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Radiocarbon and diet: aquatic food resources and reservoir effects

International scientific meeting: 24-26 September 2014 (Kiel - Germany)

Meeting Programme & Book of Abstracts

Radiocarbon and diet: aquatic food resources and reservoir effects

International scientific meeting: 24-26 September 2014 (Kiel - Germany)

Table of contents

Welcome message 3 Radiocarbon & Diet committees 5 Sponsors 7 Venues 9 General overview map 10 Detailed map 11 Simplified map 12 Arriving at Kiel 13 From Kiel city centre to the meeting venue 14 Practical information (venue) 15 Practical information (Kiel) 16 Instructions to presenters 17 Social activities 18 Scientific programme 19 Abstracts 31 Oral presentations 31 Poster presentations 83 List of participants and authors 111

Welcome message Welcome message

Dear Friends and Colleagues,

It is a great pleasure and privilege to welcome you to Kiel and to the “Radiocarbon and diet: aquatic food resources and reservoir effects” scientific meeting.

The study of aquatic reservoir effects represents one of the most exciting fields of research within radiocarbon in recent years. Potential reservoir effects often pose a challenge to the establishment of accurate chronologies when based on radiocarbon dating of food or human remains. These challenges have fostered research into new and improved approaches to detect and quantify reservoir effects. Examples of such developments are compound-specific isotopic and radiocarbon analysis, novel statistical methods to reconstruct ancient diets, etc. However, the study of reservoir effects have also introduced new opportunities. In particular, radiocarbon is increasingly being used as an environmental and dietary tracer in ecological and archaeological studies.

The Radiocarbon & Diet meeting was organized to bring together experts from diverse research fields to engage in a rich multi- and inter-disciplinary dialogue. The purpose of such a dialogue is to identify current research challenges, propose methodological approaches, and highlight potential research opportunities.

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I look forward to welcoming you to Kiel.

Best regards,

Ricardo Fernandes Meeting Chairman Radiocarbon and diet: aquatic food resources and reservoir effects

Radiocarbon & Diet committees Radiocarbon & Diet committees

Organizing committee

Ricardo Fernandes (Institute for Ecosystem Research, University of Kiel & Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research, University of Kiel & McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge) Ingmar Unkel (Institute for Ecosystem Research, University of Kiel) John Meadows (Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research, University of Kiel & Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schloss Gottorf) Alexander Dreves (Leibniz-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research, University of Kiel)

Scientific committee

Anders Fischer (Danish Agency for Culture & Danish National Museum, Denmark) Bernd Kromer (Klaus-Tschira-Laboratory for Radiometric Dating Methods, Germany) Christopher Bronk Ramsey (University of Oxford, UK) Clive Bonsall (University of Edinburgh, UK) Douglas J. Kennett (Pennsylvania State University, USA) Elisabetta Boaretto (Weizmann Institute, Israel) Eva Maria Wild (University of Vienna, Austria) Gordon Cook (University of Glasgow, UK) Harald Lübke (Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Germany) Jan Heinemeier (Aarhus University, Denmark) Judith Sealy (University of Cape Town, South Africa) Kerstin Lidén (Stockholm University, Sweden) Malcolm Lillie (University of Hull, UK) Mathieu Boudin (Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Belgium) Markku Oinonen (University of Helsinki, Finland) Mike Richards (Max Planck Institute Leipzig, Germany & University of British Columbia, Canada) Minoru Yoneda (University of Tokyo, Japan) Nancy Beavan (University of Otago, New Zealand) 5

Radiocarbon & Diet committees Natalia Shishlina (State Historical Museum, Russia) Oliver Craig (University of York, UK) Petro Pesonen (National Board of Antiquities, Finland) Philippa Ascough (University of Glasgow, UK) Pieter Grootes (University of Kiel, Germany) Richard Evershed (University of Bristol, UK) Tamsin O'Connell (University of Cambridge, UK) Timothy Jull (University of Arizona, USA)

Technical and administrative support

Graduate School Office and University of Kiel

Heide Stieger Jirka Niklas Menke Florian Bauer Petra Mader Eileen Kücükkaraca Marcel Griepentrog Christa Kielhorn Sabine Zeller Jennifer Schüle Nina Krischke Annika Müller Tim Assmann Sergei Zaverjuhha

Leibniz Labor team (Ice Breaker)

Corinna Tschorn Anke Rieck Nicole Möckel Monika Gumz Andrea Hamann-Wilke Katrin Paap-Meiss Shafiqua Shafaq Angelika Oriwall

Sponsors Sponsors

Venues Venues

Meeting place: University of Kiel: Leibnizstraße 1, 24118, Kiel

Registration: Foyer of the seminar building Lectures: Klaus-Murmann Lecture Hall Poster room: Room 106 Coffee breaks: First floor neighbouring room 106 Computer room: Room 205

Lunch breaks: Mensa II, Leibnizstraße 12, 24118 Kiel

Lab tour: Leibniz Laboratory, Max-Eyth-Str. 11-13, 24118 Kiel

Ice breaker: Leibniz Laboratory, Max-Eyth-Str. 11-13, 24118 Kiel

Conference Dinner: Restaurant Galileo, Westring 453, 24118 Kiel

Venues General overview map (Kiel)

Venues Detailed map (Kiel University)

Venues Simplified map (venues)

Arriving at Kiel Arriving at Kiel

Hamburg International Airport Connections between Hamburg airport and Kiel:

1) The shuttle taxi Kielexx: (http://www.vineta.net/airport/kielexx.php) website in German only. If you chose this option you have to book it in advance by telephone (+49 - 431 - 7 70 80).

2) The airport bus “Kielius”: (http://www.bahn.de/autokraft/view/angebot/kielius/en-kielius-ueb.shtml) In the case of the Kielis bus, we recommend you to get a “Kielius‐Kombi‐ Karte” from the bus driver. With this ticket you can combine travelling by taxi and by Kielius. In this way, a taxi will wait for you at the bus station in Kiel and it will take you directly to your hotel or venue. You can buy this as a “return” ticket, so the taxi will pick you up from the hotel too, when you go back to the airport. The bus arrive at Kiel at the central bus station (ZOB) which is right next to Kiel main train station (“Hauptbahnhof”).

Hamburg/Lübeck airport Train connections are available between the Hamburg/Lübeck airport and Kiel (http://www.bahn.de/p_en/view/index.shtml) and take ca. 1h30 min.

Arrival by train Kiel can be easily reached by train. Train connections and schedules can be found on the website of the “Deutsche Bahn” (http://www.bahn.de/p_en/view/index.shtml). Usually you have to change trains in Hamburg Central Station although a few trains a day continue directly to Kiel. Trains arrive at the main station (“Hauptbahnhof”).

Arrival by coach Coaches arrive at Kiel at the central bus station (ZOB) which is right next to Kiel main train station (“Hauptbahnhof”).

From Kiel city centre to the meeting venue From Kiel city centre to the meeting venue

Bus From the train station you can take the bus lines 50 (direction: Botanischer Garten), 60S (direction: Botanischer Garten), 61 (direction: Rungholtplatz), 62 (direction: Woltersweg), 81 (direction: Botanischer Garten) to reach the meeting venue. A single ticket (“Einzelfahrkarte”) may be bought directly from the bus driver and costs 2.50€. The closest bus stop to the meeting venue is Leibnizstraße. A trip between the train station and Leibnizstraße takes c. 20min. For detailed information on the route plans check the KVG website: http://www.kvg-kiel.de/en/.

Taxi Taxis are available at the train station. A taxi ride between the train station and Leibnizstraße takes c. 15m and costs c. 10€.

Practical information (venue) Practical information (venue)

Registration Registration opens on Wednesday (24/09) at 12h00 and on the following days at 8h50. Participants can register at the foyer of Leibnizstraße 1.

Meeting sessions (oral presentations) Meeting sessions will be held at the Klaus-Murmann Lecture Hall in Leibnizstraße 1. The entrance to Klaus-Murmann is located at the ground floor of Leibnizstraße 1, directly facing the main entrance.

Poster session Posters will be in display throughout the meeting at room 106 in the first floor of Leibnizstraße 1.

Coffee breaks The coffee breaks will be held in the first floor of Leibnizstraße 1 neighbouring the poster session room (106). Coffee, tea, water, fruit juices, and cookies will be served.

Lunches Lunches will be served at the University canteen (Mensa II) located on the first floor of Leibnizstraße 12. The participants will be provided with lunch vouchers. These give access to one main course (several options, including vegetarian, are available), one side dish, and a drink.

Internet and computer access The wifi network eduroam is available throughout the meeting building at Leibnizstraße 1. In room 205 an additional wifi network is available. Users should connect to the local wifi network “RadiocarbonDiet” using the password “RadiocarbonDietGSHDL2014”. In the same room personal computers are available for use. Users should login using the username “teilnehmer01” and the password “gshdl2013!”.

Cloakroom There is no available cloakroom. However, the meeting participants may leave their luggage at the reception desk (foyer of Leibnizstraße 1). We accept no liability for items left there.

Practical information (Kiel)

Cash Cash machines (“geldautomat”) are available throughout the city. Their locations can be found here: http://www.geldautomateninfo.de/?c=Kiel

The nearest cash machine (Sparkasse Bank) to the meeting venue is located at Christian-Albrechts-Platz inside the building Mensa I (near to the rectory and Audimax buildings). Several cash machines are located along Holtenauer Straße (c. 5min by bus from meeting venue).

Restaurants A large diversity of good restaurant options are available along Holtenauer Straße and at Kiel city centre.

Public transportation An efficient bus transportation system is run by KVG. For detailed information on the route plans check the KVG website: http://www.kvg-kiel.de/en/.

Taxis Vineta Taxi Kiel: +49 - 431 - 7 70 70 Taxi Kiel: +49 - 431 - 68 01 01

Tourist information Tourist information is available at the tourist office located at Andreas-Gayk- Straße 31 (5min walk from main train station) or through the website: http://www.kiel-sailing-city.de/en.html.

Some recommendations

Take a walk by the Förde (= fjord) and harbour. Falckenstein Beach (reachable by bus). The Botanical Gardens in close proximity to the meeting venue (10-15 min walking distance). Laboe on the eastern shore of the Förde (there is a ferry connecting Kiel with Laboe, that criss-crosses the Förde and stops at various jetties in Kiel). The Kunsthalle (art gallery). The Warleberger Hof Museum (city museum). The Schifffahrtsmuseum (maritime museum).

Instructions to presenters Instructions to presenters

Oral presentations Oral presentations should be uploaded using an USB stick. Provided presentation notebooks support Office 2010 and Acrobat Reader. DO NOT bring your own notebook. Uploaded files will be deleted after the presentation.

Presentations to be given on Wednesday (24/09) have to be uploaded during the registration period between 12h00 and 14h00. Presentations for the following days should be preferentially uploaded during the previous day. Uploading is also possible during early morning (access to the Klaus-Murmann Lecture Hall will be made available at 8h30 of Thursday and Friday) or during the coffee break preceding the presentation session.

Regular talks should not exceed 20min (15min presentation + 5min questions). Keynotes should not exceed 30min (25min presentation + 5min questions).

Poster presentations The recommended poster size is A1 (594 x 841mm - portrait orientation). However, posters with a size up to A0 will also be accepted (841 x 1189mm - portrait orientation).

No printing services will be provided.

The posters will be presented throughout the meeting duration. The posters should be put on display on the first day of the meeting (Wednesday – 24/09). Double-sided bonding tape will be provided to attach posters to poster- stands.

Social activities Social activities

Ice breaker The Ice Breaker will be held at the Leibniz Laboratory (Max-Eyth-Str. 11-13) from 18h00 to 21h00 on Wednesday (24/09). During the Ice Breaker a variety of snacks (sandwiches, cookies, salty snacks) and drinks (red and white wine, beer, water, fruit juices) will be served.

Visit to Leibniz Laboratory Meeting participants have the opportunity to register for a guided tour of the Leibniz Laboratory. The visit is organized for Thursday (25/09). The tour is planned to last c. 30min during which sample preparation and AMS rooms of the Leibniz Laboratory will be shown. The tour will be held during the extended lunch break on Thursday (12h00 to 14h00) allowing the participants ample time to enjoy their lunch and visit the lab. The number of participants is limited and registration mandatory.

Meeting dinner The meeting dinner will be held at the restaurant Galileo (Westring 453) on Thursday (25/09) between 19h30 and 22h30.

Field trip The field trip is organized by John Meadows and will depart from Leibnizstraße 1 (meeting venue) on Saturday (27/09) at 9h00. Visits are planned to Gottorf Castle and to the Viking site of Haithabu. Return trip to Kiel is expected to end at c. 18h00.

Schedule: 10h00-12h30 Visit of Haithabu 12h30-14h00 Lunch break (lunch is not included) 14h00-17h00 Visit Schloss Gottorf

Scientific programme (orals) Scientific programme

Oral presentations (Klaus-Murmann Room)

Wednesday (24 September 2014)

12:00 Registration

14:00 Welcome

14:10 Opening Keynote (S00K): Isotopes, diet and aquatic reservoir corrections in radiocarbon dating - selected developments and examples from Greenland and Northern Europe Heinemeier, Jan

15:00 Coffee Break & Poster Session

Session 1 “Detecting, quantifying, and modelling dietary reservoir effects” Beavan, Nancy & Yoneda, Minoru

15:30 Keynote (S01K): You're as old as what you eat (plus a few thousand years): Problems and prospects dealing with radiocarbon reservoir effects in archaeology Ascough, Philippa

16:00 (S01T01): Maritime adaptation of Jomon hunter-gatherer-fishers of prehistoric Japan Yoneda, Minoru; Kusaka, Soichiro

16:20 (S01T02): An archaeological mystery revealed by radiocarbon dating of cross-flow nanofiltrated amino acids derived from bone collagen, silk and hair: The case study of the bishops Baldwin I and Radbot II from Noyon-Tournai Boudin, Mathieu; Boeckx, Pascal; Vandenabeele, Peter; van Strydonck, Mark

Scientific programme (orals) 16:40 (S01T03): Detection of human dietary radiocarbon reservoir effects through the radiocarbon dating of multiple bone fractions (collagen, bioapatite, single amino acids) Fernandes, Ricardo; Dreves, Alexander; Nadeau, Marie-Josée; Grootes, Pieter; Penduff, Pierre

17:00 (S01T04): Modelling freshwater reservoir effects at Lake Baikal, Siberia, through paired dates on Neolithic and Bronze Age human and faunal remains Schulting, Rick; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Bazaliiskii, Vladimir; Goriunova, Olga; Weber, Andrzej

17:20 End of session

18:00 Ice Breaker

Scientific programme (orals) Thursday (25 September 2014)

Session 2 “Pottery and aquatic foods: radiocarbon and isotopic signatures” Meadows, John & Lübke, Harald

09:00 Keynote (S02K): Aquatic resources in 'food crusts': Identification and implication Heron, Carl; Craig, Oliver

09:30 (S02T01): Building a reference collection of charred food residues Philippsen, Bente; Meadows, John

09:50 (S02T02): Do freshwater fish always live in water with abundant ancient carbon? Are fish always cooked in ceramic vessels? Perspectives from northeastern North America Lovis, William; Hart, John

10:10 (S02T03): On the potential of reservoir effect in the archaeological radiocarbon dates in the eastern Fennoscandia Pesonen, Petro; Oinonen, Markku

10:30 Coffee Break & Poster Session

11:00 (S02T04): Aquatic resources use in Early Neolithic of Eastern Europe (Dnepr-Dvina and Lower Don) Dolbunova, Ekaterina; Craig, Oliver; Mazurkevich, Andrey; Kulkova, Marianna

11:20 (S02T05): Isotopic signals in charred food crusts from Zamostje 2, Russia, and their chronological implications Meadows, John; Lübke, Harald; Schmölcke, Ulrich; Lozovskaya, Olga; Lozovski, Vladimir

11:40 (S02T06): Palaeodiet and aquatic radiocarbon reservoir effects in the light of research on food crusts in Lithuania Piličiauskas, Gytis; Heron, Carl; Piličiauskienė, Giedrė

12:00 Lunch Break and Visit to Leibniz Labor

Scientific programme (orals) 14:00 (S02T07): Pottery chronology and the problem of ‘fishy’ food crusts: dating hunter-gatherer ceramics from the Russian forest zone Piezonka, Henny; Meadows, John; Craig, Oliver; Nedomolkina, Nadezhda G.

14:20 (S02T08): Reconstruction of paleodiets in potteries using radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis and lipid analysis from Late to Final Jomon Periods, Mikawa Bay, Japan Miyata, Yoshiki; Horiuchi, Akiko; Nakamura, Kentaro; Kuronuma, Yasuko; Masuyama, Takayuki; Minami, Masayo; Nakamura, Toshio; Evershed, Richard P.

