DOCSLIB.ORG

Mangrove Establishment and Its Effect on the Natural Processes of Southern Lake Illawarra

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mangrove Establishment and Its Effect on the Natural Processes of Southern Lake Illawarra University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2017 Mangrove Establishment and its Effect on the Natural Processes of Southern Lake Illawarra Robert Dixon Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Dixon, Robert, Mangrove Establishment and its Effect on the Natural Processes of Southern Lake Illawarra, BEnviSc Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, 2017. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/150 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Mangrove Establishment and its Effect on the Natural Processes of Southern Lake Illawarra Abstract Mangrove and saltmarsh contribute extensively to health of estuarine systems. Their extent and distribution is dependent on hydrological regime, in particular, tidal inundation. The hydrological regime of Intermittently Closed and Opened Lakes and Lagoons (ICOLLs) usually limit mangrove growth, primarily during entrance closure when anoxic shock occurs from the prolonged inundation of pneumatophores. Saltmarsh however, can be extensive in these systems. Entrance training alters the hydrological regime of ICOLLs by preventing closure, which ensures a constant, and increasing tidal exchange promoting mangrove expansion. This has occurred at Lake Illawarra, particularly on the southern shoreline following recent (2007) entrance training. Increasing mangrove coverage could lead to declines in saltmarsh which is classified as an endangered ecological community following significant losses elsewhere in southeast Australia. This study aimed to investigate mangrove dynamics in Lake Illawarra, focusing on the response to entrance training. Mangrove response was defined on the basis of the ecological niche that it occupies, which was quantified using spatial and field based techniques. The term accommodation space was used to conceptualise mangroves niche and was defined as portion of the intertidal zone where the majority of post-entrance training recruitment occurred. Saltmarsh accommodation space was assigned above mangrove to the tidal limit. The current accommodation space, as well as its future extent under increased sea-levels and tidal amplitude at 2050 was also quantified. The majority of mangrove increase between 1977 and 2016 occurred post-entrance training. Growth was concentrated in entrance back channel (Zone 1). The intertidal zone between Mean High Water (MHW) level and slightly below Mean Sea Level (MSL) supported the greatest proportion mangrove establishment and was defined as the accommodation space. If mangrove could occupy all of the current accommodation space, considerable areas of saltmarsh could be lost. The areas at 2050 suitable for mangrove and saltmarsh were found to be dependent on local topography, with retreat possible in some areas and exclusion in others. This research suggests that entrance training allows for mangrove expansion which has the potential to impact on saltmarsh. As increased mangrove coverage may have a range of ecological benefits, it is recommended that management strategies be applied that focus on saltmarsh preservation rather than removing mangrove. Strategies could include, allowing for managed retreat under sea-level rise and controlling for other factors which favour mangrove expansion in saltmarsh areas. Degree Type Thesis Degree Name BEnviSc Hons Department School of Earth & Environmental Science Advisor(s) Kerrylee Rogers Keywords Mangroves, Saltmarsh This thesis is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/150 1 Environmental Science Program School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health The University of Wollongong Mangrove Establishment and its Effect on the Natural Processes of Southern Lake Illawarra Robert Dixon A thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Environmental Science in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong 2017. November 2017 2 The information in this thesis is entirely the result of investigations conducted by the author, unless otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted in part, or otherwise, for any other degree or qualification. Robert Dixon 5th November 2017 3 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my two supervisors, Kerrylee Rogers and Ben Gooden for their ongoing support, encouragement and feedback throughout the duration of the project. This gratitude extends to Tuesday Heather from Shellharbour City Council for sponsoring the project and providing resources, direction and advice. I would also like to thank, Heidi Brown, Rafaela, Danny Weicek, Alex Pescud, Kristian Kmbre, my family, house mates, friends and everyone else who helped or supported me throughout the year 4 Abstract Mangrove and saltmarsh contribute extensively to health of estuarine systems. Their extent and distribution is dependent on hydrological regime, in particular, tidal inundation. The lack of