and Amphibians of Spring Mountain (from surveys by Marlin Corn)

Salamanders Northern redback salamander Northern red salamander Northern two-lined salamander Frogs and Toads Green frog American toad Turltes Eastern box turtle Redbelly turtle Snakes Eastern garter snake Northern water snake Northern black racer Northern ringneck snake

Birds – A bird list compiled between May 1988 and June 2007 by Marcia Clouser, resident of Spring Mountain, includes 163 Species of which 82 were determined to be breeding locally (Appendix 4.C). Seven forest interior species were recorded: Acadian Flycatcher, Red-eyed Vireo, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, American Redstart, Black-and-white Warbler, Ovenbird, and Scarlet Tanager. Black Vultures were listed as nesting among rocks at the top of the mountain. Butterfl ies – A survey of the butterfl ies of Spring Mountain lists 51 species including 4 considered rare or uncommon in the Philadelphia region (Appendix 4.D).

Deer Status – Like most areas of Montgomery County, Spring Black and White Warbler, photo by Mountain is being overbrowsed by deer. Data from transects Howard Eskin

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 89 indicates that oaks are missing from the sapling and seedling layers and that sugar maple, which is less preferred by deer, is increasing. In addition, we observed that lower slopes on the west side along the bicycle trail lack sapling, shrub, or herb layers due to heavy browsing by deer. Similarly upper slopes on the south side have very thin or non-existent shrub and herb layers. The wet meadow/seepage areas on south side in the area below the former hotel that are referred to as “Spring Mountain Meadows” are also heavily browsed. Ironically, without the infl uence of deer these areas would probably be a dense successional thicket. This should not be interpreted as a reason not to reduce deer density. The signifi cance of Spring Mountain Meadows as habitat for butterfl ies or other fl ora or fauna should be evaluated and a management plan prepared. If open habitat is required, mowing or burning can be used to retard succession. Invasive Plants – Past uses of Spring Mountain created opportunities for the establishment of non-native, invasive plants. The site of the former hotel is choked with invasives including trum- pet creeper, Japanese honeysuckle, multifl ora rose, tree-of-heaven, autumn olive, and forsythia. Norway maple, winged euonymus, and Japanese barberry are abundant along the ridge top. Floodplain areas along Perkiomen Creek contain abundant Morrow’s honeysuckle, multifl ora rose, obtuse-leaved privet, Japanese barberry, orange daylily, garlic mustard, star-of-Bethlehem, Japanese honeysuckle, lesser celandine, and Japanese stiltgrass.

Other Protected Open Space Other publicly owned open space in the Spring Mountain Landscape includes several tracts lying along the Perkiomen Creek between Spring Mount and the mouth of Unami Creek (Figure 4.5). Lower Frederick Township’s 6.17-acre Foy Park is located along the Perkiomen Creek at the Spring Mount Road bridge; it includes the section of the Perkiomen Trail that is located on the west side of the creek. On the east side just above the former railroad bridge that carries the trail across the creek, the former Camp Rainbow property, now owned by Montgomery County, oc- cupies 17.56 acres between the trail and the creek. Upper Salford Township owns nearly 40 acres on the east side of the Perkiomen Creek that in- cludes approximately 5,000 feet of creek frontage along Salford Station Road. Most of the land is fl oodplain, and is al- most an island due to a back channel/old millrace that parallels the road. The lower one-third of this fl oodplain area is mowed regularly except for a narrow band of forest on the creek bank. However, the upstream end contains mature fl oodplain forest dominated by river birch, sycamore, basswood, elm, black walnut, bitternut hickory, and a half dozen or more immense hackberry Scoured island in the Perkiomen Creek

90 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 trees up to 80 feet tall and 30 inches in diameter at breast height (dbh). A dense layer of spice- bush is also present. As is true of fl oodplains throughout Montgomery County, the ground layer is dominated by non-native species including lesser celandine, dame’s-rocket, ground ivy, and Japanese stiltgrass. The water-fi lled back channels provide habitat for birds, including Great Blue Heron, and are also important breeding habitat for amphibians. The 70-acre Godshall property where the Phila- delphia Folk Festival is held is adjacent to township lands in this area.

Additional Sites Requiring Protection A steep forested slope along the west side of Perkiomen Creek provides a very scenic backdrop for the Upper Salford Township open space. This land, which features numerous rock outcrops, is an important buffer along the creek corridor; it is currently in private ownership. Upstream most of the land adjacent to the creek is also privately owned with the exception of a 22.4-acre tract at the northwestern corner of Upper Salford Township.

Recommendations Connectivity and Land Protection Priorities • Spring Mountain occupies an area of just over 400 acres, of which 158 acres of mostly wooded land remain in private ownership. All unprotected parcels within the area bounded by the Perkiomen Creek, Spring Mountain Road, and Schwenksville Road should be a high priority for protection. • Fields on both sides of Hefl in Road on the eastern slope of Spring Mountain, which are used by grassland birds including Northern Harrier, Kestrel, and American Tree Sparrow, should be targeted for protection. • Unprotected areas along Perkiomen Creek should be targeted for protection in order to secure a continuous riparian corridor on both sides of the creek. Specifi c parcels include: – Floodplain areas lying between the trail corridor and the creek in the vicinity of Hen- dricks – Floodplain areas lying between the mouth of Swamp Creek and Foy Park

Land Management Priorities • Spring Mountain should be designated as a biodiversity preserve because of the exceptionally high diversity of both plants and birds known to be present. – Reduction in deer density is desperately needed to protect the high diversity of plant spe- cies recorded at Spring Mountain and to allow forest regeneration to proceed normally. Reduction of the deer population, does in particular, through any of the available options, is critical to the health of this landscape. – Bicycle and equestrian access to the mountain should be limited to the Perkiomen Trail.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 91 Footpaths that go up the mountain are too narrow and erodible to withstand use by bi- cycles or horses. – Invasive species control efforts should focus on girdling Norway maples on the ridge top in the Spring Mountain Woods area and removing winged euonymus in the same area. Norway maple should also be targeted for control in other areas such as the lower slope along the Perkiomen Creek. Tree-of-heaven should also be targeted for control. – Activities at the ski slope should be monitored to minimize intrusions into the adjacent forest. – A management plan should be developed for Spring Mountain Meadows. • Reforestation should be initiated on fl oodplain areas owned by Upper Salford Township that are currently being mowed regularly. This would be an excellent site for establishment of a forested riparian buffer through a program such as TreeVitalize (www.treevitalize.net).