Session 3 “Human reservoir effects in archaeology” Lillie, Malcolm & Schulting, Rick

14:40 Keynote (S03K): Revisiting the freshwater reservoir effect in the Iron Gates of the river Danube Bonsall, Clive; Sayle, Kerry; Hamilton, Derek; Cook, Gordon; Boroneanţ, Adina

15:10 (S03T01): Challenges in dating the human remains and establishing a chronology of the Stone Age cemetery in Tamula, south eastern Estonia Tõrv, Mari

15:30 (S03T02): Prehistoric and early historic diet in the Russian Far East and the reservoir effect: a review of the current evidence Kuzmin, Yaroslav

15:50 Coffee Break & Poster Session

16:20 (S03T03): Factors influencing the radiocarbon dating of human skeletal remains from the Dnieper river system: Archaeological and stable isotope evidence of diet from the Epipalaeolithic to Eneolithic periods Lillie, Malcolm; Potekhina, Inna; Budd, Chelsea; Henderson, Rowena

16:40 (S03T04): Reservoir effect and radiocarbon chronology of the late Neolithic cemetery in Ząbie, North-Eastern Poland Pospieszny, Łukasz

Scientific programme (orals) 17:00 (S03T05): The Early Bronze Age graveyard of Preobrazhenka 6 in south of Western Siberia: first data on palaeodiet, radiocarbon chronology, and the problem of freshwater reservoir effect (evidence from palaeozoology, stable isotope analysis and dental palaeopathology) Marchenko, Zhanna; Orlova, Lyubov; Panov, Vsevolod; Zubova, Alisa; Molodin, Vyacheslav; Pozdnyakova, Olga; Grishin, Artem; Uslamin, Evgeniy

17:20 (S03T06): Radiocarbon dating inconsistencies of a late Mesolithic burial site at Gard, Ukraine Nikitin, Alexey; Tovkajlo, Mykola; Potekhina, Inna

17:40 (S03T07): Radiocarbon dating of burials from the Teouma Lapita cemetery, Efate, Vanuatu Petchey, Fiona; Spriggs, Matthew; Bedford, Stuart; Valentin, Frédérique; Buckley, Hallie

18:00 End of session

19:30 Meeting dinner

Scientific programme (orals) Friday (26 September 2014)

Session 4 “Variability of aquatic reservoir effects” Heinemeier, Jan & Wild, Eva Maria

09:00 Keynote (S04K): Freshwater reservoir offsets: a case study from the Caspian Sea Reimer, Paula J.; Leroy, Suzanne A.G.

09:30 (S04T01): The green Oman around 8,200 years ago Fohlmeister, Jens; Schröder-Ritzrau, Andrea; Kromer, Bernd; Frank, Norbert

09:50 (S04T02): Temporal variations of radiocarbon reservoir ages in lakes and the ocean during the Holocene Burr, George

10:10 (S04T03): Radiocarbon reservoir ages in the Eastern Adriatic Sea based on recent and pre-bomb marine organisms from the intertidal zone and shallow sea Faivre, Sanja; Bakran-Petricioli, Tatjana; Barešić, Jadranka; Horvatinčić, Nada

10:30 Coffee Break & Poster Session

11:00 (S04T04): Radiocarbon reservoir corrections on the Brazilian coast from pre-bomb marine shells Alves, Eduardo; Macario, Kita; Souza, Rosa; Pimenta, Alexandre; Douka, Katerina; Oliveira, Fabiana; Chanca, Ingrid; Angulo, Rodolfo

11:20 (S04T05): Marine reservoir effects in the Baltic proper during the Littorina stage - cross-dating of human and faunal skeletal remains from Pitted Ware Culture burials Eriksson, Gunilla

11:40 (S04T06): The dangers of ΔR: A cautionary tale of using changes in the Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect as a proxy for large scale oceanographic shifts Russell, Nicola; Cook, Gordon; Ascough, Philippa; Scott, Marian; Tripney, Brian

12:00 Lunch Break

Scientific programme (orals)

Session 5 “Diet reconstruction: isotopic and radiocarbon proxies” O’Connell, Tamsin & Craig, Oliver

13:20 Keynote (S05K): We are what we eat, but what we eat also has a history. Stable isotope history and dietary reconstruction Lidén, Kerstin

13:50 (S05T01): Seal exploitation in the Baltic Sea during the mid- and late Holocene Glykou, Aikaterini; Eriksson, Gunilla; Lidén, Kerstin

14:10 (S05T02): Reassessing the Scottish Mesolithic-Neolithic transition: Questions of resource use and chronology Bownes, Jessica; Ascough, Philippa; Cook, Gordon; Murray, Iona; Bonsall, Clive

14:30 (S05T03): Fishing around: exploring diversity in modern and archaeological fish from the Turkish Lake District using stable isotope analysis Fahy, Geraldine; Fuller, Benjamin T.; Richards, Michael P.; Van Neer, Wim

14:50 (S05T04): Levänluhta water burial in the light of bone collagen isotopic ratios Oinonen, Markku; Alenius, Teija; Arppe, Laura; Bocherens, Hervé; Etu-Sihvola, Heli; Mannermaa, Kristiina; Onkamo, Päivi; Palo, Jukka; Sajantila, Antti; Sundell, Tarja; Uusitalo, Joonas; Wessman, Anna

15:10 (S05T05): Diet and radiocarbon ages of Stone-Age human remains from Lake Burtnieks, Latvia Lübke, Harald; Meadows, John; Schmölcke, Ulrich; Bērziņš, Valdis; Zagorska, Ilga; Zarina, Gunita

15:30 Coffee Break & Poster Session

16:00 (S05T06): Stable isotope composition of archaeological samples from the Eastern Europe Meshera Lake Forest Zone: identification of the diet system and verification of radiocarbon dates Zazovskaya, Elya; Shishlina Nataliya; Kaversneva, Elena; Sevastyanov, Vyacheslav; Safina, Anna; Fernandes, Ricardo; Bobrov, Anatoliy

Scientific programme (orals)

16:20 (S05T07): Freshwater resource consumption of the ancient dwellers in today’s Gobi desert habitat - evidence from collagen stable isotopes Dong, Weimiao

16:40 (S05T08): Subsistence continuity linked to consumption of marine protein in the Formative Period in the interfluvic coast of northern Chile: Reassessing contacts with agropastoral groups from highlands Andrade, Pedro; Codjambassis, Katia; Olguin, Laura; Aravena, Chrsitian; Urrea, Josefina; Rebolledo, Sandra; Berrios, Mauricio; Lira, Francisca

17:00 (S05T09): Reconstructing the diets of the prehistoric individuals from Ostorf (Germany) using multiple dietary proxies and the mixing model FRUITS Fernandes, Ricardo; Nadeau, Marie-Josée; Grootes, Pieter; Nehlich, Olaf

17:20 (S05T10): Stable isotopes in archaeology: the role of δ34S in the interpretation of diet and migration in ancient populations Caldeira, Claudia

17:40 Closing of Radiocarbon & Diet

Saturday (27 September 2014)

09:00 Visit to Schloss Gottorf and Haithabu (start from Leibnizstraße 1)

Scientific programme (posters) Poster presentations (Room 106)

P01: First AMS Radiocarbon dates from Eastern Ukraine and their implications for existing chronologies Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Giedre; Lillie, Malcolm; Telizhenko, Sergey

P02: Reservoir effect in the south eastern coast of Brazil: results from shellmound paired samples Macario, Kita; Souza, Rosa; Aguilera, Orangel; Carvalho, Carla; Oliveira, Fabiana; Alves, Eduardo; Chanca, Ingrid; Silva, Edson; Douka, Katerina; Marques, Aguinaldo; Decco, Juber; Trindade, Denise; Lima, Tania; Anjos, Roberto; Pamplona, Fabio

P03: Freshwater reservoir effect on re-dating of Eurasian Steppe cultures Svyatko, Svetlana; Reimer, Paula

P04: Intra-individual childhood dietary changes and radiocarbon ages van der Sluis, Laura; Reimer, Paula

P05: Comparison of mollusk shells from an archaeological shellmound in Cabo Frio: an upwelling region on the coast of Brazil Oliveira, Fabiana; Macario, Kita; Souza, Rosa; Aguilera, Orangel; Silva, Edson; Marques Jr, Aguinaldo; Tenório, Maria Cristina; Rapagnã, Luciano Carvalho; Carvalho, Carla; Alves, Eduardo; Chanca, Ingrid; Douka, Katerina

P06: Fish otolith from Holocene Brazilian shellmound: climate and upwelling anomalies Aguilera, Orangel; Ghosh, Prosenjit; Angelica, Rómulo; Kita, Macario; Carvalho, Carla; Nepomuceno, Aguinaldo; Souza, Rosa; Moteiro, Cassiano; Crapez, Mirian; Rapagna, Luciano; Paes, Eduardo; Dias, Fábio; Lima, Tania; Chaca, Ingrid; Silva, Edson P.; Oliveira, Fabiana; Alves, Eduardo

P07: Changes in radiocarbon reservoir age in Lake Xingyun, Southwestern China during the Holocene Zhou, Aifeng

P08: A dietary study of the people of Kamegaoka Culture during Final Jomon period, Japan, based on the compound-specific stable isotopes and lipid analyses of ceramic residues Horiuchi, Akiko; Miyata, Yoshiki; Kamijo, Nobuhiko; Evershed, Richard

Scientific programme (posters)

P09: Radiocarbon dating of carbonized material adhering to pottery: implication of chemical component of inner and outer surfaces on potsherds Miyata, Yoshiki; Onbe, Shin; Sakamoto, Minoru; Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki; Imamura, Mineo

P10: ΔR variations in Senegal and Mauritania the coastal waters Ndeye, Maurice

P11: Dating the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition at coastal sites in Schleswig- Holstein: the impact of reservoir effects on food-crust radiocarbon ages Glykou, Aikaterini; Meadows, John; Hartz, Sönke; Philippsen, Bente

P12: Palaeodiet characteristics reflected by δ13C and the δ15N signatures in bone collagen from two ancient populations from Lower Austria Wild, Eva Maria; Rumpelmayr, Kerstin; Pavlik, Andreas; Teschler‐Nicola, Maria

P13: Rediscovering Oronsay: biomolecular approaches to skeletal material from Cnoc Coig Charlton, Sophy; Craig, Oliver; Alexander, Michelle; Milner, Nicky; O'Connell, Tamsin; Stevens, Rhiannon;

P14: Building a new chronology for prehistoric human occupations in Atlantic Canada Grimes, Vaughan; Fuller, Ben

P15: FRUITS a Bayesian mixing model for quantitative diet reconstruction and human dietary radiocarbon reservoir effect correction Fernandes, Ricardo

P16: Multi-proxy evidence for consumption of aquatic foods in inland German Neolithic sites Fernandes, Ricardo; Rinne, Christoph; Isaksson, Sven

P17: Radiocarbon dating of bivalve soft tissues, shell carbonate, and shell conchiolin Fernandes, Ricardo; Dreves, Alexander

Scientific programme (posters)

P18: Quality management of AMS-radiocarbon measurements in Leibniz- Laboratory Huels, Mathias; Rakowski, Andrzej; Dreves, Alexander; Meadows, John; Schneider, Ralph

P19: Background correction for organic samples in Leibniz-Laboratory Huels, Mathias; Rakowski, Andrzej; Nadeau, Marie-Josee; Grootes, Pieter

P20: Data analysis at Leibniz Laboratory Kiel Rakowski, Andrzej; Huels, Mathias; Schneider, Ralph; Dreves, Alexander; Meadows, John

Abstracts (orals) Abstracts

Abstracts are listed by order of appearance within the scientific programme.

Oral presentations

S00K: Isotopes, diet and aquatic reservoir corrections in radiocarbon dating - selected developments and examples from Greenland and Northern Europe (OPENING KEYNOTE)

Heinemeier, Jan ([email protected]) - AMS 14C Dating Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University

The last four decades have seen enormous development in awareness of the risk of reservoir effects corrupting radiocarbon dates on organisms from mixed atmospheric/aquatic environments. Consequently, methods have been developed to detect, quantify and correct for these effects. At the Aarhus Dating Centre, we have had the privilege of being inspired by and having had the opportunity to follow in the footsteps of pioneers in the field, such as Henrik Tauber of the Copenhagen Radiocarbon Laboratory.

Rather than attempting to give a global review, I will try to pass on how we at the Aarhus Dating Centre experienced and tried to apply a fruitful combination of radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis, dietary studies, and reservoir correction models through collaboration with inspiring researchers from different user communities.

Abstracts (orals) S01K: You're as old as what you eat (plus a few thousand years): Problems and prospects dealing with radiocarbon reservoir effects in archaeology (KEYNOTE)

Ascough, Philippa ([email protected]) - Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Scotland, UK

Radiocarbon dating has revolutionized archaeology by making it possible to construct chronologies that transcend local, regional and continental boundaries (Clark, 1970), yet accurate (and therefore useful) 14C-based dates still depend on a number of considerations. Key among these is whether any sample carbon could have originated in a non-terrestrial carbon reservoir, and hence whether the sample 14C age is influenced by a reservoir effect. If unidentified and uncorrected, reservoir effects can severely compromise the accuracy of 14C-derived date ranges, leading to erroneous interpretations in key archaeological research foci, e.g. cause versus effect in human- environment interactions. The existence of reservoir effects was recognized very early in 14C dating applications, and considerable progress has been made since then in identifying, quantifying and correcting for reservoir effects, most notably those that originate in marine and freshwater systems. This presentation will review the methodological and theoretical advances that have led not only to improved chronological accuracy, but also to the use of reservoir effects themselves as a means to understand archaeological (e.g. palaeodiet) and palaeoenvironmental variables. Key factors that are an obstacle to further progress in refining our understanding of reservoir effects will also be discussed, including spatial and temporal variability in effects on local and regional scales, and the precision with which we can quantify the proportion of reservoir-affected carbon in mixed samples. Prospects for overcoming these obstacles will be considered in light of current research, including compound-class and compound-specific stable isotope and 14C analysis, mechanistic understanding of carbon inputs to reservoirs, and the construction of comprehensive multi-element isotopic baselines.

Abstracts (orals) S01T01: Maritime adaptation of Jomon hunter-gatherer-fishers of prehistoric Japan (ORAL)

Yoneda, Minoru ([email protected]) - University of Tokyo Kusaka, Soichiro ([email protected]) - Research Institute for Humanity and Nature

During the prehistoric period of Japan hunter-gatherer-fishers, with a type of pottery known as "Jomon" (meaning cord-marked), adapted to the Japanese Archipelago during the terminal Pleistocene and the early Holocene (from 16 kyrs till 3kyrs). This cultural entity is divided into six sub-periods based on the pottery chronology; Incipient, Earliest, Early, Middle, Late and Final Jomon periods. From the Earliest Jomon period, people settled in coastal areas and made a series of shell middens. According to the number of excavated pit houses, a drastic change of population has been suggested from Middle to Late Jomon periods, which is generally interpreted as an influence of climatic cooling events. However, the direct evidence for a cooling event during this period (5-3 kyrs) is scarce in the archaeological sites of the Tokyo Bay area. Hence, in order to understand the ecological change of Jomon hunter- gatherer-fishers, we analysed Jomon human remains mainly from the Tokyo Bay area that shows the highest density of Jomon shell middens. We applied different scientific methods to evaluate the carbon contribution from marine resources, including carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotopes in collagen and nitrogen isotopes of single amino acids. At the same time, the temporal change of isotopic signals in animal enamel and collagen are tested to extract the evidence of environmental change which might be related to the drastic population decrease at the terminal of Middle Jomon period. We will discuss current status of the project on the Jomon skeleton from Tokyo Bay area and the methods to correct marine reservoir effects on radiocarbon ages of human remains.

Abstracts (orals) S01T02: An archaeological mystery revealed by radiocarbon dating of cross- flow nanofiltrated amino acids derived from bone collagen, silk and hair: The case study of the bishops Baldwin I and Radbot II from Noyon-Tournai (ORAL)

Boudin, Mathieu ([email protected]) - Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Brussels Belgium; University Ghent, Belgium Boeckx, Pascal - University Ghent, Belgium Vandenabeele, Peter - University Ghent, Belgium van Strydonck, Mark - Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Brussels Belgium

Excavations in the cathedral of Tournai revealed two burials which were assigned by the excavators to bishops because of the special location in the cathedral. One burial was assigned to Baldwin I, who died in AD 1068, because: 1. a ring with the inscription “BAL” was found; 2. a funeral stone with text was present on top of the grave mentioning the name “Baldewinus”. The second burial probably belongs to Radbot II who was the successor of Baldwin I and died in AD 1098. Both burials contained textiles (silk), the skeleton, a wooden pastoral staff and human hair was still present on the skull of what was presumed to be Radbot II. All the protein-containing materials were degraded and/or contaminated. Standard sample pre-treatment methods were not able to remove all the contaminants. Single and double cross-flow nanofiltration of the hydrolysed protein-containing materials were performed. The sample quality after cross-flow nanofiltration was improved. The stable isotopes of the hydrolysed nanofiltered bone collagen samples indicate freshwater consumption and the 14C data were too old than the presumed historical dates. A reservoir correction was done applying a simple linear relationship between δ13C or δ15N and the calculated age offset between the 14C dates of Vincentius and Waldetridus, who are saints and were husband and wife but had different diets. Vincentius had a mixed diet of terrestrial plant and animals while Waldetridus also consumed freshwater fish, indicated by the stable isotopes. The 14C data revealed interesting and surprising results: 1. the 14C dates of the wooden pastoral staff and for the reservoir-corrected bone collagen samples confirm that the skeleton and tomb belong to Bishop Baldwin I; 2. the 14C dates for the reservoir-corrected bone collagen samples indicate that the skeleton may indeed belong to bishop Radbot II. The younger 14C dates of the wooden pastoral staff and silk samples indicate a post-burial disturbance during the 12th–13th century.

