Learning Assessment #2 – the Rock Cycle
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Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W
Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite. -
Fact Sheet 5 Principles of Stone Extraction
QuarryScapes guide to ancient stone quarries Fact Sheet 5 Fact Sheet 5 Principles of stone extraction In all stone quarry situations the extraction phase rich) ones. Partly because they in general display is based on one or combinations of three the most brittle behaviour, but also because it is a fundamental principles: well documented fact (and experience among quarrymen) that siliceous rocks (granite in 1. Levering; expanding open fractures by particular) have well defined preferred splitting inserting levers, crowbars or stones 2. Splitting; creating fractures, preferable directions defined by microfractures in quartz. planar, by strokes (i.e. sledge hammer), Splitting by heating is caused by a combination of wedging; heating or blasting with thermal expansion properties and brittle explosives behaviour. It works best on quartz-rich rocks due 3. Channelling (carving); making channels in to the well known but poorly understood change the rock by carving with hammer and of mechanical properties of quartz when heated. chisel, pickaxe or stone tools, heating with fire, sawing or drilling Channelling is the third fundamental principle. Channels in the rock are made by removing the Levering may be described as the “simplest” way rock mass by chiselling, picking, sawing or of extraction, involving the expansion of natural heating. In most soft stone quarries from the cracks or other planes of weakness (such as Bronze Age onwards, channelling is the most bedding planes) using various tools. important extraction method. In most cases, channelling is combined with other methods. For Splitting may be defined as the act of generating instance, channels are made perpendicular to the new fractures for extracting rock. -
Geological Investigations in the Bird River Sill, Southeastern Manitoba (Part of NTS 52L5): Geology and Preliminary Geochemical Results by C.A
GS-19 Geological investigations in the Bird River Sill, southeastern Manitoba (part of NTS 52L5): geology and preliminary geochemical results by C.A. Mealin1 Mealin, C.A. 2006: Geological investigations in the Bird River Sill, southeastern Manitoba (part of NTS 52L5): geology and preliminary geochemical results; in Report of Activities 2006, Manitoba Science, Technology, Energy and Mines, Manitoba Geological Survey, p. 214–225. Summary and gravitational differentiation. In 2005, this study was initiated to examine the Bird Theyer (1985) identified unusual River Sill (BRS), a mafic-ultramafic layered intrusion cooling conditions requiring several magma pulses and located in the Bird River greenstone belt in southeastern cast doubt on a single magmatic intrusion theory. Manitoba. The BRS is currently an exploration target In 2005, this study was initiated to examine the for Ni-Cu–platinum group element (PGE) deposits and, controls on Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization and test the single in the past, hosted two Ni-Cu mines (Maskwa West and versus multiple injection hypothesis to establish the Dumbarton mines). relationship between mineralization and the magmatic Nickel-copper mineralization on the western half history. Specific objectives include of the BRS consists primarily of disseminated to blebby • detailed mapping of the Chrome, Page, Peterson pyrrhotite+chalcopyrite and is present in the ultramafic Block and National-Ledin properties (Figure GS-19-1); series of the Chrome and Page properties and the mafic • determination of the sulphur source for the Ni-Cu- series of the Wards property. During this study, several PGE mineralization; new sulphide-bearing localities in both the ultramafic and • delineation of the sill’s sulphur saturation history; mafic units of the sill have been identified. -
COMPARISON of GRANITE and PRECAST CONCRETE CURBING Cost and Technical Issues
COMPARISON OF GRANITE AND PRECAST CONCRETE CURBING Cost and Technical Issues MICHAEL SOCK April 1999 Prepared for the Rhode Island Department of Transportation by the Research and Technology Development Section RHODE ISLAND DEPARTME NT OF TRANSPORTATION William D. Ankner , Ph. D., Director James R. Capaldi, P .E., Chief Engineer Colin A. Franco, P.E., Ma naging Engineer, R&TD Executive Summary This study was undertaken to determine the technical and economic feasibility of using granite curbing as an option within the normal practices of highway construction in Rhode Island. Previous studies have been carried out by various entities, including the RIDOT design section. These were reviewed and referenced where appropriate. For this endeavor, the R&TD Section began with a literature search and surveys of states and vendors in their usage of highway curbing. A trip to the Fletcher Granite Quarries in Chelmsford was also undertaken to get a first hand look at the curbing operation and logistics involved in the supply of curbing. Through an interview with Mr. Robert Fruggiero, retired RIDOT Materials Engineer, we learned details about the inception of zero slump concrete curbing. As the technical aspects of granite vs. concrete curbing had been studied and reported on previously, we decided just to overview these and focus our effort on the economics of initial and life cycle costs instead. Needed information was difficult to obtain. However, we did get the same from various sources, such as states, vendors, contractors, and RIDOT records. The life cycle costing was done using conventional formulae, but with three different interest rates. -