tidal inundation of Intermittently Closed and Opened Lakes and Lagoons (ICOLLs) usually limits mangrove growth, primarily during entrance closure when prolonged inundation of pneumatophores occurs. Saltmarsh however, can be extensive in these systems. Entrance training alters the inundation regime of ICOLLs by preventing closure, which ensures a constant, and increasing tidal exchange promoting mangrove expansion. This has occurred at Lake Illawarra, particularly on the southern shoreline following entrance training in 2007. Favourable conditions for mangrove growth could lead to exclusion and declines in saltmarsh which is classified as an endangered ecological community following significant losses elsewhere in southeast Australia. This study aimed to investigate mangrove dynamics in Lake Illawarra, focusing on the response to entrance training. Mangrove response was defined on the basis of the ecological niche that it occupies, which was quantified using spatial and field based techniques. The term accommodation space was used to conceptualise this niche and was defined as the portion of the intertidal zone where most of post-entrance training recruitment occurred. Saltmarsh accommodation space was assigned above mangrove to the tidal limit. The current accommodation space as well as its future extent 2050 with increased sea-levels and tidal amplitude was projected using spatial analysis. The majority of mangrove increase between 1977 and 2016 occurred post-entrance training. Growth was concentrated in the entrance back channel (Zone 1). The intertidal zone between Mean High Water (MHW) level and slightly below Mean Sea Level (MSL) supported the greatest proportion mangrove establishment and was defined as the accommodation space. On the basis of mangrove occupying all of the current accommodation space, considerable areas of saltmarsh were projected to be lost. The areas at 2050 suitable for mangrove and saltmarsh were found to be dependent on local topography, with retreat possible in some areas and exclusion in others. This research suggests that entrance training allows for mangrove expansion which has the potential to encroach upon saltmarsh. As increased mangrove coverage may have a range of ecological benefits, it is recommended that management strategies be applied that focus on saltmarsh preservation rather than removing mangrove. Strategies could include, allowing for managed retreat under sea-level rise and controlling for other factors which favour mangrove expansion in saltmarsh areas. 5 Table of contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 16 1.2 Aims and Objectives ............................................................................................................. 18 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 19 2.1 Mangroves composition and distribution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cartography, Empire and Copyright Law in Colonial Australia Isabella
    Cartography, Empire and Copyright Law in Colonial Australia Isabella Alexander Recent scholarship has established the centrality of maps and mapmaking to the imperial project, both as expressions of surveillance, spatial construction and control, as well as in the role maps played in making and supporting claims of property and ownership. Much less attention has been paid to the question of ownership in the map itself. This is important because the person, or entity, who owned the map could determine how the land depicted in the map was portrayed, and how access to that information was disseminated. It also affected how the map was perceived in terms of the authority, or accuracy, of its claims. This article examines several disputes that arose in colonial Australia over the ownership of maps, exploring how different interests arose and came into conflict in relation to their control, dissemination and commercialisation. It suggests that a consideration of these cases reveals the role that copyright law played as a technology of empire. Reading the history of colonial Australia, it is hard to escape the conclusion that ‘[o]ne way or another, almost everything about the history of the Australian colonies was about land’.1 It is a story of dispossession and possession: the indigenous inhabitants were dispossessed, so that the land could be possessed first by the Crown and then by private parties. Possession turned into ownership by operation of the laws that the new arrivals brought with them. But for land to be possessed and owned, it had to be known, and at the end of the eighteenth century the chief method for acquiring knowledge of land was by surveying and mapping it.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Historical Society of Queensland