Abstracts (orals) S01T03: Detection of human dietary radiocarbon reservoir effects through the radiocarbon dating of multiple bone fractions (collagen, bioapatite, single amino acids) (ORAL)

Fernandes, Ricardo ([email protected]) - Universities of Kiel and Cambridge Dreves, Alexander ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University of Kiel, Germany Nadeau, Marie-Josée ([email protected]) - Graduate School “Human Development in Landscapes”, University of Kiel Grootes, Pieter ([email protected]) - Institute for Ecosystem Research, University of Kiel, Germany Penduff, Pierre ([email protected]) - Agilent Technologies, Germany

Circumstances will occur when the only material available to establish a certain chronology are human remains. In these cases, it may not be possible to obtain unambiguous dietary estimates using isotopic analysis. Furthermore, given the potential variability of 14C concentrations in aquatic species, especially in inland contexts, precise radiocarbon reservoir effect (RRE) corrections may not be possible. As such radiocarbon measurements have to be made using the available human bone material. For these cases, human dietary RREs can potentially be detected through the radiocarbon dating of multiple bone tissues and/or organic macromolecules biosynthesised through different pathways. This approach to human RRE (direct approach) explores compositional differences between terrestrial and aquatic food sources. An overview of such a direct approach will be presented during this presentation.

Abstracts (orals) S01T04: Modelling freshwater reservoir effects at Lake Baikal, Siberia, through paired dates on Neolithic and Bronze Age human and faunal remains (ORAL)

Schulting, Rick ([email protected]) - University of Oxford Ramsey, Christopher Bronk ([email protected]) - University of Oxford Bazaliiskii, Vladimir - Irkutsk State University Goriunova, Olga - Irkutsk State University Weber, Andrzej ([email protected]) - University of Alberta

Thirty-three paired AMS radiocarbon dates on human and terrestrial faunal remains from the same Neolithic and Early Bronze Age graves are used to develop a correction for the freshwater reservoir effect (FRE) at Lake Baikal, Siberia. Excluding two outliers, stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N) values show a positive correlation (r2 = 0.672, p < 0.000) with offsets in 14C years between paired human and fauna determinations. The highest offset observed in our dataset is 622 years, which is close to the value of ca. 700 years suggested for endemic seals in the lake. For each per mil increase in δ15N, the offset increases by 77 ± 10 years in the overall dataset. However, there are indications that different regression equations apply in each of two broader areas of Cis-Baikal. In the first, sites on the southwest shore of the lake and along the Angara River show a strong positive correlation between δ15N values and offsets in 14C years (r2 = 0.814, p < 0.000). In the other, the Little Sea, both δ13C and δ15N values make significant contributions to the model (adjusted r2 = 0.878; δ13C p < 0.001; δ15N p < 0.000). This can be related to the complex 13C ecology of the lake, which displays one of the widest ranges of δ13C values known for any natural ecosystem. The regressions are amongst the strongest known for FRE, and should greatly improve the prehistoric chronology of the region, which relies heavily on directly dated human remains in burials. The results will be important in terms of refining the culture-history of the region, as well as exploring the dynamic interactions of hunter-gatherer communities both synchronically and diachronically.

Abstracts (orals) S02K: Aquatic resources in 'food crusts': Identification and implication (KEYNOTE)

Heron, Carl ([email protected]) - Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford Craig, Oliver ([email protected]) - BioArCh, University of York

‘Food crusts’ represent a valuable source of information about pottery vessel contents and use. These burnt deposits adhering to vessel surfaces have also been used as a means of direct dating of the pots themselves. However, caution has been expressed due to reservoir effects originating from old carbon incorporated into aquatic (freshwater and marine) resources processed in the vessels. Several approaches have been applied to determine whether aquatic resources are represented in food crusts. This includes microscopic remains of tissues incorporated into the deposits during processing, bulk carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, lipid biomarker analysis and single-compound carbon isotope analysis. The former are rather rare so chemical analysis has been undertaken and has grown in sophistication but the number of studies which draw on all three approaches is small. Some approaches, such as bulk isotope analysis, have been criticised as being unlikely to detect the presence of aquatic resources. But what do these data reveal when compared alongside more sophisticated compositional methods? This presentation will review data from several recent projects in Northern Europe and further afield. Ultimately can ‘food crusts’ tell us about the nature of the ‘food’ and, by extension, which ‘crusts’ are the best candidates for radiocarbon dating?

Abstracts (orals) S02T01: Building a reference collection of charred food residues (ORAL)

Philippsen, Bente ([email protected]) - AMS 14C Dating Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University; Museum Lolland- Falster, Denmark Meadows, John ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA); Leibniz-Labor für Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung

Reservoir effects can seriously distort radiocarbon dates of food crusts on pottery. Stable isotope measurements can detect marine or freshwater ingredients in the charred food remains and thus indicate the risk of reservoir effects - in addition to palaeocuisine reconstructions. However, realistic reference materials are needed for both methods. Several aspects have to be considered when building a reference collection for food crust analysis, including:

-raw ingredients should not be compared directly to the food crusts, as fractionation can occur during cooking and charring

-mixtures of different ingredients should be prepared as well, because different compounds can behave differently during food processing

-the effects of degradation during burial should be assessed

-changes in agricultural practice and land-use should be considered, both when analysing domesticated and wild species

We will present pottery experiments which try to include as many of these aspects as possible. Furthermore, we will discuss the suitability of modern aquatic samples to infer past reservoir effects.

Abstracts (orals) S02T02: Do freshwater fish always live in water with abundant ancient carbon? Are fish always cooked in ceramic vessels? Perspectives from northeastern North America (ORAL)

Lovis, William ([email protected]) - Michigan State University Hart, John ([email protected]) - New York State Museum

A review of current research reveals multiple lines of evidence suggesting that no single Freshwater Reservoir Offset (FRO) correction can be applied to Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) ages obtained on carbonized food residue from cooking vessels. Systematically evaluating the regional presence, magnitude, and effects of a Freshwater Reservoir Effect (FRE) is a demonstrably difficult analytic problem given variation of ancient carbon reservoirs in both space and time within water bodies, and which should be performed in advance of AMS assays. In coastal and estuarine contexts a priori partitioning FRE from known marine reservoir effects (MRE) is also necessary to eliminate potential mixed effects. Likewise, any FRE varies based on the proportional mix of resources producing the residues and the ancient carbon uptake of those products. Processing techniques are a significant component of assessing potential FRE, and each pot/cooking vessel is therefore an independent context requiring analytic evaluation. In northeastern North America (NNA) there is little ethnohistoric/ethnographic evidence for fish boiling/stewing in ceramic cooking vessels; rather, fish were more often dried, smoked, or cooked for immediate consumption on open fires. Assays of fatty acids extracted from prehistoric vessel fabrics even on known fishing sites reveals no evidence for fish in the food mix. These observations suggest that the likelihoods of FRE in carbonized food residue in NNA is therefore low, and that assays potentially suffering from FRO are minimal. In turn this suggests that AMS ages from carbonized food residues are reliable unless analytically demonstrated otherwise for specific cases, and should take primacy over ages on other associated materials that have historically been employed for critical threshold chronological events.

Abstracts (orals) S02T03: On the potential of reservoir effect in the archaeological radiocarbon dates in the eastern Fennoscandia (ORAL)

Pesonen, Petro ([email protected]) - Archaeological Field Service, National Board of Antiquity Oinonen, Markku ([email protected]) - Laboratory of Chronology, LUOMUS, Finnish Museum of Natural History

In this paper, the potential sources of reservoir ages in eastern Fennoscandia are briefly reviewed and discussed. Marine reservoir effect is potential in the materials affected by the reservoirs formed in the former and recent marine basins in the Baltic Sea and Arctic Ocean. The potential of reservoir effect present in various archaeological materials is discussed. Special attention is paid to the assumption that the osteological material in the site reflects directly the food economy and the composition of the food remains in the charred crust. Lately, this view has been challenged by bone combustion studies. The potential of freshwater reservoir effect is also touched briefly.

Abstracts (orals) S02T04: Aquatic resources use in Early Neolithic of Eastern Europe (Dnepr- Dvina and Lower Don) (ORAL)

Dolbunova, Ekaterina ([email protected]) - The Sate Hermitage Museum Craig, Oliver ([email protected]) - University of York Mazurkevich, Andrey ([email protected]) - The Sate Hermitage Museum Kulkova, Marianna ([email protected]) - Herzen State Pedagogical University

The Early Neolithic of the south of Eastern Europe is marked by the appearance of several components of the so-called “Neolithic package”, whereas the start of the Neolithic period (first half of the VII mil cal BC) in the forest and forest-steppe zone is marked only by the appearance of pottery. There are several indirect evidences of aquatic resource use in these cultures (fish-hooks, sinkers, fishing constructions). One line of evidence of subsistence strategies that is rarely considered is the use of pottery. Whilst pottery is abundant at these sites, we do not know how its use relates to the broader economy. Also, as charred surface deposits adhering to pottery (‘food crusts’) are also often used as a substrate for radiocarbon dating, it is important to know whether processing fish in pots could introduce ‘old’ carbon from the freshwater reservoir. Site Rakushechny Yar (VII-VI mil cal BC) situated on the Lower Don River is thought to be associated with the seasonal and specialized exploitation of aquatic foods, though evidences of adobe architecture and cattle-breeding were found here as well. Here, accumulations of freshwater mollusk shells (Unio sp.), fish bone, micro- charcoal and water chestnuts have been found associated with stone net sinkers, the latter attesting for fishing for larger species of fish, flint and bone industry and substantial amounts of pottery. Initial investigations have supposed (due to the correlation between palmic and steric acid and the traces of erucic acid) the possibility of the preparation of catfish in one vessel from Rakushechny Yar, but, so far, there have been no systematic investigations of pottery use. Generally, dates made on food crusts, charcoal and soil from low layers of the site are consistent and the reservoir effect cannot be clearly traced. Early Neolithic sites of Dnepr-Dvina region are situated on the shores of ancient lakes and rivers. Here through initial organic residues analysis of lipids absorbed within the pottery matrix, we show the presence of a range of robust biomarkers for aquatic organisms implying that part of the pottery was used for processing fish at these sites. This is consistent with the presence of high phosphate levels in some vessels, particularly the very early “a-1” phase. Bulk δ13C values of one pottery are

Abstracts (orals) also relatively depleted in 13C (c. - 34‰), consistent with freshwater carbon and could indicate that the date 8380±55 BP (Ua-37099) is too old.

Abstracts (orals) S02T05: Isotopic signals in charred food crusts from Zamostje 2, Russia, and their chronological implications (ORAL)

Meadows, John ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA); Leibniz-Labor für Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung Lübke, Harald ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA) Schmölcke, Ulrich ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA) Lozovskaya, Olga - Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Science; Sergiev-Posad State History and Art Museum-Preserve Lozovski, Vladimir ([email protected]) - Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Science; Sergiev-Posad State History and Art Museum-Preserve

Excavations at Zamostje 2, a long-lived prehistoric site on the Dubna River, north of Moscow, have produced vast quantities of Early and Middle Neolithic pottery, often bearing thick charred food crusts. In some cases, plant remains of edible species are identifiable, but artefacts and faunal remains testify to the importance of fishing throughout the occupational sequence, so we assume that fish were often cooked in pots. The 14C ages of food crusts are often apparently older than those of wooden artefacts attributed to the Early and Middle Neolithic, suggesting that there was a significant freshwater reservoir effect in the Dubna ecosystem. The problem of freshwater reservoir effects in food crusts is particularly pertinent in north-eastern Europe, because pottery was first adopted here by foragers who relied heavily on fishing. It is difficult to recognise whether the dates attributed to early pottery types are systematically too old and considering the long period of time involved, the distances between sites, local stylistic variation and sometimes the lack of tight stratigraphic associations,. Stable isotope and elemental concentration data, where available, suggest that dated food crusts are often dominated by fish ingredients. Zamostje 2 provides a good opportunity to investigate these questions at a local level and develop a more accurate chronology for the use of pottery at this location, but in principle the same pottery types could have appeared earlier at other sites; further investigations will be necessary, particularly at sites where the oldest dates for each type have been reported.

Abstracts (orals) We are measuring the local reservoir effect by dating fully aquatic and fully terrestrial species which must be of the same calendar date, and quantifying the contribution of carbon to food-crust dates from aquatic species, by measuring baseline isotopic values and elemental concentrations in Neolithic food resources. Several analytical methods can be used to study food crusts (e.g. biomolecular analyses of lipids and proteins, microscopic identification of starch and phytoliths), but they do not necessarily allow quantification of the contribution of aquatic species to the carbon content of the pretreated “extract”, i.e., the material that is actually dated (e.g. solvent-extracted lipids are usually not dated). By measuring stable isotope ratios in the dating extract, however, we can estimate the carbon contribution from aquatic species, which are typically lower in δ13C and higher in δ15N than terrestrial species. We measure the concentrations of carbon and nitrogen simultaneously, because δ13C and δ15N can be deceptive when a food crust has more than one ingredient: the δ15N signal is dominated by protein-rich food, while δ13C (and 14C age) may depend mainly on fat- and carbohydrate- rich ingredients, whose nitrogen content is too low to affect the sample δ15N. Other elemental concentrations and stable isotope ratios (e.g. sulphur, δ34S) may also be useful, provided that baseline values are known and are consistently different between food groups. This approach is similar to that often used to reconstruct human diets from stable isotope data, except that while carbon and nitrogen contents are only used as quality control criteria in bone collagen, they vary significantly between food groups, and are therefore useful in distinguishing food crust ingredients.

Abstracts (orals) S02T06: Palaeodiet and aquatic radiocarbon reservoir effects in the light of research on food crusts in Lithuania (ORAL)

Piličiauskas, Gytis ([email protected]) - Lithuanian Institute of History Heron, Carl ([email protected]) - Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford Piličiauskienė, Giedrė ([email protected]) - Lithuanian Institute of History

Food remains, or food crusts, adhering to prehistoric ceramic vessels are a valuable source of information on prehistoric diet, chronology and aquatic radiocarbon reservoir effects. The goal of this presentation is to present results of previous and very recent investigations on food crusts. Bulk samples scraped from more than 60 Subneolithic, Neolithic and Early Bronze Age potsherds were analyzed for C/N stable isotope values. 30 food crusts were dated by AMS. Additional AMS dates were obtained on charcoal embedded in the ceramic matrix as well as on plant remains of twine or rope found in vessel repair holes. Finally, context dates from well-stratified and precisely documented deposits were obtained in order to compare with food-crust dates and reveal offsets caused by aquatic radiocarbon reservoir effects, when paired dates on the same potsherd were not available. The food crusts give older dates compared to wood or charcoal while the offsets caused by reservoir effects vary in different regions within a range of 80-800 14C yrs. The error depends not solely on diverse aquatic radiocarbon reservoir effects but also on food components present in the food crust. At coastal sites, stable isotope evidence together with archaeological and zooarchaeological data indicate a high dependence on seals, freshwater fish and plants (especially water chestnuts) during the Subneolithic (4000-3200/2900 cal BC) and Neolithic (3200/3900-2000/1800 cal BC). Marine fishing was of insignificant importance because of the clear preference for highly productive freshwater lagoons and lagoonal lakes. A shift to terrestrial and very probably domestic food is evident for inland sites during the Neolithic, as distinct from the coastal pattern. Therefore, the Neolithic of SE Baltic coast should be seen as a socio-cultural and ideological phenomenon without a significant shift to agriculture.

Abstracts (orals) S02T07: Pottery chronology and the problem of ‘fishy’ food crusts: dating hunter-gatherer ceramics from the Russian forest zone (ORAL)

Piezonka, Henny ([email protected]) - Ernst-Moritz-Arndt- Universität Greifswald, Ur- und Frühgeschichte Meadows, John ([email protected]) - Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie, Schloss Gottorf; Leibniz-Labor für Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung Craig, Oliver ([email protected]) - University of York Nedomolkina, Nadezhda G. - Vologda State Museum

Pottery produced by mobile hunter-gatherer-fisher groups in the Russian forest zone is among the earliest in Europe. The continual evolution of pottery styles (shape and decoration) provides the main tool for building relative archaeological chronologies, but absolute chronologies are still subject to debate, due to a general lack of reliable contextual information. Direct radiocarbon dating of charred food crusts adhering to pots would seem to be a solution: a food crust should provide a more reliable date for when a pot was made than either a bulk sample of unidentified carbon trapped in the clay fabric, or bone or charcoal samples from nearby contexts, whose chronological relationship to the pot is uncertain. If the pot was used to cook fish or other aquatic species, however, carbon in the food crust may have been depleted in 14C compared to carbon in terrestrial food chains, which would make the pot appear older than it actually is (“freshwater reservoir effects”). As the subsistence economy of the first pottery producers in this region was based on fishing, it is likely that cooking pots were often used to process aquatic food resources, and that the earliest food-crust dates for each pottery style are misleadingly old. In order to build more accurate chronologies from food crust dates, we therefore need to find ways to establish which radiocarbon results are potentially subject to reservoir effects. Laboratory analyses (EA-IRMS and GC-MS) of tiny amounts of each food crust - before or after radiocarbon dating - should allow us to distinguish between food crusts that are derived mainly from fish, and those composed mainly of terrestrial foods, which are not subject to reservoir effects. In this paper, we test these methods on food crusts from inland Stone Age sites in the Upper Volga and Sukhona regions of the Russian forest zone, among then the important stratified site of Veksa, to test whether these analytical methods can produce more realistic chronologies. We find that food crusts from Neolithic pottery are usually derived mainly from aquatic

Abstracts (orals) resources, but occasionally most of the carbon in a food crust is likely to be from terrestrial sources, and thus to provide a reliable date. Furthermore, freshwater reservoir effects vary between rivers and lakes, and in some situations even aquatic food crust dates may be useful. We then consider the implications of these results for the absolute chronology of early pottery types in this region.