Bibliography Anonymous. 2004. Shaping Our Future: Open Space, Natural Features, and Cultural Resources Plan. Montgomery County Planning Commission. Norristown, PA. Ciccarine, Jerry A. 2005. Along the Perkiomen. Arcadia Publishing, Charlestown, SC. Crossley, Gary J. 1999. A Guide to Critical Bird Habitat in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Audubon Society, Harrisburg, PA. Fike, Jean. 1999. Terrestrial and Palustrine Forest Communities of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg, PA. Glassberg, Jeffrey 1993. Butterfl ies through Binoculars. A Field Guide to Butterfl ies in the Boston-New York-Washington Region. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Glassburg, Jeffrey. 1999. Butterfl ies Through Binoculars: The East. A Field Guide to the Butterfl ies of Eastern . Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Historical Society of Montgomery County. 1998. Combined Atlases of Montgomery County,Pennsylvania 1871, 1877, 1893. Windmill Publications, Inc., Mt. Vernon, IN. Toll, Jean Barth and Michael J. Schwager. 1983. Montgomery County, The Second Hundred Years. 2 vols. Montgomery County Federation of Historical Societies, Norristown, PA.

92 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 APPENDIX 4.A Plants of Spring Mountain (Compiled from surveys over many years by Marcia Clouser, Timothy Block , Janet Ebert, Jack Holt, Ann Newbold, Ann Rhoads, Peter Small, and Val Udell)

Common Name Scientifi c Name Family N/I Status Ferns and Other Sspore-Bearing Plants Appalachian polypody Polypodium appalachianum Polypodiaceae N N Blunt-lobed woodsia Woodsia obtusa Polypodiaceae N N Broad beech fern Phegopteris hexagonoptera Polypodiaceae N N Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides Polypodiaceae N N Common oak fern Gymnocarpium dryopteris Polypodiaceae N N Ebony spleenwort Asplenium platyneuron Polypodiaceae N N Evergreen wood-fern Dryopteris intermedia Polypodiaceae N N Field horsetail Equisetum arvense Equisetaceae N N Fragile fern Cystopteris fragilis Polypodiaceae N N Hairy lip fern Cheilanthes lanosa Polypodiaceae N N Hay-scented fern Dennstaedtia punctilobula Polypodiaceae N N Lady fern Athyrium fi lix-femina var. angustum Polypodiaceae N N Long beech fern Phegopteris connectilis Polypodiaceae N N Maidenhair spleenwort Asplenium trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens Polypodiaceae N N Marginal wood fern Dryopteris marginalis Polypodiaceae N N Northern bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum Polypodiaceae N N Northern maidenhair Adiantum pedatum Polypodiaceae N N Protruding bladder fern Cystopteris protrusa Polypodiaceae N N Purple cliffbrake Pellaea atropurpurea Polypodiaceae N N Rattlesnake fern Botrychium virginianum Ophioglossaceae N N Sensitive fern Onoclea sensibilis Polypodiaceae N N Shining fi rmoss Huperzia lucidula Lycopodiaceae N N Walking fern Asplenium rhizophyllum Polypodiaceae N N Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes Annual bluegrass Poa annua I N Autumn bent Agrostis perennans Poaceae N N Bottlebrush-grass Elymus hystrix Poaceae N N Brachyelytrum Brachyelytrum erectum Poaceae N N Broad- sedge Carex platyphylla Cyperaceae N N Broomsedge Carex scoparia Cyperaceae N N Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus Poaceae N N Bulrush Scirpus georgianus Cyperaceae N N Canada bluegrass Poa compressa Poaceae I N Canada brome Bromus pubescens Poaceae N N Carolina lovegrass Eragrostis pectinacea Poaceae N N Club-rush Trichophorum planifolium Cyperaceae N N Common reed Phragmites australis ssp. australis Poaceae I N Deer-tongue grass Dichanthelium clandestinum Poaceae N N Downy chess Bromus tectorum Poaceae I N Dropseed schreberi Poaceae N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 315 Fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus Poaceae I N Field woodrush Luzula multifl ora Juncaceae N N Fowl mannagrass Glyceria striata Poaceae N N Giant foxtail Setaria faberi Poaceae I N Green foxtail Setaria viridis var. viridis Poaceae I N Indian-grass Sorghastrum nutans Poaceae N N Japanese stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum Poaceae I N Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis Poaceae I N Little bluestem Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium Poaceae N N Nodding fescue Festuca obtusa Poaceae N N Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata Poaceae I N Panic grass Panicum philadelphicum Poaceae N N Panic grass Dichanthelium acuminatum Poaceae N N Panic grass Dichanthelium boscii Poaceae N N Panic grass Dichanthelium dichotomum Poaceae N N Path rush Juncus tenuis var. tenuis Juncaceae N N Purple lovegrass Eragrostis spectabilis Poaceae N N Purpletop Tridens fl avus Poaceae N N Quackgrass Elymus repens Poaceae I N Red fescue Festuca rubra Poaceae I N Redtop Agrostis gigantea Poaceae I N Rough bluegrass Poa trivialis Poaceae I N Sedge Carex amphibola Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex annectens Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex blanda Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex bushii Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex cephalophora Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex communis Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex conjuncta Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex davisii Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex digitalis Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex festucacea Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex gracillima Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex granularis var. granularis Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex grisea Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex hirsutella Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex hirtifolia Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex hitchcockiana Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex intumescens Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex laxiculmis var. laxiculmis Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex laxifl ora Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex lurida Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex normalis Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex pensylvanica Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex radiata Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex rosea Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex sparganioides Cyperaceae N N