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Queensland eSpace Proceedings of the Historical Society of Queensland. At a meeting of the Committee of the Historical Society of Queensland held in October, 1922, certain proposals were made for the celebration of the Hundredth Anni­ versary of the Discovery of the Brisbane River on 2nd December, 1823. These were communicated to the Bris­ bane City Council and embodied in the programme eventuaUy carried out. The Society undertook to prepare a manuscript of the field books or journals of Mr. John Oxley, Surveyor General of New South Wales, on the occasions of the discovery of the river, and of his second visit in September, 1824, when he discovered the site of the city. The official celebrations were subsequently postponed tiU August, 1924. The actual date of the hundredth aryiiversary, 2nd December, feU upon a Sunday in 1923. The Mayor of Brisbane, Alderman H. J. Diddams, C.M.G., a foundation member of the Society, invited a large number of pioneers and others, including the President and other representatives of the Society to Newstead, formerly the residence of Captain Wickham, R.N., at the mouth of Breakfast Creek, on the afternoon of Saturday, 1st December, 1923, in sight of the discoverer's first land­ ing place within the present city area. His ExceUency Sir Matthew Nathan, G.C.M.G., Governor of Queensland and Patron of the Society, read a message from His Majesty the King as follows :— " I desire to congratulate my loyal people of Queensland on the marveUous progress made since the discovery of the Brisbane River a century ago and to convey to them my most cordial wishes for their con­ tinued happiness and prosperity." Addresses were delivered by His ExceUency, the Premier (the Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • Risky Journeys: the Development of Best Practice Adult Educational Programs to Indigenous People in Rural and Remote Communities
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Education - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities 1-1-2007 Risky Journeys: The Development of Best Practice Adult Educational Programs to Indigenous People in Rural and Remote Communities Roselyn M. Dixon University of Wollongong, [email protected] Sophie E. Constable University of Sydney Robert Dixon University of Sydney Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/edupapers Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Dixon, Roselyn M.; Constable, Sophie E.; and Dixon, Robert: Risky Journeys: The Development of Best Practice Adult Educational Programs to Indigenous People in Rural and Remote Communities 2007, 231-240. https://ro.uow.edu.au/edupapers/229 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Risky Journeys: The Development of Best Practice Adult Educational Programs to Indigenous People in Rural and Remote Communities Roselyn May Dixon, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia Robert John Dixon, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia Sophie Constable, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia Abstract: The findings from a culturally relevant innovative educational program to support community health through dog health are presented. It will report on the pilot of a program, using a generative curriculum model where Indigenous knowledge is brought into the process of teaching and learning by community members and is integrated with an empirical knowledge base. The characteristics of the pilot program will be discussed. These included locally relevant content, appro- priate learning processes such as the development of personal caring relationships, and supporting different world views.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 the Later Maritime Prose
    3 THE LATER MARITIME PROSE The scenery here exceeded any thing I had previously seen in Australia — extending for miles along a deep rich valley, clothed with magnificent trees, the beautiful uniformity of which was only interrupted by the turns and windings of the river, which here and there appeared like small lakes The philosophically intriguing qualities of maritime texts are clearest— however skeletally limned in—in our region's earlier exploratory prose or navigation studies and chronicles. Yet similar elements are still present in subsequent maritime texts, even in those constructed in seemingly a more familiar time and ordered navigational age. The unknown and unknowable and so dangerous element is most evident in the texts recording early landings—where white vulnerability and (mercantile) opportunism are both at that time peculiarly heightened. In the later works of the period, the initial undertone of danger becomes blended with the construction of a coastal zone with its own colonial or administrative demands and social patterns of duty. The maritime prose in this chapter has been chosen comprehensively, yet archival searches beyond the scope of this study are likely to yield more. Brief journeys, where one's interest and mindset clearly lie elsewhere, must position the passing region as but a conduit with minimal distinctive or savoured features. Yet even within such over-confident acceptance of the unfamiliar, with a life- style elsewhere, the unknown can. severely disrupt. Accidents experienced as well as the natural phenomena descried, can always emerge as fresh and exciting to fracture the stable construction. Minor difficulties are suppressed in the texts—resulting from the large number of practical journeys undertaken.