Abstracts (orals) S02T08: Reconstruction of paleodiets in pottery using radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis and lipid analysis from Late to Final Jomon Periods, Mikawa Bay, Japan (ORAL)

Miyata, Yoshiki ([email protected]) - Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University Horiuchi, Akiko ([email protected]) - International Christian University Nakamura, Kentaro ([email protected]) - Paleo Laboratory Co. Ltd, Gifu Kuronuma, Yasuko ([email protected]) - Paleo Laboratory Co. Ltd, Gifu Masuyama, Takayuki ([email protected]) - The Board of Education, Tahara City, Aichi Minami, Masayo ([email protected]) - Centre for Chronological Research, Nagoya University Nakamura, Toshio ([email protected]) - Centre for Chronological Research, Nagoya University Evershed, Richard P. ([email protected]) - Organic Geochemistry Unit, University of Bristol

We studied AMS radiocarbon dates and lipids in pottery using GC-MS from the Hobi and Ikawatsu archaeological sites, from Late to Final Jomon Periods, Atsumi Peninsula facing Mikawa Bay, Japan (1400-750 cal BC). People in Atsumi Peninsula, especially at Hobi site rather than Ikawatsu site, depended on the open sea fishery and the hunting of the terrestrial animals from Late to Final Jomon Periods, taking the excavation of animal remains and hunting tools into consideration. The measured radiocarbon dating results of carbonized materials taken from the inner surface on potsherds (food material origin) indicated clearly marine reservoir effect. The results of stable isotope analysis combined with the values of C/N ratios of the food residues possibly supported marine products origin. By the lipid analysis using GC-MS, the ω-(ο-Alkylphenyl)alkanoic acids with 16, 18, 20 and 22 carbon atoms were detected from potsherds at Hobi site, which are presumed to form during heating of triunsaturated fatty acids (C16:3, C18:3, C20:3 and C22:3), commonly found in the tissues of marine animals. These results of the lipid, stable isotope analyses and the radiocarbon dating are consistent with the archaeological hypothesis that sea products were cooked in pots at the archaeological site, from Late to Final Jomon Periods, Atsumi Peninsula facing Mikawa Bay, Japan.

Abstracts (orals) S03K: Revisiting the Freshwater Reservoir Effect in the Iron Gates of the River Danube (KEYNOTE)

Bonsall, Clive ([email protected]) - Archaeology, University of Edinburgh Sayle, Kerry ([email protected]) - Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre Hamilton, Derek ([email protected]) - Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre Cook, Gordon ([email protected]) - Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre Boroneanţ, Adina ([email protected]) - ‘Vasile Pârvan’ Institute of Archaeology, Romanian Academy

Human bone collagen from Stone Age burials in the Iron Gates carries a reservoir effect, previously demonstrated by Cook et al. (2001) to be derived from consumption of fish and other aquatic foods from the River Danube. We derived a value for this offset and a means of correcting for it based on the δ15N value of the human bone collagen and the age difference between the human and animal bone collagen of associated bone projectiles. A simple linear relationship was assumed between percentage aquatic diet and the size of the reservoir offset, with notional δ15N end members of +17‰ for 100% aquatic protein intake and +8‰ for 100% terrestrial protein intake. This approach involves a number of assumptions, namely: that the dietary end members have been accurately represented; the relationship between δ15N and aquatic protein intake is truly linear; and the offset remains constant over time and throughout the Iron Gates reach of the Danube (c. 230 km). This paper looks at ways of refining this procedure by more sophisticated modelling of the human diet using stable isotope measurements of archaeological food remains and modern analogues in combination with the Bayesian mixing model program FRUITS (Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred Signals) to produce more robust and accurate estimations for the percentage inputs from terrestrial and freshwater protein.

Reference Cook, G.T., Bonsall, C., Hedges, R.E.M., McSweeney, K., Boroneanţ, V. and Pettitt, P.B. (2001). A freshwater diet-derived reservoir effect at the stone age sites in the Iron Gates gorge. Radiocarbon 43, 453-460.

Abstracts (orals) S03T01: Challenges in dating the human remains and establishing a chronology of the Stone Age cemetery in Tamula, south eastern Estonia (ORAL)

Tõrv, Mari ([email protected]) - Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu; Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie

This paper presents a case study about establishing a chronology of mortuary practices in a Stone Age cemetery in Tamula, south eastern Estonia. Tamula cemetery is one of the largest of its kind in the Eastern Baltic, where decades ago the remains of more than 25 inhumations have been identified. Based on the material culture of the overlapping settlement site, a relative chronology of the site was established. The site was dated to the Late Combed Ware and Corded Ware Cultures, and the settlement and the burials were considered simultaneous. In 2007, based on seven radiocarbon dates a new, yet tentative chronology of the Tamula cemetery was proposed and a question about contemporaneity of the settlement and cemetery was addressed (Kriiska et al. 2007). On average, the cemetery was dated to 4200–3495 cal BC, corresponding with Typical and Late Combed Ware Cultures. Since 2007 seven new dates from the cemetery are available and an attempt to date even more burials has been made. In addition, carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes have been analysed for the majority of the individuals from the cemetery. These values indicate significant freshwater fish consumption among the population buried in the Tamula cemetery. Due to that, the challenges in getting an accurate chronology of the cemetery are highlighted in the present paper. The new dates and results of isotope analysis are discussed and a tentative chronology of the cemetery is proposed.

Reference Kriiska et al. 2007. New AMS dates from Estonian Stone Age burial sites. Estonian Journal of Archaeology 11, 83–121.

Abstracts (orals) S03T02: Prehistoric and early historic diet in the Russian Far East and the reservoir effect: a review of the current evidence (ORAL)

Kuzmin, Yaroslav ([email protected]) - Institute of Geology & Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Generally poor preservation of human and animal bones at the prehistoric and medieval sites in the Russian Far East hamper studies of human palaeodiet. Currently, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope dataset include around 40 samples from the Neolithic (i.e., pottery-bearing sites; 12 specimens), Palaeometal (Bronze/Early Iron ages) (3 samples), and the Medieval cultural complexes (21 specimens). Several samples come from the coastal populations of the Primorye [Maritime] Province (where consumption of marine fish and mammals was practiced since at least c. 5800 BP, and salmon procurement began at c. 7000 BP) and Sakhalin Island, and local reservoir ages should be taken into account for chronological purposes. In the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan near Primorye Province, the ΔR value is around +100 years, and it was used for correction of the 14C age for the Neolithic population of the Boisman 2 site with a heavy dependence on high trophic level marine organisms (δ13C = -14.3‰, and δ15N = 18.1‰; average values for ten samples). As for Sakhalin Island, a sharp contrast in ΔR values exists between coasts of the Sea of Japan and the Okhotsk Sea (for the latter, the ΔR = +580 years). Thus, the true age of human remains from the eastern coast of Sakhalin which would be directly 14C-dated will be significantly distorted. Therefore, a reservoir correction is required. The exploitation of marine resources on Sakhalin Island was practiced in the Palaeometal, c. 3000–1300 BP (δ13C = -14.9‰; average of two values), and in the Medieval times, c. 1300–300 BP (δ13C = -15.1‰, and δ15N = 18.1‰; average values for 11 samples). In the Late Neolithic, c. 4700 BP, agriculture was introduced to the mainland Russian Far East (Primorye and the Amur River basin), with broomcorn and foxtail millets as the first cultigens. Unfortunately, no human remains from this period are found, and in the following Palaeometal and Mediaeval times (ca. 2500–300 BP) the consumption of C4 plants is established (δ13C = -15.7‰, and δ15N = 8.6‰; average values for 11 samples). The share of C4 food can be estimated as c. 60% for the Palaeometal, and c. 30–40% for the Middle Ages.

Abstracts (orals) S03T03: Factors influencing the radiocarbon dating of human skeletal remains from the Dnieper river system: Archaeological and stable isotope evidence of diet from the Epipalaeolithic to Eneolithic periods (ORAL)

Lillie, Malcolm ([email protected]) - University of Hull Potekhina, Inna ([email protected]) - Department of Bioarchaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine Budd, Chelsea ([email protected]) - School of Archaeology, University of Oxford Henderson, Rowena ([email protected]) - School of Archaeology, University of Oxford

We have recently identified the existence of a freshwater reservoir effect influencing the dating of human skeletal remains from the Dnieper region of Ukraine (Lillie et al. 2009). The current study outlines the evidence for freshwater resource exploitation throughout the period c. 10,220-3700 cal BC. We have obtained human skeletal remains from 54 Epipalaeolithic to Mesolithic period individuals and 267 Neolithic to Eneolithic individuals since the research agenda began in 1992. We present the initial results of stable isotope analysis of individuals from the Eneolithic Igren VIII cemetery alongside the Epipalaeolithic to Eneolithic samples that have previously been analysed. When contrasted against the evidence from the prehistoric faunal and fish remains studied, and modern fish species from the Dnieper region, we see variability in diets at the population level, both internally and across cemeteries, and we also see temporal variability. The modern fish samples show a wide range of isotope ratios for both δ13C and δ15N which could prove significant when interpreting the sources being exploited. The data demonstrate that not only is freshwater resource exploitation significant throughout the Epipalaeolithic-Eneolithic periods, but that at some sites this part of the economy is more than simply a supplementary component to the terrestrial/meat-dominated diets that have been proposed to date. Using stable isotopes we can also ‘see’ individuals whose freshwater resource consumption levels are lower than other individuals within the same cemetery population. This paper considers whether we can, in theory, use isotopes to determine the potential for reservoir offset, and thus mitigate against the analysis of individuals who will potentially skew dating programmes.

Abstracts (orals) Reference Lillie, M.C., Budd, C.E., Potekhina, I.D. and R.E.M. Hedges. 2009. The Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect: New Evidence from the Cemeteries of the Middle and Lower Dnieper Basin, Ukraine. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(2):256-64.

Abstracts (orals) S03T04: Reservoir effect and radiocarbon chronology of the late Neolithic cemetery in Ząbie, North-Eastern Poland (ORAL)

Pospieszny, Łukasz ([email protected]) - Laboratory of Bio- and Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences

In the 3rd millennium BC the area of the Mazurian Lakeland was occupied (among others) by Paraneolithic groups specialized in exploitation of rich freshwater resources, mainly fish and molluscs. Their traces are being registered mainly on lake islands. The site no. 10 in Ząbie consists of cemetery and seasonal camp and is located on a former island of Łańskie Lake (a hardwater lake). Six complete graves have been discovered at the site so far, for which more than ten radiocarbon dates was made. Results of radiocarbon dating of human and animal remains from typologically dated burial contexts indicate a FRE calculated to at least ~700 years. The impact of freshwater food in human diet is confirmed by measurements of stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N). The scale of apparent radiocarbon ages of humans from Ząbie is the most significant example of aging caused by FRE in Poland. However, further perspectives of its detection in young glacial moraine landscapes of the Polish Lowland are limited by unfavourable condition for collagen preservation in bone material. FRE is a recognized issue in the field of isotopic investigations of lake sediments but, at the same time, it is hardly ever taken into consideration by archaeologists.

Abstracts (orals) S03T05: The Early Bronze Age graveyard of Preobrazhenka 6 in south of Western Siberia: first data on palaeodiet, radiocarbon chronology, and the problem of freshwater reservoir effect (evidence from palaeozoology, stable isotope analysis and dental palaeopathology) (ORAL)

Marchenko, Zhanna ([email protected]) - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) Orlova, Lyubov ([email protected]) - Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) Panov, Vsevolod ([email protected]) - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) Zubova, Alisa ([email protected]) - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) Molodin, Vyacheslav ([email protected]) - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) Pozdnyakova, Olga ([email protected]) - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) Grishin, Artem ([email protected]) - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) Uslamin, Evgeniy ([email protected]) - Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk)

Here, we present the results of radiocarbon dating and stable isotope palaeo diet reconstruction of the Early Bronze Age people from south of Western Siberia. Preobrazhenka 6 graveyard is located between Ob and Irtysh River valleys, in the central part of Baraba forest-steppe, on the right bank of the River Om (Novosibirsk region). To date, more than 60 Early Bronze Age (last third of 3rd millennium BC) graves and more than 40 accompanying pits with faunal remains have been investigated. More than ten 14C dates and 19 stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements have been obtained for the site. The associated bones of terrestrial mammals (herbivores and omnivores) and fish are used for the palaeodiet reconstruction of the population. First results

Abstracts (orals) of isotope analysis indicate the C3–based diet of the population, including plant and fish as main food sources. Dental palaeopathology data also suggests high proportion of carbohydrates in human diet. The particular erosion pattern of enamel is not characteristic for agricultural societies, but rather for hunter-gatherers consuming rough plant food (nuts, roots). Despite the presence of domestic animal bones (horse, cattle, sheep), neither isotopic, nor dental palaeopathology results indicate the significant role of meat and dairy products in diet of Preobrazhenka 6 people. Radiocarbon dates for human individuals and charcoal from the filling graves suggest the presence of a minor freshwater reservoir effect.

Abstracts (orals) S03T06: Radiocarbon dating inconsistencies of a late Mesolithic burial site at Gard, Ukraine (ORAL)

Nikitin, Alexey ([email protected]) - Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan Tovkajlo, Mykola ([email protected]) - Institute of Archaeology, Kyiv Potekhina, Inna ([email protected]) - Institute of Archaeology, Kyiv

A multi-layer site Gard in southern Ukraine presents a unique record of prehistoric occupation of southeast Europe from the Mesolithic to modern times. An early Bronze Age (EBA) cemetery and a tumulus group, as well as a late Mesolithic cemetery of extended (Mariupol-type, M-t) interments was uncovered at the site in 2013. Cultural layer between the M-t interments and EBA cemetery has been previously dated by 14C analysis to the Neolithic (Bug- Dniester and Trypillia cultural complexes). Three interments from the M-t cemetery and two from the EBA cemetery have recently been subjected to 14C analysis. The EBA dates fell within the expected range. The M-t burials, on the other hand, deviated from the predicted findings based on archaeology by two millennia. Gard is situated on a riverbank, thus the artifacts found at the site have been likely subjected to repeated floodings. Furthermore, it is likely that the diet of the inhabitants included foodstuffs derived from the river. Thus, the reservoir effect on 14C dates has been expected. However, the reservoir effect would age the specimens, not make them younger. Factors that influence the 14C dating at the site remain unclear.

Abstracts (orals) S03T07: Radiocarbon dating of burials from the Teouma Lapita cemetery, Efate, Vanuatu (ORAL)

Petchey, Fiona ([email protected]) - Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Spriggs, Matthew ([email protected]) - Australian National University Bedford, Stuart ([email protected]) - Australian National University Valentin, Frédérique ([email protected]) - CNRS, UMR, France Buckley, Hallie ([email protected]) - University of Otago, NZ

The discovery of a cemetery at Teouma on the island of Efate in Vanuatu dated to ~3000 years ago increased the number of early Pacific remains available for study by nearly an order of magnitude and provided for the first time the ability to study the population dynamics of these early colonizers. The cemetery also provided a unique opportunity to investigate the chronological development of the site, while dates on the burial remains themselves were the best means to answer questions about the age and duration of the burial ground. The current methodology for calibrating dates on human bone from Pacific human skeletal remains (e.g., Petchey and Green 2005) based on linear interpolation between δ13C endpoints and δ15N values, is complicated by the wide range of foods available (marine, reef, C4 and C3), and remains largely untested in Pacific contexts. Radiocarbon dating of the Teouma site, including 36 Lapita-age burials, 5 dates on Conus sp. ring artefacts, and dates from the associated midden deposit, has enabled further evaluation of 14C dietary offsets and the reliability of calibrated radiocarbon ages on human bone. Bayesian evaluation of the 14C dates suggest the burials ground was in regular use by c. 2940-2880 cal BP, with the last interments occurring c. 2770-2710 cal BP. A number of burials could indicate possible earlier use, perhaps as early as 3110-2930 cal BP. Overall, these results suggest the burial ground was in use for several generations over a possible 150 to 240 years during the formative phase of Lapita expansion into Remote Oceania.

Abstracts (orals) S04K: Freshwater reservoir offsets: a case study from the Caspian Sea (KEYNOTE)

Reimer, Paula J. ([email protected]) - School of Geography, Archaeology and Paleoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK Leroy, Suzanne A. G. ([email protected]) - Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, UK

The radiocarbon ‘hardwater’ effect (or reservoir offset) in freshwater has been recognized since the early days of radiocarbon dating (Deevey et al. 1954) and can range from zero to several thousand years. This freshwater reservoir offset (FRO) affects not only the radiocarbon ages of organisms that lived in the water but also those of humans and animals that ate them. In order to correct the radiocarbon ages in these circumstances, it is necessary to estimate the FRO magnitude for each lake or river as well as temporal and spatial variability. Commonly this is done by analysing contemporaneous terrestrial and freshwater samples, museum specimens of known collection date, or modern freshwater plants, animals or dissolved inorganic carbon in the water. We will use examples from the literature together with new data from the Caspian Sea to examine the benefits and complications inherent in these methods.