316 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Sedge Carex squarrosa Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex stipata var. stipata Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex trichocarpa Cyperaceae N N Sedge Carex virescens Cyperaceae N N Smooth crabgrass Digitaria ischaemum Poaceae I N Soft chess Bromus racemosus Poaceae I N Soft rush Juncus effusus var. pylaei Juncaceae N N Spike-rush Eleocharis tenuis var. tenuis Cyperaceae N N Sweet vernalgrass Anthoxanthum odoratum Poaceae I N Tall oatgrass Arrhenatherum elatius var. elatius Poaceae I N Timothy Phleum pratense Poaceae I N Velvetgrass Holcus lanatus Poaceae I N Wood bluegrass Poa nemoralis Poaceae I N Wool-grass Scirpus cyperinus Cyperaceae N N Yellow foxtail Setaria pumila Poaceae I N Yellow nutsedge Cyperus esculentus Cyperaceae N N Wildfl owers and Other Herbaceous Plants Allegheny monkey-fl ower Mimulus ringens Phrymaceae N N Allegheny- Adlumia fungosa Papaveraceae N N Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum Fabaceae I N Alum-root Heuchera americana Saxifragaceae N N American dog violet Viola labradorica Violaceae N N Anise root Osmorhiza longistylis Apiaceae N N Asiatic dayfl ower Commelina communis var. communis Commelinaceae I N Bedstraw Galium aparine Rubiaceae N N Beggar’s-lice Hackelia virginiana Boraginaceae N N Beggar ticks Bidens frondosa Asteraceae N N Bellwort Uvularia perfoliata Colchicaceae N N Bellwort Uvularia sessilifolia Colchicaceae N N Bigleaf aster Eurybia macrophylla Asteraceae N N Bird’s-eye Sagina procumbens Caryophyllaceae N N Bird’s-foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus Fabaceae I N Bishop’s-cap Mitella diphylla Saxifragaceae N N Bitter dock Rumex obtusifolius Polygonaceae I N Bittercress Cardamine impatiens Brassicaceae I N Black bindweed Fallopia convolvulus Polygonaceae I N Black medic Medicago lupulina Fabaceae I N Black nightshade Solanum nigrum Solanaceae I N Black snakeroot Sanicula marilandica Apiaceae N N Black bugbane Actaea racemosa Ranunculaceae N N Black-eyed-susan Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta Asteraceae N N Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis Papaveraceae N N Blue chicory Cichorium intybus Asteraceae I N Blue cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides Berberidaceae N N Blue lettuce Lactuca biennis Asteraceae N N Blue marsh violet Viola cucullata Violaceae N N Blue vervain Verbena hastata Verbenaceae N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 317 Blue waxweed Cuphea viscosissima Lythraceae N N Blue wood aster Symphyotrichum cordifolium Asteraceae N N Blue-eyed-grass Sisyrinchium angustifolium Iridaceae N N Blue-eyed-grass Sisyrinchium mucronatum Iridaceae N N Bluestem goldenrod Solidago caesia Asteraceae N N Bluets Houstonia caerulea Rubiaceae N N Bog chickweed Stellaria alsine Caryophyllaceae I N Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum Asteraceae N N Bowman’s-root Gillenia trifoliatus Rosaceae N N Brook-pimpernel Veronica anagallis-aquatica Plantaginaceae I N Broom-rape Orobanche unifl ora Orobanchaceae N N Bulbous buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus Ranunculaceae I N Bull-thistle Cirsium vulgare Asteraceae I N Bunchfl ower Veratrum latifolium Melanthiaceae N N Bur cucumber Sicyos angulatus Cucurbitaceae N N Bush-clover Lespedeza cuneata Fabaceae I N Butter-and-eggs Linaria vulgaris Plantaginaceae I N Calico aster Symphyotrichum laterifl orum Asteraceae N N Canada goldenrod Solidago canadensis var. canadensis Asteraceae N N Canada lily Lilium canadense ssp. canadense Liliaceae N N Canada thistle Cirsium arvense Asteraceae I N Carpet bugleweed Ajuga reptans Lamiaceae I N Carrion-fl ower Smilax herbacea Smilacaceae N N Carrion-fl ower Smilax pulverulenta Smilacaceae N N Cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis Rosaceae N N Clammy ground-cherry Physalis heterophylla Solanaceae N N Clasping heart-leaved aster Symphyotrichum undulatum Asteraceae N N Clearweed Pilea pumila Urticaceae N N Climbing false-buckwheat Fallopia scandens Polygonaceae N N Coltsfoot Tussilago farfara Asteraceae I N Common blue violet Viola sororia Violaceae N N Common burdock Arctium minus Asteraceae I N Common cat-tail Typha latifolia Typhaceae N N Common cocklebur Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae N N Common dandelion Taraxacum offi cinale Asteraceae I N Common dittany Cunila origanoides Lamiaceae N N Common dodder gronovii var. gronovii Convolvulaceae N N Common milkweed syriaca Apocynaceae N N Common mouse-ear chick- Cerastium fontanum ssp. triviale Caryophyllaceae I N weed Common mugwort Artemisia vulgaris Asteraceae I N Common mullein Verbascum thapsus Scrophulariaceae I N Common periwinkle Vinca minor Apocynaceae I N Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia Asteraceae N N Common sow-thistle Sonchus oleraceus Asteraceae I N Common speedwell Veronica offi cinalis Plantaginaceae N N Common vetch Vicia sativa ssp. sativa Fabaceae I N Common yarrow Achillea millefolium Asteraceae I N

