DOCSLIB.ORG

Recent Industrial Development in Oral Thin Film Technology: an Overview

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recent Industrial Development in Oral Thin Film Technology: an Overview PharmaTutor PRINT ISSN: 2394-6679 | E-ISSN: 2347-7881 17 Recent industrial development in Oral Thin Film Technology: An Overview Kh. Hussan Reza 1*, Pranabesh Chakraborty2 1 Department of Pharmacy, Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Hooghly, West Bengal, India 2 Director, Department of Pharmacy, Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Hooghly, WB, India *[email protected] ABSTRACT Oral route of administration is most convenient route but often is disadvantageous for administering to geriatric and paediatric patients. Orally disintegrating film is found to be effective in delivering rapid drug action by dissolving the drug in buccal cavity. Since a decade oral thin films has got commercial importance in generic and non generic market projecting it as a multinational business asset. Current research in this field is found to be associated with industrialization and commercialization. Current article make an overview of not only technological changes in research and manufacturing but also gives an insight about growing market worldwide. Keywords: Oral Thin Film Technology, oral dissolving film, mucoadhesion INTRODUCTION upon placing on tongue instantly dissolves or The oral route is most popular route for the disintegrate the medication without the need of administration of therapeutic agents because of the water. Thus suitable for patients: paediatrics and low cost of therapy and ease of administration lead geriatrics, avoiding-nausea, vomiting and to high levels of patient compliance. The most dysphasia[6]. This system is found to be equally viable popular oral solid dosage forms are tablets and for unconscious or dementia patients as this system capsule[1]. Generally geriatric, paediatric and is capable to secrete saliva and get dissolved. bedridden patient experience difficulties in swallowing the conventional oral dosage form. To The concept of the oral dissolving film [6] overcome this problem a novel formulation was 1. This delivery system consists of a thin film. developed i.e. oral fast dissolving films or oral thin 2. After placing it on the top of the tongue, the film films[2]. Oral thin film was initially first developed in dissolves within seconds, promoting first pass 1970 as a novel initiative of current dosage form[4]. metabolism as compared to tablet and other Oral thin films were first launched in 2004 for immediate release oral solid dosage forms, and may systemic drug delivery and are now widely increase the bioavailability of drug. accepted[3]. [2, 7] Drug delivery via the oral mucosa is a promising Special Features route, when one wishes to achieve a rapid onset of 1. Thin elegant film. action or improved bioavailability for drugs with high 2. Available in various size and shapes. first pass metabolism. Thus, there is a growing 3. Unobstructive. interest in developing alternative dosage forms, i.e. 4. Excellent mucoadhesion. orally fast disintegrating strip, which allow a rapidly 5. Fast disintegration and Rapid release. dissolving drug to absorb directly into the systemic 6. They are made up of water soluble polymers that circulation through the oral mucosa. These kinds of are inert to the drug substances incorporated, most dosage forms are also convenient for children, commonly used polymers include- Hydroxy Propyl elderly patients with swallowing difficulties, and in Methyl Celullose, Pullulan, Poly Ethylene Oxide,Poly the absence of portable liquids[1]. As mentioned in a Vinyl Alcohol, Maltodextrine, Starch, etc. study of 1576 patients 26 % faced difficulty in [1, 7] swallowing due to size, surface and taste[5]. Oral thin Criteria of Oral Dissolving Film films are made up of water a soluble polymer which Fast dissolving film should How to cite this article: Reza KH, Chakraborty P; Recent industrial development in Oral Thin Film Technology: An Overview; PharmaTutor; 2016; 4(8); 17-22 Vol. 4, Issue 8 | magazine.pharmatutor.org PharmaTutor PRINT ISSN: 2394-6679 | E-ISSN: 2347-7881 18 1. Have a pleasant mouth feel. A. EXICIPENT: The excipients used are generally 2. Not require water to swallow, but it should referred from official monographs and other used dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth in matter of within the limits permissible in general the inactive seconds. ingredient list or IIG issued by FDA serves to us as a 3. The drug should have pleasant taste. limit justified to be incorporated in formulations. The 4. Be compatible with