Reference Deevey J, et al. 1954. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 40, 285-8

Abstracts (orals) S04T01: The green Oman around 8200 years ago (ORAL)

Fohlmeister, Jens ([email protected]) - Institute for Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Schröder-Ritzrau, Andrea - Institute for Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Kromer, Bernd - Klaus-Tschira Laboratory for Archeometry, Mannheim, Germany Frank, Norbert - Institute for Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Observations of the precipitation pattern in Oman during the Holocene are sparse and limited to a few lacustrine sediment records and speleothem studies. Proxies from cave carbonates from Hoti cave in Northern Oman (Neff et al., 2001) highlight a long lasting, more humid period between ~9000 to 6000 years before present (BP). Variations in the amount of rainfall during the humid period are responsible for changes in vegetation cover. In this study we use radiocarbon measurements, performed on the carbonate of speleothem H5, to analyse the variations in the reservoir effect. Those changes can be interpreted in terms of a modifying vegetation cover and soil organic matter dynamics above the cave. The data indicate that prior to 8200 BP the region was only barely covered with living vegetation. Only dead organic matter was decomposed by microbes and was the single source for soil gas CO2. This condition changed at about 8200 BP, where the soil became covered by plants, favoured by more humid conditions. About 100 years later, climate deteriorations led to a renewed adaption of the ecosystem with a retreat of vegetation.

Reference Neff, U., Burns, S. J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Fleitmann, D., Matter, A., 2001. Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago. Nature 411, 290 - 293.

Abstracts (orals) S04T02: Temporal variations of radiocarbon reservoir ages in lakes and the ocean during the Holocene (ORAL)

Burr, George ([email protected]) - University of Arizona; Chinese Academy of Sciences

This talk will discuss the magnitude and rate of change of radiocarbon reservoir ages in lakes and in the ocean. Examples from the published literature will be presented along with new data from the South Pacific Ocean. The new marine data pair radiocarbon dates with U/Th dates to determine their reservoir ages. Seven pairs of coral dates were determined from core samples collected on Rendova Island, in the Solomon Islands. These range from about 2 kyrs cal BP to 9 kyrs cal BP. The average reservoir age (14C age of marine sample - 14C age of the contemporary atmosphere) for this period is 193±100 14C yrs (2 sigma). The absolute reservoir age range observed in this dataset is about 400 14C yrs. With this set of pilot results we cannot comment on the rate of change during the Holocene, however published studies show that the radiocarbon reservoir age can potentially change by hundreds of years in a few decades. Determining the rate and magnitude of change in radiocarbon reservoir ages in lakes is less straightforward. Published radiocarbon reservoir age determinations for a variety of lakes will be reviewed in this talk, with the aim of understanding temporal variations in the radiocarbon reservoir effect in lakes. The importance of the radiocarbon reservoir age to the Aral Sea will be discussed in particular.

Abstracts (orals) S04T03: Radiocarbon reservoir ages in the Eastern Adriatic Sea based on recent and pre-bomb marine organisms from the intertidal zone and shallow sea (ORAL)

Faivre, Sanja ([email protected]) - University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Zagreb, Croatia Bakran-Petricioli, Tatjana - University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Zagreb, Croatia Barešić, Jadranka - Ruđer Bošković Institute, Radiocarbon Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia Horvatinčić, Nada - Ruđer Bošković Institute, Radiocarbon Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia

In order to provide more precision and better accuracy of sea-level reconstruction for the last two millennia we started to use bio-constructions along the rocky coast of the eastern Adriatic. Fossil bio-constructions have proven to be precise sea-level indicators in microtidal environments. Rock- building elements such as the coralline rhodophyte Lithophyllum byssoides may under favourable conditions build up reef-like bio-constructions of variable morphology that grow out from steep rocky surfaces slightly above mean sea-level. We sampled and analysed Lithophyllum rims at few sites along the eastern Adriatic coast. Lithophyllum and shells found inside the rims were dated using 14C analyses (LSC and AMS). The 14C reservoir effect may have an important influence to the final 14C results. Previous investigations of the reservoir ages of marine species along the Adriatic Sea were performed only on a few samples of infralittoral organisms from the pre-bomb period. Analyses of mollusc samples from other parts of the Mediterranean indicated that there might be a certain variation between molluscs from the same species, same year and same environment. Moreover, the large variation that researchers found between ΔR values might indicate that reservoir ages of molluscs from intertidal zones behave differently than those from molluscs from infralittoral or from deeper waters. It is clear that a better understanding of the reservoir age of organisms living in the intertidal zone is necessary. Consequently, here we present our research in which we try to answer some of the important questions: is red coralline alga Lithophyllum byssoides affected by the reservoir effect? Do mollusc shells from the intertidal zone and shallow water show different reservoir ages compared to reservoir age usually used for the Mediterranean? Since no samples of Lithophyllum byssoides were collected and preserved before 1950, we used molluscs and other algae that live in the intertidal zone and shallow sea (infralittoral zone).

Abstracts (orals) The marine organisms for our research were obtained from the collections of the Natural History Museums in Rijeka and Zagreb, the National Museum in Zadar and from the Natural History Museum and the Zoo in Split. The molluscs and algae used for 14C dating were collected before 1950 and represent the pre-bomb period.

Abstracts (orals) S04T04: Radiocarbon reservoir corrections on the Brazilian coast from pre- bomb marine shells (ORAL)

Alves, Eduardo ([email protected]) - Departamento de Física; Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense Macario, Kita ([email protected]) - Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense. Souza, Rosa ([email protected]) - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense Pimenta, Alexandre ([email protected]) - Departamento de Invertebrados, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Douka, Katerina ([email protected]) - Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, University of Oxford Oliveira, Fabiana ([email protected]) - Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense Chanca, Ingrid ([email protected]) - Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense Angulo, Rodolfo ([email protected]) - Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná

Despite the great extension of the Brazilian coast there are very few studies on the marine reservoir correction local offset (ΔR) for this region. The ΔR values can be evaluated by two different methods. The first one is through the measurement of paired terrestrial and marine samples assumed to be contemporaneous with a high degree of confidence, and the second one is measuring pre-bomb (pre-1950 AD) marine shells from museum collections with a well-known collection date. In the present study, we used marine shells from the malacological collection of the National Museum of Brazil to obtain values of ΔR for different locations of the Brazilian coast. The molluscs were supposedly collected alive from the coasts of Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo and Bahia, before the bomb-peak and the exact year of collection is known. The samples were chemically prepared at the Radiocarbon Laboratory (LAC-UFF) of the Fluminense Federal University (Anjos et al. 2013; Macario et al. 2013) in Brazil. The carbonate was treated with phosphoric acid and the generated CO2 was cryogenically cleaned and converted to graphite as described in (Xu et al. 2007). The conventional ages were calibrated using the Marine13 curve (Reimer et al. 2013) and the ΔR values were calculated using the OxCal software (Bronk Ramsey 2009). The values range from 17 ± 56 14C yrs in São Jose do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul to 96 ± 48 14C yrs in Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro.

Abstracts (orals) Reference Anjos RM et al. 2013. NIM B 294(0)173-5 Bronk Ramsey 2009. Radiocarbon 51(1) 337–360 Macario KD et al. 2013. Radiocarbon 55(2-3) 325-30 Reimer et al. 2013. Radiocarbon 55 (4) 1869 - 1887 Xu X et al. 2007. NIM B 259(1) 320–9

Abstracts (orals) S04T05: Marine reservoir effects in the Baltic proper during the Littorina stage - cross-dating of human and faunal skeletal remains from Pitted Ware Culture burials (ORAL)

Eriksson, Gunilla ([email protected]) - Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University

The Baltic Sea has a very complex history of various stages, which include fluctuations in both morphology and salinity (the Baltic Ice Lake, the Yoldia Sea, the Ancylus Lake, and the Littorina Sea). Even today, the salinity varies substantially across the basin, which is evident by carbon isotope analysis. Accordingly, the marine reservoir effect in the Baltic Sea is likely to have fluctuated both over time and between locations. This paper focusses on the reservoir effect in the Baltic Sea proper during the Littorina stage and its consequences for radiocarbon dating of humans with a substantial marine protein intake, as revealed by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. The main case study is a number of cross-dates of human and faunal skeletal remains from individual Pitted Ware burials on Gotland, which have been performed in an attempt to estimate the age offset caused by the reservoir effect. The results of these will be presented and various models for correcting for reservoir effects in the Baltic basin will be discussed.

Abstracts (orals) S04T06: The dangers of ΔR: A cautionary tale of using changes in the Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect as a proxy for large scale oceanographic shifts (ORAL)

Russell, Nicola ([email protected]) - SUERC Cook, Gordon ([email protected]) - SUERC Ascough, Philippa ([email protected]) - SUERC Scott, Marian ([email protected]) - Department of Statistics, University of Glasgow Tripney, Brian ([email protected]) - SUERC

Changes in the Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect (MRE) are often used as indicators of climatic and oceanographic shifts, implying that changes in the MRE are reflecting changes in 14C specific activity at that time (and hence changes in the composition of the various currents that make up the water body). Research at SUERC has focussed on the methods of calculating and presenting MRE values and deviations from the global average value of 400 14C years, known as ΔR. ΔR is perceived to have the ability to identify oceanographic shifts using the rationale mentioned above. Using examples from archaeological sites and modelled data, we have concluded that it may not be possible to quantify ΔR precisely enough to identify these climatic shifts when all of the calculation variables are taken into consideration. Using multiple pairs of statistically indistinguishable marine and terrestrial 14C ages, we have demonstrated variability in the derived ΔR values of up to 225 14C years. This variability is not visible when using single paired samples and it is only the multiple paired sample approach that highlights the spread of ΔR values possible. Current publication protocol uses a mean ΔR value for each location ± an associated error and whilst a mean value is necessary for ease of publication and calibration, the error used must be robust enough to incorporate all potential sources of variability. This inherent variability may be due, in part, to uncertainties within the model used to convert terrestrial ages to an equivalent marine age, but has not yet been investigated further. However, the interpretation impacts must be addressed immediately, stressing that shifts in ΔR of less than 250 14C years may not be significant enough to act as proxies for oceanographic change without supporting analytical evidence. 37 ΔR values for the UK coast are presented, ranging from the Neolithic to the Medieval. All are statistically indistinguishable from one another using a χ² test, and range from -142 ± 61 to 40 ± 47 14C years. The results cover periods of known climatic change in the UK such as the Medieval Warm Period (AD 900 - 1300) followed by the Little Ice Age (AD 1350 - 1850)

Abstracts (orals) yet no significant differences appear in the ΔR data when robust errors are employed. In conclusion, when ΔR is published alongside an appropriate error, the significance of any apparent shifts in the data may well be lost, quelling any resultant oceanographic and climatic interpretations.

Abstracts (orals) S05K: We are what we eat, but what we eat also has a history. Stable isotope history and dietary reconstruction (KEYNOTE)

Lidén, Kerstin ([email protected]) - Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden

I will talk about some of my own experiences in stable isotope archaeology and the development of the discipline. Starting with the beginning and continuing with how the methods and interpretations have development in the interface between a multiple of different disciplines, something that is rarely seen in archaeology. I will particularly comment upon the interdisciplinarity in the field and its pros and cons and compare them with other similar fields. While talking about this I will give a number of examples of dietary reconstructions in archaeology based on stable isotope analysis.

Abstracts (orals) S05T01: Seal exploitation in the Baltic Sea during the mid- and late Holocene (ORAL)

Glykou, Aikaterini ([email protected]) - Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University Eriksson, Gunilla ([email protected]) - Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University Lidén, Kerstin ([email protected]) - Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University

Harp seal, grey seal and ringed seal were present during different stages of the Holocene in the Baltic Sea region and intensively exploited by prehistoric humans as is evident by the presence of seal bones at numerous prehistoric coastal sites. Harp seal is now extinct in the Baltic Sea and therefore the occurrence of this cold-adapted species during a warm climate phase in this region has led to controversy in the interpretation of why it was present and why it disappeared. The alternative explanations of a change in seal population dynamics are related to palaeoenvironmental changes affecting their ecology e.g. feeding and breeding strategies, as well as interaction between man and environment e.g. different cultural frameworks and changes in exploitation patterns. To solve this middle and late Holocene issue in the Baltic Sea we undertake a systematic interdisciplinary study on the exploitation patterns of seals, in particular harp seals by applying up-to-date archaeological, geochemical, and archaeozoological methods. By applying stable isotopic analysis we aim to address the following issues a) exploitation of seals and seasonal hunting b) localization of breeding grounds and c) shifts in migration and foraging patterns of harp seals.

Abstracts (orals) S05T02: Reassessing the Scottish Mesolithic-Neolithic transition: Questions of resource use and chronology (ORAL)

Bownes, Jessica ([email protected]) - SUERC; University of Glasgow; Historic Scotland Ascough, Philippa ([email protected]) - SUERC Cook, Gordon ([email protected]) - SUERC Murray, Iona ([email protected]) - Historic Scotland Bonsall, Clive ([email protected]) - University of Edinburgh

This paper will introduce current research being carried out which aims to clarify the human diet and the timing of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Scotland c. 4000 BC. The transition from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to farming was a crucial period in our prehistory marked by massive social, cultural and economic change; yet relatively little is understood about the changes in subsistence and the timing of these changes. Many questions surrounding this topic remain unanswered. How did dietary habits change over time? Was the change in human diet gradual or rapid over the transition period? Was this change consistent across Scotland? Is our current understanding of the timing of the transition correct? This research aims to re-evaluate the dietary changes during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, and recalibrate existing radiocarbon dates to take local marine reservoir effects into account as well as contribute towards accurate and precise dates in the future. Radiocarbon dating is routinely used to investigate the timing of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition across the globe and many studies have used stable isotope analysis to recreate the dietary changes which occurred during this period. Dietary studies require a faunal baseline to inform researchers on trophic shift and to understand the relationship between the dietary isotopic composition and the consumer tissue. It is unfortunate that across the field of archaeological isotope analysis, faunal baselines often consist of small sample population sizes or do not represent all dietary species. This is almost certainly as a result of a lack of suitable excavated faunal remains available for measurement, and is certainly the case for Mesolithic-Neolithic Scotland. This paper will highlights the ways in which a lack of available measured faunal remains in palaeo-dietary studies can affect the accuracy of radiocarbon dates as a result of little consideration of the relevant 14C reservoir effects. This is a particular concern when investigating time periods which featured huge changes in population dietary habits such as the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. This shows the potential of research into correcting these limitations by investigating ideal sample size for species

Abstracts (orals) included in faunal baselines and assessing the scope of using modern plant and faunal analogues to supplement or replace faunal baselines in stable isotope studies.

Abstracts (orals) S05T03: Fishing around: exploring diversity in modern and archaeological fish from the Turkish Lake District using stable isotope analysis (ORAL)

Fahy, Geraldine ([email protected]) - Centre for Archaeological Science, KU Leuven; Dept. of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Fuller, Benjamin T. ([email protected]) - Centre for Archaeological Science, KU Leuven; Dept. of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Richards, Michael P. ([email protected]) - Dept. of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia; Department of Archaeology, University of Durham Van Neer, Wim ([email protected]) - Centre for Archaeological Science, KU Leuven; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences

Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were measured in 22 modern and 20 archaeological (Early Byzantine, 450-600AD) fish bone collagen samples. Archaeological fish samples are associated with the ancient site of Sagalassos, SW Turkey and comprise a variety of omnivorous and carnivorous fish and include: common carp (Cyprinus carpio), vimba bream (Vimba vimba), pike (Esox lucius) and cicek (Pseudophoxinus handlirschi). Modern reference samples of the same species, and additional crucian carp (Carassius carassius), Pamphylian scraper (Capoeta antalyensis) and toothcarps (Aphanius sp.), were analysed for comparison from a selection of freshwater lacustrine and riverine environments in the Turkish Lake District. The aim of this research was two-fold; firstly multi-isotopic characterisation of a range of modern and archaeological fish samples representative of the same geographical area can help identify potential changes in diet and migration patterns through time. To this end, we found a uniquely wide range of isotopic values usually indicative of fish originating from freshwater, brackish and marine environments. Particularly interesting is the observation of marine-associated 13C-enriched values in fish from various endorheic lakes; similar results have been found elsewhere (Briones et al., 1998) and may be indicative of underlying lake geology. Secondly, fishing likely played a large role in human diet with varying levels of importance throughout the time span of occupation at Sagalassos (~1600 years) therefore detailed isotopic data on fish consumed will enable a more accurate reconstruction of the diet of human populations at the site through time.

Abstracts (orals) S05T04: Levänluhta water burial in the light of bone collagen isotopic ratios (ORAL)

Oinonen, Markku ([email protected]) - Finnish Museum of Natural History - LUOMUS, Laboratory of Chronology, University of Helsinki, Finland Alenius, Teija - Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland Arppe, Laura - Finnish Museum of Natural History - LUOMUS, Laboratory of Chronology, University of Helsinki, Finland Bocherens, Hervé - Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany Etu-Sihvola, Heli - Finnish Museum of Natural History - LUOMUS, Laboratory of Chronology, University of Helsinki, Finland Mannermaa, Kristiina - Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland Onkamo, Päivi - Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland Palo, Jukka - Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland Sajantila, Antti - Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland Sundell, Tarja - Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland Uusitalo, Joonas - Finnish Museum of Natural History - LUOMUS, Laboratory of Chronology, University of Helsinki, Finland Wessman, Anna - Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland

Levänluhta in southern Ostrobothnia is one of the most famous archaeological sites in Finland (Wessman 2009). This water burial contains bone remains of 100 human individuals together with artifacts and animal bones. According to archaeological data, the burial is dated to 4th-8th centuries AD. Therefore, the period of usage possibly coincides with the largest climatic anomaly in northern Hemisphere of the last 2000 years - namely the Mystery Cloud of AD 536 (Baillie 1994). As a part of the larger effort combining archaeology, genetics, chronology and paleoclimatology, we have measured the radiocarbon ages and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic ratios of bone collagen of 37 individuals from Levänluhta, with the period of time including the AD 536 anomaly. In this contribution, we present this data, discuss the dietary habits of the Levänluhta people and display time dependence of the isotopic ratios through this paleoclimatological anomaly, indicative of a change in livelihood strategies.

