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Any Class of Woodworking Is Called As 'Carpentry'. -.:: GEOCITIES.Ws

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CARPENTRY SECTION INTRODUCTION: Any class of woodworking is called as ‘Carpentry’. The carpentry deals with the constructional work such as making roofs, floors, partitions etc. of a building by means of wood with the help of carpentry tools. The joinery is used for connecting the wooden parts with the different joints such as making of doors, windows, and stairs. Etc. Wood is a composite of cellulose and lignin. Cellulose fibers are strong in tension and are flexible. Lignin cements these fibers together to give them stiffness. IMPORTANCE: Because of inherent properties of wood, carpentry finds extensive importance in today’s life. APPLICATIONS: Wood is used to make furniture, boxes, doors, windows, industrial floors, stairs, pencils etc. It’s uses are multiplying day to day. WOOD TYPES: Teaks, Country wood, Babul, deodar, mahogany, mango, Sal are different types in country wood. TEAK: The wood is brown in color, straight-grained, and is fragrant when freshly cut, very strong and durable yet light and easily worked. CARPENTRY TOOLS: Hand tools are essential to every aspect of carpentry work. A great variety of tools are required because the work covers a broad range of activities. Although the basic design of common wood working tools has not changed much over the years, a number of special tool have been developed for specific jobs. The carpenter has to carefully select the kind, type and size of tools that best suit the requirement. Different types of tools used in Carpentry are : 1. Marking and measuring tools a.) Steel rule b.) Try square c.) Bevel square d.) Marking gauge e.) Mortise gauge f.) Marking knife 2. Cutting tools a) Saws 1.) Cross-cut saw 2.) Rip saw 3.) Tenon saw 1 b) Chisels 1.) Firmer chisel 2.) Dovetail chisel 3.) Mortise chisel 3. Planing tools a.) Wooden jack plane b.) Metal jack plane 4. Striking tools a.) Mallet b.) Claw hammer 5. Holding tools a.) Bench vice b.) G- clamp c.) Bar clamp. 6. Miscellaneous tools a) Screw driver b.) Pincer c.) Rasp 1. MARKING AND MEASURING TOOLS: STEEL RULE: It is stiff straight steel strip having all the faces machined true. On one of the flat faces, graduations are marked in inches and centimeters. The least count is 1mm. It is used to set out dimensions. TRY SQUARE: Try square is used for making and testing angles of 90degree. It consists of a steel blade, riveted into a hard wood stock which has a protective brass plate on the working surface. Another type is the all-metal square, with steel blade and cast iron stock Sizes vary from 150 to 300mm, according to the length of the blade. BEVEL SQUARE: It is used for setting, duplicating testing and comparing angles and bevels. It is similar to the try square but has a blade that may be swiveled to any angle from 0 to 180 degrees. This tool is adjusted by releasing with a turn screw of suitable size in a machine screw running in a slot in the blade. 2 MARKING GAUGE: This is used to mark lines parallel to the edge of a piece of wood. It consists of a small stem sliding in a stock. The stem carries a marking pin made of steel. It must be ensured that the marking pin projects through the stem about 3mm.The stock is set to the desired distance from the steel pin and fixed by the thumb screw. The gauge is then held firmly against the edge of the wood and pushed along the sharp steel pin marking the line. MORTISE GAUGE: A mortise gauge consists of two pins. In this it is possible to adjust the distance between the pins to draw to parallel lines from the edge of the wood. MARKING KNIFE: It may have a sharp point at one end and a slanting chisel edge at the other end. 2. CUTTING TOOLS: SAWS: CROSS-CUT SAW: Cross- cut saws, or “hand saws” as they sometimes called, are used for cutting across the grain in thick wood. They are 600 to 650mm long with 8 to 10 teeth per 25mm. The action of teeth is that of knives which server the fiber and force out the waste wood in the form of saw dust. RIP SAW: It is used for cutting the stock along the grain. The cutting edge of this saw makes a steeper angle of 60degreeswhere as the cross cut saw makes an angle of 45degrees with the surface of the stock. Rip saws are about 700mm long with 3 to 5 teeth per 25mm.Teeth are chisel ended. 