taste masking. commonly used excipients are as follows: 5. Leave minimum or no residue in the mouth after oral administration. i. Polymers [11,12,13] 6. Exhibit low sensitivity to environmental conditions To obtain the desired matrix of film, polymers can such as temperature and humidity. be used alone or in combination. In general water- 7. The drug to be incorporated should have low soluble polymers are used as film formers as they dose. undergo rapid disintegration, good mouth feel and 8. Have the ability to permeate oral mucosal tissue. mechanical properties to the films. The strength of the film depends on the type of polymer and the Advantages of Oral Dissolving Film [1, 2, 8, 9, 10] amount in the formulation. By increasing the 1. Improved patient compliance by enhancing of molecular weight of polymer film bases, administration to pediatric, geriatric, bedridden disintegration rate of the polymer decreases. patients and psychiatric patients who refuse to Polymers frequently used as film formers are water swallow tablets. soluble grades of cellulose ethers, polyvinyl alcohol, 2. No need of water to swallow or chew. polysaccharides, polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-90, 3. No risk of chocking. polyethylene glycols, pullulan, gelatin, carboxmethyl 4. Good mouth feel. cellulose cekol 30, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose E- 5. No special training is required for the 3 and K-3, methyl cellulose A-3, A-6 and A-15, pectin, administration of dosage form. sodium alginate, hydroxypropylcellulose of grades E- 6. Bypassing the first pass effect leads to reduction in 5 ,E15 and LV grades, maltodextrins and eudragit the dose which can lead to reduction in side effects RD10. Recent as per some patents event the use of associated with the molecule. starch as modified starch, pea starch is also reported. 7. Precision in the administered dose. Polymers generally forms about 40% to 50% of the 8. Larger surface area promotes rapid disintegration film matrix. and dissolution in the oral cavity. 9. Oral films are flexible and thus less fragile as ii. Plasticizers [11,14,15] compared to orally dissolving films. Hence, there is Plasticizer enhances mechanical properties or ease of transportation and during consumer handling durability of matrix such as tensile strength and and storage. elongation to the film by reducing the glass 10. Easy transportation. transition temperature of the polymer. It also reduces brittleness of the strip by fixing itself in Limitations of Oral Dissolving Film [1, 2, 9] between the polymer chains acting as a hinge to the 1. Drugs which are unstable at buccal pH cannot be support, as a result improves its flexibility. Choice of administered. plasticizer depends upon type of solvent used and its 2. These dosage forms are moisture sensitive. compatibility with the polymer. Some of the 3. They require special packaging for the products commonly employed plasticizers are phthalate stability and safety. derivatives like dimethyl, diethyl and Dibutyl 4. High dose cannot be incorporated into the oral phthalate, glycerol mono oleate and low molecular film. weight polyethylene glycols, castor oil, citrate derivatives like tributyl, triethyl, acetyl citrate, PHARMACEUTCIAL ASPECT triacetin and glycerol. The phthalates, since it shows The pharmaceutical aspect generally includes the carcinogenegity are not used currently for excipients used and the manufacturing process formulation. Incorrect use of plasticizer may followed in the development of oral thin film, A brief cause blooming, film cracking, splitting and peeling general overview of the process is given below. Vol. 4, Issue 8 | magazine.pharmatutor.org PharmaTutor PRINT ISSN: 2394-6679 | E-ISSN: 2347-7881 19 of the films. Plasticizers generally forms around 0-20 preferred more. Flouring agents are used along with % of the film composition. menthol that provides a typical cooling sensation to the flavor. Apart from regular oil soluble flavors iii. Surfactant [12,14] some volatile flavors are also used as eucalyptol, Surfactants are used multi dimentionally as eugenol, thymol. Some exotic flavors such as vanilla, solubilising agent, emulsifying agent, dispersing chocolate, coffee are also used depending upon the agent. Nonionic surfactants are in general preferred. targeted market. The commonly used surfactants include Tweens, Sodium Laurly Sulphate, Cremophor, Polaxomer. vii. Colouring agents Generally incorporated colouring agents are FD&C [16] iv. Taste masking agents colours, natural colours, pigments such as titanium As most of the drugs are bitter, it’s a challenge to dioxide. The colour selection is generally done based develop an oral thin film with a good acceptable on the formulation and its colour acceptable in the taste. The taste masking techniques used involves market by customers. complexation and use of artificial and natural sweeteners. The complexation of drug generally B. MANUFACTURING PROCESS: involves the use of pollacryline potassium, To manufacture fast dissolving oral films, following cyclodextrine, tannic acid, chitosan. Various artificial methods are generally employed: sweeteners used are