Abstracts (orals) Reference Baillie M G L, 1994. Holocene 4:212-217 Wessman A, 2009. Fennoscandia archaeologica 16, 47-71

Abstracts (orals) S05T05: Diet and radiocarbon ages of Stone-Age human remains from Lake Burtnieks, Latvia (ORAL)

Lübke, Harald ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA) Meadows, John ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA); Leibniz-Labor für Altersbestimmung und Isotopenforschung Schmölcke, Ulrich ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA) Bērziņš, Valdis ([email protected]) - Institute of Latvian History at the University of Latvia (LVI) Zagorska, Ilga ([email protected]) - Institute of Latvian History at the University of Latvia (LVI) Zarina, Gunita ([email protected]) - Institute of Latvian History at the University of Latvia (LVI)

The absolute chronology of the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in Latvia is closely linked to radiocarbon ages of burials in the long-lived Zvejnieki cemetery, on the shore of Lake Burtnieks (Zagorska 2006). Stable isotope data from Zvejnieki human remains suggest that the population consumed significant quantities of freshwater fish (Eriksson 2006). Earlier work found no correlation between stable isotope and radiocarbon results, however, and concluded that freshwater reservoir effects must be negligible (Eriksson et al. 2003). Nevertheless, modern and mid-Holocence samples imply a reservoir effect in Lake Burtnieks of 800–900 14C years (Meadows et al. 2014), which should lead to significant reservoir effects in human bones if our dietary reconstructions are valid. Renewed excavations at Riņņukalns, a Neolithic shell midden at the outlet of Lake Burtnieks (Bērziņš et al. 2014) provide an ideal opportunity to investigate this problem. Aquatic resources (fish and molluscs) were exploited intensively, and collagen preservation in the fish bones is excellent, providing isotopic baseline values. Terrestrial herbivore bones from the same undisturbed midden layers provide a tight 14C chronology for the midden, allowing us to quantify reservoir effects in the fish bones themselves. Prehistoric human remains have similar isotopic values to the Zvejnieki burials with the most aquatic diets, but as they are separated from their burial context, it is impossible to directly measure reservoir effects. We can combine the stable isotope and 14C data to propose more realistic date ranges for these individuals, but we cannot test the accuracy of these reconstructions.

Abstracts (orals) At Zvejnieki, however, there are several cases of collective burial - two or more individuals buried at the same time. Inconsistencies in the 14C ages of these burials may reflect differences in diet, and thus in reservoir effects, between individuals. We focus on one example, with five individuals. Using stable isotope data from a wide range of terrestrial and fish species at Zvejnieki and Riņņukalns, the proportion of carbon coming from aquatic sources is calculated for each individual, using the Bayesian dietary mixing model software, FRUITS (Fernandes et al. 2014). This allows us to estimate the range of values for the local reservoir effect consistent with a common date for all five individuals, and obtain a robust estimate of the date of death.

Abstracts (orals) S05T06: Stable isotope composition of archaeological samples from the Eastern Europe Meshera Lake Forest Zone: identification of the diet system and verification of radiocarbon dates (ORAL)

Zazovskaya, Elya ([email protected]) - Institute of Geography Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Shishlina Nataliya - State Historical Museum, Moscow Kaversneva, Elena - State Historical Museum, Moscow Sevastyanov, Vyacheslav - Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Safina, Anna - Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Fernandes, Ricardo - Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Isotope Research, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany Bobrov, Anatoliy - Lomonosov Moscow State University

Isotopic measurements (δ13C and δ15N) were done on archaeological human, animal, and fish bone collagen samples from the Bronze Age Shagara cemetery located in the Forest Zone of the Meshera Lake system (Russia). Existing 14C dates from buried humans date the cemetery to the end of the III - beginning of the II mil cal BC. In addition, present-day aquatic samples (fish bones and scales, frog bones and flesh, and water plants) were also analysed. Also the pottery residues from clay vessels found in Shagara graves were studied including pollen and phytolith analyses. Average human bone collagen isotopic values were: δ13C = -20.9±0.6‰ and δ15N = 9.4±0.5‰. These values suggest that the main sources of dietary protein were the meat of wild animals (e.g. bear, deer, elk) and local wild vegetation. Hence, the isotopic values do not seem to suggest a strong contribution from aquatic food groups. However, the analyses of clay vessels residues showed the presence of large amounts of fish bones. Furthermore, fish bones were also visible within the human graves and in areas corresponding to the ‘stomach region’ of the deposited bodies. This is direct evidence that people who lived near the Shagara Lake consumed significant amounts of fish. Stable isotope measurements from present-day and archaeological fish, frog and tortoise samples showed relatively low δ15N values. This could potentially justify why human δ15N values are not particularly high. Future research will try to identify the presence of possible radiocarbon reservoir effects in the Shagara individuals. This will be achieved by radiocarbon dating of collagen from paired human bones and terrestrial animals found in a closed grave context.

Abstracts (orals) S05T07: Freshwater resource consumption of the ancient dwellers in today’s Gobi desert habitat - evidence from collagen stable isotopes (ORAL)

Dong, Weimiao ([email protected]) - Lanzhou University

Ya’er and Liushugou are two excavated Bronze-early Iron Age burial sites both located in the eastern Xinjiang Autonomous region, China. Human and faunal remains from the two sites were isotopically analyzed to reveal that the mean δ13C and δ15N values of Ya’er habitants are -15.7±0.1‰ ranging from -18.2 to -13.1‰ and 14.0±0.1‰ ranged from 12.1 to 16.5‰ (n = 127), respectively, while for the citizens of Liushugou, the values are -18.1±0.1‰ spanned from -19.1 to -17.2‰ and 13.1±0.2‰ spanning from 6.2 to 15.1‰ (n = 46), respectively. With the stable nitrogen isotope data here highly implying a diet based on animal protein for both communities, demonstrating they were not farmers but shepherds, the stable carbon isotope values of Ya’er people indicating a mixed consumption of C3 and C4 plants, probably millet and barley products; for Liushugou people slight or no C4 plant consumption is indicated. Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05) testified that juveniles in Ya’er who’s mean δ15N value is 14.5±0.3‰ (n = 20) shows a 0.6‰ enrichment of δ15N compared to their adult counterparts, whose mean value is 13.9±0.1‰ (n = 107). Being the most popular funerary animal, sheep/goat buried with people in Ya’er yielded a mean δ13C value of -16.3±0.2‰ (n = 25), ranging from -17.8 to -14.1‰, and a mean δ15N value of 8.7±0.2‰ (n = 25), ranging from 6.8 to 10.7‰, which is 5.3‰ depleted compared to the mean value of people, speculating that people in Ya’er must have consumed some higher tropical level food other than sheep/goat. Given the most common tomb type in Ya’er is with homogeneous adobes laying on each other around the inner face of pit, indicating the availability of alluvial or lacustrine sediment in the nearby regions in spite of the current Gobi desert margin arid environment, which makes the freshwater resource consumption understandable and thus explains the abnormally high δ15N values of people who lived here about 3000 years ago. As the dominant animal, sheep/goat (n = 37) in Liushugou site also produced a 4.8‰ depletion of stable nitrogen isotope relative to its human counterparts, inferring the sustained consumption of more δ15N enriched food resources by the group.

Abstracts (orals) S05T08: Subsistence continuity linked to consumption of marine protein in the Formative Period in the interfluvic coast of northern Chile: Reassessing contacts with agropastoral groups from highlands (ORAL)

Andrade, Pedro ([email protected]) - Universidad de Concepción, Chille Codjambassis, Katia ([email protected]) - Universidad de Concepción, Chile Olguin, Laura ([email protected]) - Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile Aravena, Chrsitian ([email protected]) - Universidad de Concepción, Chile Urrea, Josefina ([email protected]) - Universidad de Concepción, Chile Rebolledo, Sandra ([email protected]) - Universidad de Chile, Chile Berrios, Mauricio ([email protected]) - Universidad de Concepción, Chile Lira, Francisca ([email protected]) - Universidad de Concepción, Chile

From the evidence of material culture in different archaeological sites, it has been established that individuals from the interfluvic coast of northern Chile have adapted to maritime economic livelihood of a long-standing, ranking the earliest dates of these around 7500 cal BP. This is mainly reflected in the intensive exploitation of coastal and marine resources (such as fish, shellfish and marine mammals), as well as the associated artifact-set for hunting and fishing them. However, during the second millennium BC, the people of this territory began to experience major changes, given mainly by an increase in contact with agropastoral populations from the highlands of the Andes, and a re-orientation in the exploitation of marine, coastal and terrestrial resources. New data obtained from stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) show that individuals of this territory at the time of contact with the populations of the highlands, have maintained a subsistence linked to the consumption of marine protein. Indeed, the isotopic signature of our sample is one of the highest in the Chilean archaeological populations for the period in question. Considering the above information, it is suggested that although situations of social change may have arisen with the arrival of groups from the highland to the coastal sector, livelihoods linked to the extraction and consumption of marine resources would have remained constant, showing these coastal hunter-gatherer groups a high degree of resilience to change in their lifestyles.

Abstracts (orals) S05T09: Reconstructing the diets of the prehistoric individuals from Ostorf (Germany) using multiple dietary proxies and the mixing model FRUITS (ORAL)

Fernandes, Ricardo ([email protected]) - Universities of Kiel and Cambridge Nadeau, Marie-Josée ([email protected]) - Graduate School “Human Development in Landscapes”, University of Kiel Grootes, Pieter ([email protected]) - Institute for Ecosystem Research, University of Kiel Nehlich, Olaf ([email protected]) - Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

Offering quantitative estimates on the intake of different food groups by past humans from the analysis of their bones represents a sought-after research goal. This quantification would permit addressing important archaeological questions related to, for instance, resource access, social differentiation, shifts in dietary strategies, etc. A novel Bayesian model, FRUITS (Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred Signals), was developed to achieve quantitative human diet reconstruction relying on isotopic data. The capabilities of FRUITS include the incorporation of uncertainties in consumer and food groups’ isotopic signals, variability in isotopic enrichment, and addressing dietary routing. Model outputs include probability distributions and confidence intervals for the relative intake of different food groups. The methodology was applied in the quantitative diet reconstruction of individuals recovered from the prehistoric cemetery of Ostorf (Germany). This case study is of particular interest given that the individuals, while having associated Funnel Beaker cultural markers, present bone isotopic values that suggest, to some extent, the adoption of hunter-gatherer dietary practices.

Abstracts (orals) S05T10: Stable isotopes in archaeology: the role of δ34S in the interpretation of diet and migration in ancient populations (ORAL)

Caldeira, Claudia ([email protected]) - University of Edinburgh

The increased use of sulphur stable isotope analysis in archaeology for the study of paleodiets, migration and weaning patterns has offered new insight into the life of ancient populations. However due to the relatively recent application in the field of archaeology, sulphur stable isotope analysis still produces many limitations, including the lack of means to accurately validate the wide range of δ34S values presented in a number of publications (Craig et al., 2006 & 2010; Nehlich et al., 2010, 2011 & 2012; Privat et al.,2007). This project intends to tackle these limitations by comparing δ13C, δ15N and δ34S results on animal and human samples from two archaeological sites; St Andrews in Scotland and Boğazköy in Central Anatolia. The different geographic locations of these sites (coastal vs inland) and the distinct diets of both populations (terrestrial vs aquatic), will help validate the use of δ34S in paleo diets and/or migratory studies. Currently, the preliminary results show a lack of correlation between δ13C and δ15N against δ34S in both populations, which demonstrate the difficult interpretation of the results when applying δ34S for dietary research. Regarding its application in population movement, a clear distinction is visible between St Andrews and Boğazköy. The coastal site of St Andrews shows δ34S values above +14.1±0.6‰ indicative of areas near marine sources. On the other hand, and contrarily to initial expectations, the inland site reveals highly variable results. A preliminary conclusion suggests that the variation in δ34S values in Boğazköy is not directly related to diet, but it may be related to population mobility. Future oxygen and strontium stable isotope research will aim to establish the reliability of these interpretations.

Abstracts (posters) Poster presentations

P01: First AMS radiocarbon dates from Eastern Ukraine and their implications for existing chronologies (POSTER)

Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Giedre ([email protected]) - Vilnius University Lillie, Malcolm ([email protected]) - University of Hull Telizhenko, Sergey ([email protected]) - The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Two sites were excavated in eastern Ukraine located on the bank of the Aidar River, a tributary of the Donets River. The sites revealed a large range of flint, bone and pottery artefacts, whose origins are closely linked with cultures from the Don River basin in Russia that claim to contain the oldest pottery- making traditions in Europe. The accuracy of the received radiocarbon dates is of crucial important to understanding the development of complexity in societies of this region, which are often linked with the beginning of pottery- making technology. To date, the chronology of Neolithic sites in this region, including the territory of south-west Russia, have been built on radiocarbon dates received from dating fresh-water molluscs or pottery with mollusc temper, which due to taphonomic reasons remain a very common material chosen for radiocarbon dating among Russian and Ukrainian archaeologists. The molluscs, terrestrial animal bone samples and wood charcoal from the same archaeological contexts were radiocarbon dated to test the accuracy of the mollusc and pottery dates. The AMS radiocarbon dates present in this paper challenge the chronology constructed from dates obtained from mollusc carbon, which appear to generate much older dates than the ones received from wood charcoal or terrestrial animal bone.

Abstracts (posters) P02: Reservoir effect in the south eastern coast of Brazil: results from shellmound paired samples (POSTER)

Macario, Kita ([email protected]) - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Souza, Rosa - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Aguilera, Orangel - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Carvalho, Carla - Departamento de Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Oliveira, Fabiana - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Alves, Eduardo - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Chanca, Ingrid - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Silva, Edson - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Douka, Katerina - Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Oxford University, United Kingdom Marques, Aguinaldo - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Decco, Juber - Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisas Arqueológicas, Brazil Trindade, Denise - Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisas Arqueológicas, Brazil Lima, Tania - Departamento de Antropologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Anjos, Roberto - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Pamplona, Fabio - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil

On the south eastern coast of Brazil the presence of archaeological shellmounds offers a great potential for studying reservoir effects. Regretfully very few studies under such scope are available for this region. These archaeological settlements, dated mostly from 5 to 2 kyrs cal BP, include both terrestrial and marine remains in good stratigraphic context and secure association, enabling the comparison of different carbon reservoirs. Following Macario et al. (2014) where the chronology of the Sambaqui da Tarioba, located in Rio das Ostras (22º 31' 40" S, 41º 56' 22" W), Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, was established based on the study of shells from the mollusk Iphigenia brasiliana as well as from charcoal samples obtained at different layers from two excavated sectors in this shellmound, we now compare the different

Abstracts (posters) materials with the aim of studying the reservoir effect in this region. In this work we have dated charcoal from fireplaces and carbonate from mollusk shells, from the same archaeological layer. Carbonate samples were hydrolyzed in phosphoric acid and charcoal samples were combusted, and the samples were then purified, graphitized and measured following standard procedures at the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Fluminense Federal University (Macario et al. 2013). Calibration was performed with Oxford software Oxcal v4.2.3 (Bronk Ramsey 2009) using curve Marine13 (Reimer et al. 2013) with an undetermined offset to account for local corrections for shell samples, and atmospheric curve SHCal13 (Hogg et al. 2013) for charcoal samples. The distribution results considering a phase model indicate a ΔR value of -133±90 14C y in the 1 sigma range.

Reference Bronk Ramsey C. 2009. Radiocarbon 51(1):337-360. Hogg et al.,2013. Radiocarbon 55(4):1889–903. Macario et al., 2014. Radiocarbon, 56(2):489–499. Macario et al. 2013. Radiocarbon 55(2-3):325-30. Reimer et al., 2013. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869–87.

Abstracts (posters) P03: Freshwater reservoir effect on re-dating of Eurasian Steppe cultures (POSTER)

Svyatko, Svetlana ([email protected]) - 14CHRONO Centre for Climate, the Environment and Chronology; Queen's University Belfast Reimer, Paula ([email protected]) - 14CHRONO Centre for Climate, the Environment and Chronology; Queen's University Belfast

There is a major problem with dating human skeletal material in Eurasian steppe, possibly due to the freshwater reservoir effects (FRE). The goal of the project is to examine the extent of the FRE in key areas of Siberia and Kazakhstan through AMS 14C dating and stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) analysis of c. 150 archaeological and modern samples. Here, we present the very first results of the tests. We hope that within next years the study will provide advanced knowledge of FRE across the region; improved 14C sampling protocols for 14C and isotopic studies; new data on the chronology, diet and isotopic ecology of particular archaeological sites, and a database on the extent and variability of the FRE in the region.