318 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Common yellow wood-sorrel Oxalis stricta Oxalidaceae N N Corn speedwell Veronica arvensis Plantaginaceae I N Creeping bush-clover Lespedeza repens Fabaceae N N Crown-vetch Coronilla varia Fabaceae I N Culver’s-root Veronicastrum virginicum Plantaginaceae N N Curly dock Rumex crispus Polygonaceae I N Cutleaf conefl ower Rudbeckia laciniata var. laciniata Asteraceae N N Cypress spurge Euphorbia cyparissias Euphorbiaceae I N Daisy fl eabane Erigeron annuus Asteraceae N N Daisy fl eabane Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus Asteraceae N N Daisy fl eabane Erigeron philadelphicus Asteraceae N N Dame’s-rocket Hesperis matronalis Brassicaceae I N Deptford pink Dianthus armeria Caryophyllaceae I N Devil’s-bit Chamaelirium luteum Melanthiaceae N N Ditch stonecrop Penthorum sedoides Penthoraceae N N Doll’s-eyes Actaea pachypoda Ranunculaceae N N Downy agrimony Agrimonia pubescens Rosaceae N N Downy rattlesnake-plantain Goodyera pubescens Orchidaceae N N Downy yellow violet Viola pubescens var. pubescens Violaceae N N Downy yellow violet Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula Violaceae N N Duckweed Lemna minor Araceae N N Dutchman’s-breeches Dicentra cucullaria Papaveraceae N N Dwarf dandelion Krigia bifl ora Asteraceae N N Early blue violet Viola palmata Violaceae N N Early goldenrod Solidago juncea Asteraceae N N Early meadow-rue Thalictrum dioicum Ranunculaceae N N Early saxifrage Saxifraga virginiensis Saxifragaceae N N Early wintercress verna Brassicaceae I N Eastern fi gwort Scrophularia marilandica Scrophulariaceae N N Elm-leaved goldenrod Solidago ulmifolia var. ulmifolia Asteraceae N N Enchanter’s nightshade Circaea canadensis ssp. canadensis Onagraceae N N English plantain Plantago lanceolata Plantaginaceae I N Evening-primrose Oenothera biennis Onagraceae N N Eyebane Euphorbia nutans Euphorbiaceae N N False loosestrife Ludwigia alternifolia Onagraceae N N False nettle Boehmeria cylindrica var. cylindrica Urticaceae N N False Solomon’s-seal Maianthemum racemosum Ruscaceae N N False-mermaid Floerkea proserpinacoides Limnanthaceae N N Field garlic Allium vineale Alliaceae I N Field mustard Brassica rapa Brassicaceae I N Field thistle Cirsium discolor Asteraceae N N Fieldcress Lepidium campestre Brassicaceae I N Fireweed Erechtites hieraciifolius Asteraceae N N Fool’s parsley Aethusa cynapium Apiaceae I N Forest goldenrod Solidago arguta var. arguta Asteraceae N N Forked chickweed Paronychia canadensis Caryophyllaceae N N Fragrant cudweed Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium Asteraceae N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 319 Fringed loosestrife Lysimachia ciliata Myrsinaceae N N Garden orpine Sedum x alboroseum Crassulaceae I N Garden orpine Sedum telephium Crassulaceae I N Garlic-mustard Alliaria petiolata Brassicaceae I N Gaura Gaura biennis Onagraceae N N Giant ragweed Ambrosia trifi da Asteraceae N N Gill-over-the-ground Glechoma hederacea Lamiaceae I N Ginseng Panax quinquefolius Araliaceae N PV Golden ragwort Packera aurea Asteraceae N N Golden-alexander Zizia aurea Apiaceae N N Grass-leaved goldenrod Euthamia graminifolia Asteraceae N N Gray goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Asteraceae N N Great blue lobelia Lobelia siphilitica Campanulaceae N N Great chickweed Stellaria pubera Caryophyllaceae N N Greater celandine Chelidonium majus Papaveraceae I N Green-dragon Arisaema dracontium Araceae N N Hairy bittercress Cardamine hirsuta Brassicaceae I N Hawkweed Hieracium fl agellare Asteraceae I N Heal-all vulgaris ssp. vulgaris Lamiaceae I N Heath aster Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum Asteraceae N N Hedge bindweed Calystegia sepium Convolvulaceae N N Hoary tick-trefoil Desmodium canescens Fabaceae N N Hog-peanut Amphicarpaea bracteata Fabaceae N N Honewort Cryptotaenia canadensis Apiaceae N N Hooked crowfoot Ranunculus recurvatus Ranunculaceae N N Horse-balm Collinsonia canadensis Lamiaceae N N Horseweed Conyza canadensis var. canadensis Asteraceae N N Indian strawberry Duchesnea indica Rosaceae I N Indian-hemp cannabinum Apocynaceae N N Indian-pipe Monotropa unifl ora N N Indian-tobacco Lobelia infl ata Campanulaceae N N Ivy-leaved morning-glory Ipomoea hederacea Convolvulaceae I N Jack-in-the-pulpit Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum Araceae N N Japanese clover Kummerowia striata Fabaceae I N Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica Polygonaceae I N Japanese pachysandra Pachysandra terminalis Buxaceae I N Jewelweed Impatiens capensis Balsaminaceae N N Joe-pye-weed fi stulosum Asteraceae N N Joe-pye-weed Eutrochium purpureum Asteraceae N N Jumpseed Persicaria virginiana Polygonaceae N N King-devil Hieracium caespitosum Asteraceae I N Knotweed Polygonum aviculare Polygonaceae I N Korean-lespedeza Kummerowia stipulacea Fabaceae I N Lady’s-thumb Persicaria maculosa Polygonaceae I N Lance-leaved loosestrife Lysimachia hybrida Myrsinaceae N N Large yellow hop-clover Trifolium aureum Fabaceae I N LeConte’s violet Viola affi nis Violaceae N N