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Softgels' Clear Advantages
    DEEPDIVE REPORT March 2019 naturalproductsinsider.com Softgels’ Clear Advantages Report brought to you by DEEPDIVE REPORT Softgels’ Clear Advantages Contents Market snapshot ..................................................................................... 3 Consumer appeal .................................................................................... 4 Softgel history .......................................................................................... 6 Advantages of softgels ........................................................................... 7 How softgels are made .......................................................................... 9 Softgel challenges and solutions .......................................................11 Oxidation ...........................................................................................11 Consumer experience .......................................................................12 Dietary considerations ......................................................................12 Shelf stability ....................................................................................14 Bioavailability ....................................................................................14 Innovative developments .....................................................................16 Copyright © 2019 Informa Exhibitions LLC. All rights reserved. The publisher reserves the right to accept or reject any advertising or editorial material. Advertisers, and/or their agents, assume the
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,515,007 B2 Murad (45) Date of Patent: Feb
    USOO6515007B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,515,007 B2 Murad (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 4, 2003 (54) METHODS FOR MANAGING SCALP OTHER PUBLICATIONS CONDITIONS WPIDS AN 1997-389337, JP 09 169638 A, Jun. 30, 1997, (76) Inventor: Howard Murad, 4265 Marina City Dr., bstract.* Penthouse 11, Marina del Rey, CA (US) MEDLINE 79172521, Orfanos et al, Hautarzt, Mar. 1979, 90292 30(3), 124–33, abstract.* * cited by examiner (*) Notice: patentSubject is to extended any disclaimer, or adjusted the term under of this 35 Primary Examiner Rebecca Cook U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Pennie & Edmonds LLP (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 09/920,729 ThisS applicationCO relatesCLCSO to a ph CCUCtical compositionCOOOSOO f (22) Filed: Aug. 3, 2001 the prevention, treatment, and management of Scalp O O conditions, Such as dandruff, Seborrheic dermatitis, (65) Prior Publication Data pSoriasis, folliculitis, and hair thinning including a thera US 2002/0009423 A1 Jan. 24, 2002 peutically effective amount of an acidic component of a hydroxyacid or tannic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable Related U.S. Application Data Salt thereof. A preferred anti-dandruff composition and - - - method of managing dandruff includes a therapeutically (62) Pisie of Epitol N: SE filed R Aug. 5. effective amount of the acid component, a vitamin A application, now Nolog23,484Pat. No. O.Z f 1,240,filedonii. which 27, is 1998,a division now Pat o OPO and an anti-growthi- agent. A preferred anti-hairi-hai No. 6,207,694. thinning composition and method of managing thinning hair 7 includes a therapeutically effective amount of the acidic (51) Int.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral Drug Delivery: Formulation Selection Methods & Novel Delivery Technologies