Abstracts (posters) P04: Intra-individual childhood dietary changes and radiocarbon ages (POSTER) van der Sluis, Laura ([email protected]) - School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK Reimer, Paula ([email protected]) - School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, UK

Stable isotope analysis was performed on incremental dentine sections obtained from 10 medieval Danish teeth to examine the usefulness of this method (Beaumont et al. 2013) for a larger and older archaeological dataset. As incremental dentine is laid down in ‘sleeves’ around the pulp chamber, horizontal dentine sectioning will yield the average stable isotope ratios of several of these ‘sleeves’. Still, a chronological sequence of dietary information can be obtained from multiple sections. Not only does this yield high resolution of dietary information, it also reveals dietary changes within a single individual during childhood. After removal of the enamel and mechanical cleaning, the longest crown-root transect was cut and demineralised, after which 1 mm dentine sections were cut, gelatinised, frozen and lyophilised. Up to 18 sections could be cut from a single tooth, producing intra-annual δ13C and δ15N ratios. Stable isotope results show remnants of weaning patterns characterised by a drop in both δ13C and δ15N ratios in most teeth between 3 and 4 years of age. Post-weaning diets reveal that increasingly more protein rich food sources were consumed. Eight sections from 3 individuals with varying dietary patterns were radiocarbon dated to determine whether or not sections from a single individual could produce different radiocarbon ages. Two sections from the same individual (Kirke) with the same δ13C ratio (-18.9‰) and different δ15N ratios (12.3‰ and 11.4‰) produced 14C ages of 257±30 and 392±28 respectively. The increased 14C age in conjunction with the lower δ15N ratio could be explained by increased amounts of low trophic level marine food in the diet, such as shellfish. Due to the complex interplay between the source and quantity of food, δ13C and δ15N ratios should be carefully examined.

Reference Beaumont, J., Geber, J., Powers, N., Wilson, A., Lee-Thorp, J., Montgomery, J., 2013. Victims and Survivors: Stable Isotopes Used to Identify Migrants From the Great Irish Famine to 19th Century London, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 150, 87–98.

Abstracts (posters)

P05: Comparison of mollusc shells from an archaeological shellmound in Cabo Frio: an upwelling region in the coast of Brazil (POSTER)

Oliveira, Fabiana ([email protected]) - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Macario, Kita - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Souza, Rosa - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Aguilera, Orangel - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Silva, Edson - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Marques Jr, Aguinaldo - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Tenório, Maria Cristina - Departamento de Antropologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rapagnã, Luciano Carvalho - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Carvalho, Carla - Departamento de Geoquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Alves, Eduardo - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Chanca, Ingrid - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Douka, Katerina - Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, Oxford University, United Kingdom

Mixture of different water masses with long residence time in the bicarbonate pool can influence the marine reservoir effect in upwelling regions (Goodfriend and Flessa 1997). The Cabo Frio region, in the south eastern Brazilian coast is well known for its seasonal marine upwelling (Valentin 2001). Hundreds of shellmounds can be found in the south and south-eastern Brazilian coast and mollusc shells are frequently used for radiocarbon dating. Here, we discuss the influence of upwelling in the shell-based chronology of coastal archaeological settlements within this region. Mollusc fauna in shellmounds is diverse and abundant, comprising almost 124 taxa in the state of Rio de Janeiro (Souza et al 2010). In this work we have analyzed different species of both terrestrial and marine mollusc shells from the archaeological site Usiminas, in the Cabo Frio Island. Shells from Pinctada imbricata (Röding, 1798), Ostreidae (Rafinesque, 1815), Thaumastus achilles (Pfeiffer, 1852) and Megalobulimus (Miller, 1878) from several archaeological layers were

Abstracts (posters) measured. Comparisons of the shell-based determinations and those obtained from charcoal samples were performed with the aim of estimating the local marine reservoir effect and the influence of upwelling, as well as evaluating the reliability of the terrestrial mollusc species in this context.

Reference Goodfriend GA, Flessa KW. 1997. Radiocarbon 39, 139-48 Souza RCCL, Lima TA, Silva EP. 2010. Check List 6, 301-8 Valentin JL. 2001. Coastal Marine Ecosystems of Latin America Ecological Studies 144, 97-105.

Abstracts (posters) P06: Fish otolith from Holocene Brazilian shellmound: climate and upwelling anomalies (POSTER)

Aguilera, Orangel ([email protected]) - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Ghosh, Prosenjit - Indian Institute of Science, Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Centre for Earth Sciences, India Angelica, Rómulo - Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil Kita, Macario - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Carvalho, Carla - Departamento de Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Nepomuceno, Aguinaldo - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Souza, Rosa - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil, Moteiro, Cassiano - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Crapez, Mirian - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Rapagna, Luciano - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Paes, Eduardo - Universidade Federal Rural da Amazonia, Brazil Dias, Fábio - Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Lima, Tania - Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Chaca, Ingrid - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Silva, Edson P. - Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia. Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Oliveira, Fabiana - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil Alves, Eduardo - Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil

In south eastern Brazil, seasonal marine coastal upwelling is a consequence of cold-water mass ascension as a consequence of intense NE trade winds, affecting the regional climate. In this work Holocene oceanographic and climate anomalies are evaluated by multi-proxy analyses of fish otoliths from archaeological shellmounds. Diphractogram for crystallographic and 90

Abstracts (posters) quantitative multi-element geochemistry analyses were carried out on a set of white mound croakers fish otoliths (Sciaenidae, Micropogonias furnieri), because these fishes represent the main species targeted in the prehistoric fisheries in the coastal lagoons region of Rio de Janeiro state. Radiocarbon and stable isotope analysis for paleo temperature based on otolith samples from the same species were performed. Two different regions were studied: the first located in Rio das Ostras region, north of Cabo Frio (Tarioba shellmound: 3,400 to 4,000 cal BP), showed north upwelling plume displacement alongshore to reach the mixture with the Brazilian Current (paleo thermometer range: 15 to 24°C), and the second located in the Saquarema coastal lagoon, south-west of Cabo Frio (Manitiba, Beirada and Ponte do Girau shellmounds: 3,600 to 4,100 cal BP) showed extremely intense upwelling (paleo thermometer range: 8 to 19°C). The general context of multi- proxy analyses suggests exceptional Holocene seasonal upwelling in the Cabo Frio region and differential climate conditions between Rio das Ostras and Saquarema region.

Abstracts (posters) P07: Changes in radiocarbon reservoir age in Lake Xingyun, south-western China during the Holocene (POSTER)

Zhou, Aifeng ([email protected]) - Lanzhou University

Chronology is a preliminary but also the most crucial factor in paleo climate change research. Radiocarbon afford a good determination in paleo limnology study during the past 50 kyrs, but there are still many limitations, for instance, radiocarbon reservoir effect which causing inappropriate chronology. We choose Lake Xingyun, whose 14C dates on bulk organic has been described in a former study, together with our new terrestrial plants radiocarbon ages to evaluate the chronology reliability and temporal change of reservoir effect. It turns out that there is radiocarbon age reservoir changes from 1150-2200 14C years during the last 8,500 BP. Changes of reservoir effect were associated with inputs of either pre-aged carbon or hard water in Lake Xingyun, which likely were caused by the hydrological change of the lake system, could be a good indicator for the carbon source in lake ecosystem and depositional system.

Abstracts (posters) P08: A dietary study of the people of Kamegaoka Culture during Final Jomon period, Japan based on the compound-specific stable isotopes and lipid analyses of ceramic residues (POSTER)

Horiuchi, Akiko ([email protected]) - International Christian University Graduate School Miyata, Yoshiki ([email protected]) - Kanazawa University, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology Kamijo, Nobuhiko ([email protected]) - Hirosaki University, Faculty of Humanity Evershed, Richard ([email protected]) - University of Bristol, School of Chemistry

Kamegaoka Culture is one of the Jomon cultures which flourished in northern Japan during Final Jomon Period (1300-600 cal BC). We have selected sherds with charred surfaces from Fubinashi Site and Sugisawa Site from Aomori Prefecture, the home of Kamegaoka Culture, to investigate the diet of northern Japan during Final Jomon Period. Fubinashi Site is located on the southern coast of Shimokita Peninsula, facing Mutsu Bay, at the mouth of Shukunohe River. Sugisawa Site is in the mountainous area by Mabuchi River, about 14 km from the Pacific coast. The structure characteristics of extracted lipids were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and compound-specific isotope characteristics of δ13C C16:0 and δ13C C18:0 are analyzed using GC isotope-mass ratio spectrometry (GC- IRMS). From Fubinashi Site, three sherds showed isotopic results similar to marine food. This result was supported by presence of very long chain n-alkanoic acid (VLCFAs), long chain ω-(o-alkylphenyl) alkanoic acids (APAAs), the long chain dihydroxy acids (DHYAs), phytanic acid and cholesterol (Cho). Phytanic acid is one of the aquatic biomarkers, and APAAs, DHYAs are biomarkers of processing marine commodities. Among this group, one sherd had red coloring on the outer surface. Although this vessel seemed to be of special use, the results suggest that it was used to cook the marine products, just as other non-painted bowls. Two sherds showed isotopic results similar to terrestrial mammal. The lipid analysis of one sherd lacked all marine biomarkers, supporting the isotopic result of processing terrestrial mammals. Another sherd contained all marine biomarkers, with exceptionally high Cho content. These results indicate marine animals and terrestrial mammals are treated in this pot. Although Fubinashi Site is by the seacoast, the diet seems to be not limited to marine products but rich in variety, including terrestrial mammals. On the other hand, the isotopic results of Sugisawa Site showed

Abstracts (posters) isotopic results similar to C3 plants. The characteristics of lipid are depletion of marine biomarkers, presence of phytosterols together with Cho, and presence of n-alkanes. Identification of phytosterols and n-alkanes imply that the pottery was used to cook wax-containing plants, such as nuts. Presence of Cho indicates the vessel was also used to treat terrestrial mammals. Although the site is close to the river, no aquatic markers were identified. In addition, reservoir effect will be discussed.

Abstracts (posters) P09: Radiocarbon dating of carbonized material adhering to pottery: implication of chemical component of inner and outer surfaces on potsherds (POSTER)

Miyata, Yoshiki ([email protected]) - Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan Onbe, Shin ([email protected]) - Archaeological Research Centre on the Campus, Hokkaido University Sakamoto, Minoru ([email protected]) - National Museum of Japanese History, Japan Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki ([email protected]) - Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering (MALT) - The University of Tokyo, Japan Imamura, Mineo ([email protected]) - National Museum of Japanese History, Japan

The difference of radiocarbon ages are examined for the charred materials between inner and outer surfaces on pottery from a wetland archaeological site, and discussed in light of chemical component on the carbonized materials. The samples consist of eight pieces of potsherds, which are excavated from Irienaiko archeological site, around the lake Biwa, Shiga prefecture, Japan and are found to be originated from the same pottery of the “Kitashirakawa-kasou IIc type” in the Early Jomon era. The AMS radiocarbon dating for these potsherds indicates that the inner surface (charred food residues) of the potsherds (5052 ± 12 BP; N = 5) are about 91 ± 25 14C yrs older than that of outer (soots) ones (4961 ± 22 BP; N = 7; except for SGMB-4232b). There is no marine reservoir effect of the samples from Irienaiko site, because the δ13C values of inner charred matters after AAA treatment are less than -26‰, which means typical of terrestrial origin. Therefore, the difference of ages is likely to be caused by freshwater reservoir effect, the ages of outer surface (soots) were corresponded to the age of the site. The chemical composition of outer surface sample SGMB-4232b, which was from the outer surface, was similar to that of the other outer surface samples, but the radiocarbon age of this sample was similar to those of the inner surface samples after AAA treatment. Before AAA treatment, the chemical composition of SGMB-4232b was similar to that of the inner ones. There was a possibility that some of ‘food residues’ were attached to the outer surface on pottery and burned out. The origin of ‘boiling over’ in outer surface on pottery could be possibly explained by chemical compositions of

Abstracts (posters) SGMB-4232b. In this paper, we also discuss the correlation of the radiocarbon ages found in inner and outer surfaces on potsherds, with the change of chemical compositions (C/N ratios) before and after AAA treatment, which may provide a scientifically evidence to explain ‘boiling over’ in outer surface on pottery. We thank Shiga preservation of cultural assets association for sampling. High precision AMS-14C dating was performed by Paleo Labo. Inc., Japan and carbon and nitrogen analysis by SI Science Co. Ltd., Japan.

This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) No.18700679 & 20700663 (Y.M.), Creative Scientific Research No.16GS0118 (T.N.) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

Abstracts (posters) P10: ΔR variations in Senegal and Mauritania coastal waters (POSTER)

Ndeye, Maurice ([email protected]) - IFAN radiocarbon laboratory, Cheikh Anta Diop, University of Dakar, Senegal

In order to estimate the modern reservoir age of the seawater (R) and the corresponding local offset from the global marine radiocarbon calibration curve (ΔR) for coastal sites of Senegal and Mauritania, we analyzed pre-bomb mollusc shells collected between AD 1837 and 1945. In total, 27 shell samples were measured, including 19 from Senegal and 8 from Mauritania. The results for Senegal for the weighted mean of R is 511 ± 50 BP and ΔR is 176 ± 15 BP; for Mauritania, R is 421 ± 15 BP and ΔR is 71 ± 13 BP. While these values indicate a significant difference from the global mean value of R for Senegal, the R value for coastal Mauritania is close to the average ocean value R of ~400 yrs (Stuiver and Braziunas 1993).The ΔR variations are almost constant in the pre-bomb period.

Abstracts (posters) P11: Dating the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition at coastal sites in Schleswig- Holstein: the impact of reservoir effects on food-crust radiocarbon ages (POSTER)

Glykou, Aikaterini ([email protected]) - Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University Meadows, John ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Foundation, Schloss Gottorf, Germany; Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany Hartz, Sönke ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Foundation, Schloss Gottorf, Germany Philippsen, Bente ([email protected]) - AMS 14C Dating Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University; Museum Lolland- Falster, Denmark

In the south-west Baltic region, pottery first appeared during the final phase of the late Mesolithic (hunter-gatherer-fisher) Ertebølle culture (c.4500–4000 cal BC). Sites such as Wangels and Neustadt on the east coast of Schleswig- Holstein, were also occupied during the following early Neolithic (agriculturalist) Funnel-Beaker phase (c.4000–3000 cal BC). Unfortunately, organic remains from these sites were found in what were offshore discard areas, without clear stratigraphic layering, so that among potentially datable materials, only food crusts on pottery can be attributed unambiguously to either Ertebølle or Funnel-Beaker phases. We could date the Mesolithic- Neolithic transition in this region by comparing the radiocarbon dates of food- crusts on Ertebølle and Funnel-Beaker pottery, but there is abundant faunal and artefactual evidence that coastal sites depended heavily on the exploitation of marine resources (seals, fish), and we know from lipid analysis (Craig et al. 2011) that pottery from these sites was often used to process marine resources, in both phases. Therefore carbon in the food crusts should be derived at least in part from marine sources, which should lead to reservoir effects in the 14C ages of (some) food crusts, and a spuriously early estimated date for the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. In this case, we might attribute the appearance of domestic animals only to the Funnel-Beaker phase, even if they first appeared during the Ertebølle phase, whereas Ertebølle fishing technology might be incorrectly attributed to the Funnel-Beaker phase. To obtain a more realistic chronology, we have created a model which assumes that (a) the local marine reservoir effect was the same at each of these sites, and (b) stable isotope and elemental concentrations in dated food-crusts can

Abstracts (posters) be used to estimate the proportion of carbon from marine sources in each sample, with appropriate uncertainties. We can then compare a scenario in which the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition over such a small region can be considered a single event, to one in which the transition is more gradual.

Abstracts (posters) P12: Palaeodiet characteristics reflected by δ13C and the δ15N signatures in bone collagen from two ancient populations from Lower Austria (POSTER)

Wild, Eva Maria ([email protected]) - Faculty of Physics, Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics, Vienna; Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA) Laboratory, University of Vienna, Austria Rumpelmayr, Kerstin - Faculty of Physics, Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics, Vienna; Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics, University of Vienna, Austria Pavlik, Andreas - Faculty of Physics, Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics, Vienna; Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics, University of Vienna, Austria Teschler‐Nicola, Maria - Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria

Human remains from two different archaeological sites located in Lower Austria were used for a palaeodiet study based on the determination of stable isotope signatures of carbon and nitrogen in their bone collagen. One of the two investigated sites is the Early Medieval settlement of Gars Thunau located in the north of the river Danube, in the Kamp valley. The second site is the Bronze Age necropolis of Gemeinlebarn F. It is located few kilometres south of the river Danube in a region next to the Traisen valley, which was densely populated during the Bronze Age. The δ13C and the δ15N values of bone collagen were determined with an EA‐ IRMS system (elemental analyser‐ isotope ratio mass spectrometer). Primarily ribs were used as sample material. To assess the trophic level of the human nutrition and whether the diet was based on a terrestrial C‐3 ecosystem or had some C‐4 or - more unlikely ‐ marine components, animal bones from the archaeological site were investigated as well. The δ13C and the δ15N values of the human remains in comparison with the isotope signatures from the respective animal bones indicate that the diet of both populations was a mixed diet (animal protein and plant resources). Statistical analysis of the δ13C and the δ15N data set could not reveal any sociogenic or sex‐related differences in the nutrition. It is evident that the δ13C data of both sites differ significantly from each other. Whereas the Gemeinlebarn data are rather homogenous with a small scatter, indicating the C‐3 based diet expected for a farming society, the data set of the Gars‐ Thunau samples exhibit a rather large scatter of the δ13C values with a ~1.6 ‰ shift of the mean to higher values compared to Gemeinlebarn. This finding may be due to a more heterogeneous nutrition of the Medieval Thunau population with a considerable C‐4 plants component and may reflect diversity in nutrition caused by trade and migration.

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Abstracts (posters) Collagen in permanent teeth originates from different phases of lifetime than collagen in ribs. Therefore, for the two individuals with the highest δ13C values, the δ13C and δ15N values of collagen in dentin of permanent teeth were determined to detect a dietary change within life span. We found divergent isotope signatures in teeth and ribs, which indicate a significant change in the nutrition since childhood. By inspecting the δ−values a marine component in the childhood diet could not be completely excluded for one of the two individuals. Marine diet would cause a reservoir offset in the 14C age of the respective bone/tooth. Thus for verification, the 14C‐ages of collagen from ribs and dentin were determined (for both individuals) as well.