3 TENON SAW: This saw is mainly used for cross cutting when a finer and more accurate finish is required .The blade being very thin is reinforced with a rigid steel back . Tenon saw blades are from 250 to 400mm in length and generally have 13 teeth per 25mm and shaped like those of cross cut saw .The main use of this saw in taking short straight cuts , such as for tenons. CHISELS: FIRMER CHISEL: This is the most useful for general purposes and may be used by hand pressure or mallet to cut the wood in the form of chips . It has flat blade about 125mm long. The width of the blade varies from 1.5 to 50mm. DOVETAIL CHISEL: It has a blade with beveled back due to which it can enter sharp corners for finishing as in dovetail joints. MORTISE CHISEL: This is used for chopping out mortises. These are designed to with stand heavy work. They are made with heavy deep blade with a generous shoulder or collar to withstand the force of the mallet blows on the oval sectioned handle. Blades vary in width from 3 to 16mm. Firmer Dovetail Mortise chisel chisel chisel 3. PLANING TOOLS: WOODEN JACK PLANE: This is used for the first truing-up of a piece of wood. It consists of a block of wood into which the blade is fixed by a wooden wedge. The bottom face of the block, called sole, is made perfectly smooth and level. The main cutting part, known as blade or iron cutter, is set at an angle of 45degrees to the sole. On the cutting blade another blade is fixed called cap iron or back iron. This does not cut but stiffens the blade near its cutting edge to prevent chattering and partially breaks the shaving as it is made. It is the back iron, which causes the shavings to be curled when they come out of the plane. Jackplanes are obtainable from 350 to 425 mm in length and with blades 50 to 75mm side. 4 Body METAL JACK PLANE: This also serves the same purpose as the wooden lanes but facilitates a smoother operation and better finish. The body of a metal plane is made from a grey iron casting, with the side and sole machined and ground to a bright finish. The thickness of the shaving removed is governed by a fine screw adjustment and a lever is used for adjusting the blade at right angles. REBATE PLANE: A rebate is a recess along the edge of a piece of wood, these forms a ledge which is used for positioning glass in frames and doors. This is used for sinking one surface below another, shouldering one piece into another. 4. STRIKING TOOLS: MALLET: It is a woodenheaded hammer of round or rectangular cross section. The striking face is made flat to the work. A mallet is used to give light blows to the cutting tools having wooden handle such as chisels. CLAW HAMMER: It is made of cast steel and carries the striking face at one end and the claw at the other end. The face is used to drive the nails out of the wood and also for other striking purposes. The claw is used for 5 extracting nails from the wood. Its size is designed by its weight and varies from 0.25 kg to 0.75 kg. 5. HOLDING TOOLS: CARPENTER’S VICE: Its one jaw is fixed to the side of the table while the other is movable by means of a screw and a handle. The jaws are lined with hard wooden faces. G-CLAMP: It is used for holding small works. shoe BAR CLAMP: It is made of steel bar of T-section, with malleable iron fittings and a steel screw. It is used for holding wide works such as frames or tops. 6. MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS: SCREW DRIVER: It is used for screwing or unscrewing screws used in woodwork. Blade Handle Flat tip PINCER: It is made of steel having hinged joint. The two jaws are beveled inside and their outer surfaces are plain. Thus the contact surfaces of the two jaws have a sharp edge. Mainly used for pulling out nails, tacks, etc., from the wood. 6 RASP: It is also known as a rasp file. It is a finishing tool used to make the wood surface smooth, remove sharp edges, finishing fillets and other interior surfaces. Sharp cutting teeth are provided on its surface for this purpose. This file is exclusively used in woodwork only. 7 .
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