320 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Lesser celandine Ranunculus fi caria Ranunculaceae I N Lily-leaved twayblade Liparis liliifolia Orchidaceae N N Lily-of-the-valley Convallaria majalis Ruscaceae I N Little hop-clover Trifolium dubium Fabaceae I N Liverleaf Anemone americana Ranunculaceae N N Longstalk tickseed Coreopsis lanceolata Asteraceae I N Lopseed Phryma leptostachya Phrymaceae N N Low hop-clover Trifolium campestre Fabaceae I N Low smartweed Persicaria longiseta Polygonaceae I N Man-of-the-earth Ipomoea pandurata Convolvulaceae N N Mayapple Podophyllum peltatum Berberidaceae N N Meadow-parsnip Thaspium barbinode Apiaceae N N Meadow-parsnip Thaspium trifoliatum var. trifoliatum Apiaceae N N Moth mullein Verbascum blattaria Scrophulariaceae I N Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Lamiaceae N N Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum virginianum Lamiaceae N N Mouse-ear chickweed Cerastium glomeratum Caryophyllaceae I N Naked-fl owered tick-trefoil Desmodium nudifl orum Fabaceae N N New England aster Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Asteraceae N N New York ironweed Vernonia noveboracensis Asteraceae N N Night-fl owering catchfl y Silene noctifl ora Caryophyllaceae I N Nodding trillium Trillium cernuum var. cernuum Melanthiaceae N TU Northeastern beard-tongue Penstemon hirsutus Plantaginaceae N N Old-fi eld cinquefoil Potentilla simplex Rosaceae N N Hemerocallida- Orange day-lily Hemerocallis fulva IN ceae Orpine Sedum sarmentosum Crassulaceae I N Overlooked pussytoe Antennaria neglecta Asteraceae N N Ox-eye Heliopsis helianthoides Asteraceae N N Ox-eye daisy Leucanthemum vulgare Asteraceae I N Pale jewelweed Impatiens pallida Balsaminaceae N N Panicled aster Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum Asteraceae N N Partridge- Mitchella repens Rubiaceae N N Pasture thistle Cirsium pumilum Asteraceae N N Pennywort Obolaria virginica Gentianaceae N N Perennial sweetpea Lathyrus latifolius Fabaceae I N Pineapple-weed Matricaria discoidea Asteraceae I N Pipsissewa Chimaphila maculata Ericaceae N N Plantain-leaved pussytoe Antennaria plantaginifolia Asteraceae N N Pokeweed Phytolacca americana Phytolaccaceae N N Poor-man’s-pepper Lepidium virginicum Brassicaceae N N Prickly cucumber Echinocystis lobata Cucurbitaceae N N Prickly lettuce Lactuca serriola Asteraceae I N Purple clematis Clematis occidentalis Ranunculaceae N N Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae I N Purple trillium Trillium erectum var. erectum Melanthiaceae N N Purple-leaved -herb Epilobium coloratum Onagraceae N N Purple-stemmed aster Symphyotrichum puniceum Asteraceae N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 321 Queen Anne’s lace Daucus carota Apiaceae I N Quickweed Galinsoga quadriradiata Asteraceae I N Rabbit’s-foot clover Trifolium arvense Fabaceae I N Ramp Allium tricoccum Alliaceae N N Rattlesnake-root Prenanthes altissima Asteraceae N N Rattlesnake-weed Hieracium venosum Asteraceae N N Red baneberry Actaea rubra Ranunculaceae N N Red clover Trifolium pratense Fabaceae I N Robin’s-plantain Erigeron pulchellus Asteraceae N N Rock harlequin Corydalis sempervirens Papaveraceae N N Rough bedstraw Galium asprellum Rubiaceae N N Rough sunfl ower Helianthus divaricatus Asteraceae N N Rough-leaved sunfl ower Helianthus strumosus Asteraceae N N Round-leaved violet Viola rotundifolia Violaceae N N Rue anemone Thalictrum thalictroides Ranunculaceae N N Rugel’s plantain Plantago rugelii Plantaginaceae N N Scarlet pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Myrsinaceae I N Schreber’s aster Eurybia schreberi Asteraceae N N Shinleaf Pyrola elliptica Ericaceae N N Sicklepod Arabis canadensis Brassicaceae N N Skullcap Scutellaria nervosa Lamiaceae N N Skunk-cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus Araceae N N Slender vetch Vicia tetrasperma Fabaceae I N Small-fl owered crowfoot Ranunculus abortivus Ranunculaceae N N Smartweed Persicaria hydropiper Polygonaceae I N Smartweed Persicaria pensylvanica Polygonaceae N N Smooth blue aster Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve Asteraceae N N Smooth goldenrod Solidago gigantea var. gigantea Asteraceae N N Smooth rockcress Arabis laevigata var. laevigata Brassicaceae N N Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum bifl orum var. bifl orum Ruscaceae N N Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum pubescens Ruscaceae N N Southern agrimony Agrimonia parvifl ora Rosaceae N N Southern wood violet Viola hirsutula Violaceae N N Spiderwort Tradescantia virginiana Commelinaceae N N Spikenard Aralia racemosa Araliaceae N N Spotted spurge Euphorbia maculata Euphorbiaceae N N Spotted St. John’s-wort Hypericum punctatum Hypericaceae N N Spring-beauty Claytonia virginica Portulacaceae N N Squaw-root Conopholis americana Orobanchaceae N N St. John’s-wort Hypericum perforatum Hypericaceae I N Star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogalum umbellatum Hyacinthaceae I N Starry campion Silene stellata Caryophyllaceae N N Sticky tick-clover Desmodium glutinosum Fabaceae N N Striped violet Viola striata Violaceae N N Sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta Rosaceae I N Summer phlox Phlox paniculata Polemoniaceae N N Sundrops Oenothera fruticosa ssp. fruticosa Onagraceae N N