Cemetery Preservation QUICK TIPS
Georgia’s State Historic Preservation Office IIIIIICCCeeemmmeeettteeerrryyy PPPrrreeessseeerrrvvvaaatttiiiooonnn QQQUUUIIICCCKKK TTTIIIPPPSSSIIIIII Common Monument and Gravemarker Materials Below are brief descriptions of the most common stones and monument material types found in Georgia. Stones vary in hardness and therefore in their ability to survive satisfactorily outdoors in cemeteries, as well as their ability to withstand cleaning or restoration. The Mohs Scale of Mineral Hardness, created in 1812, establishes talc as the softest mineral material and diamond as the hardest. There is no need to determine the exact hardness of a stone you are working on. However, seeing how some common cemetery materials rank on the Mohs Scale can guide your choice of the best methods for working with them: Talc (see "soapstone" below) Marble Sandstone Granite Diamond 1 3-4 5 7-8 10 If identifying the type of stone is difficult, but will be important to a cemetery preservation project, referring to a stone/mineral field guide is recommended, or consulting with a geologist or other expert. Marker Material Descriptions MARBLE Marble has been used for a great many markers in historic cemeteries in Georgia. The state's marble industry dates back to the late 1830s, when outcroppings of surface marble were discovered in north Georgia. Quarrying began, and markers were carved and sold throughout the area. The Georgia marble industry still thrives today. Several different types of stone that can be polished are called marble. A true marble, though, is a metamorphic rock made up of calcium carbonate, traces of silica and iron oxides; it is rather soft and easily carved. -
Granite Telecommunications, LLC
2014 Granite Telecommunications, LLC Samuel J. Kline, SVP, Strategic Planning Michael B. Galvin, General Counsel Bobbi-Sue Doyle-Hazard, Assoc. Corp. Counsel Granite Telecommunications,, LLC January 2014 CONTENTS Granite Background 1.1 Facts...…………………………………………………………………………….......2 1.2 Recognition…..………………………………………..………………………..…….3 1.3 Background…………………………………………………………..……………….4 National Product Support 2.1 North American Voice Management……………………………………………..…6 2.2 Structured Cabling and Systems……………………………………………………7 2.3 Broadband Solutions…………………………………………………………………7 2.4 High Capacity Data Services………………………………………………………..8 2.5 Data Aggregation Unit (DAU)………………………………………….…………....8 Impact of Trials on Granite Customers 3.1 Customer Description..……………………………………………….………….….9 3.2 Risks to Granite Customers From Regulatory Proposal……………………….10 3.3 Ground Rules for Trials……..……………………………………………….…….11 Page 1 of 11 GRANITE BACKGROUND 1.1 Who is Granite? ¾ Communications management company for businesses o Serves more than 13,500 multi-site businesses nationwide at over 240,000 locations o No residential services ¾ For over a decade, Granite has experienced explosive growth; 2013 annual revenue exceeded $865 million and project to exceed $1 billion in 2014 ¾ Granite manages more than 1,300,000 business phone lines (POTS), 68,000 Broadband lines, and 10,000 T-1s ¾ Granite is a private company with headquarters in Boston, MA and offices throughout America Purchased corporate-owned campus, exceeds 300,000 square feet of office space ¾ Over 1,100 employees and nationwide network of over 8,000 wire and cabling contractors ¾ Granite’s tremendous growth is matched by its client retention; both are industry leading ¾ Industry leading web tools with unique reporting that is customizable to customer’s needs Page 2 of 11 1.2 Recognition Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year (2010) BBJ Top 20 Charitable Contributor of the Year in Massachusetts (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012) Inc. -
Complex Basalt-Mugearite Sill in Piton Des Neiges Volcano, Reunion
THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST. VOL. 52, SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1967 COMPLEX BASALT-MUGEARITE SILL IN PITON DES NEIGES VOLCANO, REUNION B. G. J. UetoN, Grant Institute oJ Geology,Uniaersi,ty oJ Ed.inburgh, Edinbwrgh, Scotland, AND W. J. WaoswoRru, Deportmentof Geology,The Un'it;ersity, Manchester,England.. ABsrRAcr An extensive suite of minor intrusions, contempcraneous with the late-stage differenti- ated lavas of Piton des Neiges volcano, occurs within an old agglomeratic complex. An 8-m sill within this suite is strongly difierentiated with a basaltic centre (Thorton Tuttle Index 27.6), residual veins of benmoreite (T. T. Index 75.2), and still more extreme veinlets of quartz trachyte. Although gravitative settling of olivine, augite and ore irz silzr is believed to be responsible for some of the observed variation, the over-all composition of the sill is con- siderably more basic than the mugearite which forms the chilled contacts. It is therefore concluded that considerable magmatic difierentiation must have preceded the emplacement of the sill. This probably took place in a dykeJike magma body with a compositional gra- dient from mugearite at the top to olivine basalt in the lower parts. INrnonucrroN The island of Reunion, in the western Indian Ocean, has the form of a volcanic doublet overlying a great volcanic complex rising from the deep ocean floor. The southeastern component of this doublet is still highly active and erupts relatively undifierentiated, olivine-rich basalts of mildly alkaline or transitional type (Coombs, 1963; Upton and Wads- worth, 1966). The northwestern volcano however has been inactive a sufficient time for erosionalprocesses to have hollowed out amphitheatre- headed valleys up to 2500 meters deep in the volcanic pile. -
A) Conglomerate B) Dolostone C) Siltstone D) Shale 1. Which
1. Which sedimentary rock would be composed of 7. Which process could lead most directly to the particles ranging in size from 0.0004 centimeter to formation of a sedimentary rock? 0.006 centimeter? A) metamorphism of unmelted material A) conglomerate B) dolostone B) slow solidification of molten material C) siltstone D) shale C) sudden upwelling of lava at a mid-ocean ridge 2. Which sedimentary rock could form as a result of D) precipitation of minerals from evaporating evaporation? water A) conglomerate B) sandstone 8. Base your answer to the following question on the C) shale D) limestone diagram below. 3. Limestone is a sedimentary rock which may form as a result of A) melting B) recrystallization C) metamorphism D) biologic processes 4. The dot below is a true scale drawing of the smallest particle found in a sample of cemented sedimentary rock. Which sedimentary rock is shown in the diagram? What is this sedimentary rock? A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) siltstone D) shale A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) siltstone D) shale 9. Which statement about the formation of a rock is best supported by the rock cycle? 5. Which sequence of events occurs in the formation of a sedimentary rock? A) Magma must be weathered before it can change to metamorphic rock. A) B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock. B) C) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can change to metamorphic rock. C) D) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can change to sedimentary rock. D) 6. Which sedimentary rock formed from the compaction and cementation of fragments of the skeletons and shells of sea organisms? A) shale B) gypsum C) limestone D) conglomerate Base your answers to questions 10 and 11 on the diagram below, which is a geologic cross section of an area where a river has exposed a 300-meter cliff of sedimentary rock layers. -
Genuine Marble and Granite. the Natural Choice
Genuine Marble and Granite. The Natural Choice. Genuine granite and marble are the natural choice for individuals who desire something really unique in countertops, vanity tops, showers, floors and other elements of the home. When you choose natural stone, you are assured that no other home in the world will have stone that is an exact duplicate. Don’t settle for anything less. Natural stone is durable, beautiful, easy to maintain, and will last a lifetime. Whether you are building a new home or remodeling an older one, natural stone is… The Natural Choice! M S International, Inc. Premium Natural Stones TM www.msistone.com Genuine Marble & Granite • Classic Beauty! What Makes Natural Marble and Granite Different? In a word, time. It takes millions, if not billions of years for Mother Nature to create natural stone. There are many factors that affect the ultimate graining and coloration of natural stone. They include underground springs, mineral deposits, earth shifts, temperature, natural solutions in the earth, and the pressure exerted on these elements over time. There is no way to duplicate these factors in a laboratory or manufacturing environment. Because of the vast differences in the conditions that created the stone, every block extracted from the earth is different. The hand of man has played no role in the process. Even after the stone has been removed from the quarry, there is little human intervention, except for cutting and polishing (which brings out all the uniqueness and natural beauty); nothing is done to alter the natural state of the stone. That’s why the number of different colors and patterns of natural stone is limitless. -
Field Stone Quarrying
