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The KNIGHT REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a New Look at Musical Instrument Classification
The KNIGHT REVISION of HORNBOSTEL-SACHS: a new look at musical instrument classification by Roderic C. Knight, Professor of Ethnomusicology Oberlin College Conservatory of Music, © 2015, Rev. 2017 Introduction The year 2015 marks the beginning of the second century for Hornbostel-Sachs, the venerable classification system for musical instruments, created by Erich M. von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs as Systematik der Musikinstrumente in 1914. In addition to pursuing their own interest in the subject, the authors were answering a need for museum scientists and musicologists to accurately identify musical instruments that were being brought to museums from around the globe. As a guiding principle for their classification, they focused on the mechanism by which an instrument sets the air in motion. The idea was not new. The Indian sage Bharata, working nearly 2000 years earlier, in compiling the knowledge of his era on dance, drama and music in the treatise Natyashastra, (ca. 200 C.E.) grouped musical instruments into four great classes, or vadya, based on this very idea: sushira, instruments you blow into; tata, instruments with strings to set the air in motion; avanaddha, instruments with membranes (i.e. drums), and ghana, instruments, usually of metal, that you strike. (This itemization and Bharata’s further discussion of the instruments is in Chapter 28 of the Natyashastra, first translated into English in 1961 by Manomohan Ghosh (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, v.2). The immediate predecessor of the Systematik was a catalog for a newly-acquired collection at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Brussels. The collection included a large number of instruments from India, and the curator, Victor-Charles Mahillon, familiar with the Indian four-part system, decided to apply it in preparing his catalog, published in 1880 (this is best documented by Nazir Jairazbhoy in Selected Reports in Ethnomusicology – see 1990 in the timeline below). -
The Science of String Instruments
The Science of String Instruments Thomas D. Rossing Editor The Science of String Instruments Editor Thomas D. Rossing Stanford University Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) Stanford, CA 94302-8180, USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-7109-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7110-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7110-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Introduction............................................................... 1 Thomas D. Rossing 2 Plucked Strings ........................................................... 11 Thomas D. Rossing 3 Guitars and Lutes ........................................................ 19 Thomas D. Rossing and Graham Caldersmith 4 Portuguese Guitar ........................................................ 47 Octavio Inacio 5 Banjo ...................................................................... 59 James Rae 6 Mandolin Family Instruments........................................... 77 David J. Cohen and Thomas D. Rossing 7 Psalteries and Zithers .................................................... 99 Andres Peekna and Thomas D. -
WORKSHOP: Around the World in 30 Instruments Educator’S Guide [email protected]
WORKSHOP: Around The World In 30 Instruments Educator’s Guide www.4shillingsshort.com [email protected] AROUND THE WORLD IN 30 INSTRUMENTS A MULTI-CULTURAL EDUCATIONAL CONCERT for ALL AGES Four Shillings Short are the husband-wife duo of Aodh Og O’Tuama, from Cork, Ireland and Christy Martin, from San Diego, California. We have been touring in the United States and Ireland since 1997. We are multi-instrumentalists and vocalists who play a variety of musical styles on over 30 instruments from around the World. Around the World in 30 Instruments is a multi-cultural educational concert presenting Traditional music from Ireland, Scotland, England, Medieval & Renaissance Europe, the Americas and India on a variety of musical instruments including hammered & mountain dulcimer, mandolin, mandola, bouzouki, Medieval and Renaissance woodwinds, recorders, tinwhistles, banjo, North Indian Sitar, Medieval Psaltery, the Andean Charango, Irish Bodhran, African Doumbek, Spoons and vocals. Our program lasts 1 to 2 hours and is tailored to fit the audience and specific music educational curriculum where appropriate. We have performed for libraries, schools & museums all around the country and have presented in individual classrooms, full school assemblies, auditoriums and community rooms as well as smaller more intimate settings. During the program we introduce each instrument, talk about its history, introduce musical concepts and follow with a demonstration in the form of a song or an instrumental piece. Our main objective is to create an opportunity to expand people’s understanding of music through direct expe- rience of traditional folk and world music. ABOUT THE MUSICIANS: Aodh Og O’Tuama grew up in a family of poets, musicians and writers. -
The Open Back of the Open-Back Banjo
HDP: 13 { 02 glasswork by M. Desy The Open Back of the Open-Back Banjo David Politzer∗ California Institute of Technology (Dated: December 2, 2013) ...in which a simple question turned into a great adventure and even got answered. (Of course, you might already know the answer yourself.) In a triumph of elementary physics, six measured numbers receive a satisfactory account using two adjustable parameters. ∗[email protected]; http://www.its.caltech.edu/~politzer; 452-48 Caltech, Pasadena CA 91125 2 The Open Back of the Open-Back Banjo I. THE RIM QUESTION The question seemed straightforward. What is the impact of rim height on the sound of an open-back banjo? FIG. 1. an open-back banjo's open back 3 mylar (or skin) head metal flange rim height drum rim wall open back resonator back (Which head is bigger? Auditory (as opposed to optical) illusions only came into their own with the development of digital sound.) FIG. 2. schematic banjo pot cross sections There are a great many choices in banjo design, construction, and set-up. For almost all of them, there is consensus among players and builders on the qualitative effect of possible choices. Just a few of the many are: string material and gauge; drum head material, thickness, and tension; neck wood and design; rim material and weight; tailpiece design and height; tone ring design and material. However, there is no universal ideal of banjo perfection. Virtually every design that has ever existed is still played with gusto, and new ones of those designs are still in production. -
Instrument List
Instrument List Africa: Europe: Kora, Domu, Begana, Mijwiz 1, Mijwiz 2, Arghul, Celtic & Wire Strung Harps, Mandolins, Zitter, Ewe drum collection, Udu drums, Doun Doun Collection of Recorders, Irish and other whistles, drums, Talking drums, Djembe, Mbira, Log drums, FDouble Flutes, Overtone Flutes, Sideblown Balafon, and many other African instruments. Flutes, Folk Flutes, Chanters and Bagpipes, Bodran, Hang drum, Jews harps, accordions, China: Alphorn and many other European instruments. Erhu, Guzheng, Pipa, Yuequin, Bawu, Di-Zi, Guanzi, Hulusi, Sheng, Suona, Xiao, Bo, Darangu Middle East: Lion Drum, Bianzhong, Temple bells & blocks, Oud, Santoor, Duduk, Maqrunah, Duff, Dumbek, Chinese gongs & cymbals, and various other Darabuka, Riqq, Zarb, Zills and other Middle Chinese instruments. Eastern instruments. India: North America: Sitar, Sarangi, Tambura, Electric Sitar, Small Banjo, Dulcimer, Zither, Washtub Bass, Native Zheng, Yuequin, Bansuris, Pungi Snake Charmer, Flute, Fife, Bottle Blows, Slide Whistle, Powwow Shenai, Indian Whistle, Harmonium, Tablas, Dafli, drum, Buffalo drum, Cherokee drum, Pueblo Damroo, Chimtas, Dhol, Manjeera, Mridangam, drum, Log drum, Washboard, Harmonicas Naal, Pakhawaj, Tamte, Tasha, Tavil, and many and more. other Indian instruments. Latin America: Japan: South American & Veracruz Harps, Guitarron, Taiko Drum collection, Koto, Shakuhachi, Quena, Tarka, Panpipes, Ocarinas, Steel Drums, Hichiriki, Sanshin, Shamisen, Knotweed Flute, Bandoneon, Berimbau, Bombo, Rain Stick, Okedo, Tebyoshi, Tsuzumi and other Japanese and an extensive Latin Percussion collection. instruments. Oceania & Australia: Other Asian Regions: Complete Jave & Bali Gamelan collections, Jobi Baba, Piri, Gopichand, Dan Tranh, Dan Ty Sulings, Ukeleles, Hawaiian Nose Flute, Ipu, Ba,Tangku Drum, Madal, Luo & Thai Gongs, Hawaiian percussion and more. Gedul, and more. www.garritan.com Garritan World Instruments Collection A complete world instruments collection The world instruments library contains hundreds of high-quality instruments from all corners of the globe. -