    [Show full text]
  • 67 SOME NOTES on COORPAROO. (By the Late Professor CUMBRAE STEWART)
    67 SOME NOTES ON COORPAROO. (By the late Professor CUMBRAE STEWART). (Read by Mr. C. G. Austin at a meeting of the Historical Society of Queensland, July 26, 1938). When the boat of the colonial cutter "Mermaid" passed up the Brisbane River on Tuesday, December 2nd, 1823, with John Oxley, Surveyor General, of New South Wales, and Lieutenant Stirling of "The Buffs," the mouth of a water course or tributary {o the river was noticed on the southern bank, and marked on the chart. This tributary, afterwards known as Norman Creek, received the waters falling on an area roughly shaped like a horseshoe, the watershed of which is a line of heights ending in Galloway's Hill on the east and on the west in Highgate Hill. On the western side the chief stream feeding the Norman were those which formed the "One Mile Swamp" now, in great part, carried by a tunnel into the river, and, further south, the waters of King­ fisher Creek. Norman Creek itself receives the waters flowing down from the southern watershed, of which the chief natural feature is Mount Gravatt. On its eastern bank, the Norman Creek is fed by Coorparoo and Bridgewater Creeks, which are water­ courses rather than permanently flowing streams until they reach salt water. The suburb now knowm as Coorparoo may be described as the ground drained by these twd creeks, swampy in the flats along the Norman, but, for the most part, high lying and well drained, open to the cool sea breezes from the north­ west, and affording an excellent panoramic view of the city.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Australia's Distinctive Nature and Ecology on Imperial
    The impact of Australia’s distinctive nature and ecology on imperial expansion in the first years of settlement in New South Wales Lucinda Janson Australia’s nature and ecology have been shaped over millennia by geological and climatic factors into a distinctive and complex ecosystem. The continent’s Aboriginal peoples adapted to the challenges of a variable and often hostile climate and landscape, and developed a sophisticated means of living off the land. Yet the arrival of a fleet of British ships to what would become known as New South Wales permanently altered this balance. The land would eventually be shaped by these invaders into what Alfred Crosby called a ‘neo-Europe’.1 Australia’s European colonisers had a complex and ever-changing relationship with the Australian landscape. During the early years of settlement in New South Wales, Europeans struggled to establish and maintain an imperial colony in a strange land. Their reluctance to understand the Aborigines and their connection with the indigenous plants and animals initially had harmful consequences for the imperial project. 1 Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 2. 9 MERICI — VOLUME 1, 2015 Overcoming this early resistance, the settlers soon began to adapt their farming practices and even their diet to the new environment. Yet the ‘foreign’ aspects of Australia’s nature and ecology caused many Europeans to react by imposing their own plants and animals in order to ‘improve’ the land. Moreover, while some colonists praised and admired the landscape, others used the image of the city replacing the bush to demonstrate that the Europeans’ imperial achievement had involved a rejection of Australia’s distinctive nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Knobbly the Pelican Saved by Team Effort
    MidCoast Council Meet Local Legend Star Pet Updates Don Wright Bailey Forster Fortnightly Your local independent community newspaper distributed fortnightly to FREE Hallidays Point, Black Head, Tallwoods Village, Tuncurry, Forster Pacific Palms, Charlotte Bay, Smiths Lake, Coomba Park, Bungwahl and Seal Rocks. Wednesday 23rd June 2021 Owned and Loved by Locals Circulation 6000 N0.23 Knobbly the Pelican saved by team effort For the last decade, Knobbly the pelican, has made himself a resident of the Red Spot fish shop on Little Street in Forster. This might have something to do with his love of mullet! Last month, Tim Love (then Manager of Red Spot) noticed that poor Knobbly had a fishing line stuck in his throat. What happened next is an amazing chain of events that eventually resulted in a recovered Knobbly being