322 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Onagraceae N TU Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata ssp. incarnata Apocynaceae N N Sweet white violet Viola blanda Violaceae N N Sweet wormwood Artemisia annua Asteraceae I N Sweet-cicely Osmorhiza claytonii Apiaceae N N Sweet-scented bedstraw Galium trifl orum Rubiaceae N N Tall anemone Anemone virginiana Ranunculaceae N N Tall meadow-rue Thalictrum pubescens Ranunculaceae N N Tall white beard-tongue Penstemon digitalis Plantaginaceae N N Tartarian aster Aster tataricus Asteraceae I N Tearthumb Persicaria sagittata Polygonaceae N N Thin-leaved sunfl ower Helianthus decapetalus Asteraceae N N Three-seeded mercury Acalypha rhomboidea Euphorbiaceae N N Three-seeded mercury Acalypha virginica Euphorbiaceae N N Tick-trefoil Desmodium paniculatum Fabaceae N N Toothwort Cardamine concatenata Brassicaceae N N Trailing bush-clover Lespedeza procumbens Fabaceae N N Turtlehead Chelone glabra Plantaginaceae N N Venus’s looking-glass Triodanis perfoliata var. perfoliata Campanulaceae N N Violet wood-sorrel Oxalis violacea Oxalidaceae N N Virginia bluebell Mertensia virginica Boraginaceae N N Virginia waterleaf Hydrophyllum virginianum Boraginaceae N N Virgin’s-bower Clematis virginiana Ranunculaceae N N White avens Geum canadense Rosaceae N N White campion Silene latifolia Caryophyllaceae I N White clover Trifolium repens Fabaceae I N White sweet-clover Melilotus alba Fabaceae I N White vervain Verbena urticifolia var. urticifolia Verbenaceae N N White wood aster Eurybia divaricata Asteraceae N N White-snakeroot Ageratina altissima var. altissima Asteraceae N N Wild blue phlox Phlox divaricata ssp. divaricata Polemoniaceae N N Wild columbine Aquilegia canadensis Ranunculaceae N N Wild comfrey Cynoglossum virginianum Boraginaceae N N Wild germander Teucrium canadense var. virginicum Lamiaceae N N Wild indigo Baptisia tinctoria Fabaceae N N Wild lettuce Lactuca canadensis Asteraceae N N Wild licorice Galium circaezans var. circaezans Rubiaceae N N Wild licorice Galium lanceolatum Rubiaceae N N Wild onion Allium canadense Alliaceae N N Wild sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis Araliaceae N N Wild sensitive-plant Chamaecrista nictitans Fabaceae N N Wild stonecrop Sedum ternatum Crassulaceae N N Wild strawberry Fragaria virginiana Rosaceae N N Wild yam Dioscorea villosa Dioscoreaceae N N Wild-ginger Asarum canadense Aristolochiaceae N N Wister’s coralroot Corallorhiza wisteriana Orchidaceae N TU Wood anemone Anemone quinquefolia Ranunculaceae N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 323 Wood geranium Geranium maculatum Geraniaceae N N Wrinkle-leaf goldenrod Solidago rugosa ssp. rugosa var. rugosa Asteraceae N N Yellow fumewort Corydalis fl avula Papaveraceae N N Yellow star-grass Hypoxis hirsuta Hypoxidaceae N N Yellow sweet-clover Melilotus offi cinalis Fabaceae I N Yellow trout-lily Erythronium americanum Liliaceae N N Yellow-fl owered sanicle Sanicula odorata Apiaceae N N Zigzag goldenrod Solidago fl exicaulis Asteraceae N N Trees, Shrubs and Woody Alternate-leaved dogwood Cornus alternifolia Cornaceae N N American beech Fagus grandifolia Fagaceae N N American chestnut Castanea dentata Fagaceae N N American elder Sambucus canadensis Adoxaceae N N American elm Ulmus americana Ulmaceae N N American fi lbert Corylus americana Betulaceae N N American wisteria Wisteria frutescens Fabaceae N N Amur honeysuckle Lonicera maackii Caprifoliaceae I N Apple Malus pumila Rosaceae I N Arbor-vitae Thuja occidentalis Cupressaceae I N Autumn-olive Elaeagnus umbellata Elaeagnaceae I N Basswood Tilia americana var. americana Malvaceae N N Beaked hazelnut Corylus cornuta Betulaceae N N Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata Salicaceae N N Bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis Juglandaceae N N Black birch Betula lenta Betulaceae N N Black huckleberry Ericaceae N N Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia Fabaceae N N Black oak Quercus velutina Fagaceae N N Black walnut Juglans nigra Juglandaceae N N Black willow Salix nigra Salicaceae N N Black-cap Rubus occidentalis Rosaceae N N Black-haw Viburnum prunifolium Adoxaceae N N Bladdernut Staphylea trifolia Staphyleaceae N N Box-elder Acer negundo Sapindaceae N N Bristly greenbrier Smilax hispida Smilacaceae N N Burning-bush Euonymus atropurpureus Celastraceae N N Bush-honeysuckle Diervilla lonicera Caprifoliaceae N N Butternut Juglans cinerea Juglandaceae N N Canada hemlock Tsuga canadensis Pinaceae N N Catalpa Catalpa bignonioides Bignoniaceae I N Chestnut oak Quercus montana Fagaceae N N Choke cherry Prunus virginiana Rosaceae N N Common blackberry Rubus allegheniensis Rosaceae N N Common privet Ligustrum vulgare Oleaceae I N Deerberry stamineum Ericaceae N N Eastern red-cedar Juniperus virginiana Cupressaceae N N Eastern white pine Pinus strobus Pinaceae N N

324 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 English oak Quercus robur Fagaceae I N European barberry Berberis vulgaris Berberidaceae I N Flowering dogwood Cornus fl orida Cornaceae N N Forsythia Forsythia suspensa Oleaceae I N Frost Vitis vulpina Vitaceae N N Gray dogwood Cornus racemosa Cornaceae N N Groundsel-tree Baccharis halimifolia Asteraceae N N Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Cannabaceae N N Highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum Ericaceae N N Hop-hornbeam Ostrya virginiana Betulaceae N N Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana Betulaceae N N Horse-chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum Sapindaceae I N Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii Berberidaceae I N Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Caprifoliaceae I N Kentucky coffee-tree Gymnocladus dioicus Fabaceae N N Lowbush blueberry Ericaceae N N Maple-leaved viburnum Viburnum acerifolium Adoxaceae N N Mimosa Albizia julibrissin Fabaceae I N Mockernut hickory Carya tomentosa Juglandaceae N N Moonseed canadense N N Morrow’s honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii Caprifoliaceae I N Mountain azalea Rhododendron prinophyllum Ericaceae N N Mountain honeysuckle Lonicera dioica var. dioica Caprifoliaceae N N Mountain maple Acer spicatum Sapindaceae N N Multifl ora rose Rosa multifl ora Rosaceae I N Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius Rosaceae N N Northern red oak Quercus rubra Fagaceae N N Norway maple Acer platanoides Sapindaceae I N Norway spruce Picea abies Pinaceae I N Obtuse-leaved privet Ligustrum obtusifolium Oleaceae I N Oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Celastraceae I N Pasture rose Rosa carolina Rosaceae N N Persimmon Diospyros virginiana Ebenaceae N N Pignut hickory Carya glabra Juglandaceae N N Pinxter-fl ower Rhododendron periclymenoides Ericaceae N N Poison-ivy Toxicodendron radicans Anacardiaceae N N Prickly dewberry Rubus fl agellaris Rosaceae N N Prickly-ash Zanthoxylum americanum Rutaceae N N Purple-fl owering raspberry Rubus odoratus Rosaceae N N Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Salicaceae N N Red elm Ulmus rubra Ulmaceae N N Red maple Acer rubrum Sapindaceae N N Redbud Cercis canadensis Fabaceae N N River birch Betula nigra Betulaceae N N Sassafras Sassafras albidum Lauraceae N N Scarlet oak Quercus coccinea Fagaceae N N Shadbush Amelanchier arborea Rosaceae N N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 325 Shagbark hickory Carya ovata Juglandaceae N N Silky dogwood, kinnikinik Cornus amomum ssp. amomum Cornaceae N N Silver maple Acer saccharinum Sapindaceae N N Smooth sumac Rhus glabra Anacardiaceae N N Sourgum Nyssa sylvatica Nyssaceae N N Spicebush benzoin Lauraceae N N Staghorn sumac Rhus typhina Anacardiaceae N N Sugar maple Acer saccharum Sapindaceae N N Summer grape Vitis aestivalis Vitaceae N N Sweet cherry Prunus avium Rosaceae I N Sycamore Platanus occidentalis Platanaceae N N Tartarian honeysuckle Lonicera tatarica Caprifoliaceae I N Trailing nightshade Solanum dulcamara var. dulcamara Solanaceae I N Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima Simaroubaceae I N Trumpet honeysuckle Lonicera sempervirens Caprifoliaceae N N Trumpet-vine Campsis radicans Bignoniaceae N N Tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera Magnoliaceae N N Virginia pine Pinus virginiana Pinaceae N N Virginia-creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Vitaceae N N White ash Fraxinus americana var. americana Oleaceae N N White mulberry Morus alba Moraceae I N White oak Quercus alba Fagaceae N N Wild black cherry Prunus serotina Rosaceae N N Wineberry Rubus phoenicolasius Rosaceae I N Winged euonymous Euonymus alatus Celastraceae I N Winterberry Ilex verticillata Aquifoliaceae N N Witch-hazel Hamamelis virginiana Hamamelidaceae N N