FOGHORN STRINGBAND Visit/Follow Us
FOGHORN STRINGBAND visit/follow us www.foghornstringband.com Facebook: /foghornstringband twitter: @foghornsb instagram: foghornstringband contact [email protected] CLICK HERE to download the photo in high resolution CLICK HERE to download the photo in high resolution Biography “Face it people - there’s Foghorn…and then there’s everybody else.” -Stuart Mason - The Fiddlefreak. The Foghorn Stringband is the present day gold standard for real-deal hard-hitting genuine old-time American string band music, with nine albums, thousands of shows, over 15 years of touring under their belts, and an entirely new generation of roots musicians following their lead. American roots music is a diverse and never-ending well of inspiration, and Foghorn Stringband continually and obsessively draws from old-time, bluegrass, classic country, and Cajun music traditions in an ongoing quest to present a broad span of American historical music with an unparalleled youthful energy, joy, and virtuosity. The Foghorn Stringband is comprised four master performers and historians: -Caleb Klauder (vocals, mandolin, fiddle) - From Orcas Island, Washington -Reeb Willms (vocals, guitar) - From rural Farmer, Washington -Nadine Landry (vocals, upright bass) - From the Gaspé Coast, Eastern Quebec -Stephen ‘Sammy’ Lind (vocals, fiddle, banjo) - From Minneapolis, Minnesota Each member of Foghorn Stringband exemplifies the best of the roots music traditions from their respective native cultures. Caleb Klauder’s wistful, keening vocals and rapid- fire mandolin picking are as influenced by Southern roots music as much as they are by his upbringing in the sea islands of coastal Washington State. Reeb Willms hails from the wind swept Eastern farmlands of Washington. Her musical family and rural upbringing are are on display with every note she sings and every heart she breaks. -
Extension Activity
Extension Activity - How the Banjo Became White Rhiannon Giddens is a multi-instrumentalist, singer, and found- ing member of the old-time music group Carolina Chocolate Drops. In 2017 she was awarded the Macarthur “Genius” Grant. Below are excerpts from a keynote address she gave at the 2017 International Bluegrass Music Association Conference, where she discusses the erasure of African Americans in the history of bluegrass, a genre that predominantly features the banjo. So more and more of late, the question has been asked: how do we get more diversity in bluegrass? Which of course, behind the hand, is really, why is bluegrass so white??? But the answer doesn’t lie in right now. Before we can look to the future, we need to understand the past. To understand how the banjo, which was once the ultimate symbol of African American musical expression, has done a 180 in popular understanding and become the emblem of the mythical white mountaineer—even now, in the age of Mumford and Sons, and Béla Fleck in Africa, and Taj Mahal’s “Colored Aristocracy,” the average person on the street sees a banjo and still thinks Deliverance, or The Beverly Hillbillies. In order to understand the history of the banjo and the history of bluegrass music, we need to move beyond the narratives we’ve inherited, beyond generalizations that bluegrass is mostly derived from a Scots-Irish tradition, with “influences” from Africa. It is actually a complex creole music that comes from multiple cultures, African and European and Native; the full truth that is so much more interesting, and American. -
Slate Mountain Ramblers