released into the channel a few weeks later in front of all his rescuers. On that day, the 11th of May 2021, Tim saw at once that help was needed if Knobbly was to survive. He called the Sweet Pea Vet Clinic who gave him good advice on how to capture a pelican. Tim used a mullet to distract Knobbly while his colleague covered the pelican up with a sheet. Tim then scooped Knobbly up and took Below: Tim Love with Knobbly the Pelican. Above: Photo of Knobbly being released back to the channel at Forster by Kym Kilpatrick. During Knobbly’s him to the Vet Clinic down the road before and took him home to stay overnight in their stay of several contacting Kym Kilpatrick and Stan Bolden, outdoor shower at Hallidays Point.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Photography and Transnationalism
    Australian Photography and Transnationalism ANNE MAXWELL UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE Transnationalism is a theoretical concept which today is widely used to describe the relations that have formed, and continue to form, across state boundaries (Howard 3). Used initially by scholars in the early 2000s to refer to the flow of goods and scientific knowledge between nations that ‘has increased significantly in modern times beginning with trade and empires in 1500’ (Howard 4), it has in recent years come to include the category of culture, a development that has in turn sparked a flood of publications aimed at interrogating nationalist histories. Among the first of these publications in Australia was Ann Curthoys and Marilyn Lake’s ground-breaking work Connected Worlds (2005), which radically transformed our conception of Australia’s past by repositioning Australian history ‘on the outer rim of Pacific and Indian Ocean studies, as a nodal point in British imperial studies and connected, or cast in a comparative light, with other settler colonial nations’ (Simmonds, Rees and Clark 1). Less than two years later in 2007, David Carter invoked what has come to be called the ‘transnational turn’ when he challenged scholars of Australian literature to focus on ‘the circulation of cultures beneath and beyond the level of the nation’ (Carter 114–19). His call, like that of Curthoys and Lake, was in response to several decades of scholarship emphasising the cultural nationalism which as Robert Dixon, in his compelling study of the photographic and cinematographic works of Frank Hurley observes, ‘began in the 1960s’ and ‘peak[ed] probably in the decade from 1977 to 1987’ (Dixon xxv).
    [Show full text]
  • United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware
    Case 17-10805-LSS Doc 410 Filed 11/02/17 Page 1 of 285 IN THE UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF DELAWARE In re: Chapter 11 UNILIFE CORPORATION, et al., 1 Case No. 17-10805 (LSS) Debtors. (Jointly Administered) AFFIDAVIT OF SERVICE STATE OF CALIFORNIA } } ss.: COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES } DARLEEN SAHAGUN, being duly sworn, deposes and says: 1. I am employed by Rust Consulting/Omni Bankruptcy, located at 5955 DeSoto Avenue, Suite 100, Woodland Hills, CA 91367. I am over the age of eighteen years and am not a party to the above-captioned action. 2. On October 30, 2017, I caused to be served the: a. Plan Solicitation Cover Letter, (“Cover Letter”), b. Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors Letter, (“Committee Letter”), c. Ballot for Holders of Claims in Class 3, (“Class 3 Ballot”), d. Notice of (A) Interim Approval of the Disclosure Statement and (B) Combined Hearing to Consider Final Approval of the Disclosure Statement and Confirmation of the Plan and the Objection Deadline Related Thereto, (the “Notice”), e. CD ROM Containing: Debtors’ First Amended Combined Disclosure Statement and Chapter 11 Plan of Liquidation [Docket No. 394], (the “Plan”), f. CD ROM Containing: Order (I) Approving the Disclosure Statement on an Interim Basis; (II) Scheduling a Combined Hearing on Final Approval of the Disclosure Statement and Plan Confirmation and Deadlines Related Thereto; (III) Approving the Solicitation, Notice and Tabulation Procedures and the Forms Related Thereto; and (IV) Granting Related Relief [Docket No. 400], (the “Order”), g. Pre-Addressed Postage-Paid Return Envelope, (“Envelope”). (2a through 2g collectively referred to as the “Solicitation Package”) d.