326 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 APPENDIX 4.B Forest Composition from Transects

Canopy Trees Only Transect 1 Spring Mountain upper slope southwest side Canopy RIV* Shrub Layer RIV Seedling Layer RIV Liriodendron tulipifera 0.361085 Acer platanoides 0.092633 Fraxinus americana 0.153947 Quercus montana 0.140922 Acer saccharum 0.083542 Ostrya virginiana 0.130263 Carya ovata 0.122159 Fraxinus americana 0.075392 Carya glabra 0.096634 Sassafras albidum 0.053605 Quercus alba 0.062344 Quercus sp. 0.052665 Fraxinus americana 0.061819 Acer rubrum 0.021787 Quercus velutina 0.055060 Fagus grandifolia 0.021787 Acer saccharum 0.039962 Prunus sp. 0.021787 Carya cordiformis 0.030446 Tilia americana 0.021787 Acer rubrum 0.029569 Transect 2 Spring Mountain mid slope north side Canopy RIV Shrub Layer RIV Seedling Layer RIV Quercus rubra 0.260907 Fraxinus americana 0.179651 Fraxinus americana 0.148352 Quercus montana 0.212136 Ostrya virginiana 0.121512 Acer rubrum 0.124542 Liriodendron tulipifera 0.202804 Acer rubrum 0.084884 Acer saccharum 0.124542 Acer saccharum 0.149276 Acer saccharum 0.084884 Tilia americana 0.062271 Tilia americana 0.095874 Carpinus caroliniana 0.036628 Fraxinus americana 0.055688 Carya glabra 0.036628 Carya cordiformis 0.023315 Cornus fl orida 0.036628 Tilia americana 0.036628 Transect 3 Spring Mountain lower slope northwest side along Perkiomen Creek Canopy RIV Shrub Layer RIV Seedling Layer RIV Acer saccharum 0.285751 Acer saccharum 0.110106 Acer saccharum 0.07906 Liriodendron tulipifera 0.275230 Fraxinus americana 0.055053 Fraxinus americana 0.066239 Quercus velutina 0.110655 Ostrya virginiana 0.048643 Carya cordiformis 0.053419 Carya cordiformis 0.056298 Acer platanoides 0.035822 Prunus serotina 0.040598 Fraxinus americana 0.054038 Cornus fl orida 0.035822 Quercus alba 0.050229 Fagus grandifolia 0.049454 Quercus montana 0.033679 Tilia americana 0.031744 Acer rubrum 0.026859 Cornus fl orida 0.026064

* Relative importance value (RIV) is a measure of dominance of each species based on data on cover, frequency, and abundance.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 327 APPENDIX 4.C Birds of Spring Mountain 163 Species, 82 Breeding Compiled by Marcia Clouser – Last Updated June 8, 2007 (The mountain is defi ned as the height itself and its fl anks, including the Perkiomen Creek from Spring Mount millpond to Route 73 Bridge, Dieber Ridge and the East Branch.)

Goose, Canada b Owl, Short-eared um Goose, Snow m Owl, Great Horned p Swan, Mute u Owl, Barred u Duck, Wood b Screech-Owl, Eastern p Duck, Muscovy, domestic escaped b? Nighthawk, Common c, h/f Mallard b Swift, Chimney b Duck, Black m Hummingbird, Ruby-throated b Teal, Green-winged um Kingfi sher, Belted b Buffl ehead um Woodpecker, Red-headed u Merganser, Common w Woodpecker, Red-bellied p Merganser, Red-breasted um Flicker, Northern p Merganser, Hooded w Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied w Pheasant, Ring-necked up Woodpecker, Downy p , Wild p Woodpecker, Hairy p Grouse, Ruffed u Woodpecker, Pileated p Bobwhite, Northern up Flycatcher, Olive-sided um Loon, Common m Pewee, Eastern Wood b Grebe, Pied-billed m Flycatcher, Acadian b Cormorant, Double-crested m Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied um Bittern, American u Flycatcher, Least m Heron, Green b Phoebe, Eastern b Egret, Great um Flycatcher, Great Crested b Heron, Great Blue c, h/f Kingbird, Eastern b Vulture, Turkey p Vireo, White-eyed b Vulture, Black p Vireo, Yellow-throated um Osprey h/f, b? Vireo, Blue-headed m Harrier, Northern m Vireo, Red-eyed b Eagle, Bald c Vireo, Philadelphia m Hawk, Sharp-shinned p Vireo, Warbling um Hawk, Cooper’s h/f, b Jay, Blue p Goshawk, Northern m Crow, American p Hawk, Broad-winged m, b? Swallow, Tree b Hawk, Red-shouldered m Martin, Purple b Hawk, Red-tailed p Swallow, Northern Rough-winged b Kestrel, American b Swallow, Barn b Merlin m Titmouse, Tufted p Killdeer b Chickadee, Black-cap/Carolina hybrid p Yellowlegs, Greater um Creeper, Brown w Sandpiper, Spotted b Nuthatch, White-breasted p Snipe, Wilson’s um Nuthatch, Red-breasted m