    ORAL DRUG DELIVERY: FORMULATION SELECTION METHODS & NOVEL DELIVERY TECHNOLOGIES OUTSTANDING ISSUE SPONSOR www.ondrugdelivery.com “Oral Drug Delivery: Formulation Selection Approaches CONTENTS & Novel Delivery Technologies” This edition is one in the ONdrugDelivery series of pub- No Longer a Hit-or-Miss Proposition: lications from Frederick Furness Publishing. Each issue focuses on a specific topic within the field of drug deliv- Once-Daily Formulation for Drugs with ery, and is supported by industry leaders in that field. pH-Dependent Solubility Gopi Venkatesh, Director of R&D & Anthony Recupero, EDITORIAL CALENDAR 2011: Senior Director, Business Development June: Injectable Drug Delivery (Devices Focus) Aptalis Pharmaceutical Technologies 4-8 July: Injectable Drug Delivery (Formulations Focus) September: Prefilled Syringes A possible approach for the desire to innovate October: Oral Drug Delivery Brian Wang, CEO & Dr Junsang Park, CSO November: Pulmonary & Nasal Drug Delivery (OINDP) GL PharmTech 10-13 December: Delivering Biotherapeutics SUBSCRIPTIONS: COMPANY PROFILE - To arrange your FREE subscription (pdf or print) to Mayne Pharma International 14-15 ONdrugDelivery, contact: Guy Furness, Publisher From Powder to Pill: A Rational Approach to T: +44 (0) 1273 78 24 24 E: [email protected] Formulating for First-into-Man Studies Dr Robert Harris, Director, Early Development SPONSORSHIP/ADVERTISING: Molecular Profiles Ltd 16-19 To feature your company in ONdrugDelivery, contact: Guy Furness, Publisher LiquiTime* Oral Liquid
    [Show full text]
  • Oral Dosage Forms That Should Not Be Crushed Formulary-Specific List for VCMC and SPH
    Oral Dosage Forms That Should Not be Crushed Formulary-Specific List for VCMC and SPH Generic Brand Dosage Form(s) Reasons/Comments amoxicillin-clavulanate Augmentin XR Tablet Slow-release (b,h) aspirin Aspirin EC Caplet; Tablet Slow-release; Enteric-coated aspirin and dipyridamole Aggrenox XR Capsule Slow-release atazanavir Reyataz Capsule Note: an oral powder is available, see prescribing information for administration instructions atomoxetine Strattera Capsule Note: capsule contents can cause ocular irritation - Do not open capsules as contents are an ocular irritant benzonatate Tessalon Perles Capsule Note: swallow whole; local anesthesia of the oral mucosa; choking could occur - Capsules are liquid-filled “perles” - Do not alter (break, cut, chew) integrity of dosage form; local mucosal irritant and anesthetic bisacodyl Dulcolax Capsule; Tablet Enteric-coated (c) bosentan Tracleer Tablet Note: women who are, or may become, pregnant, should not handle crushed or broken tablets brivaracetam Briviact Tablet Film-coated (b) budesonide Entocort EC Capsule Enteric-coated (a) - Capsules contain enteric-coated granules in extended-release matrix; can open capsules but do not crush contents - Products are formulated to release active drug at mid- to late small intestine buPROPion Wellbutrin XL Tablet Slow-release - Do not crush extended-release tablets - Immediate-release tablet products may be film-coated March 2019 carvedilol phosphate Coreg CR Capsule Slow-release (a) (Note: may add contents of capsule to chilled, not warm, applesauce
    [Show full text]
  • Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan
    The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Institutional Review Board PROJECT SUMMARY Study Title: Ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block versus periarticular infiltration for pain management after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial Principal Investigator: Irina Gasanova, MD Sponsor/Funding Source: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, UT Southwestern Medical School IRB Number: STU 122015-022 NCT Number: NCT02658240 Date of Document: 01 April 2016 Page 1 of 7 Purpose: In this randomized, controlled, observer-blinded study we plan to evaluate ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block with ropivacaine and periarticular infiltration with ropivacaine for postoperative pain management after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Background: Despite substantial advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of pain and availability of newer analgesic techniques, postoperative pain is not always effectively treated (1). Optimal pain management technique balances pain relief with concerns about safety and adverse effects associated with analgesic techniques. Currently, postoperative pain is commonly treated with systemic opioids, which are associated with numerous adverse effects including nausea and vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, pruritus, urinary retention, and respiratory depression (2). Use of regional and local anesthesia has been shown to reduce opioid requirements and opioid-related side effects. Therefore, their use has been emphasized (3, 4, 5, 6). Fascia Iliaca compartment block (FICB) is a field block that blocks the nerves from the lumbar plexus supplying the thigh (i.e., lateral femoral cutaneous femoral and obturator nerves). The obturator nerve is sometimes involved in the FICB but probably plays little role in postoperative pain relief for most surgeries of the hip and proximal femur.