The Slate Mountain Ramblers The Slate Mountain Ramblers is a family old-time band from Mt. Airy, NC. They formerly lived in Ararat, VA, a small community at the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains. For many years, Richard Bowman, his wife, Barbara, and their daughter Marsha, have spent weekends playing music. Richard plays fiddle, Barbara the bass and Marsha plays claw-hammer banjo. The band has a winning tradition by winning and placing at fiddler’s conventions they have attended throughout the years. Richard, on fiddle, and Marsha, on claw-hammer banjo, have received many individual awards. The Slate Mountain Ramblers play for shows, dances, family and community gatherings, benefits and compete at fiddler’s conventions throughout the year. They have played internationally at the Austrian Alps Performing Arts Festival and in Gainsborough, England for the Friends of American Old Time Music and Dance Festival. They also lead fiddle, banjo, bass and dance workshops. Richard Bowman is a champion fiddler, winning old-time fiddle competitions at many fiddlers conventions including Galax, Mt. Airy and Fiddler’s Grove. He has been playing the fiddle for about 45 years, the last 35 plus as leader of the Slate Mountain Ramblers. Learning from local old-time fiddlers, Richard’s long-bow style is easily recognizable. At fiddler’s conventions, he can be found with fellow musicians in a jam session. Other weekends finds Richard and the band playing for square dances where everyone enjoys flat footing or two-stepping to a pile of fiddle tunes. Marsha Bowman Todd is a hard driving clawhammer banjo player. -
Old Time Music at Clarence Ashley's”--Doc Watson, Clarence Ashley, Et.Al
“Old Time Music at Clarence Ashley's”--Doc Watson, Clarence Ashley, et.al. (1960-1962) Added to the National Registry: 2012 Essay by Steve Kaufman (guest post)* Album cover In 1960, Smithsonian historian Ralph Rinzler convinced the virtually unknown Clarence “Tom” Ashley, Doc Watson, Gather Carlton, Jack Johnson, Fred Price and Clint Howard to walk into the studio and record their mountain heritage music. Ralph Rinzler met Clarence at an Old Time Fiddler’s Convention. Ashley hadn’t played banjo for many years, but Ralph convinced him to pick it back up again and record it. Doc Watson didn’t own an acoustic guitar at the time. He had been playing in a rockabilly band playing square dances and the like. Doc honed his instrumental skills playing fiddle tunes on the guitar. Doc told me that the square dance bands he played in did not have a fiddle player so he played the tune as the fiddle would. This combination of Clarence on banjo and Doc on guitar and banjo, along with Fred Price and Gaither Carlton on fiddle, make an old-time band that is authentic and powerful. Seventeen songs make up this collection, of which T. Clarence Ashley wrote nine. It seems odd that he would credit the song as being by T.C. Ashley. He would credit his singing as Tom Ashley. Doc would credit him as Clarence throughout Doc’s long career. I’ve heard Doc mention Clarence on many occasions. These are the original tracks to this classic “Old Time” recording. It was recorded in Shouns, Tennessee; Saltville, Virginia; and Deep Gap, North Carolina. -
Friday in Warren's Roadhouse
FRIDAY FRIDAY IN WARREN'S ROADHOUSE DAY/TIME BAND “HOMETOWN” BAND MEMBERS CALLER Friday, 11 am Touch of Clarity Seattle Becky Deryckx - flute, whistle Miche Baker-Harvey – Seattle Contra Dance music from West Ireland Seattle Phillip Holder - flute, whistle Seattle Mary Ruth Holder – fiddle Seattle Tom Lawrence – concertina Vancouver, BC Dave Marshall - guitar, bouzouki, piano Seattle Adela Santisteban – fiddle Friday, 12 pm Tinker's Dram Seattle Brid Nowlan – fiddle Valerie Cohen – Seattle Contra Old and new dance music from the Seattle Kate O'Laughlin – fiddle Pacific Northwest. Seattle Howard Good - button accordion Lynnwood Cheryl Phillips Adcock – bass Seattle Jalaine Madura – guitar Friday, 1 pm Bandemonium! Saratoga, CA Lee Anne Welch – fiddle Marianne Tatom Letts – Seattle Contra Bluegrass meets contra Seattle Eric Anderson – piano Friday, 2 pm Wild Rose String Band Seattle Howie Meltzer – fiddle Russell Owens – Seattle Contra Reunion of an early NW contra band Seattle Chuck Pliske – concertina for Folklife's 40th anniversary Puget Island Michael Dowers – guitar Seattle Sandy Hankins – piano, & dulcimer Los Angeles Maggie Murphy – bass Friday, 3 pm Common Ground Seattle Sono Hashisaki – fiddle Shelly Jenkins – Yakima Contra Metis, Quebecois and Yankee tunes, Seattle Phil Katz – melodeons carefully phrased for the dance. Bellevue Jay Finkelstein – guitar Friday, 4 pm Mockingbird Pflugerville, TX Mike Voss - concertina, flute, percussion William Watson – Eugene Contra Red hot contra with Texas roots Pflugerville, TX Bonnie Voss – flute, whistle A reunion of friends Seattle Marianne Tatom Letts – clarinet Portland Rick Piel – piano Portland Rich Goss - guitar, percussion Portland Sarah Goss – bass Portland Lori Prime – fiddle Friday, 5 pm Open Band/Caller All Over Everyone is welcome to join the band in the center of the floor for an Contra ACOUSTIC set. -
FREE CONCERTS JOIN US for Music in the Garden Wednesdays at 7 P.M
FREE CONCERTS JOIN US FOR Music in the Garden Wednesdays at 7 p.m. in the Murie Building Auditorium Thursdays at 7 p.m. in the Georgeson Botanical Garden The Fairbanks Red Hackle Pipe Band Emily Anderson JULY 6 Emily’s a local Indie/Folk singer- songwriter and a graduate of Berklee College of Music. Her music, influenced by Carole King, Ingrid Michaelson, and Regina Spektor, MAY 25 For over thirty years this band has shared its love ranges from sentimental to humorous. for Highland piping, drumming, and dance. Dry Cabin String Band Headbolt Heaters JULY 13 Dry Cabin String Band JUNE 1 These three songwriters’ plays and sings hard driving, eclectic sound taps into roots, rock, traditional bluegrass, featuring blues, bluegrass and an underbelly guitar, fiddle, banjo, and bass. of punk. FSAF Celtic Ensemble O Tallulah JULY 20 Revel in the unique JUNE 8 This family trio of sights and sounds of singer-songwriters, home traditional Irish music with grown in the Golden Heart of tin whistle, Irish guitar, Alaska, performs classic bodhrán, Irish flute, bones and Irish dancing. country, folk and gospel. FSAF Brazilian Ensemble Marc Brown & The Blues Crew JULY 27 Jamie Maschler on JUNE 15 Marc, a Koyukon accordion and Finn Magill on Athabascan, and his band have 12 fiddle bring the lively spirit of CDs and have blown away regional Brazilian music to Fairbanks. and national competitions. Fairbanks Community Jazz Band Rock Bottom Stompers AUGUST 3 This traditional Big JUNE 22 Rock Bottom Stompers Band and its guests mix swing era bring to you soulful, stompable tunes dance tunes with Latin, Bop, and featuring sweet lonesome harmonies. -
Compton Stage
Compton Stage 10:30 AM Bear Hill Bluegrass Bear Hill Bluegrass takes pride in performing traditional bluegrass and gospel, while adding just the right mix of classic country and comedy to please the audience and have fun. They play the familiar bluegrass, gospel and a few country songs that everyone will recognize, done in a friendly down-home manner on stage. The audience is involved with the band and the songs throughout the show. 11:10 AM T-Mart Rounders The T-Mart Rounders is an old-time trio that consists of Kevin Chesser on claw-hammer banjo, vocalist Jesse Milnes on fiddle and Becky Hill on foot percussion. They re-envision percussive dance as another instrument and arrange traditional old-time tunes using foot percussion as if it were a drum set. All three musicians have spent significant time in West Virginia learning from master elder musicians and dancers. Their goal with this project is to respect the old-time music tradition while pushing its boundaries. In addition to performing, they teach flatfooting/ clogging, fiddle, claw-hammer banjo, guitar and songwriting workshops, and call/play at square dance. 11:50 AM Hickory Bottom Band Tight three-part harmonies, solid pickin’ and lots of fun are the hallmarks of this fine Western Pennsylvania-based band. Every member has a rich musical history in a variety of genres, so the material ranges from well-known and obscure bluegrass classics to grassy versions of select radio hits from the past 40 years. No matter the music’s source, it’s “all bluegrass” from this talented bunch! 12:30 PM Davis & Elkins College Appalachian Ensemble The Davis & Elkins College Appalachian Ensemble, a student performance group led by string band director Emily Miller and dance director William Roboski, is dedicated to bringing live traditional music and dance to audiences in West Virginia and beyond.