328 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Woodcock, American m Wren, House b Gull, Ring-billed c Wren, Winter m Gull, Herring c, h/f Wren, Carolina p Pigeon, Rock up Kinglet, Golden-crowned m, w Dove, Mourning p Kinglet, Ruby-crowned m, w Cuckoo, Yellow-billed b Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray b Cuckoo, Black-billed um Bluebird, Eastern b, w Thrush, Wood b Sparrow, Song b, w Veery m Sparrow, Swamp m Thrush, Gray-cheeked m Sparrow, White-throated w Thrush, Swainson’s m Sparrow, White-crowned uw Thrush, Hermit m, w Junco, Dark-eyed (Slate-colored) w Robin, American b, w Grosbeak, Rose-breasted b Catbird, Gray b, uw Cardinal, Northern p Mockingbird, Northern p Bunting, Indigo b Thrasher, Brown b Blackbird, Red-winged b Starling, European p Grackle, Common b Waxwing, Cedar b, w Blackbird, Rusty m Warbler, Blue-winged b Cowbird, Brown-headed b Warbler, Golden-winged m Oriole, Orchard b Warbler, Brewster’s (GW/BW hybr) um Oriole, Baltimore b Warbler, Tennessee m Finch, Purple w Warbler, Nashville m Finch, House p Parula, Northern m Siskin, Pine m Warbler, Chestnut-sided m Goldfi nch, American p Warbler, Cape May m Redpoll, Common uw Warbler, Magnolia m Grosbeak, Evening uw Warbler, Yellow-rumped (Myrtle) m, w Sparrow, House u Warbler, Black and White m, b Redstart, American b Warbler, Black-throated Blue m Tanager, Scarlet b Warbler, Cerulean um Towhee, Eastern b, uw Warbler, Blackburnian m Sparrow, American Tree uw Warbler, Black-throated Green m Sparrow, Field b, uw Warbler, Prairie b Sparrow, Chipping b Warbler, Bay-breasted m Sparrow, Fox m, w Warbler, Blackpoll m Warbler, Wilson’s m Warbler, Pine m Warbler, Hooded m Warbler, Palm m Warbler, Worm-eating m Warbler, Yellow b Ovenbird b Warbler, Connecticut m Waterthrush, Louisiana b Warbler, Kentucky b Yellowthroat, Common b Warbler, Canada m b = breeding on the mountain or along creek h/f = regular hunting or feeding p = permanent resident/breeding w = winter resident m = migrant to or over the mountain c = commuting to or over the mountain u = uncommon or rarely seen

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 329 APPENDIX 4.D Butterfl ies of Spring Mountain (51 species) Compiled by Marcia Clouser, Last Updated January 2006

Identifi cations by Marcia Clouser, Julie Lundgren (The Nature Conservancy), Eileen McDonnell (Unami Audubon) with the Hendricks Fourth of July (July 21, 1996) Butterfl y Count, Lawrencine Mazzoli, and Randy Clouser

Swallowtails Abundance* Papilionidae Swallowtail, Eastern Black C Papilio polyxenes Swallowtail, Spicebush C Papilio troilus Swallowtail, Eastern Tiger C Papilio glaucus

Whites and Sulphurs Abundance Pieridae Cabbage White A Pieris rapae Sulphur, Clouded A Colias philodice Sulphur, Orange A Colias eurytheme Yellow, Little S Eurema lisa

Gossamer-Winged Butterfl ies/ -- 3 of 4 subfamilies represented: Coppers Abundance Lycaeninae Copper, American C Lycaena phlaeas

Hairstreaks Code Theclinae Hairstreak, Banded LC Satyrium calanus Hairstreak, Gray C Strymon melinus Hairstreak, Juniper “Olive” LC gryneus gryneus Hairstreak, Red-banded R-U Calycopis cecrops Hairstreak, White M R-U Parrhasius m-album Elfi n, Brown LC-A Callophrys augustinus

Blues Abundance Polyommatinae Blue, Eastern tailed A Everes comyntas Azure, Spring (spp.) C Celastrina ladon violacea, C. l. marginata, C. l. lucia Azure, Summer C Celastrina ladon neglecta

Brush-footed Butterfl ies/Nymphalidae 8 of 10 subfamilies represented: Fritillaries Abundance Speyeria Fritillary, Great Spangled C Speyeria cybele Fritillary, Variegated U/R

330 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Crescents and Checkerspots Abundance Nymphalinae (in part) Crescent, Pearl A Phyciodes tharos

Anglewings Abundance Nymphalinae (in part) Question Mark C Polygonia interrogationis Polygonia comma (U in Phila. area per Glasberg; Common on Comma, Eastern U/C Spring Mountain) Tortoiseshell, Compton R Nymphalis vau-album Mourning Cloak C Nymphalis antiopa

Ladies Abundance Nymphalinae (in part) Lady, American C Vanessa virginiensis Lady, Painted R-A Vanessa cardui Admiral, Red C-A Vanessa atalanta Buckeye, Common C Junonia coenia

Admirals Abundance Limenitidinae Red-spotted Purple U-C Limenitis arthemis astyanax

Emperors Abundance Apaturinae Emperor, Hackberry LU Asterocampa celtis Emperor, Tawny LU Asterocampa clyton

Satyrs or Browns Abundance Satyrinae Satyr, Little Wood C Megisto cymela

Milkweed Butterfl ies Abundance Danainae Monarch U-C Danaus plexippus

Skippers/ Hesperiidae: Spread-wing Skippers Abundance Pyrginae , Silver-spotted C-A Epargyreus clarus Cloudywing, Northern C Thorybes pylades Duskywing, Dreamy C-A Erynnis icelus Duskywing, Sleepy U Erynnis brizo Duskywing, Juvenal’s C Erynnis juvenalis Duskywing, Horace’s U Erynnis horatius Duskywing, Wild Indigo C-LA Erynnis baptisiae Skipper, Common Checkered C Pyrgus communis Sootywing, Common C Pholisora catullus

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 331 Folded-wing or Abundance Hesperiinae Little Glassywing C verna Skipper, Least C Ancyloxypha numitor Skipper, European C Thymelicus lineola Skipper, Peck’s A Polites peckius Skipper, Tawny-edged C Polites themistocles Skipper, Hobomok C Poanes hobomok Skipper, Zabulon C Poanes zabulon Skipper, Dun C Euphyes vestris Skipper, Fiery U Hylephila phyleus

* Abundance codes from Glassburg (1993, 1999). A – abundant C – common L – local (isolated local colonies only) U – uncommon R – rare S – stray, post breeding wanderer

332 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007