    [Show full text]
  • Intravenous Therapy Procedure Manual
    INTRAVENOUS THERAPY PROCEDURE MANUAL - 1 - LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE __________________________________________ hereby approves (Facility) the attached Reference Manual as of _____________________. (Date) The Intravenous Therapy Procedure Manual will be reviewed at least annually or more often when deemed appropriate. Revisions will be reviewed as they occur. Current copies of the Intravenous Therapy Procedure Manual shall be maintained at each appropriate nursing station. I have reviewed this manual and agree to its approval. __________________________ (Administrator) __________________________ (Director of Nursing) __________________________ (Medical Director) - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION A. Purpose 1 B. Local Standard of Practice 1 RESPONSIBILITIES A. Responsibilities: M Chest Pharmacy 1 B. Responsibilities: Administrator 1 C. Responsibilities: Director of Nursing Services (DON/DNS) 1 D. Skills Validation 2 AMENDMENTS GUIDELINES A. Resident Candidacy for IV Therapy 1 B. Excluded IV Medications and Therapies 1 C. Processing the IV Order 1 D. IV Solutions/Medications: Storage 2 E. IV Solutions/Medications: Handling 3 F. IV Solutions and Supplies: Destroying and Returning 4 G. IV Tubing 5 H. Peripheral IV Catheters and Needles 6 I. Central Venous Devices 7 J. Documentation and Monitoring 8 K. IV Medication Administration Times 9 L. Emergency IV Supplies 10 I TABLE OF CONTENTS PROTOCOLS A. IV Antibiotic 1 1. Purpose 2. Guidelines 3. Nursing Responsibilities B. IV Push 2 1. Purpose 2. Guidelines C. Anaphylaxis Allergic Reaction 4 1. Purpose 2. Guidelines 3. Nursing Responsibilities and Interventions 4. Signs and Symptoms of Anaphylaxis 5. Drugs Used to Treat Anaphylaxis 6. Physician Protocol PRACTICE GUIDELINES A. Purpose 1 B. Personnel 1 C. Competencies 1 D.
    [Show full text]
  • A Randomized and Observer Blinded Comparison of Continuous Femoral
    a & hesi C st lin e ic n a l A f R Möller. J Anesthe Clinic Res 2011, 4:1 o e l s e a Journal of Anesthesia & Clinical DOI: 10.4172/2155-6148.1000.277 a n r r c u h o J ISSN: 2155-6148 Research Case Report Open Access A Randomized and Observer Blinded Comparison of Continuous Femoral Block and Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block in Hip Replacement Surgery Thorsten Möller1,2, Sabine Benthaus2, Maria Huber2, Ingrid Bentrup2, Markus Schofer3, Leopold Eberhart2, Hinnerk Wulf2 and Astrid Morin2* 1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany 2Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany 3Department of Orthopedy and Rheumatology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany Abstract Background: Techniques, analgesic effects and functional outcome of continuous femoral nerve and fascia iliaca compartment blocks were compared in patients undergoing hip replacement surgery. Methods: 80 patients were enroled in this randomized and observer-blinded study. 40 patients received a femoral nerve catheter with a stimulating catheter (FEM group) and 40 patients a fascia iliaca compartment catheter (FIC group). Before surgery, the catheters were placed. 50 mL prilocaine 1% was administered and a continuous infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% was maintained for 24 hours. Postoperative pain management with non-steroidal anti- inflammatory agents was standardized during the first 24 hours. No bolus application of a local anesthetic was allowed during this period. Intravenous opioide PCA with piritramide (comparable with morphin) was provided for 24 hours, and the patients were instructed to titrate their pain below a level of visual analogue scale of 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Continuous Pericapsular Nerve Group Block for Postoperative Pain
    Fujino et al. JA Clinical Reports (2021) 7:22 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40981-021-00423-1 CASE REPORT Open Access Continuous pericapsular nerve group block for postoperative pain management in total hip arthroplasty: report of two cases Takashi Fujino1* , Masahiko Odo1, Hisako Okada1, Shinji Takahashi2 and Toshihiro Kikuchi1 Abstract Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the surgical procedures associated with severe postoperative pain. Appropriate postoperative pain management is effective for promoting early ambulation and reducing the length of hospital stay. Effects of conventional pain management strategies, such as femoral nerve block and fascia iliaca block, are inadequate in some cases. Case presentation: THA was planned for 2 patients with osteoarthritis. In addition to general anesthesia, continuous pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) block were performed for postoperative pain management. Numerical rating scale (NRS) scores measured at rest and upon movement were low at 2, 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively, suggesting that the treatments were effective for managing postoperative pain. The Bromage score at postoperative days (POD) 1 and 2 was 0. Conclusion: Continuous PENG block and LFCN block were effective for postoperative pain management in patients who underwent THA. PENG block did not cause postoperative motor blockade. Keywords: Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block, Continuous peripheral nerve block, Total hip arthroplasty, Peripheral nerve block Background reported that it was more effective for managing postop- Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is associated with signifi- erative pain associated with THA than conventional cant postoperative pain [1]. Opioids are typically used peripheral nerve blocks [6].
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview On: Sublingual Route for Systemic Drug Delivery
    International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701 __________________________________________Review Article An Overview on: Sublingual Route for Systemic Drug Delivery K. Patel Nibha1 and SS. Pancholi2* 1Department of Pharmaceutics, BITS Institute of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological university, Varnama, Vadodara, Gujarat, India 2BITS Institute of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Varnama, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. __________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Oral mucosal drug delivery is an alternative and promising method of systemic drug delivery which offers several advantages. Sublingual literally meaning is ''under the tongue'', administrating substance via mouth in such a way that the substance is rapidly absorbed via blood vessels under tongue. Sublingual route offers advantages such as bypasses hepatic first pass metabolic process which gives better bioavailability, rapid onset of action, patient compliance , self-medicated. Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) is common among in all ages of people and more in pediatric, geriatric, psychiatric patients. In terms of permeability, sublingual area of oral cavity is more permeable than buccal area which is in turn is more permeable than palatal area. Different techniques are used to formulate the sublingual dosage forms. Sublingual drug administration is applied in field of cardiovascular drugs, steroids, enzymes and some barbiturates. This review highlights advantages, disadvantages, different sublingual formulation such as tablets and films, evaluation. Key Words: Sublingual delivery, techniques, improved bioavailability, evaluation. INTRODUCTION and direct access to systemic circulation, the oral Drugs have been applied to the mucosa for topical mucosal route is suitable for drugs, which are application for many years. However, recently susceptible to acid hydrolysis in the stomach or there has been interest in exploiting the oral cavity which are extensively metabolized in the liver.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccine Administration Joellen Wolicki, BSN, RN and Elaine Miller, RN, BSN, MPH
    Vaccine Administration JoEllen Wolicki, BSN, RN and Elaine Miller, RN, BSN, MPH This chapter summarizes best practices related to vaccine administration, a key factor in ensuring vaccination is as safe NOTES and effective as possible. Administration involves a series of actions: assessing patient vaccination status and determining needed vaccines, screening for contraindications and precautions, educating patients, preparing and administering vaccines properly, and documenting the vaccines administered. Professional standards for medication administration, manufacturer instructions, and organizational policies and procedures should always be followed when applicable. 6 Staff Training and Education Policies should be in place to validate health care professionals’ knowledge of, and skills in, vaccine administration. All health care professionals should receive comprehensive, competency- based training before administering vaccines. Training, including an observation component, should be integrated into health care professionals’ education programs including orientation for new staff and annual continuing education requirements for all staff. In addition, health care professionals should receive educational updates as needed, such as when vaccine administration recommendations are updated or when new vaccines are added to the facility’s inventory. Training should also be offered to temporary staff who may be filling in on days when the facility is short-staffed or helping during peak periods of vaccine administration such as influenza season. Once initial training has been completed, accountability checks should be in place to ensure staff follow all vaccine administration policies and procedures. Before Administering Vaccine Health care professionals should be knowledgeable about appropriate techniques to prepare and care for patients when administering vaccines. Assess for Needed Vaccines The patient’s immunization status should be reviewed at every health care visit.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 Controlling Drug Delivery