    [Show full text]
  • Good Relationships Found in Local Projects
    MidCoast Council Meet Local Legend Star Updates Joy PattenS Pet The Forster Tuncurry FREE The ‘TFT’ is your local independent newspaper distributed fortnightly to Hallidays Point, Black Head, Tallwoods Village, Tuncurry, Forster Pacific Palms, Charlotte Bay, Smiths Lake, Coomba Park, Bungwahl and Seal Rocks. Wednesday 9th December 2020 N0.9 Good relationships found in local projects Above: Tyrone Townsend, Ted Bickford (Grafitti Buster), Kate Townsend (Head Teacher at Alesco Senior College), Toby Parker and Angela Stenner. cause it gives the local skatepark gets vandalized.” young people And what do the three young volunteer work- the opportu- ers think of all this? nity to make a connection “Kate (our teacher) asked if we wanted to help. with their local Then Ted came in [to school] to talk to us about community. We it and here we are. We volunteered. [With this do as much com- sealant] it’s not going to look dirty or grimy,” munity work as said Angela Stenner from year 10. we can, and Ted is great at that. “It’s alright. Not hard to do, but it is hot though. In a Forster carpark there is a small, interesting Alesco College and Ted Bickford have done a If they [young people] have a connection, then It’s my first time doing it. It’s good so no one group of workers holding long extension poles few projects like this together and get on well. respect comes from it and it makes them feel will put graffiti on it,” said Toby Parker from whilst cars idly drive past, unaware.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pilot Station Shipping Log And
    Journal of the Moruya & District Historical Society Inc. December 2017 From our Archives The Moruya Pilot Station Shipping Log We have in our Archive collection the shipping log from the Moruya Pilot Station from 1921 to 1949. The log records all vessels arriving and leaving the port of Moruya. It gives the vessel name, its Captain, length and tonnage. In June of each year the total number of vessels is collated, so we are able to see the gradual decline in the coastal trade. In the 1920’s the quarrying of the Sydney Harbour Pylon granite saw a large increase in the shipping with 191 arrivals in 1928 as against 58 in 1924. By 1948 the figure had dropped to 46. The largest boat recorded was the Bergalia of 495 tons and 195 feet. The smallest the Motor Launch Wagonga of 5 tons and 30ft 6in in length. Unless the Captain of the vessel was cleared for the port he was requested to pay pilotage. Section of the log for 1921 showing Vessels Name, Tonnage and Captain. Note: Gross tonnage (GT) is a function of the volume of all of a ship's enclosed spaces (from keel to funnel) measured to the outside of the hull framing. Gross tonnage is a kind of capacity-derived index that is used to rank a ship for purposes of determining manning, safety, and other statutory requirements. Net tonnage (NT) is based on a calculation of the volume of all cargo spaces of the ship.1 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage 23 Journal of the Moruya & District Historical Society Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Entries Received
    2020 State Carnival Entries Received Below is a list of entries that have been received by WBNSW for entry into the 2020 WBNSW State Carnival. If you have sent an entry through and your name does not appear below, please contact the office on (02) 9267 7155. This listing is organised alphabetically by Club. Last Updated: 24th February 2020 Member ID Skips Name Club District Region 347020 Anne Stuart Alder Park Newcastle 5 350200 Greta Orchard Alstonville Northern Rivers 1 349150 Nerida King Asquith North Shore 15 349141 Ann Hedger Asquith North Shore 15 345481 Ann Roach Austral Nepean 4 345457 Gail Howe Austral Nepean 4 340374 Doreen Milburn Avalon Beach Manly Warringah 15 322219 Alice Diamond Avoca Beach Central Coast 6 322251 Laurel Hoare Avoca Beach Central Coast 6 350275 Bernadette De Re Ballina Northern Rivers 1 350300 Susan Grady Ballina Northern Rivers 1 322488 Karen Jones Bateau Bay Central Coast 6 322441 Fay Feros Bateau Bay Central Coast 6 322411 Lisa Caswell Bateau Bay Central Coast 6 339586 Lesley Hines Beecroft Macquarie 16 339592 Jan Morris Beecroft Macquarie 16 335161 Janette Wiltshire Belmont Lake Macquarie 6 335098 Shirley Cooke Belmont Lake Macquarie 6 335164 Christine Woodhouse Belmont Lake Macquarie 6 335149 Maureen Simpson Belmont Lake Macquarie 6 336017 Pamela Chatto Belmont Lake Macquarie 6 332099 June Evans Beresfield Hunter River 5 332116 Jodie Humbles Beresfield Hunter River 5 332166 Gail Stunell Beresfield Hunter River 5 332165 Mary Stretton Beresfield Hunter River 5 332103 Christine Gallagher Beresfield Hunter
    [Show full text]