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Abstracts (posters) P13: Rediscovering Oronsay: biomolecular approaches to skeletal material from Cnoc Coig (POSTER)

Charlton, Sophy ([email protected]) - University of York Craig, Oliver ([email protected]) - University of York Alexander, Michelle ([email protected]) - University of York Milner, Nicky ([email protected])- University of York O'Connell, Tamsin ([email protected]) - University of Cambridge Stevens, Rhiannon ([email protected]) - University of Cambridge

In recent years, stable isotope analysis of human remains has arguably shattered the idea of a gradual dietary transition from wild marine resources to a domesticated terrestrial diet with the arrival of farming in Britain. However, the scarcity of Late Mesolithic human skeletal remains in Britain has severely limited the extent of our understanding of dietary change associated with the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. Due to this, it is now imperative to develop new methodologies to identify further samples from this period suitable for AMS dating and stable isotope analyses. The site of Cnoc Coig is one of five Mesolithic shell middens on the island of Oronsay in the Inner Hebrides, off the west coast of Scotland. The site is significant in that that Cnoc Coig represents one of the very few human skeletal assemblages dating to the 5th Millennium BC in Britain. This poster presents new research on previously unidentifiable bone fragments from Cnoc Coig to which a range of biomolecular methods have been applied - notably ZooMS (Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry), AMS dating, and isotopic analysis. From these analyses a total of 13 human bone fragments have been identified, thought to represent at least two individuals. AMS dates obtained on newly identified human remains and fauna suggest however that the use of the site may have extended into the 4th millennium BC - using currently available ΔR values for calibration. Interestingly, isotopic analysis of these individuals suggests continued consumption of marine resources by the island’s inhabitants at this later date.

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Abstracts (posters) P14: Building a new chronology for prehistoric human occupations in Atlantic Canada (POSTER)

Grimes, Vaughan ([email protected]) - Memorial University; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Fuller, Ben ([email protected]) - University of California, Irvine

Located in Atlantic Canada, the province of Newfoundland and Labrador has evidence for prehistoric cultural ‘traditions’ that include Maritime Archaic Indians (MAI), Palaeoeskimos (PE) and Recent Indians (RI). Charcoal-based 14C dates and associated artefact typological associations indicate that the occupation date ranges for each group are: MAI (7,500(?)-3,000 BP); PE (4,000-1,200 BP); and RI (? - A.D. 1829). Of particular significance is the earliest evidence for a human presence in this region. This appears to occur by ~9000 years BP based on artifacts from archaeological sites in southeastern Labrador, with clear indications of a human presence by 7,530 BP at the burial site of L’Anse Amour. Most of the existing radiocarbon dates from this region were obtained on charcoal samples and only a small portion of the entire prehistoric human remains collection has been directly dated using modern techniques. The analysis of faunal assemblages from archaeological sites and bone collagen stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data both point to human diets that focused nearly exclusively on marine resources. As such, it has been suggested that accurate radiocarbon ages cannot be obtained from human remains due to significant marine carbon offsets and uncertain local reservoir ages. Therefore, the vast majority (>100) of the human remains suggested to represent individuals from the three cultural groups (MAI, PE and RI) are undated and without appropriate chronological context. In addition, most of these undated bones come from challenging contexts with poor associations between the remains and other archaeological data. This makes their affiliation with a cultural group particularly tenuous. Here will be presented stable isotope data and radiocarbon dates from individuals representing all cultural groups. We demonstrate how radiocarbon age corrections that account for marine diets and variable marine reservoir ages correspond with our current chronological context for prehistoric human occupations in Atlantic Canada.

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Abstracts (posters) P15: FRUITS a Bayesian mixing model for quantitative diet reconstruction and human dietary radiocarbon reservoir effect correction (POSTER)

Fernandes, Ricardo ([email protected]) - Universities of Kiel and Cambridge

The novel Bayesian model FRUITS (Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred Signals) has been developed to quantify consumer diets (Fernandes et al. 2014). The model FRUITS assigns dietary intake probabilities by comparing isotopic signals measured in consumers with those of potential food groups. FRUITS is capable of handling multiple dietary isotopic proxies and associated uncertainties. FRUITS is also the first mixing model offering the possibility of accounting for dietary routing and it introduces the capability of entering prior information on the relative intake of potential food groups and macronutrients. FRUITS is provided as an open source user-friendly software and model outputs include probability distributions and confidence intervals on the relative intake of the different food groups. To be presented are successful applications of FRUITS in human paleodietary studies in which significant human dietary radiocarbon reservoir effects were observed.

Reference Fernandes, R., Millard, A. R., Brabec, M., Nadeau, M. J., & Grootes, P. (2014). Food Reconstruction Using Isotopic Transferred Signals (FRUITS): A Bayesian Model for Diet Reconstruction. PloS One, 9(2), e87436.

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Abstracts (posters) P16: Multi-proxy evidence for consumption of aquatic foods in inland German Neolithic sites (POSTER)

Fernandes, Ricardo ([email protected]) - Universities of Kiel and Cambridge Rinne, Christoph ([email protected]) - Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany Isaksson, Sven ([email protected]) - Archaeological Research Laboratory, Stockholm University, Sweden

The European Mesolithic-Neolithic transition is a topic that has generated a rich debate. Foci of interest have been, among others, the relative cultural contributions of indigenous populations as opposed to external influences, the speed of transition, and the degree of completeness of the transition. In this respect changes in dietary subsistence strategies and in culinary practices are often presented as indicative of a transitional event. The goal of the research here presented was to investigate if dietary and culinary practices involving the use of aquatic foods could be observed in inland German Funnel Beaker sites. The collective grave sites of Großenbrode, Calden, and Odagsen located over 200km from the coast were selected for study. A multi-proxy approach was adopted to investigate potential consumption of aquatic foods. This included: paleo-landscape reconstruction of the site of Odagsen, radiocarbon and isotopic analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of human bone collagen from all sites, and analysis of lipid residues extracted from pottery shards from the sites of Calden and Odagsen. Within the archaeological remains recovered from the Funnel Beaker sites, fish-bones from freshwater species and bones of aquatic birds were identified at the sites of Calden and Odagsen. Paleo-landscape reconstruction of the site of Odagsen showed that the site was previously inserted in an aquatic- dominated landscape. Human isotopic results showed δ13C values typical of inland sites, but relatively high δ15N values for some individuals is compatible with the intake of freshwater fish. Furthermore, human bone collagen radiocarbon results were, in some instances, older than reference charcoal radiocarbon dates suggesting possible human dietary radiocarbon reservoir effects due to the consumption of 14C-depleted fish. Finally, in four of the nine ceramic samples from Calden and in five of the seven samples from Odagsen lipid residues were identified that are characteristic of aquatic animals. The composition of five of these suggests that the residues are mixtures, also containing traces that are characteristics of terrestrial animals and/or plants. All four samples with only aquatic animal traces had low total lipid amounts.

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Abstracts (posters) These results demonstrate that dietary and culinary practices involving the use of aquatic animals may be observed in, at least, some inland Neolithic sites.

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Abstracts (posters) P17: Radiocarbon dating of bivalve soft tissues, shell carbonate, and shell conchiolin (POSTER)

Fernandes, Ricardo ([email protected]) - Universities of Kiel and Cambridge Dreves, Alexander ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel

Bivalve shells are found in diverse archaeological contexts and are indicative of their varying contribution to past human diet. Radiocarbon and isotopic analysis of often well-preserved bivalve shells can provide important information on past environmental conditions, site’s chronology, and on the isotopic baseline relevant in human palaeodiet studies. As part of ongoing research, modern and archaeological bivalve samples of different species have been recovered from marine and freshwater locations within Germany. Different bivalve fractions (soft tissues, shell carbonate) were physically/chemically pre-treated and targeted for radiocarbon and isotopic analysis (δ13C, δ15N). Obtained results show that bivalve specimens from different locations have a highly variable but significantly lower 14C content compared with the contemporary atmosphere, i.e. they show a radiocarbon reservoir effect. Furthermore, in some instances, significant differences were observed between radiocarbon measurements in different bivalve fractions (shell carbonate vs. soft tissues). These were linked to species, growth stage, and variations in 14C concentrations of the water carbon pools (dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and particulate organic carbon). The variability in local radiocarbon reservoir effects and potential differences in 14C concentration between edible (soft tissues) and preserved (shell carbonate) bivalve fractions constitutes a potential challenge in the establishment of accurate chronologies. In order to address these issues an approach currently being developed aims at isolating bivalve shell conchiolin (protein fraction in bivalve shell). Preliminary results comparing, for the same bivalve specimen, radiocarbon measurements of shell carbonate, shell conchiolin, and soft tissues will be presented.

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Abstracts (posters) P18: Quality management of AMS-radiocarbon measurements in Leibniz- Laboratory (POSTER)*

Huels, Mathias ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany Rakowski, Andrzej ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany; Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland Dreves, Alexander ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany Meadows, John ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Foundation, Schloss Gottorf, Germany; Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany Schneider, Ralph ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany

As required in any analytical measurement technique, a number of known samples had to be added to control the reliability of measurements of unknown samples. Over the past 3 years, frequent occurring measurement errors, e.g. apparently too old measured sample ages, failed to be detected by the existing quality management, consisting basically of the control of measurements done on primary standards, background samples, IAEA sample materials and recently added double measurements of unknown samples. Here we present results of our new quality control protocol, including the measurement of a number of known samples going through chemical sample treatment (tertiary standards), sealing and combustion (secondary standards), and primary standards (oxalic acid).

* Extra programme contribution

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Abstracts (posters) P19: Background correction for organic samples in Leibniz-Laboratory (POSTER)*

Huels, Mathias ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany Rakowski, Andrzej ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany; Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland Nadeau, Marie-Josée ([email protected]) - Graduate School “Human Development in Landscapes”, University Kiel, Germany Grootes, Pieter - Institute for Ecosystem Research, University Kiel, Germany

The age limit of AMS radiocarbon dating is defined in principle by the detection limit. In addition to a machine background, infinitely old samples could a) contain an inherent contamination with 14C, and b) become contaminated with 14C during required sample preparation for AMS-14C measurements. As shown for carbonate samples, which have species- dependent 14C backgrounds (Nadeau et al 2001), we explore different organic materials such as wood, coal, and bone for material-specific apparent 14C background signatures. While samples such as coal or plant materials show rather comparable apparent background 14C concentrations, bone material contains a larger background signal. Whether differences in apparent background signals are related to differences in sample pretreatments, e.g. acid-base-acid vs. acid-base-acid plus gelatinization, or to a material-specific inherent 14C contamination, need further investigations. In any case, for old samples with 14C concentrations < 1pMC (~37 kyrs BP), a material-specific background correction can have large impacts on reported radiocarbon ages and may explain age discrepancies observed when comparing radiocarbon ages measured by different laboratories or comparisons to previously measured ages.

* Extra programme contribution

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Abstracts (posters) P20: Data analysis at Leibniz Laboratory Kiel (POSTER)*

Rakowski, Andrzej ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany; Institute of Physics, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland Huels, Mathias ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany Schneider, Ralph ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany Dreves, Alexander ([email protected]) - Leibniz Laboratory, University Kiel, Germany Meadows, John ([email protected]) - Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Foundation, Schloss Gottorf, Germany

We have developed a method of correction for isotopic fractionation attributable to the ion source and the instability of the ion current for each sample. This is achieved by comparing the results for an unknown sample with results for NBS Ox II standard material with identical average values of the ion current for 12C and 13C. These values are obtained through fit-data function (ion current vs. isotopes ratio 14C/12C and 13C/12C). Using this method it is possible to maintain high precision, even if the performance of the ion source is not stable during measurement. By applying this method we were able to decrease the scattering of the measurements.

* Extra programme contribution

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List of participants and authors List of participants and authors

Aguilera, Orangel ([email protected]) Aguraiuja, Ülle ([email protected]) Alexander, Michelle ([email protected]) Alves, Eduardo ([email protected]) Andrade, Pedro ([email protected]) Angelica, Rómulo ([email protected]) Angulo, Rodolfo ([email protected]) Aravena, Chrsitian ([email protected]) Arppe, Laura ([email protected]) Ascough, Philippa ([email protected]) Barta, Peter ([email protected]) Baus, Annette ([email protected]) Beavan, Nancy ([email protected]) Bedford, Stuart ([email protected]) Berrios, Mauricio ([email protected]) Bonsall, Clive ([email protected]) Boroneanţ, Adina ([email protected]) Boudin, Mathieu ([email protected]) Bownes, Jessica ([email protected]) Buckley, Hallie ([email protected]) Burr, George ([email protected]) Caldeira, Claudia ([email protected]) Carvalho, Carla ([email protected]) Chanca, Ingrid ([email protected]) Charlton, Sophy ([email protected]) Codjambassis, Katia ([email protected]) Cook, Gordon ([email protected]) Craig, Oliver ([email protected]) Dolbunova, Ekaterina ([email protected]) Dong, Weimiao ([email protected]) Douka, Katerina ([email protected]) Dreves, Alexander ([email protected]) Eriksson, Gunilla ([email protected]) 111

List of participants and authors Evershed, Richard ([email protected]) Fahy, Geraldine ([email protected]) Faivre, Sanja ([email protected]) Fernandes, Ricardo ([email protected]) Fohlmeister, Jens ([email protected]) Fuller, Benjamin T. ([email protected]) Ghosh, Prosenjit ([email protected]) Glykou, Aikaterini ([email protected]) Grimes, Vaughan ([email protected]) Grishin, Artem ([email protected]) Hamilton, Derek ([email protected]) Hart, John ([email protected]) Hegge, Charlotte ([email protected]) Heikkari, Iida ([email protected]) Heinemeier, Jan ([email protected]) Heron, Carl ([email protected]) Horiuchi, Akiko ([email protected]) Huels, Mathias ([email protected]) Imamura, Mineo ([email protected]) Kamijo, Nobuhiko ([email protected]) Koike, Hiroko ([email protected]) Kulkova, Marianna ([email protected]) Kuronuma, Yasuko ([email protected]) Kusaka, Soichiro ([email protected]) Kuzmin, Yaroslav ([email protected]) Lefevre, Jean-Claude ([email protected]) Lidén, Kerstin ([email protected]) Lillie, Malcolm ([email protected]) Lira, Francisca ([email protected]) Lovis, William ([email protected]) Lübke, Harald ([email protected]) Macario, Kita ([email protected]) Marchenko, Zhanna ([email protected]) Marques Jr, Aguinaldo ([email protected]) Masuyama, Takayuki ([email protected]) 112

List of participants and authors Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki ([email protected]) Mazurkevich, Andrey ([email protected]) Meadows, John ([email protected]) Mihara, Shozo ([email protected]) Milner, Nicky ([email protected]) Minami, Masayo ([email protected]) Miyamoto, Kazuo ([email protected]) Miyata, Yoshiki ([email protected]) Molodin, Vyacheslav ([email protected]) Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre ([email protected]) Murray, Iona ([email protected]) Nakamura, Kentaro ([email protected]) Nakamura, Toshio ([email protected]) Nikitin, Alexey ([email protected]) O'Connell, Tamsin ([email protected]) Oinonen, Markku ([email protected]) Olguin, Laura ([email protected]) Oliveira, Fabiana ([email protected]) Onbe, Shin ([email protected]) Oras, Ester ([email protected]) Orlova, Lyubov ([email protected]) Panov, Vsevolod ([email protected]) Pesonen, Petro ([email protected]) Petchey, Fiona ([email protected]) Philippsen, Bente ([email protected]) Piezonka, Henny ([email protected]) Piličiauskas, Gytis ([email protected]) Piličiauskienė, Giedrė ([email protected]) Pimenta, Alexandre ([email protected]) Pospieszny, Łukasz ([email protected]) Potekhina, Inna ([email protected]) Pozdnyakova, Olga ([email protected]) Rakowski, Andrzej ([email protected]) Ramsey, Chris ([email protected]) Rapagnã, Luciano ([email protected]) 113

List of participants and authors Rebolledo, Sandra ([email protected]) Reimer, Paula J. ([email protected]) Richards, Michael P. ([email protected]) Russell, Nicola ([email protected]) Sakamoto, Minoru ([email protected]) Sayle, Kerry ([email protected]) Schneider, Ralph ([email protected]) Schulting, Rick ([email protected]) Scott, Marian ([email protected]) Silva, Edson ([email protected]) Silva, Edson ([email protected]) Souza, Rosa ([email protected]) Spriggs, Matthew ([email protected]) Stevens, Rhiannon ([email protected]) Stjerna, Rita ([email protected]) Svyatko, Svetlana ([email protected]) Telizhenko, Sergey ([email protected]) Tenorio, Maria Cristina ([email protected]) Tõrv, Mari ([email protected]) Tovkajlo, Mykola ([email protected]) Tripney, Brian ([email protected]) Urrea, Josefina ([email protected]) Uslamin, Evgeniy ([email protected]) Valentin, Frédérique ([email protected]) van der Sluis, Laura ([email protected]) Van Neer, Wim ([email protected]) Vibornov, Alexander ([email protected]) Weber, Andrzej ([email protected]) Wild, Eva Maria ([email protected]) Wetzel, Richard ([email protected]) Yoneda, Minoru ([email protected]) Zazovskaya, Elya ([email protected]) Zhou, Aifeng ([email protected]) Zubova, Alisa ([email protected])

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