    chapter 1 Controlling drug delivery Overview In this chapter we will: & differentiate drug delivery systems according to their physical state & differentiate drug delivery systems according to their route of administration & differentiate drug delivery systems according to their type of drug release & discuss drug transport across epithelial barriers. Introduction KeyPoints & Continued developments in Pharmacotherapy can be defined as the treatment chemistry, molecular biology and prevention of illness and disease by means of and genomics support the drugs of chemical or biological origin. It ranks discovery and developments among the most important methods of medical of new drugs and new drug treatment, together with surgery, physical targets. & treatment, radiation and psychotherapy. There The drug delivery system are many success stories concerning the use of employed can control the pharmacological action of a drugs and vaccines in the treatment, prevention drug, influencing its and in some cases even eradication of diseases pharmacokinetic and (e.g. smallpox, which is currently the only subsequent therapeutic human infectious disease completely profile. eradicated). Although it is almost impossible to estimate the exact extent of the impact of pharmacotherapy on human health, there can be no doubt that pharmacotherapy, together with improved sanitation, better diet and better housing, has improved people’s health, life expectancy and quality of life. Tip Unprecedented developments in genomics Combinatorial chemistry is a way to and molecular biology today offer a plethora of build a variety of structurally related new drug targets. The use of modern chemical drug compounds rapidly and synthetic methods (such as combinatorial systematically. These are assembled chemistry) enables the syntheses of a large from a range of molecular entities number of new drug candidates in shorter times which are put together in different ‘ ’ than ever before.
    [Show full text]
  • Capsule Robot: a Theranostic Approach
    Acta Scientific Pharmaceutical Sciences (ISSN: 2581-5423) Volume 3 Issue 10 October 2019 Review Article Capsule Robot: A Theranostic Approach Pradnya Palekar Shanbhag*, Tejal Gawade, Prerna Patil and Priyanka Deshmukh Department of Pharmaceutics, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai, Affiliated to University of Mumbai, India *Corresponding Author: Pradnya Palekar Shanbhag, Head and Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Oriental College of Pharmacy, Sanpada,Received: Navi September Mumbai, 11, Affiliated 2019 ; Published: to University September of Mumbai, 27, India. 2019 DOI: 10.31080/ASPS.2019.03.0407 Abstract Increasing development in healthcare systems and availability of efficient miniaturized components or systems that are economic has led to profound scope for research in many new fields. Capsule robot was one such fictional idea that turned into factual reality because of use of applicative miniaturized components. Initially capsule robots were developed for endoscopic applications. These travel inside the gastrointestinal tract and thus capture images of the gastrointestinal tract and related areas. Later, capsule robots were developed to be used as the unique tool to construct micron and sub-micron sized drug delivery systems for target delivery and treatment. This article highlights on various aspects of capsule robots in diagnosis and therapy of various disorders and diseases, togetherKeywords: called Capsule theranostic Robot; approachEndoscopy; in Diagnosis;drug delivery Therapy systems. Introduction The rising demand for non invasive methodology for diagnosis controlled manner, Drug Delivery System (DDS) capsule endoscopy was designed. There are quite a number of research studies using rine type capsules which travel inside the body were used for en Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) for evaluating the drug and treatment led to the invention of capsule robots.
    [Show full text]