Field Stone Quarrying The depression in front of you contains the remains of a field stone quarrying site. The early settlers of this area typically used existing field stones to build rock walls, dry laid foundations for buildings, and small mill dams. When the rocks were too large to move, or for their intended use, they were split using hand tools. The usual splitting process used a series of wedges along the intended crack direction. The wedges were typically fashioned of steel by a blacksmith who then hardened them through quenching and tempering. Steel was expensive at the time but the typical wrought iron that a blacksmith used was much too soft to serve as a rock splitting wedge. The wedges were of two types, those to be used in rectangular holes and those for round holes. Rectangular holes were made in the rock using a cape chisel and cylindrical holes made with a plug or a star drill. The cape chisel was pounded with a hammer to create a rectangular hole. The plug drill (2 cutting edges) or star drill (4 cutting edges) were rotated slightly between each hammer blow to break up a new surface at the bottom of the hole. During the process, the drill was pulled out and the hole was cleared of rock Top to bottom: Cape chisel, plug drill, star drill. dust, typically by blowing through a small tube inserted in the hole. In the case of the round hole, the wedge was inserted between two semi-cylindrical tapered inverted wedges (“feathers”) in a hole drilled by hand in the rock. -
Sedimentary Rocks
Illinois State Museum Geology Online – http://geologyonline.museum.state.il.us Sedimentary Rocks Grade Level: 9 – 12 Purpose: The purpose of this lesson is to introduce sedimentary rocks. Students will learn what sedimentary rocks are and how they form. It will teach them how to identify some common examples. Suggested Goals: Students will shake a flask of sand and water to see how particles settle. They will draw a picture showing where the various rocks form and they will identify some common examples. Targeted Objectives: All of Illinois is covered by sedimentary rocks. In most places, they reach a thickness that could be expressed in miles rather than feet. Ancient seas dropped untold numbers of particles for hundreds of millions of years creating the layers that bury the original igneous rocks in 2,000 to 17,000 feet of sedimentary layers. These valuable layers are used to construct our homes, build our highways, and some were even used to heat our homes. The Illinois Basin dominates the geology of southern Illinois. There the layers dip down until they are over three miles thick. The geology of Illinois cannot be told without discussing sedimentary rocks because they are what Illinois is made of. Students will learn to tell the difference between the major sedimentary rock varieties. Students will learn in what environments different sedimentary rocks form. Students will learn what sedimentary rocks are. Background: Most sedimentary rocks are formed when weathering crumbles the parent rock to such a small size that they can be carried by wind or water. Those particles suspended in water collide with one another countless times gradually becoming smaller and more rounded. -
06Metamorphs.Pdf
Clicker • The transformation of one rock into another by solid-state Metamorphism and recrystallization is known as Metamorphic Rocks – a) Sedimentation – b) Metamorphism – c) Melting – d) Metasomatism – e) Hydrothermal alteration Metamorphism • Metamorphism is the solid- state transformation of pre- existing rock into texturally or mineralogically distinct new rock as the result of high temperature, high pressure, or both. Diamond is Metamorphic Metamorphism • The mineralogy of a metamorphic rock changes with temperature and pressure. • In general, the highest temperature mineral assemblage is preserved. • It is possible to infer the highest P- T conditions from the mineralogy. 1 Metamorphic Environments Metamorphic Environments • Regional metamorphism • Where do you find metamorphic involves the burial and rocks? metamorphism of entire regions • In the mountains and in continental (hundreds of km2) shield areas. • Contact metamorphism results from local heating adjacent to • Why? igneous intrusions. (several meters) • Because elsewhere they are covered by sediments. Metamorphic Environments Regional Metamorphism • Because the tectonic forces required to bury, metamorphose, and re- exhume entire regions are slow, • most regionally metamorphosed terranes are old (> 500 MY), and • most Precambrian (> 500 MY) terranes are metamorphosed. Regional Metamorphism Regional Metamorphism • Regional metamorphism is typically • Regional metamorphism is typically isochemical (composition of rock isochemical (composition of rock does not change), although water does not change), although water may be lost. may be lost. • Metasomatism is a term for non- • Metasomatism is a term for non- isochemical metamorphism. isochemical metamorphism. • Contact metamorphism is typically • Contact metamorphism is typically metasomatic. metasomatic. 2 Effect of Increasing Conditions of Metamorphism Temperature • Changing the mineralogy of a sediment requires temperature > • Increases the atomic vibrations 300ºC and pressures > 2000 • Decreases the density (thermal atmospheres (~6 km deep).